1 00:00:06,840 --> 00:00:10,239 Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature feature production of I Heart Radio. I'm 2 00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:14,000 Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,560 Speaker 1: and evolutionary biology, and I don't know about you guys, 4 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:21,080 Speaker 1: but my brain is completely melted. After the election week, 5 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:23,959 Speaker 1: I slept like a giraffe, which means I did not 6 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:26,840 Speaker 1: sleep much at all, because drafts do not sleep much 7 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:29,920 Speaker 1: at all either. So there there you go. Cool fact 8 00:00:29,960 --> 00:00:33,680 Speaker 1: for you guys. I'm very sleep deprived, so I thought 9 00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: i'd take it easy today and answer some listener questions. 10 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:42,000 Speaker 1: So I asked you guys on Twitter at Katie Golden 11 00:00:42,479 --> 00:00:44,040 Speaker 1: is my handle if you want to check it out, 12 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:47,160 Speaker 1: and you guys came up with a bunch of fascinating questions. 13 00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:50,000 Speaker 1: I wish I could get to all of them, but 14 00:00:50,159 --> 00:00:52,839 Speaker 1: like I said, my brain is a puddle, so I 15 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:56,480 Speaker 1: will answer all the ones that I can. And yeah, 16 00:00:56,600 --> 00:01:00,520 Speaker 1: I hope you guys enjoy this one. Uh, it's gonna 17 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:03,000 Speaker 1: be a little shorter than normal, just a short and 18 00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:06,360 Speaker 1: sweet kinda. Hey, what kind of animal does this? And 19 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:09,440 Speaker 1: I go, hey, good question, here it is. Here's the animal, 20 00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:12,759 Speaker 1: so let's get into it. And I will answer these 21 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:17,360 Speaker 1: to the best of my ability. So first question is 22 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:23,600 Speaker 1: from water Chestnut to on Twitter and water Chestnut too 23 00:01:24,040 --> 00:01:29,280 Speaker 1: asks analogous structures and convergent evolution. Baby, why are bird 24 00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:34,000 Speaker 1: wings like arms but bat wings are like hands? So 25 00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:38,600 Speaker 1: this is a really interesting question as we know birds 26 00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:44,080 Speaker 1: and bats both independently evolved the ability to fly, and 27 00:01:44,280 --> 00:01:48,360 Speaker 1: bird wings and bat wings are very different. So bat 28 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:51,200 Speaker 1: wings kind of look like when you look at their skeleton, 29 00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:54,280 Speaker 1: you can see their wings are these membranes that are 30 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 1: stretched over these very elongated finger bones. And you look 31 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:01,160 Speaker 1: at a bird and there our arms kind of go 32 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:06,280 Speaker 1: backwards and fold in sort of a V shape, and 33 00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:09,880 Speaker 1: then you have um muscle and feathers over this shape 34 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:13,840 Speaker 1: that allows them to fly. And so the reason that 35 00:02:13,919 --> 00:02:17,480 Speaker 1: they have this these two different mechanisms for flight, you 36 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:20,000 Speaker 1: just kind of have to look at their evolutionary history. 37 00:02:20,160 --> 00:02:23,959 Speaker 1: So with birds, they rely on their feathers to fly, 38 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:27,200 Speaker 1: and you look back as that at their history as 39 00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:31,799 Speaker 1: being dinosaurs, feathers probably didn't start out to help with flight. 40 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,760 Speaker 1: They likely first of all to keep dinosaurs warm or cool, 41 00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:39,320 Speaker 1: maybe as a defense against parasites or maybe some armor 42 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:42,359 Speaker 1: against predation. You know, you've got a bunch of fluffy 43 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:45,840 Speaker 1: feathers that might help them from getting bitten too much. 44 00:02:46,480 --> 00:02:49,760 Speaker 1: It may have been to provide dinosaurs with camouflage or 45 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:56,080 Speaker 1: maybe even attractive coloration for mating. And some dinosaurs found 46 00:02:56,120 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: that they could use these feathers once they grew them 47 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:02,840 Speaker 1: out for gliding to be able to glide to like 