WEBVTT - Should we still circumcise babies?

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<v Speaker 1>Just a quick note before we get started. This is

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<v Speaker 1>a very complex and sensitive issue, touching on all sorts

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<v Speaker 1>of things, sex, religion, culture, bodily autonomy, parenting, etcetera, etcetera.

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<v Speaker 1>We unfortunately can include everything in this episode, so if

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<v Speaker 1>you want to read more, check out our newsletter. To

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<v Speaker 1>continue the conversation, I'm Anny, I'm Noah. This is Devin,

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<v Speaker 1>and this is no such thing the show where you

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<v Speaker 1>settle our dumb arguments and yours by actually doing the

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<v Speaker 1>research this week. To cut or not to cut, that's

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<v Speaker 1>the question.

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<v Speaker 2>I no, there's no no such thing. No touch, Thank touch,

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<v Speaker 2>thank touch, thank touch, thank.

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<v Speaker 1>All right, we're talking about circumcision. I actually remember a

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<v Speaker 1>while ago talking to my then girlfriend now wife. I

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<v Speaker 1>don't know why I brought this up. There is no

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<v Speaker 1>reason for me to bring this up, but I was like,

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<v Speaker 1>I think, you know, within the next fifty years, circumcision

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<v Speaker 1>is gonna be much less common in.

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<v Speaker 3>The United States. I was just like, just had a hunch. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 3>I don't know why I.

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<v Speaker 1>Brought this up over dinner, but I was like, I

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<v Speaker 1>just think that's the way things are gonna be do

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<v Speaker 1>Since then, it'll come up once in a while and

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<v Speaker 1>I'll hear from people who say, oh, yeah, like I

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<v Speaker 1>would never let my kid get circumcised. Yeah, and most

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<v Speaker 1>of these people, and I haven't asked or confirmed, but

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<v Speaker 1>most of them are circumcised.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, you haven't checked, Like I.

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<v Speaker 4>Said, I haven't check.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, sometimes yeah, sometimes it's at least intimated that that's

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<v Speaker 1>the case.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, this happened to me, but I wouldn't do it

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<v Speaker 3>to my child.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah essentially, Yeah, is it not even so dramatical? But yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>but like we have to break the cycle, so so

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<v Speaker 1>you know, and then I'm wondering, Okay, well why is it?

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<v Speaker 4>You know, obviously you know I'm Jewish.

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<v Speaker 3>It's a common practice to do so.

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<v Speaker 1>Most people in the United States are not Jewish.

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<v Speaker 3>It's based on the numbers.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, a large amount of them.

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<v Speaker 3>Same with Islam.

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<v Speaker 1>Similar Yeah, and I do know that in Europe it's

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<v Speaker 1>much less common for babies, you know, where I think

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<v Speaker 1>it's a bit more restricted to kind of the cultural

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<v Speaker 1>you know, or religious reasons. I was curious, like how

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<v Speaker 1>that even happened, Like why in America did this take

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<v Speaker 1>hold so strongly? And then you know, you've heard ambiancely

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<v Speaker 1>over the years, like it you know, reduces HIV and AIDS,

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<v Speaker 1>which I've always wondered about, like how does that work?

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<v Speaker 1>Like what about this piece of skin or not would

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<v Speaker 1>impact that?

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<v Speaker 3>No idea?

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<v Speaker 1>And then arguments about how it affects pleasure. Yeah, then

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<v Speaker 1>you'll see in you know, Union Square here in New

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<v Speaker 1>York or else player you'll see people protests, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>activists intactivists talking to activists. Yeah, that's the time, and

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<v Speaker 1>you know saying, you know, saying like we need to

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<v Speaker 1>end this barbaric practice because you know it reduces your pleasure.

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<v Speaker 1>It's it's really brutal to the babies. And also my

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<v Speaker 1>sex life is ruined because of this that happens will Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>And I've always been kind of like maybe I think

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<v Speaker 1>you're maybe it's like a grass is greener situation where

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<v Speaker 1>it's like it seems it seems Okay. I guess I'll

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<v Speaker 1>never know. But so these are things that have been

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<v Speaker 1>strolling around in my mind. So research from JOHNS Hopkins

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<v Speaker 1>says from twenty twelve to twenty twenty two, circumcision rates

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<v Speaker 1>among newborns have dropped from fifty four point one percent

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<v Speaker 1>in twenty twelve to forty nine point three percent in

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<v Speaker 1>twenty twenty two, so about five percent less.

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<v Speaker 3>Wow, And this is in the US. Yeah, in the US.

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<v Speaker 1>That kind of confirms that we're on you know, five

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<v Speaker 1>percent is big, but not huge.

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<v Speaker 4>But if that continues, you know, beizable.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>And I feel like now with maybe the way things

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<v Speaker 1>are going culturally, I would imagine that rate would increase,

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<v Speaker 1>and I guess would be once it's less common where

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<v Speaker 1>it's like okay, less than half are done, if you're

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<v Speaker 1>on the fence, or you don't really feel strongly and

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<v Speaker 1>the doctor is not really pushing it on you or whatever,

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<v Speaker 1>it'd be easier to just be like, yeah, there's no like,

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<v Speaker 1>we don't need to do this.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, yeah, no longer will be to no arm. Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>So you know, it's like if I'm having a baby

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<v Speaker 1>and I have no idea what's going on, and they say, well,

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<v Speaker 1>eighty percent of babies do this exactly, I'm just gonna

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<v Speaker 1>be like, it's a path of least resistance. Yeah, yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>just do it less to deal with, you know.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, that's what That's why I'm circumcised. I actually asked

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<v Speaker 4>my parents why why Yeah, because then it's not common

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<v Speaker 4>in East Africa where they come from. So they they

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<v Speaker 4>were just like, well the doctor told us that's what

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<v Speaker 4>most kids, that's what that's what you're supposed to do. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 4>and that's and that's what I did. And now half

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<v Speaker 4>I'm gone, sorry to hear that.

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<v Speaker 2>Man.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, at your leg Yeah, think of what you can

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<v Speaker 4>definitely memory Like at Ohio State when I was in college,

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<v Speaker 4>there were so many activist slash protests, but really, yeah

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<v Speaker 4>they would Yeah why.

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<v Speaker 3>School.

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<v Speaker 4>It's common for like people like the kind of an

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<v Speaker 4>anti abortion activist too. It's common to go to colleges

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<v Speaker 4>to like, I.

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<v Speaker 5>Guess, guess the implanting And I'm like, because you know,

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<v Speaker 5>you think of people at.

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<v Speaker 3>College is not having children.

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<v Speaker 5>But yeah, if they say something at that time, maybe

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<v Speaker 5>down the line.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I remember being like, okay, these guys are crazy

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<v Speaker 4>because like, of course some of the behaviors in these

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<v Speaker 4>yeah protests, I was like, it's an eccentric thing to

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<v Speaker 4>focus on. Yeah, yeah, of course. And then but then

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<v Speaker 4>like now that I'm older, I'm like, well, yeah, I

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<v Speaker 4>guess why do we do that? Yeah, yeah, it's a

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<v Speaker 4>valid question.

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<v Speaker 1>And yeah it's like the people that I've spoken with

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<v Speaker 1>that are you know, of a similar milieu.

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<v Speaker 3>They aren't like.

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<v Speaker 1>Crazy people they're like normal people working, Yeah, have you know,

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<v Speaker 1>long term partners. They're not like, wow, I can't find

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<v Speaker 1>a girlfriend because of what happened to me, or I

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<v Speaker 1>can't enjoy sex or you know. It's like it's not

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<v Speaker 1>like these kind of hang ups that I imagine had,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, some of the more fringe characters were focused on.

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<v Speaker 1>It's like more of a normal thing, like it's just unnecessary. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>and yeah, it's painful for the babies. So yeah, I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>what what do you guys think?

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<v Speaker 4>And I remember the first phase of even learning that

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<v Speaker 4>people were upset about this me just being like they're

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<v Speaker 4>weird because you know everything, we all do this one thing,

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<v Speaker 4>and they're weird for for being upset about it. Now,

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<v Speaker 4>you know, as an adult, as someone with a more

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<v Speaker 4>open mind, I'm also like, yeah, I guess. I mean,

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<v Speaker 4>I don't know. If I had a son, I don't

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<v Speaker 4>think I would do it at this point. Now, you know,

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<v Speaker 4>I would say, like, when he gets old enough or whatever.

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<v Speaker 4>Here's what the doctors used to say, if you want.

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<v Speaker 3>To do that, you would support him.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I wouldn't give a share. I mean, I'm hey,

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<v Speaker 4>I'm I'm circumcised. I have a great life. There's no Uh,

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<v Speaker 4>I'm not really.

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<v Speaker 3>Upset about I love you.

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<v Speaker 4>I love you son to my what you choose to

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<v Speaker 4>do it, it hasn't really. I can't imagine a scenario

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<v Speaker 4>where it has affected my life at all.

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<v Speaker 5>You can't imagine a life in which your sex life

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<v Speaker 5>is better.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, it's so good.

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<v Speaker 4>I guess everything can be better.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah yeah, but you don't you're missing out.

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<v Speaker 4>No, No, sensitive enough.

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<v Speaker 1>But I don't know what it's like. That's how they

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<v Speaker 1>that's what they say. It's like sensitivity the nerves. It's

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<v Speaker 1>like maybe if I like walked around naked all the time.

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<v Speaker 3>So like I don't know, Like.

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<v Speaker 5>My non circumcision journey outing myself as uncut gem it

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<v Speaker 5>was a similar thing though, Like you talked about how

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<v Speaker 5>your parents were like I don't know, they just told me.

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<v Speaker 3>To do it because it was like I have me.

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<v Speaker 5>It was a few family members around that time where

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<v Speaker 5>I guess wherever hospital that we're going to, they were

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<v Speaker 5>just sort of like, well, you don't have.

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<v Speaker 3>To do it now, you can do it on line.

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<v Speaker 5>So for a while I thought I was going to

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<v Speaker 5>do it sometime in like middle school or college, and

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<v Speaker 5>then I just kept waiting and because I was like, well,

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<v Speaker 5>there's not really a great time to do this. Like

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<v Speaker 5>I was like, I'm not gonna have to miss school

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<v Speaker 5>because my parents were like the assumption was I would. Well,

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<v Speaker 5>they were like, we can leave it up to you,

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<v Speaker 5>but like you would probably get it done, but just

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<v Speaker 5>when you're older. And it was a short thing where yeah,

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<v Speaker 5>my mind. When I was younger, I was like, Okay,

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<v Speaker 5>I'm definitely gonna get this done. It's just a matter

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<v Speaker 5>of when.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, plotting, Yeah, I.

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<v Speaker 5>Was like all right, you know, I got to figure

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<v Speaker 5>out and then it just like never happened. And it

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<v Speaker 5>was a thing I would say when I was younger,

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<v Speaker 5>I was very self conscious about yeah, because yeah, I

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<v Speaker 5>think the norm, and especially in the US at the time,

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<v Speaker 5>was like everybody else's circumcised, Like why aren't you?

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<v Speaker 3>And then yeah, like.

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<v Speaker 5>As an adult, you know, like Manny said, it's like

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<v Speaker 5>has not affected my life and in any way.

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<v Speaker 4>You would have been a perfect test case if you

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<v Speaker 4>did go through it.

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<v Speaker 5>I know for the podcasts, I should get circumcised to see.

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<v Speaker 4>So after the break come on in doctor.

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<v Speaker 3>Oh Man.

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<v Speaker 5>So when I was younger, my parents like emphasized like

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<v Speaker 5>a you know because my dad was circumcised. But they

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<v Speaker 5>emphasized like you have to you know, pull back your

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<v Speaker 5>forestkin and whatever you clean it.

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<v Speaker 3>So just became a partner to the process.

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<v Speaker 1>Right.

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<v Speaker 5>It wasn't like it's like, you know, we were talking

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<v Speaker 5>about shower, you wash your legs. It was like, okay,

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<v Speaker 5>I'm gonna watch my so long.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah you know.

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<v Speaker 5>A lot more folks, uh, let's see here.

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<v Speaker 3>But yeah, So it wasn't to me.

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<v Speaker 5>It wasn't like a sanitary thing like for me, it

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<v Speaker 5>was more of a concern. I was like, oh, when

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<v Speaker 5>I started having sex, is this gonna be weird?

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<v Speaker 6>Yeah?

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, the social yes, yeah, that that to me seems

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<v Speaker 1>like the bigger issue.

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<v Speaker 5>Yes, yeah, So that was the thing that was top

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<v Speaker 5>of mind for me before I was having sex.

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<v Speaker 3>Keep it PG. But it has not been an issue.

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<v Speaker 3>No one has ever complained.

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<v Speaker 1>Was there ever, like, did anyone ever ask you or

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<v Speaker 1>like seem confused or like or did it Just because

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<v Speaker 1>I would imagine someone if that was happening, I don't

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<v Speaker 1>think I would say anything like encounter, Yeah, and I

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<v Speaker 1>was surprised, probably didn't.

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<v Speaker 4>I'd probably talk to my friend afterwards and be like, yeah,

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<v Speaker 4>what's up. With that, but just to keep us going, like,

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<v Speaker 4>I'm definitely interested in the bigger picture here the decreasing rates.

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<v Speaker 4>Is there actually a good reason to be circumcised or

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<v Speaker 4>is this more like antiquated practices from the past that

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<v Speaker 4>like we don't do that, we don't need to do anymore.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, because I've read and I've read pieces by men

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<v Speaker 1>who are circumcised to basically echo what we've been talking

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<v Speaker 1>about of like I wouldn't for my son. I was

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<v Speaker 1>reading a piece in Esquire and there was a guy,

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<v Speaker 1>I think in his sixties who had his son circumcised.

0:10:51.280 --> 0:10:53.079
<v Speaker 1>His son's now in his twenties, and he was like saying,

0:10:53.080 --> 0:10:55.200
<v Speaker 1>how I think he's Jewish. He just did it because

0:10:55.200 --> 0:10:57.960
<v Speaker 1>it was like what people did, and he was like, yeah,

0:10:58.000 --> 0:10:59.880
<v Speaker 1>I really regret it, and I wish I hadn't done

0:10:59.880 --> 0:11:03.199
<v Speaker 1>that to my son. It made me just think about

0:11:03.240 --> 0:11:07.480
<v Speaker 1>it because I was like, my default was always like definitely, yeah,

0:11:07.480 --> 0:11:11.480
<v Speaker 1>And I think we'll see how I feel having some research,

0:11:11.559 --> 0:11:13.800
<v Speaker 1>But right now I think if I had a son,

0:11:13.840 --> 0:11:16.960
<v Speaker 1>I would do it for all the reasons, not that

0:11:17.000 --> 0:11:19.360
<v Speaker 1>I'm so religious, but it's like I know there's something

0:11:19.400 --> 0:11:22.920
<v Speaker 1>to it where it's like why why change it now

0:11:23.040 --> 0:11:24.520
<v Speaker 1>if it's not causing harm to me?

0:11:24.720 --> 0:11:26.880
<v Speaker 4>I mean, so we'll see maybe my mind will be sw.

0:11:27.120 --> 0:11:28.640
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, it's funny. I feel like I don't know how

0:11:28.720 --> 0:11:29.240
<v Speaker 3>much about it.

0:11:29.480 --> 0:11:32.000
<v Speaker 1>I want to do some research on the the real

0:11:32.160 --> 0:11:35.880
<v Speaker 1>historical history of it, the especially the American history of it,

0:11:36.640 --> 0:11:40.760
<v Speaker 1>and then look into the health and sexual pleasure aspects

0:11:40.880 --> 0:11:43.160
<v Speaker 1>and what's behind the declining.

0:11:42.760 --> 0:11:45.280
<v Speaker 4>Rates that I am very curious about. Yeah, I guess

0:11:45.280 --> 0:11:47.120
<v Speaker 4>I'd be pretty pissed if I found out that it's

0:11:47.120 --> 0:11:48.960
<v Speaker 4>like so much better, three times better.

0:11:49.080 --> 0:11:50.760
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, but then it's like, well, you don't know what

0:11:50.840 --> 0:11:51.959
<v Speaker 3>you never had. Yeah, and it's good.

0:11:52.480 --> 0:11:53.920
<v Speaker 4>It's good to cut out some vices.

0:11:53.960 --> 0:11:54.560
<v Speaker 3>You know, it's like.

0:11:56.720 --> 0:11:59.000
<v Speaker 4>Crazy, you won't be able to hold a job.

0:11:59.040 --> 0:11:59.880
<v Speaker 3>I don't know what it's like.

0:12:00.160 --> 0:12:04.520
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, it'd be crazy. It's better, you know, it's life

0:12:04.559 --> 0:12:08.360
<v Speaker 4>to live. Or maybe having the foreskin means you get

0:12:08.559 --> 0:12:11.600
<v Speaker 4>a fuller experience that you don't need as often. No,

0:12:11.840 --> 0:12:14.480
<v Speaker 4>maybe you'd be begging for a fix. Maybe we're we

0:12:14.520 --> 0:12:18.280
<v Speaker 4>need it more because oh yeah we don't we're not getting.