48 00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:06,560 Speaker 1: feathers started to develop on their arms and tails that 49 00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:10,360 Speaker 1: allowed them to balance and eventually got exaggerated enough that 50 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: they could jump from branch to branch and actually glide 51 00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: a distance. And then from there you started to have 52 00:03:16,919 --> 00:03:21,120 Speaker 1: dinosaurs evolved into more bird like shapes until we get 53 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:28,440 Speaker 1: the modern day dinosaurs of birds. And meanwhile, bats instead 54 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:31,560 Speaker 1: of using feathers because they never evolved feathers, they always 55 00:03:31,600 --> 00:03:37,800 Speaker 1: had fur and they use flaps of skins, so like birds, 56 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:41,160 Speaker 1: bats probably started out as gliders. You can look at 57 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:44,880 Speaker 1: other examples of gliding animals to see how their wings evolved. 58 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: So flying squirrels have a flap of skin that runs 59 00:03:48,520 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 1: from their wrists to their ankles. And of course flying 60 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:54,920 Speaker 1: squirrels are not as good of a flyer as black bats. 61 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: They're more of a just skilled faller, so they can 62 00:03:58,440 --> 00:04:01,560 Speaker 1: jump from branch to branch and lied from branch to branch, uh. 63 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: And bats didn't evolve from flying squirrels, but probably from 64 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:09,800 Speaker 1: some sort of similar gliding rodent. So as bat wings 65 00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:13,720 Speaker 1: became more developed and the webbing between their hands and 66 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:17,359 Speaker 1: ankles got kind of more wing like, their finger bones 67 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:20,880 Speaker 1: grew out, which gave them more surface area for these 68 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:24,480 Speaker 1: wings to give them more lift and more control in 69 00:04:24,520 --> 00:04:28,320 Speaker 1: their flight. And so that that's kind of you know, 70 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:31,040 Speaker 1: I think it's mainly comes down to the difference in 71 00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:36,479 Speaker 1: their mechanism of how they evolved. Birds using those wonderful 72 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:41,760 Speaker 1: feathers to help them glide and the ancestors of bats 73 00:04:41,880 --> 00:04:45,479 Speaker 1: using that flap of skin between their wrists and their 74 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:48,159 Speaker 1: back legs to help them fly. And that's why they're 75 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:52,440 Speaker 1: so different and both cute and wonderful. All right, So 76 00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:58,039 Speaker 1: here is another question. This is from Jared Deeli who 77 00:04:58,120 --> 00:05:02,000 Speaker 1: asks Katie, I have a stutter. Do other animals stutter? 78 00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:06,320 Speaker 1: And this is a really good question, and yes, other 79 00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:10,320 Speaker 1: animals do stutter. And one of the fascinating animals to 80 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:13,600 Speaker 1: look at for this question are birds, because of how 81 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:17,640 Speaker 1: similar they are in terms of learning language, or at 82 00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:22,720 Speaker 1: least in bird terms, learning bird song. So they develop 83 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:27,960 Speaker 1: their ability to communicate very similar to humans. Baby birds 84 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:31,760 Speaker 1: learn to sing during a crystallization period when they're young, 85 00:05:31,880 --> 00:05:35,560 Speaker 1: similar to how human children learn language early on. And 86 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:39,480 Speaker 1: in fact, with human children, if they're not able to 87 00:05:39,640 --> 00:05:43,640 Speaker 1: learn early on, like say they get accidentally separated from 88 00:05:44,040 --> 00:05:48,360 Speaker 1: human society, they actually really struggled to be able to 89 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,479 Speaker 1: learn language later on. And it's the same thing with birds. 90 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:55,120 Speaker 1: So you have this early stage of development where it's 91 00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:58,919 Speaker 1: critical to learn language in humans and in birds to 92 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:03,159 Speaker 1: learn bird song. And there was a study where researchers 93 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:09,240 Speaker 1: used electrical currents to destroy neurons in young zebra finch brains, 94 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:14,080 Speaker 1: which you know, kind of naughty thing they're scientists, but uh, 95 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:19,400 Speaker 1: so they affected this region in the zebra finch bird 96 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:22,839 Speaker 1: brains that is thought to be responsible for being able 97 00:06:22,880 --> 00:06:27,440 Speaker 1: to imitate sound. And so as the young birds attempted 98 00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: to learn bird song from listening to their elders, they 99 00:06:31,839 --> 00:06:35,479 Speaker 1: developed a stutter, so they would erroneously repeat notes in 100 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:39,800 Speaker 1: the songs that they were learning. And researchers think that 101 00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:43,560 Speaker 1: this may help us understand more how stutters form and 102 00:06:43,680 --> 00:06:47,640 Speaker 1: humans so which is also thought to form as young children. 103 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:51,880 Speaker 1: So the zebra finch study seems to point towards the 104 00:06:51,880 --> 00:06:55,160 Speaker 1: theory that stuttering isn't a sign of the brain simply 105 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:57,960 Speaker 1: being stuck in a loop, but the brain is trying 106 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:03,280 Speaker 1: to correct for miss neural connections by growing new neurons. 107 00:07:03,320 --> 00:07:06,560 Speaker 1: So it's almost like it's doubling up on this neural network, 108 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 1: causing a repetition in a syllable or in the bird's case, 109 00:07:11,560 --> 00:07:14,200 Speaker 1: a repetition in a note that they are singing. So 110 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:18,239 Speaker 1: I hope that answers that question. Let's take a quick break, 111 00:07:18,280 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: and then when we get back, I will answer more 112 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: of your questions and welcome back. I'm going to continue 113 00:07:32,080 --> 00:07:36,600 Speaker 1: to answer your questions. So this is from Twitter user 114 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:40,800 Speaker 1: at ice cream for Cats. In your opinion, what is 115 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:46,080 Speaker 1: the cutest baby animal cutest fully grown animal? So this 116 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:49,600 Speaker 1: is a really hard question to answer. I can't really 117 00:07:49,640 --> 00:07:52,920 Speaker 1: think of just one cutest one, so I'll just pick 118 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:56,360 Speaker 1: out a couple that I thought of. So probably the 119 00:07:56,480 --> 00:08:00,400 Speaker 1: cutest baby versus like the scariest adult for I would 120 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: say are hippos, because baby hippos look like they just 121 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:06,480 Speaker 1: want me to cuddle them and carry them around in 122 00:08:06,520 --> 00:08:09,760 Speaker 1: a baby bjorn all day and feed the melons. But 123 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: adult hippos look like they would just crush my head 124 00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:18,680 Speaker 1: like a melon. And yeah, adult hippos are very scary, 125 00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:22,920 Speaker 1: both the visually intimidating and also behaviorally. They are quite aggressive, 126 00:08:22,960 --> 00:08:24,320 Speaker 1: so you don't want to mess with them. But the 127 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:29,240 Speaker 1: babies look so squishy and cuddle herble um. Extra points 128 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:33,280 Speaker 1: I think for cute baby hippos are baby pygmy hippos, 129 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:36,559 Speaker 1: which look like little made up fantasy animals. They are 130 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: just adorable, little roly poly just they look like a 131 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:45,520 Speaker 1: Star Wars baby. I don't know, I'll include a picture 132 00:08:45,559 --> 00:08:48,360 Speaker 1: in the show notes. They are absolutely cute and adorable. 133 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:53,400 Speaker 1: As adults. Pygmy hippos are still rather large for something 134 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: called a pigmy animal, but it's only about half as 135 00:08:57,800 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: tall and a fourth as heavy as regglar hippos. Uh. 136 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:03,480 Speaker 1: They grow to be about three ft tall, which is 137 00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:06,640 Speaker 1: about a hundred centimeters and five ft long hundred and 138 00:09:06,679 --> 00:09:10,320 Speaker 1: seventy five cimeters and from four hundred to six hundred 139 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:14,840 Speaker 1: pounds in wait, so a hundred twenty so you know, 140 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:20,600 Speaker 1: still pretty formidable, and they are still pretty aggressive, but 141 00:09:20,760 --> 00:09:24,959 Speaker 1: they are smaller than regular hippos. But the babies just 142 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:29,000 Speaker 1: little cute. I just want to hold them and cuddle 143 00:09:29,040 --> 00:09:33,680 Speaker 1: them and never let them go. Uh. Cutest adult animal. 