0:12:18.679 --> 0:12:22.360
<v Speaker 5>Yeah exactly, it's like a it's a tenth of what

0:12:22.400 --> 0:12:23.120
<v Speaker 5>you could be getting.

0:12:23.320 --> 0:12:26.439
<v Speaker 4>You do a ten times our brains are like, why.

0:12:26.240 --> 0:12:30.400
<v Speaker 5>Isn't this Let me try this again, let me running back.

0:12:31.080 --> 0:12:32.800
<v Speaker 1>So in this episode, we're going to hear from a

0:12:32.840 --> 0:12:36.160
<v Speaker 1>few different people. One and epidemiologists who study the health

0:12:36.200 --> 0:12:40.880
<v Speaker 1>impacts of circumcision, to a sociology professor who's researched the

0:12:41.040 --> 0:12:45.360
<v Speaker 1>anti circumcision movement, and three a leading member of the

0:12:45.400 --> 0:12:49.440
<v Speaker 1>so called intactivist movement. And just one quick note, This

0:12:49.480 --> 0:12:51.720
<v Speaker 1>is an issue, as you'll hear that people are extremely

0:12:51.760 --> 0:12:54.160
<v Speaker 1>passionate about. In this episode, we're not going to be

0:12:54.160 --> 0:12:56.520
<v Speaker 1>able to cover all of the complexity of the issues,

0:12:56.840 --> 0:12:59.160
<v Speaker 1>but we're doing our best to hear everyone out and

0:12:59.200 --> 0:13:01.560
<v Speaker 1>get their viewpoints of If you want to look into

0:13:01.559 --> 0:13:04.720
<v Speaker 1>this more, I'll be linked to research and other analyzes

0:13:04.760 --> 0:13:07.480
<v Speaker 1>in the newsletter to get more insight in decide how

0:13:07.520 --> 0:13:10.040
<v Speaker 1>you feel about it. We all have our own views here,

0:13:10.600 --> 0:13:13.719
<v Speaker 1>but we're not trying to force any particular agenda. With

0:13:13.840 --> 0:13:15.440
<v Speaker 1>that said, we've got a lot to get through, so

0:13:15.559 --> 0:13:22.120
<v Speaker 1>let's get into it after the break, all.

0:13:22.080 --> 0:13:23.720
<v Speaker 5>Right, fellas, I need you to help me with a

0:13:23.720 --> 0:13:25.880
<v Speaker 5>problem that I got. You know, usually we're the ones

0:13:25.880 --> 0:13:28.120
<v Speaker 5>helping other people with their problems, but I'm about to

0:13:28.160 --> 0:13:30.079
<v Speaker 5>go abroad and I'm going to watch met games.

0:13:30.160 --> 0:13:31.960
<v Speaker 3>Noah, how can I watch them? That's a tough one.

0:13:32.000 --> 0:13:34.240
<v Speaker 4>Maybe get a really large telescope.

0:13:34.280 --> 0:13:36.199
<v Speaker 5>I don't think that's the best way to do it. Manny,

0:13:36.360 --> 0:13:38.080
<v Speaker 5>Do you have any solutions on how I can watch

0:13:38.080 --> 0:13:38.560
<v Speaker 5>Mets games?

0:13:38.600 --> 0:13:38.959
<v Speaker 3>You broad?

0:13:39.320 --> 0:13:42.480
<v Speaker 4>I think I've got a slightly more practical solution for you, Devin.

0:13:42.559 --> 0:13:46.240
<v Speaker 4>If you use Nord VPN, you'll be able to change

0:13:46.240 --> 0:13:49.440
<v Speaker 4>the location of your laptop's IP address and watch the

0:13:49.679 --> 0:13:52.520
<v Speaker 4>content with no problem. What about my privacy online?

0:13:52.679 --> 0:13:53.960
<v Speaker 1>I'm worried someone's watching me.

0:13:54.000 --> 0:13:56.280
<v Speaker 4>First of all, no one is watching you, Noah. But

0:13:56.559 --> 0:13:59.840
<v Speaker 4>in case someone was watching you, NordVPN provides you with

0:14:00.120 --> 0:14:05.480
<v Speaker 4>privacy online, leaving no digital footprint by hiding your IP address.

0:14:05.559 --> 0:14:08.920
<v Speaker 4>It's like wearing an invisibility cloak while you're surfing the web.

0:14:09.080 --> 0:14:09.680
<v Speaker 3>Sounds comfy.

0:14:09.840 --> 0:14:12.800
<v Speaker 5>So many I've heard about these VPNs and how they're

0:14:12.880 --> 0:14:15.760
<v Speaker 5>super slowt How do I make sure my internet is

0:14:15.800 --> 0:14:16.679
<v Speaker 5>not throttling?

0:14:16.840 --> 0:14:19.320
<v Speaker 4>If you want to use a VPN without slowing down

0:14:19.360 --> 0:14:22.320
<v Speaker 4>your internet, Devin, you're gonna want to use NordVPN because

0:14:22.400 --> 0:14:25.320
<v Speaker 4>whenever I use it, I don't see any buffering or

0:14:25.440 --> 0:14:28.240
<v Speaker 4>lagging while I'm streaming my favorite content?

0:14:28.440 --> 0:14:30.440
<v Speaker 3>How do I get NordVPN, Devin.

0:14:30.520 --> 0:14:33.200
<v Speaker 4>If you or our listeners want to get the best

0:14:33.200 --> 0:14:36.840
<v Speaker 4>discount off of your NordVPN plan, go to NordVPN dot

0:14:36.880 --> 0:14:40.840
<v Speaker 4>com slash nst. Our link will also give you four

0:14:40.960 --> 0:14:43.960
<v Speaker 4>extra months on the two year plan, and there's no

0:14:44.120 --> 0:14:47.160
<v Speaker 4>risk because nord has a thirty day money back guarantee.

0:14:47.360 --> 0:14:50.480
<v Speaker 4>The link is in the show notes. That's NordVPN dot

0:14:50.520 --> 0:14:55.640
<v Speaker 4>com slash nst.

0:15:07.360 --> 0:15:09.760
<v Speaker 1>Before we get further ahead, I want to talk through

0:15:09.760 --> 0:15:12.480
<v Speaker 1>the history of circumcision as a religious practice and a

0:15:12.480 --> 0:15:14.920
<v Speaker 1>medical one, how it became so common here in the US,

0:15:14.960 --> 0:15:17.760
<v Speaker 1>where it being so common makes the US.

0:15:17.640 --> 0:15:19.520
<v Speaker 4>An outlier compared to other nations. Gotcha.

0:15:19.920 --> 0:15:22.160
<v Speaker 1>And then we'll talk through kind of the perceived risks involved,

0:15:22.160 --> 0:15:26.240
<v Speaker 1>the potential benefits and impacts on sexual pleasure, and you know,

0:15:26.400 --> 0:15:28.920
<v Speaker 1>all the other concerns people have. So we've got a

0:15:28.960 --> 0:15:32.880
<v Speaker 1>lot to get through, So let's jump into it, all right.

0:15:33.000 --> 0:15:35.000
<v Speaker 1>So I'm going to run through really quickly kind of

0:15:35.040 --> 0:15:39.760
<v Speaker 1>the ancient history to get us up to speed. Circumcision

0:15:39.840 --> 0:15:42.760
<v Speaker 1>dates back thousands of years. I write a book called Circumcision,

0:15:42.760 --> 0:15:47.120
<v Speaker 1>a History of the world's most controversial surgery by David Gohler.

0:15:47.400 --> 0:15:49.960
<v Speaker 1>Sorry if I'm pronouncing that wrong, sir. And it points

0:15:49.960 --> 0:15:52.960
<v Speaker 1>to evidence that Egyptians may have been performing them as

0:15:53.000 --> 0:15:56.480
<v Speaker 1>early as four thousand BC. Wow, No one's really sure why,

0:15:56.640 --> 0:16:00.480
<v Speaker 1>but some idea of a transition into man hood, a

0:16:00.520 --> 0:16:02.760
<v Speaker 1>mark of elite status and.

0:16:02.840 --> 0:16:04.400
<v Speaker 3>Or just hygiene and cloniness.

0:16:04.480 --> 0:16:06.680
<v Speaker 1>So this was later in life though, Yeah, so it

0:16:06.680 --> 0:16:09.240
<v Speaker 1>would be like, I mean there's like great like uh

0:16:09.400 --> 0:16:11.920
<v Speaker 1>in carvings and it's like, yeah, it looks like probably

0:16:11.960 --> 0:16:12.760
<v Speaker 1>thirteen year old.

0:16:12.640 --> 0:16:16.240
<v Speaker 4>Boys, yeah out there, And this is maybe my timelines

0:16:16.240 --> 0:16:19.160
<v Speaker 4>are wrong, but four thousand BC would have been before

0:16:19.640 --> 0:16:21.440
<v Speaker 4>like a Judeo Christians exactly.

0:16:21.560 --> 0:16:25.760
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, so ritual, so that basically it's thought that Jews

0:16:25.760 --> 0:16:28.560
<v Speaker 1>adopted it from the Egyptians I see a bit later,

0:16:29.560 --> 0:16:32.320
<v Speaker 1>and their use was mainly as a covenant with God.

0:16:32.400 --> 0:16:34.840
<v Speaker 1>So it's basically like you do this for me, like

0:16:34.880 --> 0:16:38.640
<v Speaker 1>to prove you're you're really about this and you're one

0:16:38.680 --> 0:16:41.600
<v Speaker 1>of us, you know. Yeah, so it's like literally a mark.

0:16:41.640 --> 0:16:43.760
<v Speaker 1>And then there's also theories that it's kind of about

0:16:44.200 --> 0:16:45.000
<v Speaker 1>either sex, like.

0:16:45.160 --> 0:16:48.800
<v Speaker 4>Fertility or just like sexual power. Yeah.

0:16:49.040 --> 0:16:50.600
<v Speaker 1>Originally they were doing it a little bit older, but

0:16:50.640 --> 0:16:52.480
<v Speaker 1>then they chose to do on newborns because it was

0:16:52.520 --> 0:16:55.320
<v Speaker 1>like easier to do because if you're like, well you

0:16:55.320 --> 0:16:56.840
<v Speaker 1>got to do this when you become a man, it's

0:16:56.920 --> 0:17:08.720
<v Speaker 1>it's tougher selling naturally still here at that today. So

0:17:08.920 --> 0:17:12.840
<v Speaker 1>Moses who gave this decree, he was not circumcised himself.

0:17:13.880 --> 0:17:17.600
<v Speaker 1>And there's interesting stuff where people used uncircumcised as an insult.

0:17:17.680 --> 0:17:20.880
<v Speaker 1>So like people think he had a speech impediment and

0:17:21.040 --> 0:17:24.880
<v Speaker 1>they said, like he's speaking with uncircumcised lips or then

0:17:24.920 --> 0:17:27.040
<v Speaker 1>like if someone's being ignorant, they'd be like, oh, like

0:17:27.560 --> 0:17:30.480
<v Speaker 1>you're using your uncircumcised ears right now, so I need

0:17:30.520 --> 0:17:33.480
<v Speaker 1>I'm gonna start using that that good stuff.

0:17:33.600 --> 0:17:34.760
<v Speaker 4>Real uncircumcised.

0:17:35.359 --> 0:17:37.320
<v Speaker 1>If they're not paying attention to something, it's like, oh

0:17:37.359 --> 0:17:44.199
<v Speaker 1>you're man, or like you know, you got a filthy,

0:17:44.280 --> 0:17:46.520
<v Speaker 1>filthy mind or something to like any any sort of

0:17:46.600 --> 0:17:49.200
<v Speaker 1>kind of like there's there's obviously always a link between

0:17:49.240 --> 0:17:51.800
<v Speaker 1>like kind of cleanliness or hygiene and then like dirtiness

0:17:51.800 --> 0:17:54.320
<v Speaker 1>and and all that and capsules, so yeah, links to

0:17:54.400 --> 0:17:58.520
<v Speaker 1>fertility and also sexual virility. So on the flip side,

0:17:58.560 --> 0:18:01.520
<v Speaker 1>to discourage sexual pleasure later on too. You hear about

0:18:01.600 --> 0:18:04.400
<v Speaker 1>this is an idea to curb masturbation and kind of

0:18:04.880 --> 0:18:07.560
<v Speaker 1>impure sexual thoughts that didn't pain out.

0:18:07.800 --> 0:18:09.359
<v Speaker 3>Yeah that.

0:18:10.440 --> 0:18:13.480
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, well, so you won't be distracted with that when

0:18:13.520 --> 0:18:16.040
<v Speaker 1>you should be focused on God and other things.

0:18:15.840 --> 0:18:18.960
<v Speaker 5>And then thinking being it doesn't feel as good, so

0:18:19.400 --> 0:18:21.040
<v Speaker 5>not as much temptation.

0:18:21.000 --> 0:18:23.879
<v Speaker 1>Exactly, So yeah, you won't be so worried about it,

0:18:23.960 --> 0:18:27.000
<v Speaker 1>so fast forwarding. Of course, Muslims also adopted it. Some

0:18:27.000 --> 0:18:30.040
<v Speaker 1>scholars they're saying the force can trapped impurities in the body,

0:18:30.640 --> 0:18:34.400
<v Speaker 1>and many Aboriginal tribes in Australia and across Africa also

0:18:34.440 --> 0:18:38.520
<v Speaker 1>practice it. Reasons and you know, specifics and customs vary,

0:18:38.560 --> 0:18:40.480
<v Speaker 1>of course, but a lot of times it's like a

0:18:40.520 --> 0:18:42.840
<v Speaker 1>manhood ceremony is a test of bravery, So that's like

0:18:43.040 --> 0:18:44.439
<v Speaker 1>we're waiting for you to become a man and then

0:18:44.440 --> 0:18:46.040
<v Speaker 1>it's like to prove it. You're going to do this

0:18:46.119 --> 0:18:48.080
<v Speaker 1>and you know it's going to be painful and hard

0:18:48.119 --> 0:18:48.639
<v Speaker 1>and scary.

0:18:48.720 --> 0:18:50.800
<v Speaker 4>So fascinating that different parts of the world.

0:18:50.960 --> 0:18:53.080
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, like it I originally assumed it kind of all

0:18:53.119 --> 0:18:55.639
<v Speaker 1>stemmed from like the Judeo Yeah, and then spreading and

0:18:55.640 --> 0:18:57.800
<v Speaker 1>then to spread. But yeah, it's like kind of this

0:18:57.840 --> 0:18:59.960
<v Speaker 1>thing where lots of people have this idea for whatever.

0:19:00.160 --> 0:19:00.360
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

0:19:00.560 --> 0:19:02.560
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, yeah.

0:19:02.600 --> 0:19:07.240
<v Speaker 1>So then moving along to our boy JC, Christianity drops circumcision,

0:19:07.240 --> 0:19:09.320
<v Speaker 1>even though we know our boy was a cut king,

0:19:09.920 --> 0:19:16.600
<v Speaker 1>king of kings. There's lots of paintings of this, paintings

0:19:16.640 --> 0:19:18.919
<v Speaker 1>of the depiction of him getting cercumcised.

0:19:18.960 --> 0:19:19.160
<v Speaker 3>Yeah.

0:19:19.400 --> 0:19:22.879
<v Speaker 1>So some people think that they replace circumcision with baptism

0:19:22.880 --> 0:19:26.000
<v Speaker 1>as a way one to include the ladies, because you

0:19:26.040 --> 0:19:29.439
<v Speaker 1>could do that. And then also it's because Christianity's more

0:19:29.440 --> 0:19:31.600
<v Speaker 1>outgoing and you know, mission based, where you're trying to

0:19:31.600 --> 0:19:34.000
<v Speaker 1>spread the word and get people involved, which you don't

0:19:34.000 --> 0:19:37.240
<v Speaker 1>really have as much of Judaism, but it kind of

0:19:37.240 --> 0:19:40.520
<v Speaker 1>follows that. You know, they wouldn't want anything that's restricting

0:19:40.560 --> 0:19:43.080
<v Speaker 1>and kind of daunting, like circumcisions in the way as

0:19:43.080 --> 0:19:45.840
<v Speaker 1>a man. So it's like you're saying you got to

0:19:45.840 --> 0:19:49.240
<v Speaker 1>get circumcised, yeah, versus just like dip your head in

0:19:49.240 --> 0:19:53.800
<v Speaker 1>some water, much nicer boom experience. You're good. So now

0:19:53.800 --> 0:19:57.560
<v Speaker 1>we're fast forwarding hundreds and hundreds of years to why America,

0:19:57.600 --> 0:20:01.720
<v Speaker 1>which is not famously a majority Jewish or Muslim country,

0:20:02.640 --> 0:20:06.320
<v Speaker 1>as you guys are probably aware, so why and how

0:20:06.359 --> 0:20:07.640
<v Speaker 1>did it become so popular?

0:20:07.720 --> 0:20:08.960
<v Speaker 4>He is America interested in it?

0:20:09.040 --> 0:20:11.679
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, So to learn about this, I talked to our

0:20:11.720 --> 0:20:15.199
<v Speaker 1>first guest, doctor Kate Grabowski. She's an associate professor at

0:20:15.240 --> 0:20:19.640
<v Speaker 1>Johns Hopkins University and an epidemiologist. She studied impacts of

0:20:19.760 --> 0:20:24.960
<v Speaker 1>interventions on HIV and sexually transmitted infections, including male circumcision.

0:20:25.920 --> 0:20:28.399
<v Speaker 1>So here's how circumcision took over the US.

0:20:33.920 --> 0:20:37.560
<v Speaker 7>Prior to the eighteen seventies, it was really uncommon, so

0:20:37.640 --> 0:20:41.600
<v Speaker 7>it was mostly practiced for religious reasons among people who

0:20:41.600 --> 0:20:45.160
<v Speaker 7>are Jewish or people practicing Islam, which is where it's

0:20:45.160 --> 0:20:48.680
<v Speaker 7>still very common today. And then in the eighteen seventies

0:20:48.720 --> 0:20:52.679
<v Speaker 7>there was this orthopedic surgeon, Lewis Sayer, and he was

0:20:52.800 --> 0:20:57.040
<v Speaker 7>treating boys who had problems walking. And he had this

0:20:57.240 --> 0:20:59.480
<v Speaker 7>one boy who had a lot of trouble and was

0:20:59.520 --> 0:21:04.680
<v Speaker 7>experienced proalysis, and he had this idea to circumcise him

0:21:04.760 --> 0:21:08.760
<v Speaker 7>for whatever reason, and he did, and for some unknown reason,

0:21:08.800 --> 0:21:14.280
<v Speaker 7>the boy was able to walk afterwards. There's noan to

0:21:14.359 --> 0:21:18.600
<v Speaker 7>believe circumcision curious paralysis. So I don't know what happened here,

0:21:19.119 --> 0:21:23.240
<v Speaker 7>but anyway, he thought it was this amazing cure, and

0:21:23.680 --> 0:21:27.840
<v Speaker 7>he apparently did this separate other times and noticed benefits,

0:21:27.840 --> 0:21:30.600
<v Speaker 7>and then he started going on the conference circuit and

0:21:30.640 --> 0:21:35.480
<v Speaker 7>really getting circumcisions into the forefront of the medical community's

0:21:35.560 --> 0:21:36.880
<v Speaker 7>mine and the US.

0:21:37.400 --> 0:21:39.520
<v Speaker 1>So the practice started to gain some traction. And then

0:21:39.560 --> 0:21:41.919
<v Speaker 1>around the turn of the century, germ theory started to

0:21:41.920 --> 0:21:45.119
<v Speaker 1>take hold in the US. Lots of concern about cleanliness

0:21:45.119 --> 0:21:47.840
<v Speaker 1>and hygiene, and people viewed circumcision as one way to

0:21:47.880 --> 0:21:52.240
<v Speaker 1>improve it. Next, berths moved from the home to the hospital,

0:21:52.359 --> 0:21:55.040
<v Speaker 1>and circumcision became a bit more routine in those settings.

0:21:56.080 --> 0:21:59.560
<v Speaker 7>So that sort of reinforced what was happening, and so

0:21:59.720 --> 0:22:04.119
<v Speaker 7>was this this whole sort of spiraling of things happening

0:22:04.119 --> 0:22:05.800
<v Speaker 7>all at the same time. That sort of led to

0:22:05.840 --> 0:22:09.040
<v Speaker 7>these really high levels of circumcision, and by the nineteen

0:22:09.080 --> 0:22:11.399
<v Speaker 7>fifties and nineteen sixties in the US, you had like

0:22:11.480 --> 0:22:15.080
<v Speaker 7>eighty to ninety percent of boys in the US being circumcised.

0:22:23.160 --> 0:22:26.640
<v Speaker 1>No one's really sure why it seemed to cure that

0:22:26.800 --> 0:22:29.359
<v Speaker 1>paralysis Back in the eighteen seventies. There's theories that it

0:22:29.440 --> 0:22:32.760
<v Speaker 1>was like there was some inflammation and then once that

0:22:33.480 --> 0:22:36.679
<v Speaker 1>cleared up, it you know, freed up the rest of

0:22:36.680 --> 0:22:38.920
<v Speaker 1>his body. I don't know, but no one's really sure.

0:22:38.920 --> 0:22:40.920
<v Speaker 1>It is kind of just a strange thing, but that's

0:22:40.960 --> 0:22:42.440
<v Speaker 1>kind of where it first took hold and then spread

0:22:42.440 --> 0:22:42.840
<v Speaker 1>from there.

0:22:43.240 --> 0:22:45.480
<v Speaker 4>So if it didn't help that kid, randomly in the

0:22:45.520 --> 0:22:48.600
<v Speaker 4>eighteen seventies, there's a world where you know, there's no

0:22:48.640 --> 0:22:49.200
<v Speaker 4>domino fa.

0:22:49.200 --> 0:22:51.120
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I would have never been caught on necessarily yea

0:22:51.520 --> 0:22:52.359
<v Speaker 1>to that degree.

0:22:53.000 --> 0:22:55.480
<v Speaker 4>So that is fascinating that the doctor was like, you

0:22:55.480 --> 0:22:56.480
<v Speaker 4>know what I think is gonna help.

0:22:56.560 --> 0:22:58.719
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, they were just trying to anything, but yeah, but

0:22:58.760 --> 0:23:00.360
<v Speaker 1>then it makes sense once we're moving from from home

0:23:00.400 --> 0:23:02.879
<v Speaker 1>births to the hospital wise, then it's like, okay, we

0:23:02.960 --> 0:23:05.159
<v Speaker 1>know this is pretty good and helps with hygiene or whatever,

0:23:05.520 --> 0:23:08.600
<v Speaker 1>and germs and all that were known then, so it

0:23:08.600 --> 0:23:10.919
<v Speaker 1>makes sense that like, we'll offer this and kind of

0:23:10.960 --> 0:23:12.399
<v Speaker 1>just do it, and then it becomes the standard just

0:23:12.440 --> 0:23:14.600
<v Speaker 1>because then I do think then there's a huge factor

0:23:14.680 --> 0:23:18.000
<v Speaker 1>just well it's common, everyone else is doing it, and

0:23:18.040 --> 0:23:20.640
<v Speaker 1>then it spreads that way. So that's how we got

0:23:20.680 --> 0:23:23.280
<v Speaker 1>this major rise in circumcision rates and how it became

0:23:23.320 --> 0:23:27.159
<v Speaker 1>standardized here in America. But believe it or not, not

0:23:27.240 --> 0:23:31.160
<v Speaker 1>everyone agreed with this. So once the circumcision rate peaked

0:23:31.160 --> 0:23:35.080
<v Speaker 1>in the fifties and sixties. The decline then began. So

0:23:35.160 --> 0:23:38.439
<v Speaker 1>to learn about the burgeoning intactivist movement, I spoke to

0:23:38.440 --> 0:23:40.200
<v Speaker 1>someone who studied this extensively.

0:23:40.600 --> 0:23:45.119
<v Speaker 8>I'm Laura Carpenter. I'm associate professor of sociology at Vanderbilt University,

0:23:45.600 --> 0:23:48.480
<v Speaker 8>and my research is about gender and sexuality and health

0:23:48.520 --> 0:23:51.240
<v Speaker 8>over the life course, and one of those health and

0:23:51.240 --> 0:23:52.639
<v Speaker 8>body issues is circumcision.

0:23:52.760 --> 0:23:54.720
<v Speaker 1>First, can you give kind of an overview of the

0:23:54.760 --> 0:23:57.200
<v Speaker 1>antactist movement? When did it kind of start rising up?

0:23:57.240 --> 0:23:58.960
<v Speaker 1>And just how would you describe that?

0:23:59.359 --> 0:24:05.040
<v Speaker 8>Okay, nice pun there By the way, in the nineteen

0:24:05.400 --> 0:24:10.960
<v Speaker 8>sixties there was a big wave of things that we

0:24:11.000 --> 0:24:13.600
<v Speaker 8>would associate with the nineteen sixties almost But in medicine,

0:24:13.640 --> 0:24:17.960
<v Speaker 8>right do you start seeing physicians particularly challenging male circumcision

0:24:18.000 --> 0:24:19.600
<v Speaker 8>and is saying why are we doing this? At least

0:24:19.600 --> 0:24:21.000
<v Speaker 8>if we're going to do it, we need to demonstrate

0:24:21.040 --> 0:24:23.159
<v Speaker 8>that it works or does what people say it's going to.

0:24:24.000 --> 0:24:27.480
<v Speaker 1>Professor Carpenter described the swirling of ideas all contributing to

0:24:27.560 --> 0:24:31.720
<v Speaker 1>a ripe environment for anti circumcision activism, hippies and the

0:24:31.760 --> 0:24:33.840
<v Speaker 1>idea of going back to nature, and things like the

0:24:33.880 --> 0:24:36.959
<v Speaker 1>gay rights movement speak more openly about men's bodies and

0:24:37.040 --> 0:24:41.679
<v Speaker 1>sexual pleasure than women's health, and the book Our Bodies, Ourselves.

0:24:41.440 --> 0:24:44.040
<v Speaker 8>And the patient's rights movement is ramping up at this time.

0:24:44.119 --> 0:24:48.080
<v Speaker 8>So in the nineteen sixties, it wasn't uncommon to not

0:24:48.160 --> 0:24:51.360
<v Speaker 8>tell patients who had cancer that they had cancer. Informed

0:24:51.359 --> 0:24:54.800
<v Speaker 8>consent as we know it didn't exist. Physician beneficence was

0:24:54.840 --> 0:24:58.560
<v Speaker 8>really the test for whether a medical procedure was appropriate

0:24:58.680 --> 0:25:01.840
<v Speaker 8>or not, and people started questioning that as well.

0:25:02.000 --> 0:25:04.439
<v Speaker 1>So a combination of things leads to a questioning of

0:25:04.480 --> 0:25:09.760
<v Speaker 1>circumcision within medicine and outside medicine. A grassroots movement around patients'

0:25:09.800 --> 0:25:13.720
<v Speaker 1>rights doesn't morph exactly into the anti circumcision movement, but

0:25:13.840 --> 0:25:14.520
<v Speaker 1>it does feed it.

0:25:20.320 --> 0:25:24.199
<v Speaker 8>In organized pediatrics. In the nineteen seventies, you get in

0:25:24.320 --> 0:25:28.840
<v Speaker 8>the Canadian Pediatric Society and the American Academy of Pediatrics

0:25:29.640 --> 0:25:34.320
<v Speaker 8>both produced statements to say circumcision isn't really medically necessary.

0:25:34.600 --> 0:25:36.960
<v Speaker 8>People started talking to each other. Basically, there was a

0:25:36.960 --> 0:25:40.320
<v Speaker 8>group of nurses in Santa Fe, New Mexico, who became

0:25:40.359 --> 0:25:45.560
<v Speaker 8>conscientious objectors and refused to assist with circumcision because they

0:25:45.560 --> 0:25:47.840
<v Speaker 8>didn't think it was useful. In fact, thought it could

0:25:47.840 --> 0:25:51.159
<v Speaker 8>be damaging. So it's sort of the seventies when this

0:25:51.240 --> 0:25:54.640
<v Speaker 8>really gets going in the United States. And then Marilyn

0:25:54.720 --> 0:25:59.480
<v Speaker 8>Milos founded an organization that abbreviated no National Organization of

0:25:59.480 --> 0:26:03.880
<v Speaker 8>Circumcision and Information Resource Centers. She was a nurse who

0:26:04.000 --> 0:26:06.960
<v Speaker 8>was pretty appalled the first time she witnessed a circumcision,

0:26:07.480 --> 0:26:10.520
<v Speaker 8>and the attending physicians said, yeah, there's no reason we

0:26:10.560 --> 0:26:11.280
<v Speaker 8>do this, ha ha ha.

0:26:11.680 --> 0:26:14.080
<v Speaker 9>The day that I witnessed the circumcision, my life changed.

0:26:16.000 --> 0:26:18.680
<v Speaker 9>The life that I knew was gone when I started

0:26:18.680 --> 0:26:20.560
<v Speaker 9>to cry and the doctor said, there's no medical reason

0:26:20.600 --> 0:26:23.439
<v Speaker 9>for doing this, and I realized my own sons had

0:26:23.480 --> 0:26:25.840
<v Speaker 9>suffered this. From now I'm going to start to cry, probably,

0:26:26.200 --> 0:26:29.480
<v Speaker 9>but that my own sons had experienced this, and that

0:26:29.600 --> 0:26:32.480
<v Speaker 9>I hadn't known enough to protect them. I didn't want

0:26:32.520 --> 0:26:34.720
<v Speaker 9>one more parent or one more baby to feel like that.

0:26:35.080 --> 0:26:35.240
<v Speaker 2>Now.

0:26:35.280 --> 0:26:36.760
<v Speaker 8>There are, of course, people who think that there are

0:26:36.800 --> 0:26:39.840
<v Speaker 8>still good reasons to perform a routine and circumcision, so

0:26:40.359 --> 0:26:43.680
<v Speaker 8>the debate about whether or not it's medically useful continues.

0:26:43.800 --> 0:26:46.840
<v Speaker 8>No CIRCUS founded in nineteen eighty six, I believe and

0:26:46.880 --> 0:26:49.960
<v Speaker 8>then there's sort of like little organizations all kind of

0:26:50.000 --> 0:26:50.720
<v Speaker 8>popping up.

0:26:56.920 --> 0:26:58.920
<v Speaker 1>The whole of the earth.

0:26:59.560 --> 0:27:03.040
<v Speaker 5>Are suspicious that men human male for the only novel

0:27:03.200 --> 0:27:06.160
<v Speaker 5>for this is supposedly necessary immediately after they're born.

0:27:06.840 --> 0:27:11.359
<v Speaker 8>Some focused on helping men restore their foreskins, some focused

0:27:11.440 --> 0:27:15.399
<v Speaker 8>on sort of working with medicines, some focused on working

0:27:15.440 --> 0:27:19.360
<v Speaker 8>with legal issues. And so there's this sort of proliferation

0:27:19.440 --> 0:27:22.199
<v Speaker 8>of groups in the eighties through the nineties.

0:27:23.240 --> 0:27:25.200
<v Speaker 1>And I had the chance to speak with the founder

0:27:25.359 --> 0:27:35.600
<v Speaker 1>of one of these anti circumcision groups myself. My name is.

0:27:35.560 --> 0:27:40.960
<v Speaker 6>George and Shapin, and I am currently the founding executive

0:27:41.000 --> 0:27:44.439
<v Speaker 6>director of Intact America, which is a not for profit

0:27:44.560 --> 0:27:48.320
<v Speaker 6>organization that wants to change the way that America and

0:27:48.400 --> 0:27:53.680
<v Speaker 6>Americans think about circumcision or male genital mutilation.

0:27:54.560 --> 0:27:56.960
<v Speaker 1>She told me she's been interested in circumcision from age

0:27:56.960 --> 0:27:59.200
<v Speaker 1>ten when she saw her baby brother come home from

0:27:59.200 --> 0:28:01.080
<v Speaker 1>the hospital circumcised.

0:28:01.520 --> 0:28:06.760
<v Speaker 6>And I just started thinking at that age, why would

0:28:06.800 --> 0:28:11.879
<v Speaker 6>a newborn baby, Why would all boys essentially, which he

0:28:12.160 --> 0:28:16.720
<v Speaker 6>explain to me, need corrective surgery right after birth? How

0:28:16.760 --> 0:28:21.320
<v Speaker 6>could all males be born needing surgery? It made no

0:28:21.440 --> 0:28:24.200
<v Speaker 6>sense to me, and believe me. I knew nothing about evolution.

0:28:24.320 --> 0:28:26.800
<v Speaker 6>I certainly knew nothing about medicine. I was ten years old,

0:28:26.840 --> 0:28:31.320
<v Speaker 6>and it just seemed weird. And then when I was

0:28:31.640 --> 0:28:35.240
<v Speaker 6>in college, I studied anthropology, and I was always interested

0:28:35.280 --> 0:28:39.680
<v Speaker 6>in medicine sort of a social phenomenon, and I was

0:28:40.080 --> 0:28:46.800
<v Speaker 6>always interested in equity. And I started hearing about female

0:28:46.840 --> 0:28:50.560
<v Speaker 6>genital mutilation and how horrifying it was. And the same

0:28:50.600 --> 0:28:54.080
<v Speaker 6>people who talked about how horrifying female genital mutilation was

0:28:54.400 --> 0:28:56.560
<v Speaker 6>thought that male circumcision. A lot of them, most of

0:28:56.600 --> 0:29:01.280
<v Speaker 6>them thought male circumcision was different, that it was fine,

0:29:01.360 --> 0:29:05.240
<v Speaker 6>that it was for the boy's own good, that female

0:29:05.360 --> 0:29:10.200
<v Speaker 6>genital cutting was discriminatory, but male genital cutting was good,

0:29:10.680 --> 0:29:13.160
<v Speaker 6>and it just it just was crazy to me.