144 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:36,600 Speaker 1: There are so many to pick from. I'm just gonna 145 00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:41,040 Speaker 1: pick one that I thought of is the Wikita, which 146 00:09:41,240 --> 00:09:45,200 Speaker 1: is the rarest marine mammal, and it is in threat 147 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: of extinction. So there's another reason I kind of wanted 148 00:09:48,040 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 1: to talk about it. I just want people to know 149 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:53,560 Speaker 1: about these little guys. They are little porpoises. They only 150 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:56,480 Speaker 1: grow to be about four ft in length, which is 151 00:09:56,559 --> 00:09:59,920 Speaker 1: about a hundred fifty centimeters. I think they're the smallest 152 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:05,120 Speaker 1: patition around. They have this like dark eyeshadow around their 153 00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:09,480 Speaker 1: eyes and these little stubby beaks with uh kind of 154 00:10:09,559 --> 00:10:13,200 Speaker 1: dark lipstick. They they're kind of goff gothy little guys, 155 00:10:13,679 --> 00:10:19,080 Speaker 1: and they are really really cute. Unfortunately, there is potentially 156 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:24,600 Speaker 1: fewer than nineteen individuals left alive today, which is really 157 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:29,719 Speaker 1: really scary. They are at a great threat of extinction 158 00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:34,400 Speaker 1: due to phishing. And yeah, you can go to Veakita 159 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:38,640 Speaker 1: CPR dot com. That's a v A q U I 160 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:42,760 Speaker 1: t A CPR dot com. Uh if you want to 161 00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: find out more about conservation efforts to bring the Wikita 162 00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:49,520 Speaker 1: back from the brink of extinction. And I think their 163 00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:53,440 Speaker 1: name means little cow, and they are. They are just 164 00:10:53,520 --> 00:11:00,120 Speaker 1: so cute. They're adorable. Here is a question from Colen Monty, 165 00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:04,440 Speaker 1: what is the scariest creature or feature of a creature underwater, 166 00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:10,640 Speaker 1: extinct or living. So there are tons of creepy underwater creatures. 167 00:11:10,679 --> 00:11:13,200 Speaker 1: I think just the fact that they evolved in such 168 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:17,200 Speaker 1: a different environment from humans. We're so unused to seeing 169 00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:21,240 Speaker 1: anything like it, and so many of them look so 170 00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:26,000 Speaker 1: alien and scary. But I do still love these animals, 171 00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:29,040 Speaker 1: even if they look kind of spooky. U there are 172 00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:32,760 Speaker 1: a few that genuinely creep me out and make me 173 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:37,559 Speaker 1: feel uneasy, and among those are these sea spiders. And 174 00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:41,640 Speaker 1: sea spiders are not actually spiders, They are not arachnids, 175 00:11:41,640 --> 00:11:46,560 Speaker 1: but they are marine arthropods. So I actually really like spiders. 176 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:50,760 Speaker 1: But marine quote unquote spiders look like a spider on 177 00:11:51,160 --> 00:11:56,720 Speaker 1: nightmare mode. You know, you have your normal looking terrestrial spider. 178 00:11:56,880 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: I think they're kind of cute compared to marine quote 179 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:05,520 Speaker 1: unquote spiders. Every terrestrial spider looks absolutely adorable, and you're 180 00:12:05,559 --> 00:12:09,600 Speaker 1: gonna want to hide behind them, because marine spiders just 181 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:15,120 Speaker 1: a whole, a whole basket of nope. Uh. They have 182 00:12:15,440 --> 00:12:20,040 Speaker 1: really long, long long, spindly legs in comparison to this 183 00:12:20,240 --> 00:12:25,680 Speaker 1: tiny body. They either creep along the ocean floor or 184 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:29,600 Speaker 1: they pulse their legs like an umbrella to swim. Just so. 185 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: The moving of these marine spiders is not good to 186 00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 1: look at. The shape of them is not good to 187 