0:29:13.600 --> 0:29:16.280
<v Speaker 1>Decades later, Georgiane went to law school and became involved

0:29:16.280 --> 0:29:20.560
<v Speaker 1>with the fight against infant circumcision, herself, founding Intact America

0:29:20.600 --> 0:29:31.840
<v Speaker 1>with a few other people in the movement. So I

0:29:31.880 --> 0:29:33.840
<v Speaker 1>had to ask her jen like, why does she think the

0:29:33.880 --> 0:29:37.760
<v Speaker 1>medical establishment in the US is so insistent on this procedure,

0:29:37.880 --> 0:29:38.720
<v Speaker 1>Like what's the motive.

0:29:39.120 --> 0:29:42.640
<v Speaker 6>Around the end of the Second World War, the United

0:29:42.680 --> 0:29:47.440
<v Speaker 6>States established a profit driven, fever service medical system whereas

0:29:47.640 --> 0:29:51.280
<v Speaker 6>most other Western countries have some kind of universal healthcare

0:29:51.320 --> 0:29:55.240
<v Speaker 6>system with a large public supported component, Whereas the US

0:29:55.320 --> 0:29:59.840
<v Speaker 6>has a fever service, privately driven medical system, and circumcision

0:29:59.920 --> 0:30:04.400
<v Speaker 6>is is charged for if what we call fee for service, right,

0:30:05.000 --> 0:30:09.680
<v Speaker 6>the doctor does something for a person and collects a fee.

0:30:09.920 --> 0:30:13.160
<v Speaker 6>Hospitals collect fees they collect from insurance companies, they collect

0:30:13.160 --> 0:30:19.360
<v Speaker 6>from individuals. So circumcision generates money for doctors and hospitals.

0:30:19.520 --> 0:30:22.000
<v Speaker 6>People will say to mean, how much does a circumcision costs?

0:30:22.000 --> 0:30:24.960
<v Speaker 6>And it's like depends. You know, that's a lawyer's answer,

0:30:25.000 --> 0:30:30.800
<v Speaker 6>but it depends. So I've heard of Beverly Hills urologists

0:30:31.360 --> 0:30:34.480
<v Speaker 6>who will charge thirty five hundred dollars for a circumcision,

0:30:35.040 --> 0:30:41.080
<v Speaker 6>And I've heard of obstetricians or pediatricians in a poor

0:30:41.440 --> 0:30:45.160
<v Speaker 6>southern state who will charge forty dollars seventy five dollars

0:30:45.160 --> 0:30:49.760
<v Speaker 6>for circumcisions. And insurance sometimes covers it, Some insurance does,

0:30:49.800 --> 0:30:55.240
<v Speaker 6>some doesn't. Some states Medicaid systems cover it. Some say

0:30:55.280 --> 0:31:00.000
<v Speaker 6>they don't cover it, but they subcontract out the healthcare

0:31:00.120 --> 0:31:04.080
<v Speaker 6>to private insurance companies which can choose to cover it

0:31:04.160 --> 0:31:10.719
<v Speaker 6>or not. Those are the complex facts. About medical circumcision itself, fees,

0:31:10.880 --> 0:31:12.080
<v Speaker 6>and what's charged.

0:31:13.280 --> 0:31:17.000
<v Speaker 1>Georgianne says circumcision is pushed heavily on expecting mothers. Part

0:31:17.000 --> 0:31:19.840
<v Speaker 1>of Intact America's work is conducting a lot of research surveys,

0:31:19.880 --> 0:31:22.000
<v Speaker 1>and she cited some of their data on this point.

0:31:23.400 --> 0:31:26.800
<v Speaker 6>So another study in Tact America, another survey we did,

0:31:26.880 --> 0:31:31.760
<v Speaker 6>found that mothers are asked eight point four times on

0:31:31.920 --> 0:31:35.280
<v Speaker 6>average whether they don't want to circumcise? What you know,

0:31:35.320 --> 0:31:36.600
<v Speaker 6>you're going to circumcize your baby?

0:31:36.720 --> 0:31:36.920
<v Speaker 2>Right?

0:31:37.040 --> 0:31:40.040
<v Speaker 6>Sign here? Of course you're going to circumcise him, right?

0:31:40.200 --> 0:31:42.040
<v Speaker 6>What do you mean you're not going to circumcise him?

0:31:42.080 --> 0:31:46.440
<v Speaker 6>An average of eight point four times during the perinatal period,

0:31:46.480 --> 0:31:50.160
<v Speaker 6>immediately preceding that the birth, and immediately after the birth.

0:31:56.000 --> 0:32:00.200
<v Speaker 6>This is really important. Circumcision is market.

0:31:59.840 --> 0:32:01.760
<v Speaker 3>To to new moms.

0:32:02.360 --> 0:32:08.480
<v Speaker 6>It's sold aggressively to women. So when people say to me,

0:32:08.520 --> 0:32:11.480
<v Speaker 6>it's not a women's issue, it's like it wouldn't be

0:32:11.720 --> 0:32:16.080
<v Speaker 6>happening if it wasn't for moms. New moms, they are

0:32:16.280 --> 0:32:20.840
<v Speaker 6>asked to sign off on it. They are told it's important,

0:32:21.600 --> 0:32:24.800
<v Speaker 6>they are told that it's part of being a good parent.

0:32:25.840 --> 0:32:29.120
<v Speaker 6>They are told it's good for the baby, the same

0:32:29.160 --> 0:32:37.560
<v Speaker 6>way diapers, children's clothing are marketed to new moms. Toys.

0:32:38.320 --> 0:32:41.200
<v Speaker 6>We have a bumper sticker that says ten out of

0:32:41.200 --> 0:32:45.760
<v Speaker 6>ten babies say no to circumcision. So the ethics of

0:32:45.840 --> 0:32:52.520
<v Speaker 6>circumcision bioethics says that if you're not sick, a doctor

0:32:53.280 --> 0:32:57.320
<v Speaker 6>shouldn't be performing procedure if you're not sick, and if

0:32:57.320 --> 0:33:03.360
<v Speaker 6>you can't get consent, and consent, parental consent is invalid

0:33:03.480 --> 0:33:06.640
<v Speaker 6>for a procedure that does not save the life or

0:33:06.640 --> 0:33:10.200
<v Speaker 6>health of a child. And because circumcision is non therapeutic,

0:33:11.560 --> 0:33:16.440
<v Speaker 6>parental consent is legally and technically invalid. But we have

0:33:16.600 --> 0:33:19.080
<v Speaker 6>given the surgery an enormous pass.

0:33:25.120 --> 0:33:28.480
<v Speaker 1>I asked doctor Grabowski, the epidemiologist at Johns Hopkins, about

0:33:28.520 --> 0:33:31.320
<v Speaker 1>this profit motive idea to hear her view as someone

0:33:31.920 --> 0:33:35.840
<v Speaker 1>on the medical establishment side of things, and she was doubtful.

0:33:36.560 --> 0:33:40.040
<v Speaker 7>Here's the thing, It's like, circumcision has all these downstream

0:33:40.080 --> 0:33:44.400
<v Speaker 7>medical benefits that would that actually save the healthcare system

0:33:44.520 --> 0:33:46.080
<v Speaker 7>a lot of money at the end of the day

0:33:46.160 --> 0:33:53.280
<v Speaker 7>and save future more expensive billable procedures. So I'm very

0:33:53.400 --> 0:33:56.760
<v Speaker 7>very skeptical of that claim. Like it's it's pretty cheap

0:33:56.880 --> 0:34:01.920
<v Speaker 7>and it takes time. So I think, yeah, I don't

0:34:01.920 --> 0:34:06.120
<v Speaker 7>think Hopkins is banking money off of circumcision, But.

0:34:06.200 --> 0:34:07.640
<v Speaker 1>Now might be a good time to talk about the

0:34:07.680 --> 0:34:11.640
<v Speaker 1>alleged health impacts of circumcision. So here's what doctor Grabowski

0:34:11.680 --> 0:34:12.640
<v Speaker 1>told me the researches.

0:34:13.520 --> 0:34:15.600
<v Speaker 7>I think we should like step back and talk about

0:34:15.760 --> 0:34:19.160
<v Speaker 7>what the foreskin is. Right, So the foreskin is basically

0:34:19.200 --> 0:34:22.440
<v Speaker 7>a piece of skin on the tip of the penis,

0:34:22.800 --> 0:34:28.520
<v Speaker 7>and circumcision removes that. So the foreskin it's a thinner

0:34:28.560 --> 0:34:32.720
<v Speaker 7>tissue that's more susceptible to abrasions and terrors during sex.

0:34:33.239 --> 0:34:34.560
<v Speaker 3>It also is.

0:34:35.040 --> 0:34:40.359
<v Speaker 7>Very rich and target cells for viral sexually transmitted infections.

0:34:40.480 --> 0:34:44.640
<v Speaker 7>That also is a really nice environment for anaerobic bacteria

0:34:45.120 --> 0:34:48.080
<v Speaker 7>that are associated with beav and women, but for men,

0:34:48.120 --> 0:34:51.279
<v Speaker 7>they can produce some plammatory environments that make it a

0:34:51.400 --> 0:34:57.040
<v Speaker 7>very nice area for these viral sexually transmitted infections to

0:34:57.080 --> 0:35:05.560
<v Speaker 7>take hold. So the randomized trials randomized men one to one.

0:35:05.920 --> 0:35:08.880
<v Speaker 7>These are men who were willing to undergo the circumcision procedure.

0:35:08.920 --> 0:35:11.759
<v Speaker 7>So I think it's really important that people understand that

0:35:11.880 --> 0:35:15.240
<v Speaker 7>participation in these studies is voluntary and what we're measuring

0:35:15.320 --> 0:35:19.440
<v Speaker 7>is voluntary medical male circumcision. They're choosing to enroll in

0:35:19.480 --> 0:35:24.560
<v Speaker 7>these studies, and so these randomized trials are like really

0:35:24.560 --> 0:35:28.279
<v Speaker 7>what we consider the gold standard of evidence, because you

0:35:28.600 --> 0:35:33.080
<v Speaker 7>are sort of balancing factors across groups that might otherwise

0:35:33.120 --> 0:35:37.160
<v Speaker 7>obscure whatever findings you're hoping to look at. So we

0:35:37.400 --> 0:35:40.440
<v Speaker 7>rolled thousands of men in these trials in Uganda, Kenya,

0:35:40.480 --> 0:35:44.680
<v Speaker 7>and South Africa, and then they followed the circumcised men

0:35:44.719 --> 0:35:48.200
<v Speaker 7>and the uncircumcised men, and then they look to see

0:35:48.280 --> 0:35:53.920
<v Speaker 7>how many cases of HIV, HSV two, HPV general ulcers

0:35:53.960 --> 0:35:56.800
<v Speaker 7>they observed and these men afterwards, and then they also

0:35:56.920 --> 0:35:59.840
<v Speaker 7>followed the partners of these men in many cases to

0:36:00.160 --> 0:36:04.760
<v Speaker 7>get the secondary impacts of circumcision. The really big finding

0:36:04.920 --> 0:36:09.080
<v Speaker 7>was that it reduced risk of HIV acquisition by sixty percent.

0:36:10.120 --> 0:36:13.760
<v Speaker 7>It's incredible, right, it's a one time intervention that provides

0:36:13.800 --> 0:36:18.200
<v Speaker 7>this sort of lifetime risk. We also found thirty percent

0:36:18.320 --> 0:36:22.120
<v Speaker 7>reduced risk of HSB two, twenty five to thirty percent

0:36:22.320 --> 0:36:25.680
<v Speaker 7>reduced risk of HPV, and that's associated with penal cancer

0:36:25.719 --> 0:36:29.400
<v Speaker 7>and cervical cancer and women. The other thing reduced general

0:36:29.480 --> 0:36:32.879
<v Speaker 7>ulcers by fifty percent. General ulcer disease is really really

0:36:32.920 --> 0:36:36.879
<v Speaker 7>painful for some people. Specifically, ulcers caused by HSV two

0:36:37.080 --> 0:36:40.960
<v Speaker 7>can be awful and very stigmatizing, says another benefit and

0:36:41.120 --> 0:36:45.000
<v Speaker 7>women female partners, we found reduced rates and levels of

0:36:45.080 --> 0:36:49.759
<v Speaker 7>bacterial vaginosis and trick as well, and also HPV. So

0:36:49.800 --> 0:36:51.920
<v Speaker 7>there were these downstream benefits to partners, and then there

0:36:51.920 --> 0:36:58.640
<v Speaker 7>were also these direct benefits to the men themselves.

0:37:02.880 --> 0:37:08.359
<v Speaker 4>Those are huge numbers. Yeah, if you're wanting to make

0:37:08.400 --> 0:37:10.279
<v Speaker 4>the decision, you might just be like, well, whatever, I

0:37:10.360 --> 0:37:11.280
<v Speaker 4>work on them anyways.

0:37:11.480 --> 0:37:15.720
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, yeah, certainly these things are avoidable, of course, yeah,

0:37:16.040 --> 0:37:17.400
<v Speaker 1>whether without circumcision.

0:37:17.760 --> 0:37:21.480
<v Speaker 4>But I was surprised that there was such a drastic difference.

0:37:23.120 --> 0:37:23.600
<v Speaker 3>For each other.

0:37:23.760 --> 0:37:26.360
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, which makes sense. She was when she was saying, like,

0:37:26.400 --> 0:37:30.399
<v Speaker 4>the extra skin is thinner, more susceptible to like, yeah,

0:37:30.600 --> 0:37:32.839
<v Speaker 4>tears and stuff, and like you know, in your head

0:37:32.840 --> 0:37:35.359
<v Speaker 4>you're picturing like these huge tear but I think it's

0:37:35.360 --> 0:37:37.600
<v Speaker 4>like more like many tiny abrasions that you probably wouldn't

0:37:37.640 --> 0:37:41.680
<v Speaker 4>even notice or like see as an issue necessarily, not

0:37:41.760 --> 0:37:42.360
<v Speaker 4>that I would know.

0:37:44.160 --> 0:37:46.480
<v Speaker 1>So yeah, So I thought that was interesting and helpful

0:37:46.480 --> 0:37:49.759
<v Speaker 1>at least an understanding kind of how this is even

0:37:50.920 --> 0:37:53.080
<v Speaker 1>what the actual theory is on how that works, and

0:37:53.120 --> 0:37:55.040
<v Speaker 1>we wanted to know what are the impacts on sexual

0:37:55.120 --> 0:37:59.760
<v Speaker 1>pleasure beyond just health. Here's what doctor Grobowski's research shows.

0:38:00.600 --> 0:38:04.680
<v Speaker 7>We did ask men about sexual pleasure and sexual function

0:38:04.880 --> 0:38:08.640
<v Speaker 7>before and after the trial, and the majority of men

0:38:08.680 --> 0:38:13.320
<v Speaker 7>reporting no difference at all, and some reported increased sexual pleasure,

0:38:13.440 --> 0:38:17.120
<v Speaker 7>likely because they weren't dealing with all the STIs that

0:38:17.120 --> 0:38:19.680
<v Speaker 7>that impact sexual pleasure at the end of the day.

0:38:19.719 --> 0:38:23.080
<v Speaker 7>And women also reported a lot of increased sexual pleasure

0:38:23.160 --> 0:38:26.479
<v Speaker 7>because they were getting these infections either. So the data

0:38:26.640 --> 0:38:32.239
<v Speaker 7>was shockingly good, but it was very consistent across all

0:38:32.320 --> 0:38:35.040
<v Speaker 7>of the three trials. So there were three simultaneously trials

0:38:35.040 --> 0:38:38.880
<v Speaker 7>going on the same time, Uganda, Kenya, and South Africa.

0:38:39.160 --> 0:38:42.840
<v Speaker 7>And yeah, it was I mean, it's kind of amazing.

0:38:42.880 --> 0:38:46.480
<v Speaker 7>They all found the exact same effect and like that

0:38:46.520 --> 0:38:47.520
<v Speaker 7>never happens for us.

0:38:48.160 --> 0:38:50.320
<v Speaker 4>The increased pleasure is because you don't have anything.

0:38:50.400 --> 0:38:51.000
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I don't.

0:38:51.000 --> 0:38:52.759
<v Speaker 1>I don't think it's really an argument that it's like

0:38:53.880 --> 0:38:55.319
<v Speaker 1>it's going to feel better to do this.

0:38:55.280 --> 0:38:59.560
<v Speaker 4>If difference between like you know, two people one on

0:38:59.640 --> 0:39:02.960
<v Speaker 4>circles as one not that are that don't have any

0:39:02.960 --> 0:39:04.239
<v Speaker 4>like That's what I'm curious about.

0:39:04.360 --> 0:39:09.600
<v Speaker 3>I'll look effected it acts on not a noticeable amount.

0:39:09.560 --> 0:39:14.480
<v Speaker 4>From us from a medical perspective, it's worth the trade off.

0:39:14.600 --> 0:39:16.680
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I think that's the main idea there.

0:39:17.160 --> 0:39:17.359
<v Speaker 3>Now.

0:39:17.400 --> 0:39:19.720
<v Speaker 1>On the other hand, here's what George Anne from Intact

0:39:19.760 --> 0:39:21.320
<v Speaker 1>America had to say about these studies.

0:39:22.280 --> 0:39:26.440
<v Speaker 6>So those original studies in three African countries, those studies

0:39:26.440 --> 0:39:29.640
<v Speaker 6>have basically gone by the wayside, and there is no

0:39:29.719 --> 0:39:34.440
<v Speaker 6>association anywhere in the world, including studies done in the

0:39:34.480 --> 0:39:39.920
<v Speaker 6>American military, major studies done in Canada, the entire European

0:39:40.000 --> 0:39:45.320
<v Speaker 6>continent that shows any kind of an association between HIV

0:39:46.040 --> 0:39:50.120
<v Speaker 6>and circumcision status. So it doesn't show more HIV or

0:39:50.200 --> 0:39:55.279
<v Speaker 6>less HIV with circumcised men versus non circumcised men or

0:39:55.320 --> 0:39:59.960
<v Speaker 6>intact men. So those studies have been ignored and discredited.

0:40:00.440 --> 0:40:04.719
<v Speaker 6>These are people in sub Saharan Africa where access to

0:40:04.920 --> 0:40:10.680
<v Speaker 6>basic medical care is lacking. You know, children and mothers

0:40:10.760 --> 0:40:15.880
<v Speaker 6>dying in childbirth. And to take a whole posse of

0:40:16.000 --> 0:40:22.439
<v Speaker 6>American researchers, all circumcised themselves and anxious to prove that

0:40:22.719 --> 0:40:27.680
<v Speaker 6>it was for some good reason to sub Saharan Africa

0:40:28.200 --> 0:40:33.160
<v Speaker 6>to round up black men and cut off part of

0:40:33.200 --> 0:40:39.680
<v Speaker 6>their penises is the height of medical colonialism and really horrifying,

0:40:40.239 --> 0:40:46.080
<v Speaker 6>and the African campaign to circumcise black men in Africa

0:40:48.000 --> 0:40:54.040
<v Speaker 6>will go down in history as profoundly damaging. An unethical

0:40:54.239 --> 0:40:57.759
<v Speaker 6>follow up lasted maybe a couple months. Most men were

0:40:58.040 --> 0:41:01.200
<v Speaker 6>lost to follow up. They were get a few dollars

0:41:01.800 --> 0:41:05.040
<v Speaker 6>to have the circumcision. It was disguised as I don't know,

0:41:05.080 --> 0:41:09.360
<v Speaker 6>covering their transportation costs or something, and many of the

0:41:09.440 --> 0:41:15.120
<v Speaker 6>men undoubtedly had serious complications. Then they conducted the surveys

0:41:15.120 --> 0:41:18.359
<v Speaker 6>that found that these men had very high satisfaction rates

0:41:18.400 --> 0:41:21.840
<v Speaker 6>from their circumcisions. These were men we never had a

0:41:21.880 --> 0:41:25.440
<v Speaker 6>problem before. And I thought to myself, you know, you

0:41:25.480 --> 0:41:28.319
<v Speaker 6>don't even want to complain about a bad haircut. You know,

0:41:28.440 --> 0:41:30.600
<v Speaker 6>you go to the bar, you might change barbers, right,

0:41:31.280 --> 0:41:34.080
<v Speaker 6>But you know, these men said, oh yeah, you know,

0:41:34.080 --> 0:41:34.720
<v Speaker 6>I'm cool.

0:41:34.920 --> 0:41:35.520
<v Speaker 2>I like it.

0:41:35.600 --> 0:41:38.600
<v Speaker 6>You know, I don't know it. So those studies are

0:41:38.960 --> 0:41:41.000
<v Speaker 6>I mean taken with a grain of seal. Those studies

0:41:41.000 --> 0:41:43.879
<v Speaker 6>need to be taken with a pound of salt. You know,

0:41:44.080 --> 0:41:48.719
<v Speaker 6>they're very unreliable. And other claims for circumcision, you know,

0:41:48.840 --> 0:41:54.640
<v Speaker 6>reducing urinary tract infections and babies. Well, girls get urinary

0:41:54.719 --> 0:41:58.360
<v Speaker 6>tract infections and higher rates and boys and they're cured.

0:41:58.400 --> 0:42:03.279
<v Speaker 6>Why dollar worth of antibiotics. And there is no therapeutic

0:42:03.520 --> 0:42:10.440
<v Speaker 6>or preventive purpose to removing a healthy, normal foreskin, which

0:42:10.480 --> 0:42:12.640
<v Speaker 6>is the most sensitive part of.

0:42:12.600 --> 0:42:13.680
<v Speaker 4>The male penis.

0:42:13.960 --> 0:42:17.560
<v Speaker 6>The most erogenous part of the male genitalia is the foreskin.

0:42:18.880 --> 0:42:21.920
<v Speaker 5>These studies that you've inferences in regards to US military,

0:42:23.200 --> 0:42:26.640
<v Speaker 5>I will say that was my It felt a little

0:42:26.680 --> 0:42:30.120
<v Speaker 5>bit like, Okay, you're doing a study in Africa where

0:42:31.320 --> 0:42:33.319
<v Speaker 5>you know, we don't fall too much into stereotypes, but

0:42:33.360 --> 0:42:34.120
<v Speaker 5>it's just different.

0:42:34.160 --> 0:42:35.760
<v Speaker 3>The circumstances are different.

0:42:35.920 --> 0:42:37.719
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, I want to you know, there are people who

0:42:37.760 --> 0:42:40.480
<v Speaker 5>have you know, clean water and access to healthcare, but

0:42:40.520 --> 0:42:41.439
<v Speaker 5>there are people who don't.

0:42:41.480 --> 0:42:44.280
<v Speaker 1>My assumption is it's basically hygiene and that sort of stuff.

0:42:44.520 --> 0:42:49.080
<v Speaker 1>But that's also why the HIV rates are so different. Also, yes,

0:42:49.200 --> 0:42:50.680
<v Speaker 1>like that's that's my impression.

0:42:50.960 --> 0:42:53.040
<v Speaker 4>Part of me whish is some of her counterpoints weren't

0:42:53.360 --> 0:42:56.400
<v Speaker 4>so anecdotal, like yo, you won't even complain about your haircut,

0:42:56.480 --> 0:42:59.920
<v Speaker 4>like like let's say in the worst scenario, like they

0:43:00.360 --> 0:43:03.640
<v Speaker 4>you know, this is an immoral study but you still

0:43:03.680 --> 0:43:06.600
<v Speaker 4>get these results that are so drastic. Yeah, I want

0:43:06.600 --> 0:43:08.920
<v Speaker 4>to hear some counterpoints that are like, well, the reason

0:43:08.960 --> 0:43:14.080
<v Speaker 4>these are unreliable is because this data set is too

0:43:14.160 --> 0:43:15.080
<v Speaker 4>small or whatever.

0:43:15.280 --> 0:43:15.960
<v Speaker 3>Yeah.

0:43:16.160 --> 0:43:19.160
<v Speaker 4>It seemed like most of her beefs were just about like, well, yeah,

0:43:19.200 --> 0:43:21.200
<v Speaker 4>guy's gonna say he likes sex no matter what. But

0:43:21.920 --> 0:43:24.440
<v Speaker 4>I don't know if that's actually what that study showed.

0:43:24.440 --> 0:43:28.040
<v Speaker 4>Maybe the study did show people who said that the

0:43:28.080 --> 0:43:31.359
<v Speaker 4>sex was worse, but it just wasn't the full yeah,

0:43:31.480 --> 0:43:32.160
<v Speaker 4>sample size.

0:43:32.239 --> 0:43:34.600
<v Speaker 1>So I followed up with doctor Grobowski about some of

0:43:34.640 --> 0:43:35.480
<v Speaker 1>these concerns.

0:43:35.880 --> 0:43:37.279
<v Speaker 3>Here's what she said.

0:43:38.800 --> 0:43:42.879
<v Speaker 1>She says those studies have not been discredited. In fact,

0:43:42.880 --> 0:43:46.520
<v Speaker 1>the three randomized controlled trials in Uganda, Kenya, and South

0:43:46.560 --> 0:43:48.960
<v Speaker 1>Africa are considered among the strongest pieces of evidence in

0:43:49.120 --> 0:43:53.520
<v Speaker 1>HIV prevention research and demonstrated a substantial reduction in HIV

0:43:53.600 --> 0:43:58.319
<v Speaker 1>acquisition among heterosexual men. These findings were sufficiently consistent that

0:43:58.360 --> 0:44:01.440
<v Speaker 1>the trials were stopped early because of clear benefit. So

0:44:01.520 --> 0:44:05.440
<v Speaker 1>this is the question why, you know, the common discussion

0:44:05.440 --> 0:44:07.400
<v Speaker 1>point comes up and we talk about this too, where

0:44:08.200 --> 0:44:11.440
<v Speaker 1>why do we not see these huge numbers, you know,

0:44:11.719 --> 0:44:14.960
<v Speaker 1>in the United States or other countries like in Europe,

0:44:15.080 --> 0:44:17.160
<v Speaker 1>we don't see these sorts of same rates as far

0:44:17.239 --> 0:44:20.719
<v Speaker 1>as the decline of HIV transmission, even in countries that

0:44:21.440 --> 0:44:25.760
<v Speaker 1>are mostly uncircumcised. Main reason results differ from studies conducted

0:44:25.800 --> 0:44:28.239
<v Speaker 1>in North America or Europe is that the epidemics and

0:44:28.360 --> 0:44:32.360
<v Speaker 1>predominant modes of transmission are very different and sub Saharan Africa.

0:44:32.440 --> 0:44:36.040
<v Speaker 1>The trials were conducted primarily among heterosexual men acquiring HIV

0:44:36.160 --> 0:44:40.680
<v Speaker 1>through vaginal intercourse. In contrast, HIV epidemics in North America

0:44:40.719 --> 0:44:42.799
<v Speaker 1>and much of Europe are concentrated among men who have

0:44:42.840 --> 0:44:47.520
<v Speaker 1>sex with men MSM, where anal intercourse is the predominant

0:44:47.520 --> 0:44:51.600
<v Speaker 1>mode of transmission. The biological protection associated with circumcision appears

0:44:51.680 --> 0:44:55.400
<v Speaker 1>much stronger for vaginal sex than for receptive anal sex,

0:44:55.760 --> 0:45:02.960
<v Speaker 1>which carries substantially higher transmission risk through different mechanisms. Wow,

0:45:03.239 --> 0:45:07.600
<v Speaker 1>so we're talking about different things, essentially a sex versus

0:45:08.320 --> 0:45:10.560
<v Speaker 1>Doctor Grobowski shared a bit more details on this point

0:45:10.600 --> 0:45:12.359
<v Speaker 1>as well. We'll be sharing the full text of her

0:45:12.400 --> 0:45:15.759
<v Speaker 1>responses along with research in the newsletter. And while we're here,

0:45:15.880 --> 0:45:18.160
<v Speaker 1>it seems worth noting that there are advancements like PREP

0:45:18.200 --> 0:45:20.480
<v Speaker 1>which can reduce chances of getting HIV as much as

0:45:20.560 --> 0:45:23.279
<v Speaker 1>ninety nine percent, and doxy pep, which can be used

0:45:23.280 --> 0:45:25.880
<v Speaker 1>to reduce your chances of getting STIs. Links on that

0:45:25.920 --> 0:45:31.759
<v Speaker 1>below as well. In regards to Georgiane's statements about a

0:45:31.840 --> 0:45:35.200
<v Speaker 1>lack of proper follow up with participants and reimbursement, here's

0:45:35.200 --> 0:45:38.400
<v Speaker 1>what doctor Grobowski had to say. A follow up across

0:45:38.440 --> 0:45:41.239
<v Speaker 1>the three major trials was approximately ninety percent, which is

0:45:41.280 --> 0:45:46.040
<v Speaker 1>considered excellent retention for longitudal clinical research. Participants were not

0:45:46.120 --> 0:45:49.560
<v Speaker 1>paid to be circumcised, as his standard in biomedical research.

0:45:49.640 --> 0:45:52.759
<v Speaker 1>Men in both study arms received modest reimbursement for transportation

0:45:52.880 --> 0:45:56.160
<v Speaker 1>and time spent attending study visits. These reimbursements were reviewed

0:45:56.160 --> 0:45:59.360
<v Speaker 1>and approved by ethical review boards and were not considered coercive.

0:45:59.600 --> 0:46:03.680
<v Speaker 1>Important only compensation was not contingent on choosing circumcision. With

0:46:03.800 --> 0:46:07.160
<v Speaker 1>regard to adverse events, the trial's carefully monitored complications and

0:46:07.160 --> 0:46:10.280
<v Speaker 1>publish detailed safety data in the world's top medical journals.

0:46:10.880 --> 0:46:14.440
<v Speaker 1>Serious adverse events were uncommon across all three studies. On

0:46:14.520 --> 0:46:17.400
<v Speaker 1>satisfaction surveys, it is always possible that some degree of

0:46:17.440 --> 0:46:21.520
<v Speaker 1>social desirability or whitecoat bias influences self reported outcomes in

0:46:21.560 --> 0:46:25.120
<v Speaker 1>clinical studies. However, if there had been widespread regret or

0:46:25.200 --> 0:46:28.600
<v Speaker 1>major dissatisfaction, one would expect that to emerge more clearly

0:46:28.719 --> 0:46:31.800
<v Speaker 1>across multiple studies and long term follow up evaluations.

0:46:32.200 --> 0:46:33.200
<v Speaker 3>It largely did.

0:46:33.000 --> 0:46:42.239
<v Speaker 1>Not, then, because Georgianna mentioned this earlier and it comes

0:46:42.320 --> 0:46:44.640
<v Speaker 1>up frequently. In this debate, I asked about how female

0:46:44.680 --> 0:46:49.239
<v Speaker 1>genital mutilation sometimes called female circumcision, compares to male circumcision, like,

0:46:49.400 --> 0:46:53.000
<v Speaker 1>is it actually a fair thing to equate? Yeah, so

0:46:53.120 --> 0:46:57.640
<v Speaker 1>this is what doctor Gubraski had to say to that. First,

0:46:57.640 --> 0:47:00.480
<v Speaker 1>she said, I really would suggest avoid dating the term

0:47:00.520 --> 0:47:04.400
<v Speaker 1>female circumcision and instead use the term female genital mutilation FGM,

0:47:04.880 --> 0:47:08.560
<v Speaker 1>which is the standard terminology used by major international health organizations.

0:47:08.800 --> 0:47:11.880
<v Speaker 1>The comparison between male circumcision and FGM is medically and

0:47:12.000 --> 0:47:16.120
<v Speaker 1>anatomically misleading because the procedures are fundamentally different in extent, intent,

0:47:16.239 --> 0:47:20.840
<v Speaker 1>and consequences. FGM typically involves partial or complete removal of

0:47:20.840 --> 0:47:25.080
<v Speaker 1>the clitoris and or other external female genital tissue, often

0:47:25.120 --> 0:47:28.600
<v Speaker 1>with the explicit purpose of suppressing female sexuality and sexual pleasure.

0:47:29.600 --> 0:47:32.560
<v Speaker 1>Many forms of FGM are associated with substantial immediate and

0:47:32.640 --> 0:47:38.160
<v Speaker 1>long term harms including severe pain, infection, childbirth complications, sexual dysfunction,

0:47:38.320 --> 0:47:43.640
<v Speaker 1>and psychological trauma. There are no recognized medical benefits. Safe

0:47:43.680 --> 0:47:48.040
<v Speaker 1>medical male circumcision, by contrast, involves removal of the foreskin

0:47:48.120 --> 0:47:50.320
<v Speaker 1>covering the tip of the penis. It does not remove

0:47:50.360 --> 0:47:53.560
<v Speaker 1>the glands itself, which is the primary structure involved in

0:47:53.560 --> 0:47:57.640
<v Speaker 1>sexual sensation for men. The foreskin does not contain nerve

0:47:57.760 --> 0:48:02.239
<v Speaker 1>endings associated with light touch sensitivity, and researchers appropriately evaluated

0:48:02.280 --> 0:48:05.560
<v Speaker 1>sexual satisfaction and function in the HIV prevention trials to

0:48:05.600 --> 0:48:11.400
<v Speaker 1>assess whether circumcision negatively affected sexual experience. Overall, those studies

0:48:11.400 --> 0:48:15.640
<v Speaker 1>did not demonstrate major reductions in sexual satisfaction or function. Honestly,

0:48:15.640 --> 0:48:18.640
<v Speaker 1>I think equating the two procedures really minimizes the severity

0:48:18.680 --> 0:48:22.440
<v Speaker 1>and harms of FGM From a medical and public health standpoint.

0:48:22.560 --> 0:48:26.600
<v Speaker 1>They are distinct procedures with very different implications, risk profiles,

0:48:26.640 --> 0:48:35.319
<v Speaker 1>and ethical contexts. So her view is it's not really

0:48:35.320 --> 0:48:36.280
<v Speaker 1>fair to compare them.

0:48:36.480 --> 0:48:39.719
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, which makes sense based on what we just said.

0:48:39.800 --> 0:48:41.759
<v Speaker 4>It's a completely different process.