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:40,240 Speaker 1: look at. They can be uncomfortably big, so larger than 188 00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:44,079 Speaker 1: a human hand, which is, you know, just sort of uh. 189 00:12:44,240 --> 00:12:47,119 Speaker 1: I don't know, give me, give me a real terrestrial 190 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:49,839 Speaker 1: spider any day over one of these guys. They are 191 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:54,120 Speaker 1: not great, not great to look at. I'll probably go 192 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:56,800 Speaker 1: into detail on them a bit more in a full 193 00:12:56,880 --> 00:13:00,440 Speaker 1: length episode because I think they're really fascinating. But yeah, 194 00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:03,959 Speaker 1: the idea of being like in a dark ocean and 195 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:10,199 Speaker 1: having one of these things crawl over me, it's there's 196 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:12,680 Speaker 1: a lot of reasons I don't scuba dive, and this is, 197 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:17,880 Speaker 1: you know, one of them. Next question is a really 198 00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:22,640 Speaker 1: interesting one. This is from cobalt Quill on Twitter. Thank you, 199 00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:28,599 Speaker 1: who asks does the human race have as much responsibility 200 00:13:28,679 --> 00:13:32,280 Speaker 1: to parasitic life forms as we do to all other 201 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:36,440 Speaker 1: animals in terms of conservation and ensuring they do not 202 00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:40,800 Speaker 1: go extinct? This is for life forms affecting both animals 203 00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:44,080 Speaker 1: and us, And given how we treat diseases, what is 204 00:13:44,080 --> 00:13:48,160 Speaker 1: our responsibility to any animal that could theoretically be considered 205 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:53,080 Speaker 1: a predator solely or mainly affecting humans. So this is 206 00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:57,040 Speaker 1: a really interesting question. I think it has both a practical, 207 00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:00,840 Speaker 1: ethical and sort of philosophical element to it. So first 208 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:04,160 Speaker 1: I want to talk about the practical matter of it. 209 00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:08,600 Speaker 1: So parasites, there are many, many different animals that would 210 00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:13,800 Speaker 1: be considered biological parasites. It means that it lives off 211 00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:17,880 Speaker 1: of another animal and hurts them in some way, like 212 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:22,840 Speaker 1: either by stealing resources from them or stealing parts of 213 00:14:22,880 --> 00:14:27,120 Speaker 1: their body like sucking blood, or you know, eating eating 214 00:14:27,160 --> 00:14:31,480 Speaker 1: part of the animal without actually necessarily killing the animals. 215 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:35,840 Speaker 1: So a predator, you know, eats a whole whole animal. 216 00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:38,880 Speaker 1: A parasite maybe just sucks your blood over a long 217 00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:43,360 Speaker 1: period of time, or steals your food, or steals your resources, 218 00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:47,320 Speaker 1: or you know, steals your nests. So there are a 219 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:50,760 Speaker 1: lot of different types of parasites um and they're not 220 00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:53,560 Speaker 1: always bad when you think about it in the sense 221 00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:59,000 Speaker 1: of the whole environment or for humans. So like fungus 222 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:01,280 Speaker 1: can be a parasit site, it can live off of 223 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:04,720 Speaker 1: trees and and basically suck out the tree juice, and 224 00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:08,640 Speaker 1: we love, we love fungus. Mushrooms are great. Parasites can 225 00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 1: also help thin out populations of animals, and even though 226 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:17,000 Speaker 1: it sucks for the individual animal that is suffering from 227 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:20,160 Speaker 1: the parasites, for the overall population of the animal, it 228 00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: can actually prevent them from suffering mass starvation from over 229 00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:30,400 Speaker 1: eating their resources. So it can actually helps keep uh, 230 00:15:30,480 --> 00:15:33,520 Speaker 1: some animal populations in check and prevent kind of a 231 00:15:33,560 --> 00:15:37,840 Speaker 1: mass starvation event for those animals. Some parasites make it 232 00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:42,360 Speaker 1: easier for predators to hunt and kill prey animals by 233 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:45,640 Speaker 1: making the prey animal weaker or more visible to predators, 234 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: and that helps out predator populations, which can be really important. 