0:48:43.400 --> 0:48:45.799
<v Speaker 1>Okay, So we've heard about the rise of circumcision, the

0:48:45.840 --> 0:48:49.040
<v Speaker 1>backlash to it, and the potential health impacts of the procedure.

0:48:49.800 --> 0:48:51.359
<v Speaker 1>We're going to take a break, and then one more

0:48:51.360 --> 0:48:54.040
<v Speaker 1>back we're going to hear about why rates are declining.

0:49:11.040 --> 0:49:12.920
<v Speaker 1>All right, so we've heard a lot already, but now

0:49:12.920 --> 0:49:15.120
<v Speaker 1>it's time to talk about the decline. So first we're

0:49:15.120 --> 0:49:17.600
<v Speaker 1>going to hear from doctor Grobowski about the Johns Hopkins

0:49:17.680 --> 0:49:20.279
<v Speaker 1>research measuring the decline. She's going to go back into

0:49:20.280 --> 0:49:22.600
<v Speaker 1>the history, back to that peak in the fifties and sixties,

0:49:22.680 --> 0:49:24.439
<v Speaker 1>and then look at why things started going down.

0:49:25.239 --> 0:49:29.000
<v Speaker 7>So remember we were talking earlier about eighty to ninety

0:49:29.040 --> 0:49:32.239
<v Speaker 7>percent of boys being circumcised in the fifties to sixties.

0:49:32.880 --> 0:49:35.040
<v Speaker 7>You know, in the seventies and eighties, people started to

0:49:35.040 --> 0:49:39.200
<v Speaker 7>become really skeptical of the procedure. There wasn't good data

0:49:39.320 --> 0:49:42.160
<v Speaker 7>at the time, like people were doing it for cultural

0:49:42.160 --> 0:49:46.520
<v Speaker 7>and anecdotal reasons, and there wasn't good medical science behind it.

0:49:46.560 --> 0:49:48.680
<v Speaker 7>So you started to see if people questioned them practice.

0:49:48.680 --> 0:49:51.800
<v Speaker 7>And in the early eighties, California was among the leaders

0:49:51.840 --> 0:49:55.640
<v Speaker 7>and stopping Medicaid coverage for circumcision, and so you started

0:49:55.640 --> 0:49:58.520
<v Speaker 7>to see huge drop off and coverage, particularly on the

0:49:58.560 --> 0:50:02.920
<v Speaker 7>West Coast and an area where Medicaid stopped covering the procedure.

0:50:03.400 --> 0:50:05.680
<v Speaker 7>Then like you had at the same time, like raging

0:50:05.680 --> 0:50:09.799
<v Speaker 7>epidemic in Africa, and then people were observing that there

0:50:09.800 --> 0:50:13.040
<v Speaker 7>was lower levels of HIV and men who were circumcised,

0:50:13.080 --> 0:50:14.799
<v Speaker 7>but they didn't know if it was because they were

0:50:14.800 --> 0:50:17.000
<v Speaker 7>circumcised or because they were Muslim, because there was so

0:50:17.080 --> 0:50:20.280
<v Speaker 7>much confounded by religion there. So that sort of prompted

0:50:20.280 --> 0:50:23.279
<v Speaker 7>the trials, and then by the mid two thousands we

0:50:23.360 --> 0:50:26.880
<v Speaker 7>got all this evidence that it actually was beneficial and

0:50:27.640 --> 0:50:31.560
<v Speaker 7>it did reduce sdis like low and behold. So like

0:50:31.680 --> 0:50:35.480
<v Speaker 7>it's been kind of declining in the US for a while,

0:50:35.600 --> 0:50:38.960
<v Speaker 7>but it's still steadily declining even though we have this

0:50:39.040 --> 0:50:43.160
<v Speaker 7>new medical evidence available to us. A lot of that,

0:50:43.200 --> 0:50:45.680
<v Speaker 7>I think has to do with the fact that medicaid

0:50:45.680 --> 0:50:48.200
<v Speaker 7>isn't covering the procedure in a lot of settings, but

0:50:48.320 --> 0:50:54.080
<v Speaker 7>also cultural differences and changes changing demographics, like people migrating

0:50:54.080 --> 0:50:56.640
<v Speaker 7>into these countries who don't traditionally circumcise. So there's a

0:50:56.640 --> 0:50:57.560
<v Speaker 7>lot of things going on.

0:50:59.080 --> 0:51:01.799
<v Speaker 1>So the study found in twenty twelve, fifty four point

0:51:01.880 --> 0:51:05.320
<v Speaker 1>one percent of neonatal males were circumcised, and by twenty

0:51:05.320 --> 0:51:08.200
<v Speaker 1>twenty two that percentage is down to forty nine point three.

0:51:08.360 --> 0:51:11.680
<v Speaker 1>She also highlighted some interesting demographic differences. So on the

0:51:11.680 --> 0:51:14.640
<v Speaker 1>West Coast, only twenty five percent of newborns are circumcised,

0:51:14.719 --> 0:51:17.600
<v Speaker 1>compared to around seventy percent in the Midwest. Declines are

0:51:17.600 --> 0:51:20.120
<v Speaker 1>happening broadly among most groups, but the group with the

0:51:20.120 --> 0:51:25.279
<v Speaker 1>biggest drop off is wealthy white males. So I thought

0:51:25.280 --> 0:51:27.839
<v Speaker 1>the medicaid thing was interesting, because, Yeah, if you don't

0:51:27.840 --> 0:51:30.240
<v Speaker 1>feel strongly either way, but now you're paying out of pocket,

0:51:30.560 --> 0:51:32.360
<v Speaker 1>then it kind of makes sense that you might you

0:51:32.440 --> 0:51:33.799
<v Speaker 1>might skip on something like that.

0:51:33.920 --> 0:51:38.279
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, like the the number of circumcisions might decrease if

0:51:38.760 --> 0:51:41.120
<v Speaker 4>it's not covered by insurance. And that's kind of like

0:51:41.680 --> 0:51:45.279
<v Speaker 4>how RFK Junior is recommending that they stop recommending the

0:51:45.280 --> 0:51:50.560
<v Speaker 4>het BE vaccine right after berths in the hospital. There's

0:51:50.600 --> 0:51:52.759
<v Speaker 4>some data that shows that if you don't recommend the

0:51:52.800 --> 0:51:56.000
<v Speaker 4>het BE vaccine right after the birth, people just don't

0:51:56.000 --> 0:51:57.399
<v Speaker 4>get it right.

0:51:57.600 --> 0:51:59.959
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, And along those lines, I did ask doctor Robert

0:52:00.320 --> 0:52:03.080
<v Speaker 1>if she thinks because of this and other factor's, rates

0:52:03.120 --> 0:52:06.319
<v Speaker 1>will continue to decline. Do you think rates are going

0:52:06.400 --> 0:52:08.439
<v Speaker 1>to continue to decrease at the rate they have been.

0:52:09.680 --> 0:52:13.760
<v Speaker 7>Given what's going on? And well, help right now, probably.

0:52:15.760 --> 0:52:16.000
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

0:52:16.080 --> 0:52:17.560
<v Speaker 7>I mean, I don't want to come off as some

0:52:17.680 --> 0:52:21.120
<v Speaker 7>like huge like pro circumcision I think everybody needs to

0:52:21.160 --> 0:52:25.279
<v Speaker 7>get circumcised kind of thing. Like I'm sort of in

0:52:25.320 --> 0:52:29.480
<v Speaker 7>line with the twenty twelve AP recommendations, which are like,

0:52:29.640 --> 0:52:33.000
<v Speaker 7>this is a procedure that has medical benefits, and if

0:52:33.000 --> 0:52:35.160
<v Speaker 7>you want to do it, you should have access to it.

0:52:35.400 --> 0:52:37.359
<v Speaker 7>Like that's how I feel about it, and I think

0:52:37.400 --> 0:52:41.080
<v Speaker 7>parents should have that choice and they should decide for them.

0:52:41.200 --> 0:52:44.160
<v Speaker 7>You know, there are some risks. They're very you know,

0:52:44.200 --> 0:52:47.239
<v Speaker 7>if they're done in a safe sterile environment, they're very,

0:52:47.400 --> 0:52:52.239
<v Speaker 7>very low. And the AAP's conclusion was that the benefits,

0:52:52.320 --> 0:52:56.439
<v Speaker 7>like the cumulative benefits of ninety percent reduced urinary tract

0:52:56.480 --> 0:53:00.480
<v Speaker 7>infections and infants plus all these other STI benefit It's

0:53:00.520 --> 0:53:05.040
<v Speaker 7>reduced inflammation, easier hygiene, et cetera, like those benefits sort

0:53:05.080 --> 0:53:08.120
<v Speaker 7>of out weigh the risk. But they ultimately felt like,

0:53:08.160 --> 0:53:10.799
<v Speaker 7>you know, this is like this is someone's penis, Like

0:53:11.239 --> 0:53:14.640
<v Speaker 7>it's got it's tied to all these religious and cultural practices,

0:53:14.840 --> 0:53:17.759
<v Speaker 7>Like it really should be a decision that's left to

0:53:18.520 --> 0:53:22.359
<v Speaker 7>parents and adults. Right, So that's kind of where I sit.

0:53:22.480 --> 0:53:24.120
<v Speaker 7>I'm like, if you know, if you want to do it,

0:53:24.160 --> 0:53:26.880
<v Speaker 7>if it's for you, you should do it. I think

0:53:27.000 --> 0:53:30.040
<v Speaker 7>like Medicaid should cover it, Like people should have access

0:53:30.080 --> 0:53:33.680
<v Speaker 7>to it if they want it because of these medical benefits.

0:53:33.760 --> 0:53:37.000
<v Speaker 7>And when I see people saying, oh, you shouldn't have

0:53:37.040 --> 0:53:41.279
<v Speaker 7>access or it's general mutilation, that's just not true. And

0:53:41.400 --> 0:53:44.520
<v Speaker 7>I think it reduces the ability of some people to

0:53:44.520 --> 0:53:47.520
<v Speaker 7>get preventive healthcare. That's not fair, and that's you know,

0:53:47.560 --> 0:53:50.879
<v Speaker 7>this is a controversial topic. Obviously, people feel really really

0:53:50.920 --> 0:53:54.160
<v Speaker 7>strongly about it, and one sometimes in one direction or

0:53:54.160 --> 0:53:56.600
<v Speaker 7>the other. And I just think people should be armed

0:53:56.640 --> 0:53:58.800
<v Speaker 7>with all the information right Like they should know that

0:53:58.840 --> 0:54:01.600
<v Speaker 7>they're medical benefits, they should know that there are risks,

0:54:02.440 --> 0:54:04.880
<v Speaker 7>and they should make the best decision for their families.

0:54:06.280 --> 0:54:09.160
<v Speaker 1>Here's what Lawer Carpenter, the Vanderbilt professor, had to say

0:54:09.160 --> 0:54:12.160
<v Speaker 1>about the declining rates and why this issue in particular

0:54:12.239 --> 0:54:18.960
<v Speaker 1>seems to get people so fired up. Data shows that

0:54:19.280 --> 0:54:23.000
<v Speaker 1>circumcision rates are decreasing, I think about five percent in

0:54:23.040 --> 0:54:24.120
<v Speaker 1>the past ten years or so.

0:54:24.320 --> 0:54:26.680
<v Speaker 3>Do you think this is the result.

0:54:26.400 --> 0:54:29.479
<v Speaker 1>Of the atactivist movement or is it kind of maybe

0:54:29.480 --> 0:54:31.320
<v Speaker 1>something that was going to happen or a mixture.

0:54:31.960 --> 0:54:35.239
<v Speaker 3>I guess, how do you read like the efficacy of this.

0:54:35.600 --> 0:54:39.720
<v Speaker 8>I think the declining rates are a result of a

0:54:40.040 --> 0:54:44.360
<v Speaker 8>number of things. I mean, I think the antactivist movement

0:54:44.440 --> 0:54:46.799
<v Speaker 8>has been influential in terms of getting people just to

0:54:46.840 --> 0:54:48.839
<v Speaker 8>sort of question this, Oh hey, why are we doing this?

0:54:49.480 --> 0:54:51.600
<v Speaker 8>And at least now you're thinking, oh, wait, okay, this

0:54:51.680 --> 0:54:54.359
<v Speaker 8>is a decision as opposed to something that happens automatically,

0:54:54.600 --> 0:54:57.400
<v Speaker 8>you know, and certainly fewer physicians I think think that

0:54:57.480 --> 0:54:59.919
<v Speaker 8>it's you know, many may not oppose it, but they're

0:54:59.920 --> 0:55:04.279
<v Speaker 8>not actively in favor of either. The changing attitudes about

0:55:04.280 --> 0:55:07.160
<v Speaker 8>it is important. I think thinking about sort of the

0:55:07.200 --> 0:55:09.400
<v Speaker 8>idea that people are supposed to be and parents in

0:55:09.400 --> 0:55:12.640
<v Speaker 8>particular are supposed to be these like very intense consumers

0:55:12.640 --> 0:55:15.800
<v Speaker 8>of health care for their kids and sort of intense

0:55:15.840 --> 0:55:23.040
<v Speaker 8>decision makers is maybe part of it too. There is

0:55:23.239 --> 0:55:26.840
<v Speaker 8>probably some association with vaccine resistance.

0:55:27.000 --> 0:55:29.000
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I was going to ask how it compares to

0:55:29.040 --> 0:55:32.120
<v Speaker 1>say that and just general kind of questioning of maybe

0:55:32.480 --> 0:55:34.799
<v Speaker 1>you already said in medical orthodoxy, Yeah, if you can

0:55:34.880 --> 0:55:36.640
<v Speaker 1>maybe pull out that thread of like, how does it

0:55:36.680 --> 0:55:37.120
<v Speaker 1>compare to.

0:55:37.440 --> 0:55:38.319
<v Speaker 3>A movement like that?

0:55:39.000 --> 0:55:41.839
<v Speaker 8>If we think about the kind of early vaccine resistance.

0:55:42.320 --> 0:55:45.680
<v Speaker 8>We see it mostly in sort of natural mothering, natural

0:55:45.760 --> 0:55:50.600
<v Speaker 8>childbirth circles, and it tends to be a liberal left decision.

0:55:50.680 --> 0:55:54.799
<v Speaker 8>You know, healthy living and homeopathic medicine and all these

0:55:54.840 --> 0:55:56.719
<v Speaker 8>things will be enough to keep our kids healthy. They

0:55:56.719 --> 0:55:59.480
<v Speaker 8>don't really need vaccines or where we're more worried about

0:55:59.480 --> 0:56:02.920
<v Speaker 8>the small risks associated with vaccines. And you know, again,

0:56:03.040 --> 0:56:05.000
<v Speaker 8>we might be more worried about the small risks associated

0:56:05.000 --> 0:56:09.120
<v Speaker 8>with circumcision than we are with preventing STIs through circumcision,

0:56:09.160 --> 0:56:11.080
<v Speaker 8>because we're going to teach our kids to use condoms.

0:56:11.200 --> 0:56:15.359
<v Speaker 8>So there's sort of sense about like like what what

0:56:15.400 --> 0:56:18.799
<v Speaker 8>the parenting mission is and how health goals can be accomplished. Right,

0:56:19.440 --> 0:56:21.960
<v Speaker 8>so anti circumcision is kind of associated more with that

0:56:22.120 --> 0:56:24.560
<v Speaker 8>part of vaccine resistance than it is with sort of

0:56:24.560 --> 0:56:28.719
<v Speaker 8>the current wave of vaccine resistance. And then there's a

0:56:28.719 --> 0:56:31.320
<v Speaker 8>complicated relationship to opposition to abortion.

0:56:31.480 --> 0:56:34.279
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's also on my list because it's between that

0:56:34.440 --> 0:56:36.920
<v Speaker 1>or then even like something like animal rights activate, Like

0:56:37.200 --> 0:56:38.960
<v Speaker 1>I see a lot of parallels at least in terms

0:56:39.000 --> 0:56:41.360
<v Speaker 1>of methodology tactics.

0:56:41.640 --> 0:56:44.439
<v Speaker 4>So like can you say the abortion piece then too.

0:56:44.440 --> 0:56:46.680
<v Speaker 1>Like how does that compare that's obviously more of a

0:56:46.960 --> 0:56:50.120
<v Speaker 1>conservative or right wing leaning movement, especially in the past,

0:56:50.880 --> 0:56:52.880
<v Speaker 1>than vaccines, which is now all jumbled.

0:56:52.920 --> 0:56:55.640
<v Speaker 3>It seems like, right right, vaccine is very complicated right now.

0:56:55.719 --> 0:56:58.040
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, can you talk a little bit about that then, yeah,

0:56:58.320 --> 0:56:58.520
<v Speaker 4>you know.