235 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:54,320 Speaker 1: So from a practical sense of protecting our planet, protecting 236 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:57,920 Speaker 1: a lot of different types of parasites species is actually 237 00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 1: really important. And so yeah, I would say that it 238 00:16:01,840 --> 00:16:06,680 Speaker 1: is ethical to protect these parasites either because of the 239 00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:11,760 Speaker 1: benefits that they have for many different species or how 240 00:16:11,880 --> 00:16:17,160 Speaker 1: they keep our ecosystems in this very delicate balance, because like, 241 00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:21,920 Speaker 1: whenever you remove anything from an ecosystem, it's like playing 242 00:16:21,960 --> 00:16:24,040 Speaker 1: a game of Jenga. You just don't know which thing 243 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:27,360 Speaker 1: you're going to remove and have these kind of big 244 00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:30,800 Speaker 1: effects that you would not have expected. Another thing to 245 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 1: consider when talking about parasites is they aren't always yucky 246 00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:37,560 Speaker 1: in the sense of like some kind of worm that's 247 00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:40,440 Speaker 1: living inside you and feeding off of you. All that 248 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:45,280 Speaker 1: does definitely happen. Uh. Some parasites are birds. Birds can 249 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:49,240 Speaker 1: be brood parasites like cuckoos and cowbirds who plant their 250 00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:52,360 Speaker 1: eggs in the nests of other birds. Uh. You can 251 00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:56,480 Speaker 1: have beautiful insects like butterflies be parasites. So there are 252 00:16:56,520 --> 00:17:00,360 Speaker 1: some butterfly caterpillars that are anti mimic parasites, so their 253 00:17:00,440 --> 00:17:05,639 Speaker 1: larva pretends to be baby ants and they'll infiltrate ant 254 00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:08,639 Speaker 1: nests and live off of the ants resources until they 255 00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:14,600 Speaker 1: grow up and turn into beautiful, beautiful little brood parasite butterflies. 256 00:17:15,080 --> 00:17:19,160 Speaker 1: So while these are can be deadly or very annoying 257 00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:23,240 Speaker 1: to host populations, you know they are. When you think 258 00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:25,840 Speaker 1: of a parasite, you may think of something you know, 259 00:17:25,920 --> 00:17:29,040 Speaker 1: like out of alien movie face hugger, horrible thing, but 260 00:17:29,119 --> 00:17:31,440 Speaker 1: they can be beautiful. They can be butterflies and birds. 261 00:17:32,119 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 1: In terms of parasites that infect humans, Uh, in terms 262 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:40,159 Speaker 1: of like should we preserve these species? What do we do? 263 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:45,120 Speaker 1: I think it really depends on a balance of protecting 264 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:50,200 Speaker 1: human life and comfort and protecting the environment as a whole. 265 00:17:50,720 --> 00:17:54,639 Speaker 1: So an example I think would be with mosquitoes. So 266 00:17:54,680 --> 00:17:59,240 Speaker 1: mosquitoes aren't they wouldn't be considered a medical parasite because 267 00:17:59,280 --> 00:18:02,960 Speaker 1: they don't live of permanently in or on the human body, 268 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:07,119 Speaker 1: But in evolutionary biology terms, they are parasitic because they 269 00:18:07,160 --> 00:18:11,800 Speaker 1: take resources from us, namely our blood at our expense. 270 00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:15,080 Speaker 1: A lot of the problems so that mosquitoes cause are 271 00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:19,200 Speaker 1: due to another parasite that actually lives inside of the mosquitoes, 272 00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:24,800 Speaker 1: which is malaria. Malaria is actually a single celled organism 273 00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:29,920 Speaker 1: that lives inside of mosquitoes as a parasite, and then 274 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:34,600 Speaker 1: the mosquito will inadvertently pass it on to humans. And 275 00:18:34,680 --> 00:18:41,120 Speaker 1: malaria is extremely dangerous for humans, especially uh children, and 276 00:18:41,240 --> 00:18:46,800 Speaker 1: so making sure that we control malaria and control mosquito 277 00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:53,320 