0:56:58.560 --> 0:57:03.560
<v Speaker 8>So, my sense of the relationship between the intactivist movement

0:57:03.640 --> 0:57:08.520
<v Speaker 8>and opposition to abortion is the antactivist movement sort of

0:57:08.520 --> 0:57:10.440
<v Speaker 8>has like these two camps, and they try not to

0:57:10.480 --> 0:57:13.080
<v Speaker 8>talk about it very much, particularly people who came in

0:57:13.080 --> 0:57:16.600
<v Speaker 8>through the women's health movement or natural childbirth or bodily

0:57:16.640 --> 0:57:21.000
<v Speaker 8>autonomy that tend to be pro choice and you know,

0:57:21.160 --> 0:57:22.760
<v Speaker 8>you should get to choose about whether or not you

0:57:23.360 --> 0:57:25.040
<v Speaker 8>keep a pregnancy, and you should get to choose abou

0:57:25.040 --> 0:57:26.720
<v Speaker 8>whether or not you get to keep your foreskin right

0:57:26.800 --> 0:57:29.960
<v Speaker 8>and see that as a consistent message. But there's also

0:57:30.080 --> 0:57:34.480
<v Speaker 8>a save the baby's strand in the intactivist movement, and

0:57:34.760 --> 0:57:37.160
<v Speaker 8>they tend to be a little bit more save the fetus,

0:57:37.480 --> 0:57:39.919
<v Speaker 8>the fetuses a baby, save the babies, and so they're

0:57:40.000 --> 0:57:42.560
<v Speaker 8>kind of in this uneasy tension. And again my experience

0:57:42.600 --> 0:57:45.000
<v Speaker 8>attending meetings and talking to various people is they just

0:57:45.320 --> 0:57:48.360
<v Speaker 8>try not to Yeah, like I've seen it burst out

0:57:48.440 --> 0:57:51.439
<v Speaker 8>a couple of times at meetings. Yeah, and it's very

0:57:51.560 --> 0:57:53.280
<v Speaker 8>I mean, it's very tense, like the I mean, the

0:57:53.360 --> 0:57:54.560
<v Speaker 8>opinions are really a.

0:57:54.520 --> 0:57:57.640
<v Speaker 1>Passionate a passionate group of people. I think we can say.

0:57:57.480 --> 0:57:59.000
<v Speaker 8>They are a very passionate group of people.

0:57:59.200 --> 0:58:04.720
<v Speaker 3>Yeah.

0:58:05.280 --> 0:58:08.200
<v Speaker 8>The thing I find most striking, like the reason I

0:58:08.280 --> 0:58:11.040
<v Speaker 8>ended up studying this as a scholar at all, And

0:58:11.080 --> 0:58:12.960
<v Speaker 8>the thing I think I find most striking about this

0:58:13.120 --> 0:58:18.640
<v Speaker 8>is the intensity and durability of the battle. And we

0:58:18.680 --> 0:58:22.280
<v Speaker 8>see that around circumcision for some of the same reasons

0:58:22.320 --> 0:58:30.200
<v Speaker 8>we see intense intense feelings around childhood vaccination, intense feelings

0:58:30.280 --> 0:58:34.720
<v Speaker 8>around abortion, intense feelings about sex education. Another good example.

0:58:35.240 --> 0:58:39.040
<v Speaker 8>They help people fight about all kinds of things that

0:58:39.080 --> 0:58:43.680
<v Speaker 8>aren't just that thing itself. I mean absolutely people who

0:58:43.920 --> 0:58:47.960
<v Speaker 8>are pro circumcision or anti circumcision have strong feelings about

0:58:48.000 --> 0:58:50.680
<v Speaker 8>circumcision itself and think it is beneficial or think it

0:58:50.720 --> 0:58:57.040
<v Speaker 8>as harmful specifically as it is. But because of the

0:58:57.160 --> 0:58:59.600
<v Speaker 8>nature of the practice and how people think about it,

0:59:00.280 --> 0:59:03.320
<v Speaker 8>fighting about it also helps you fight about whether there's

0:59:03.360 --> 0:59:05.960
<v Speaker 8>too much medical overreach. It helps you fight about what

0:59:06.040 --> 0:59:09.400
<v Speaker 8>is good evidence in medicine. You know, our stories of

0:59:09.440 --> 0:59:12.640
<v Speaker 8>men enough or are do we need you know, big

0:59:12.720 --> 0:59:16.520
<v Speaker 8>random control trials. It helps people fight about how much

0:59:16.560 --> 0:59:20.880
<v Speaker 8>different societies can tolerate. It helps people fight about whether

0:59:21.000 --> 0:59:26.120
<v Speaker 8>natural bodies are better than altered and quote unquote improved bodies.

0:59:26.640 --> 0:59:28.840
<v Speaker 8>It enables people to fight about the importance of sexual

0:59:28.880 --> 0:59:31.720
<v Speaker 8>pleasure and you know it like there's there's almost nothing

0:59:31.720 --> 0:59:34.480
<v Speaker 8>you can't fight about with it. So I think that

0:59:34.480 --> 0:59:36.720
<v Speaker 8>that is some of where the intensity comes from with

0:59:36.800 --> 0:59:38.920
<v Speaker 8>a lot of these these issues. It's not just the

0:59:38.920 --> 0:59:42.760
<v Speaker 8>thing itself, but we're fighting about women's roles in society,

0:59:42.840 --> 0:59:45.760
<v Speaker 8>or about how much control parents should have over their kids,

0:59:45.880 --> 0:59:47.840
<v Speaker 8>or all of these other kinds of things.

0:59:48.160 --> 0:59:50.000
<v Speaker 3>Right, it's almost proxy.

0:59:50.040 --> 0:59:52.800
<v Speaker 1>Seems dismissive, but it's almost a proxy for these bigger,

0:59:53.400 --> 0:59:55.280
<v Speaker 1>more kind of almost existential questions.

0:59:55.680 --> 0:59:59.400
<v Speaker 8>Our term is symbolic politics, okay, yeah, yeah, but proxy war,

0:59:59.440 --> 1:00:02.320
<v Speaker 8>I mean proxy war is yeah, oh who should make

1:00:02.400 --> 1:00:03.200
<v Speaker 8>medical decisions?

1:00:03.280 --> 1:00:03.560
<v Speaker 6>Yeah.

1:00:03.640 --> 1:00:05.120
<v Speaker 8>I think the thing that I've been one of the

1:00:05.120 --> 1:00:09.360
<v Speaker 8>things I've really been struck with is that people in

1:00:09.400 --> 1:00:13.920
<v Speaker 8>the antactivist movement and people generally medicine who are in

1:00:14.000 --> 1:00:19.160
<v Speaker 8>favor of routine circumcision, they all have really the same goal, right,

1:00:19.200 --> 1:00:22.120
<v Speaker 8>They actually want kids to be healthy and happy, right,

1:00:22.240 --> 1:00:25.400
<v Speaker 8>they want adults to be healthy and happy. They disagree

1:00:25.400 --> 1:00:27.560
<v Speaker 8>about the role of circumcision in that, you know. I mean,

1:00:27.600 --> 1:00:30.240
<v Speaker 8>if there's any main message from my research, I mean,

1:00:30.240 --> 1:00:32.720
<v Speaker 8>it really is just the intensity coming from this sort

1:00:32.760 --> 1:00:37.520
<v Speaker 8>of symbolic resonance of circumcision, and how many how many think, yes,

1:00:37.640 --> 1:00:40.840
<v Speaker 8>people are concerned about the specific issue, but how much

1:00:40.880 --> 1:00:43.040
<v Speaker 8>it touches on all these other factors that are things

1:00:43.080 --> 1:00:47.120
<v Speaker 8>that are controversial in themselves, right, And circumcision seems to

1:00:47.120 --> 1:00:50.120
<v Speaker 8>be a prettierly dense with those meanings, right, I mean,

1:00:50.200 --> 1:00:53.560
<v Speaker 8>it involves a genital, it involves gender, it involves parenthood,

1:00:53.600 --> 1:00:58.800
<v Speaker 8>it involves religion, it's bodies, all these things, you know.

1:00:59.120 --> 1:01:00.960
<v Speaker 8>So I think we see like a particular, you know,

1:01:01.080 --> 1:01:03.120
<v Speaker 8>particular fear there.

1:01:12.120 --> 1:01:13.680
<v Speaker 1>And now to take it back to Georgian, as far

1:01:13.680 --> 1:01:16.439
<v Speaker 1>as the work her group, Intact America is doing, where

1:01:16.440 --> 1:01:18.960
<v Speaker 1>does she see that group's role in the current decline?

1:01:19.480 --> 1:01:21.840
<v Speaker 1>So as far as kind of your group and the

1:01:21.880 --> 1:01:23.919
<v Speaker 1>actual work you're doing, I mean, what would you say

1:01:23.960 --> 1:01:26.600
<v Speaker 1>is the what are your main goals? Like are you

1:01:26.600 --> 1:01:29.440
<v Speaker 1>trying to pass legislation or get some policies input as

1:01:29.440 --> 1:01:32.440
<v Speaker 1>far as public health, what's your what's your kind of mission?

1:01:33.040 --> 1:01:37.480
<v Speaker 6>You know, I believe that legislation follows popular opinion. I mean,

1:01:37.520 --> 1:01:39.920
<v Speaker 6>think of how long it took to get same sex marriage,

1:01:40.200 --> 1:01:45.520
<v Speaker 6>legislation for same sex marriage, and now the popular outcry

1:01:46.440 --> 1:01:50.160
<v Speaker 6>against some of the things that we were able to achieve,

1:01:50.320 --> 1:01:53.880
<v Speaker 6>some kinds of human rights advances we were able to achieve,

1:01:53.960 --> 1:01:59.680
<v Speaker 6>and all kinds of reproductive rights are under assault. So

1:02:00.160 --> 1:02:02.240
<v Speaker 6>I believe that it's going to be a long time

1:02:02.280 --> 1:02:05.720
<v Speaker 6>before we're going to get any laws against male circumcision.

1:02:06.600 --> 1:02:11.040
<v Speaker 6>I believe that the advocacy that we do influences people.

1:02:11.520 --> 1:02:14.280
<v Speaker 6>We certainly want to say babies. We want people to

1:02:14.600 --> 1:02:17.040
<v Speaker 6>not think that they need to circumcise their sons in

1:02:17.120 --> 1:02:22.120
<v Speaker 6>order to be good Americans or good parents. And people

1:02:22.240 --> 1:02:25.840
<v Speaker 6>need to be educated about this. And once you start

1:02:25.960 --> 1:02:29.360
<v Speaker 6>talking about it and you say, you know, this is

1:02:29.400 --> 1:02:33.920
<v Speaker 6>a normal body, and you know sexuality is, you know

1:02:34.360 --> 1:02:39.920
<v Speaker 6>something we should be discussing. And doctors need to understand

1:02:40.040 --> 1:02:43.280
<v Speaker 6>what that body part is. They need to understand. You

1:02:43.280 --> 1:02:45.600
<v Speaker 6>shouldn't have to tell a doctor or a nurse that

1:02:46.040 --> 1:02:49.920
<v Speaker 6>cutting off a normal part of somebody's genitals is excruciatingly

1:02:49.960 --> 1:02:53.760
<v Speaker 6>painful and damaging. But as a culture, we're so ignorant

1:02:53.800 --> 1:02:57.919
<v Speaker 6>and in such denial that this needs to be done.

1:02:58.000 --> 1:03:00.439
<v Speaker 6>We need to talk about this, we need talk about

1:03:00.440 --> 1:03:03.200
<v Speaker 6>it all the time. So that's what intach America does.

1:03:03.240 --> 1:03:05.320
<v Speaker 6>We talk about it all the time. I'll talk to

1:03:05.320 --> 1:03:08.280
<v Speaker 6>anybody who wants to talk about it. And there is

1:03:08.640 --> 1:03:15.720
<v Speaker 6>undoubtedly a trend, you know, to a lowering trend a circumcision,

1:03:15.720 --> 1:03:19.640
<v Speaker 6>although we're not confident about the numbers. But at the

1:03:19.720 --> 1:03:26.600
<v Speaker 6>same time, the medical establishment continues to promote infant circumcision.

1:03:27.160 --> 1:03:30.160
<v Speaker 1>So I asked if the rise of distrust of public

1:03:30.200 --> 1:03:33.840
<v Speaker 1>health in recent years has enlive inter cause, you know,

1:03:33.880 --> 1:03:36.400
<v Speaker 1>I was like, you know, social mores seem to be changing.

1:03:36.920 --> 1:03:39.840
<v Speaker 1>So this her response on, you know, the questioning of

1:03:39.880 --> 1:03:41.480
<v Speaker 1>the medical establishment that we're seeing.

1:03:48.840 --> 1:03:52.680
<v Speaker 6>I do believe that all this questioning is good. I

1:03:52.680 --> 1:03:57.320
<v Speaker 6>think it's some of it is very suppositional and there's

1:03:57.360 --> 1:03:59.840
<v Speaker 6>not a lot of evidence, or there's evidence contrary. There

1:03:59.880 --> 1:04:04.480
<v Speaker 6>is there's no evidence that circumcising a baby is a

1:04:04.480 --> 1:04:09.240
<v Speaker 6>beneficial health procedure, none, none, anywhere. So I don't see

1:04:09.280 --> 1:04:14.520
<v Speaker 6>it as a controversy. Circumcision is not controversial from a

1:04:14.560 --> 1:04:20.480
<v Speaker 6>medical standpoint, it's only controversial from a socio cultural standpoint

1:04:20.880 --> 1:04:25.760
<v Speaker 6>because it's taken hold. But uh oh, people are definitely questioning,

1:04:25.880 --> 1:04:33.680
<v Speaker 6>and that's why you see the medical industry continuing to

1:04:33.760 --> 1:04:39.480
<v Speaker 6>push it because there are vested interests, and the vested

1:04:39.520 --> 1:04:44.920
<v Speaker 6>interests are not just financial, they're also socio cultural and psychological.

1:04:45.240 --> 1:04:50.000
<v Speaker 6>So if you've circumcised five sons, if you've conducted thousands

1:04:50.000 --> 1:04:54.680
<v Speaker 6>of circumcisions in your career, right you have skin of

1:04:54.720 --> 1:05:00.200
<v Speaker 6>the game, and not in a positive way. So it's

1:05:00.000 --> 1:05:04.439
<v Speaker 6>it's hard to change cultural norms. And that's why it's

1:05:04.440 --> 1:05:07.280
<v Speaker 6>so important for people. This is so important what you're

1:05:07.280 --> 1:05:10.160
<v Speaker 6>doing to talking about it, and I'm sure you will

1:05:10.160 --> 1:05:15.680
<v Speaker 6>have people listening. It's so important to think about this

1:05:15.760 --> 1:05:21.920
<v Speaker 6>stuff and think what exactly am I defending. If I

1:05:22.000 --> 1:05:29.040
<v Speaker 6>defend circumsctitions, I'm defending the mutilation of a helpless baby's natural,

1:05:29.520 --> 1:05:34.160
<v Speaker 6>normal body that evolved over millions of years. This is

1:05:34.200 --> 1:05:39.720
<v Speaker 6>a normal, sensual body part that we are chopping off.

1:05:39.840 --> 1:05:45.560
<v Speaker 6>And if we come back to feeling compassion for this

1:05:45.640 --> 1:05:49.720
<v Speaker 6>newborn child or this child, that goes a long way

1:05:50.520 --> 1:05:54.480
<v Speaker 6>to setting your instincts where they should be and if

1:05:54.480 --> 1:05:57.919
<v Speaker 6>we go to what we all really subscribe to an

1:05:57.960 --> 1:06:02.120
<v Speaker 6>ethical code, which is that you don't assault.

1:06:02.960 --> 1:06:04.000
<v Speaker 3>You don't assault people.

1:06:04.200 --> 1:06:07.360
<v Speaker 6>You know, you don't want to assault people's bodies. If

1:06:07.400 --> 1:06:11.160
<v Speaker 6>you don't just willing really remove body parts from somebody,

1:06:11.400 --> 1:06:14.160
<v Speaker 6>then that tells you, you know, what we should not

1:06:14.280 --> 1:06:17.120
<v Speaker 6>be doing, which is assaulting a newborn baby and removing

1:06:17.160 --> 1:06:24.080
<v Speaker 6>part of his or her genitalia.

1:06:32.400 --> 1:06:37.240
<v Speaker 4>I think she probably would have won a jury over trial.

1:06:37.600 --> 1:06:40.600
<v Speaker 4>I mean our thing here, it's like that study that

1:06:40.680 --> 1:06:45.200
<v Speaker 4>Kate did where it showed a drastic decrease in transmission

1:06:45.320 --> 1:06:49.400
<v Speaker 4>of STIs. It just doesn't like that's nice, but it

1:06:49.480 --> 1:06:53.680
<v Speaker 4>just doesn't feel like enough of a reason to do

1:06:53.800 --> 1:06:56.600
<v Speaker 4>it to like the babies, right, like if you become

1:06:57.440 --> 1:06:59.520
<v Speaker 4>older sexually active.

1:06:59.240 --> 1:07:02.320
<v Speaker 5>And then you make that yeah, child to make the

1:07:02.360 --> 1:07:03.120
<v Speaker 5>decision later on.