Speaker 1: populations saves countless human lives and is extremely important. So 278 00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:57,480 Speaker 1: I think it is definitely an ethical imperative for us 279 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:03,400 Speaker 1: to control mosquito populations to save so many lives. At 280 00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:07,400 Speaker 1: the same time, you know, we wouldn't necessarily want all 281 00:19:07,480 --> 00:19:11,919 Speaker 1: mosquitoes to go extinct because that could be have a 282 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:15,919 Speaker 1: huge impact on our ecosystem in terms of animals who 283 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:20,880 Speaker 1: need to eat mosquitoes to survive. So I mean, which 284 00:19:20,920 --> 00:19:24,720 Speaker 1: is something like when we're talking about mosquitoes, we don't 285 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:27,280 Speaker 1: really have to worry about them going extinct at least 286 00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:31,040 Speaker 1: in terms of our current methods of controlling their populations. Um, 287 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:34,920 Speaker 1: mosquitoes are going to be just just fine. But yeah, 288 00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:38,040 Speaker 1: I mean in but in theory, like if we had 289 00:19:38,080 --> 00:19:41,600 Speaker 1: a way to make all mosquitoes go extinct, uh, it 290 00:19:41,680 --> 00:19:44,439 Speaker 1: probably would not be a great idea because of the 291 00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:46,840 Speaker 1: impact it would have on the environment and at the 292 00:19:46,880 --> 00:19:49,919 Speaker 1: same time, trying to figure out ways to control the 293 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:53,560 Speaker 1: mosquito population so they don't spread malaria to humans is 294 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:57,600 Speaker 1: also of critical importance to human life. So yeah, I 295 00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:01,200 Speaker 1: think it is. It's really and it can get really 296 00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:05,240 Speaker 1: complicated with with other animals, especially once that cause harm 297 00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:09,280 Speaker 1: to humans, but are necessary for our ecosystem where we 298 00:20:09,320 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 1: have to have this balance of taking care of our 299 00:20:12,680 --> 00:20:15,480 Speaker 1: environment where we all live, which we all need, and 300 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:19,920 Speaker 1: making sure that human human life is protected. So yeah, 301 00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:22,480 Speaker 1: it's it's a really good question and I would say, yeah, 302 00:20:22,480 --> 00:20:25,320 Speaker 1: parasites are just like any other animal that we kind 303 00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:29,160 Speaker 1: of have to take into consideration, uh in terms of 304 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:33,320 Speaker 1: their environmental impact and their impact on humans. So here's 305 00:20:33,359 --> 00:20:38,640 Speaker 1: another question from Brian Rose Junior on Twitter. With all 306 00:20:38,680 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 1: the crab talk lately, I'm curious, have you ever featured 307 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:47,080 Speaker 1: the parasite Sacquelina on your podcast? It's fascinating and most 308 00:20:47,119 --> 00:20:51,359 Speaker 1: likely my favorite parasite. I don't remember. I feel like 309 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:54,760 Speaker 1: I may have mentioned it in passing in one episode, 310 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:57,840 Speaker 1: I don't remember going into detail on it. I think 311 00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:04,040 Speaker 1: this is fascinating parasite that deserves a full length episode treatment. 312 00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:09,280 Speaker 1: But just to tease people about this amazing parasite, they 313 00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:15,639 Speaker 1: are parasitic castrators who mess around with uh A crabs 314 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:22,280 Speaker 1: junk in ways that cause some transformations that are really interesting. 315 00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:26,320 Speaker 1: So yeah, I don't know. I feel like, because I 316 00:21:26,359 --> 00:21:28,320 Speaker 1: can't quite remember if we've talked about it, must not 317 00:21:28,359 --> 00:21:30,960 Speaker 1: have been in that much detail, and they definitely deserve 318 00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:34,760 Speaker 1: a whole bunch of detail, all the nitty gritty about 319 00:21:34,880 --> 00:21:39,560 Speaker 1: these parasitic castrators. So yeah, i'll I will talk about 320 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:48,840 Speaker 1: that in a full length episode probably. Here is a 321 00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: another question. This is from This is from Vestigial Virgin 322 00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:59,880 Speaker 1: uh cool cool user name on Twitter. Uh. Any surprise 323 00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,600 Speaker 1: pairs of animals that are more closely genetically linked than 324 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:07,720 Speaker 1: people might think, uh, such as birds and dinosaurs though 325 00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:11,119 Speaker 1: everybody knows that now, or animals that should be close 326 00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:15,560 Speaker 1: but aren't, such as main mained wolves not being closely 327 00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:19,960 Speaker 1: related to either foxes or wolves. Those are really good examples. 