1:07:03.280 --> 1:07:06.240
<v Speaker 4>But what she was saying about, like this is how

1:07:06.280 --> 1:07:10.400
<v Speaker 4>we naturally enter the world. This is like naturally occurring,

1:07:10.800 --> 1:07:14.560
<v Speaker 4>it's everywhere in nature. Ever, it's compelling, Yeah, and it's

1:07:14.600 --> 1:07:16.160
<v Speaker 4>it's totally fair, and it's like.

1:07:18.000 --> 1:07:22.080
<v Speaker 1>So much of this is like you're a father or whatever,

1:07:22.240 --> 1:07:24.080
<v Speaker 1>so you just do the same for your son. Yeah,

1:07:24.080 --> 1:07:25.960
<v Speaker 1>and you're the same as your dad before you, or

1:07:26.080 --> 1:07:28.320
<v Speaker 1>you know, whatever, what have you. So that makes sense,

1:07:28.360 --> 1:07:30.360
<v Speaker 1>like it is just a like she says, a socio

1:07:30.360 --> 1:07:33.400
<v Speaker 1>cultural norm. That's why you go to France. It's not

1:07:33.440 --> 1:07:36.640
<v Speaker 1>gonna be the same or wherever. You know, there's something.

1:07:36.360 --> 1:07:37.280
<v Speaker 3>To it, for sure.

1:07:37.400 --> 1:07:40.720
<v Speaker 1>I think I line up basically with doctor Kate where

1:07:40.720 --> 1:07:43.280
<v Speaker 1>it's kind of like, I think it's good to know

1:07:44.000 --> 1:07:49.800
<v Speaker 1>possible impacts. And if if these rates continue to decline

1:07:49.800 --> 1:07:52.120
<v Speaker 1>and ends up being basically only Muslims and Jews in

1:07:52.120 --> 1:07:56.000
<v Speaker 1>America doing it, I don't think that's gonna mean there's

1:07:56.040 --> 1:07:59.480
<v Speaker 1>gonna be you know, yeah, surging rates of STIs or

1:08:00.480 --> 1:08:04.320
<v Speaker 1>or other negative outcomes. So I think it's it's to me,

1:08:04.440 --> 1:08:06.720
<v Speaker 1>it's just like you should do what you want. And

1:08:06.760 --> 1:08:11.200
<v Speaker 1>I personally, I don't think it's whatever barriers in my head.

1:08:11.240 --> 1:08:11.680
<v Speaker 3>I can't.

1:08:12.040 --> 1:08:14.160
<v Speaker 1>Parents have to make decisions for their kids all the time,

1:08:15.080 --> 1:08:18.320
<v Speaker 1>and it's it's to me, it's not so dissimilar from

1:08:18.320 --> 1:08:21.640
<v Speaker 1>like when a bait when a parent gets their baby's

1:08:21.680 --> 1:08:23.800
<v Speaker 1>ears pierced and they do it when they're really young

1:08:23.840 --> 1:08:26.880
<v Speaker 1>instead of older because it's like they'll just get over it.

1:08:26.920 --> 1:08:29.880
<v Speaker 1>Then that's that's my view.

1:08:30.320 --> 1:08:34.559
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, it's a really interesting issue. It's like, if I

1:08:34.680 --> 1:08:39.200
<v Speaker 4>have a boy, I probably would not CIRCUMSI I would

1:08:39.200 --> 1:08:42.920
<v Speaker 4>not get him circumcised, but I don't. But I personally

1:08:42.920 --> 1:08:45.559
<v Speaker 4>also don't feel like I'm missing out on literally anything

1:08:45.960 --> 1:08:49.519
<v Speaker 4>or like, you know, it just doesn't feel like a

1:08:50.400 --> 1:08:53.479
<v Speaker 4>I wouldn't do it because it's like there's not enough,

1:08:53.479 --> 1:08:55.920
<v Speaker 4>there's not enough of a reason to do it. Yeah,

1:08:56.160 --> 1:08:59.200
<v Speaker 4>the baby, And it's not I wouldn't do it, not

1:08:59.280 --> 1:09:01.120
<v Speaker 4>because the baby be in pain.

1:09:01.320 --> 1:09:03.440
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, it's more actually general.

1:09:03.240 --> 1:09:06.479
<v Speaker 4>Crying for three months straight after no matter what happens.

1:09:07.080 --> 1:09:09.679
<v Speaker 4>But but yeah, I don't know. It just doesn't feel

1:09:09.720 --> 1:09:12.200
<v Speaker 4>like if you don't do this, then you know, there

1:09:12.200 --> 1:09:14.120
<v Speaker 4>doesn't seem to be an immediate reason to do it.

1:09:14.240 --> 1:09:17.679
<v Speaker 5>You're is you're thinking, basically, let them make the decision

1:09:17.880 --> 1:09:20.240
<v Speaker 5>if they want to do it later on, yeah, or

1:09:20.680 --> 1:09:23.439
<v Speaker 5>like basically they're not going to get it done.

1:09:23.439 --> 1:09:26.799
<v Speaker 4>Probably not most likely I would assume not, yeah, because

1:09:26.800 --> 1:09:29.439
<v Speaker 4>but that's kind of why I wouldn't do it. Yeah,

1:09:29.520 --> 1:09:31.760
<v Speaker 4>if you get to age eighteen or whatever and it

1:09:31.800 --> 1:09:33.479
<v Speaker 4>see your choice and you're not going to do it,

1:09:33.520 --> 1:09:37.200
<v Speaker 4>probably then I'm not going to do it early on. No,

1:09:37.280 --> 1:09:40.440
<v Speaker 4>it makes sense It's like if I didn't get circumcised

1:09:40.520 --> 1:09:42.840
<v Speaker 4>when I was at eighteen, I probably wouldn't get circumcised.

1:09:42.840 --> 1:09:47.480
<v Speaker 4>Oh yeah, Now that doesn't mean, you know, if you're circumcised,

1:09:47.520 --> 1:09:48.120
<v Speaker 4>that you're like.

1:09:49.720 --> 1:09:52.439
<v Speaker 3>Life but different. It's not worse than this.

1:09:53.920 --> 1:09:56.160
<v Speaker 4>It's a you know, doesn't feel like a thing that

1:09:56.280 --> 1:09:56.960
<v Speaker 4>needs to be done.

1:09:58.240 --> 1:09:59.200
<v Speaker 3>This is interesting.

1:09:59.240 --> 1:10:02.000
<v Speaker 5>I don't think I'm gonna my kids circumcised because you know,

1:10:03.000 --> 1:10:05.280
<v Speaker 5>yeah following that's yeah.

1:10:06.520 --> 1:10:07.240
<v Speaker 3>It's pretty fair.

1:10:08.479 --> 1:10:11.400
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, it's it's you know, as someone who's had my

1:10:11.520 --> 1:10:16.280
<v Speaker 5>own sort of transformation on this issue, at least thought wise,

1:10:17.680 --> 1:10:20.560
<v Speaker 5>whereat at one point I was like, oh yeah, no

1:10:20.600 --> 1:10:24.800
<v Speaker 5>way that I was not circumcised. You know, it is

1:10:24.840 --> 1:10:28.519
<v Speaker 5>interesting to hear both sides. I think, yeah, people should.

1:10:28.960 --> 1:10:31.240
<v Speaker 5>I'm not someone who at this point, I don't think

1:10:31.280 --> 1:10:34.000
<v Speaker 5>there's enough that I've heard to say that people should

1:10:34.000 --> 1:10:34.719
<v Speaker 5>not have the option.

1:10:35.080 --> 1:10:37.839
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I think that's what's That's something that was interesting

1:10:37.880 --> 1:10:39.559
<v Speaker 1>to me because like here we are, we're talking about it.

1:10:39.600 --> 1:10:44.080
<v Speaker 1>These people, like people are very strongly. I mean, I

1:10:44.120 --> 1:10:46.400
<v Speaker 1>guess it's like if you think something really horrible is happening,

1:10:46.520 --> 1:10:48.200
<v Speaker 1>you want to stop it, even if it's even if

1:10:48.200 --> 1:10:51.479
<v Speaker 1>it's you don't necessarily need it to be illegal, So

1:10:51.840 --> 1:10:54.080
<v Speaker 1>it makes sense. It's like it's like being vegan or something,

1:10:54.080 --> 1:10:56.759
<v Speaker 1>where like, if you really believe this is so horrible,

1:10:57.479 --> 1:10:59.120
<v Speaker 1>this is going to be your cause because it's like, yeah,

1:10:59.320 --> 1:11:01.400
<v Speaker 1>like she's not put legislation.

1:11:01.000 --> 1:11:02.240
<v Speaker 4>Now or to ban it.

1:11:02.400 --> 1:11:06.400
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, because I imagine I think the downstream effect of

1:11:06.439 --> 1:11:08.760
<v Speaker 1>that would then it's like, well, there's it's a religious thing,

1:11:09.320 --> 1:11:12.360
<v Speaker 1>whatever it would be. It would be challenging to get

1:11:12.360 --> 1:11:13.760
<v Speaker 1>it banned on those means.

1:11:14.080 --> 1:11:15.240
<v Speaker 4>Or like once you hit that wall.

1:11:15.960 --> 1:11:18.080
<v Speaker 1>But yeah, because it's interesting because it's like, well, everyone

1:11:18.120 --> 1:11:20.840
<v Speaker 1>has the option. I guess it depends how heavily you

1:11:21.360 --> 1:11:22.880
<v Speaker 1>think the doctors are pushing.

1:11:22.640 --> 1:11:22.880
<v Speaker 2>It or not.

1:11:23.040 --> 1:11:25.799
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, that's really comes down right. I get the pressure.

1:11:26.120 --> 1:11:30.040
<v Speaker 5>I understand making it. If you want to do it,

1:11:30.160 --> 1:11:34.760
<v Speaker 5>you can have it. But I think part of the activists,

1:11:35.240 --> 1:11:37.799
<v Speaker 5>I think part of what it sounds like your messaging

1:11:37.920 --> 1:11:42.040
<v Speaker 5>is like basically, we need to do more education. Yeah,

1:11:42.120 --> 1:11:45.519
<v Speaker 5>it sounds like they don't trust the medical establishment right now.

1:11:45.520 --> 1:11:47.560
<v Speaker 5>It feels like they think there's a lot of misinformation.

1:11:47.680 --> 1:11:50.559
<v Speaker 5>They're telling people things they shouldn't do, which are harming

1:11:50.600 --> 1:11:54.160
<v Speaker 5>your kids. They have these preconceived notions. They're relying on

1:11:54.200 --> 1:11:56.640
<v Speaker 5>these studies which they feel are unreliable. So there's like

1:11:56.680 --> 1:11:59.519
<v Speaker 5>this education proponent of like, hey, we need to let

1:11:59.560 --> 1:12:02.519
<v Speaker 5>these people will know that what they are saying is

1:12:02.520 --> 1:12:05.280
<v Speaker 5>incorrect because they have a lot of influence. When you're

1:12:05.320 --> 1:12:07.880
<v Speaker 5>going through the process of having a child, you're gonna

1:12:07.920 --> 1:12:10.519
<v Speaker 5>you know, most people, I know now we're in this

1:12:11.000 --> 1:12:13.800
<v Speaker 5>Maha moment, but most people are going to defer to

1:12:13.840 --> 1:12:17.559
<v Speaker 5>whatever the doctor says, right, And and both me and

1:12:17.600 --> 1:12:19.920
<v Speaker 5>mine Manny's case, that was kind of like that's why

1:12:20.000 --> 1:12:22.840
<v Speaker 5>we are where we are. Yeah, my mom's doctor is like,

1:12:22.920 --> 1:12:24.599
<v Speaker 5>out of whatever, you don't really have to do it now.

1:12:24.600 --> 1:12:25.800
<v Speaker 3>He can do it down the line if he really

1:12:25.800 --> 1:12:26.360
<v Speaker 3>wants to do it.

1:12:26.439 --> 1:12:29.280
<v Speaker 5>And Manny's doctor was like, you should do it, right,

1:12:29.320 --> 1:12:33.080
<v Speaker 5>And that's that's our parents weren't googling things back then, right,

1:12:33.080 --> 1:12:34.160
<v Speaker 5>they weren't reading up on it.

1:12:34.200 --> 1:12:35.600
<v Speaker 3>They were just like, this is what the doctors are.

1:12:35.640 --> 1:12:37.120
<v Speaker 5>I mean, obviously people can do more of their own

1:12:37.160 --> 1:12:40.439
<v Speaker 5>research now, but I think people should just be yeah,

1:12:40.520 --> 1:12:42.519
<v Speaker 5>be able to make their own decisions, but also have

1:12:42.680 --> 1:12:45.639
<v Speaker 5>access to all the information to make that decision.

1:12:45.640 --> 1:12:47.960
<v Speaker 1>Because I feel like this this kind of movement would

1:12:48.280 --> 1:12:50.840
<v Speaker 1>basically be happy if it was instead of being something

1:12:50.880 --> 1:12:53.000
<v Speaker 1>that was asked, was basically something you have to ask.

1:12:53.800 --> 1:12:56.679
<v Speaker 1>And I think I think that small, basically small shift

1:12:56.720 --> 1:13:00.759
<v Speaker 1>would probably it would destroy the r Yeah, yeah, probably

1:13:00.840 --> 1:13:03.840
<v Speaker 1>have pretty big impacts, especially if you get you know,

1:13:03.960 --> 1:13:07.160
<v Speaker 1>maybe one or two generations down where I mean even

1:13:07.200 --> 1:13:08.479
<v Speaker 1>now it's under fifty percent.

1:13:08.560 --> 1:13:10.200
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, I think the big thing, I think that's gonna

1:13:10.200 --> 1:13:12.240
<v Speaker 5>be big. It's just time to be cultural stuff too.

1:13:12.320 --> 1:13:14.439
<v Speaker 5>I think maybe that will become even more important than

1:13:14.479 --> 1:13:16.360
<v Speaker 5>what the doctors say, right, because if all of your

1:13:16.400 --> 1:13:19.920
<v Speaker 5>peers exactly circumcised, he doesn't really matter what the doctor says.

1:13:20.320 --> 1:13:20.479
<v Speaker 6>Yeah.

1:13:21.840 --> 1:13:24.920
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, if the rate goes down to say, let's see,

1:13:24.920 --> 1:13:27.080
<v Speaker 1>you went down five percent in ten years. If it

1:13:27.120 --> 1:13:29.240
<v Speaker 1>goes down another ten percent of the next twenty years

1:13:29.320 --> 1:13:30.439
<v Speaker 1>or whatever, then.

1:13:30.360 --> 1:13:31.720
<v Speaker 3>It's pretty low. Yeah, you know.

1:13:33.560 --> 1:13:36.200
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, so it's like then it's like it really is

1:13:36.200 --> 1:13:39.080
<v Speaker 1>a decision versus like kind of the default.

1:13:39.240 --> 1:13:40.160
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, exactly.

1:13:41.280 --> 1:13:44.479
<v Speaker 1>So time will tell. Well, you know, on episode three thousand,

1:13:44.560 --> 1:13:45.519
<v Speaker 1>we'll check back in.

1:13:48.000 --> 1:13:50.360
<v Speaker 5>Thing.

1:13:51.200 --> 1:13:54.320
<v Speaker 1>No such thing as a production of Kaleidoscope content. Our

1:13:54.360 --> 1:13:57.320
<v Speaker 1>executive producers are Kate Osborne and May Gesh Hot of Cadur.

1:13:57.680 --> 1:13:59.920
<v Speaker 1>The show is created by Mandy Fidell, no Friedman and

1:14:00.080 --> 1:14:03.799
<v Speaker 1>Devin Joseph Even credit song by Manny, mixing by Steve Bone.

1:14:03.880 --> 1:14:06.840
<v Speaker 1>Our guest this week were Kate Grabowski, Laura Carpenter, and

1:14:06.920 --> 1:14:09.400
<v Speaker 1>George Anne Chapin. Thank you sincerely to all of you

1:14:09.439 --> 1:14:11.479
<v Speaker 1>for your help with this episode. Visit No Such Thing

1:14:11.520 --> 1:14:13.719
<v Speaker 1>dot show to subscribe to our newsletter. I'll be adding

1:14:13.760 --> 1:14:15.320
<v Speaker 1>tons of links to research so you can dive in

1:14:15.360 --> 1:14:17.439
<v Speaker 1>yourself to read more. There was tons of stuff that

1:14:17.479 --> 1:14:19.519
<v Speaker 1>we weren't able to include in the episode, so if

1:14:19.560 --> 1:14:21.439
<v Speaker 1>you have questions, please check it out. If you have

1:14:21.479 --> 1:14:23.679
<v Speaker 1>feedback for us or a question you'd like us to answer,

1:14:23.880 --> 1:14:26.839
<v Speaker 1>our email is Manny Noah Devin at gmail dot com,

1:14:27.000 --> 1:14:28.800
<v Speaker 1>or leave us a voicemail by calling the number in

1:14:28.840 --> 1:14:29.519
<v Speaker 1>our show notes.

1:14:29.840 --> 1:14:31.439
<v Speaker 3>We'll be back next week with a new episode.

1:14:31.760 --> 1:14:34.400
<v Speaker 4>Bye.

1:14:32.280 --> 1:14:35.479
<v Speaker 2>No Such Things