328 00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,080 Speaker 1: I do want to just say birds are dinosaurs technically, 329 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:25,600 Speaker 1: I just love to remind people of that that they 330 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:30,840 Speaker 1: are literally still dinosaurs. So this is a great question. 331 00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:32,679 Speaker 1: I love these kinds of things. There's so much in 332 00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:36,200 Speaker 1: terms of like convergent evolution and surprising twists and tours 333 00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:39,399 Speaker 1: and evolution where you'll have too completely unrelated animals that 334 00:22:39,480 --> 00:22:45,879 Speaker 1: look exactly alike, or animals that don't look related but 335 00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:49,040 Speaker 1: are much more closely related than one would think. So 336 00:22:49,359 --> 00:22:52,520 Speaker 1: here are just a couple that I thought of. Hyenas 337 00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:56,320 Speaker 1: look like they should be related to dogs. They basically 338 00:22:56,640 --> 00:23:00,159 Speaker 1: seem like they are laughing. Um Miss g V is 339 00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:04,920 Speaker 1: carnivorous dogs, but they are not related to dogs closely 340 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:08,240 Speaker 1: at all. Uh. No more than like a lion is 341 00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:12,720 Speaker 1: related to a dog. Uh. Some of the hyena's closest 342 00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:18,479 Speaker 1: relatives are actually mongoose's mere cats and civets. So in 343 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:22,720 Speaker 1: the Lion King, those hyenas much more closely related to 344 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:25,879 Speaker 1: Timon the mere cat than they would be to a 345 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:28,879 Speaker 1: dog or even to a lion, So I find that 346 00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:34,320 Speaker 1: really interesting. Another example of I think that people are 347 00:23:34,359 --> 00:23:38,400 Speaker 1: sometimes surprised when I mentioned is that whales evolved from 348 00:23:38,560 --> 00:23:44,280 Speaker 1: extinct land mammals that were originally these tiny little deer 349 00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:49,760 Speaker 1: like ungulates. So ungulates are hooved animals, um possibly one 350 00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:53,840 Speaker 1: of their ancestors was called the Elo Marricks, which were 351 00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:56,080 Speaker 1: about the size of a dog. They kind of looked 352 00:23:56,119 --> 00:24:02,200 Speaker 1: like these fuzzy horse, dear hippo animals and just these dainty, 353 00:24:02,320 --> 00:24:07,360 Speaker 1: little little dear creatures that would eventually become these giant, 354 00:24:07,840 --> 00:24:11,840 Speaker 1: giant whales, which is quite incredible. Another thing is that 355 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:16,240 Speaker 1: hippos and whales likely shared a common ancestor, probably in 356 00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:20,800 Speaker 1: this lineage of these little deer like animals, And so yeah, 357 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:25,960 Speaker 1: hippos and whales are pretty closely related all things considered, 358 00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 1: which I also find very interesting. And so let's just 359 00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:34,600 Speaker 1: do one last question before my brain goes back into hibernation. 360 00:24:35,359 --> 00:24:41,320 Speaker 1: So this is from ancient romans eleven. I find worms 361 00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:45,600 Speaker 1: existentially terrifying. They have no arms, no legs, no faces, 362 00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:50,000 Speaker 1: no personality, just two holes and attracting between. They play 363 00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:52,520 Speaker 1: an important role in our ecology, but it seems like 364 00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:57,160 Speaker 1: such a bare utilitary existence and absolutely empty, thankless life. 365 00:24:57,280 --> 00:25:01,000 Speaker 1: Is that weird? So this is a this is a 366 00:25:01,040 --> 00:25:05,640 Speaker 1: fun question. Um. I don't think it's weird to think 367 00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:08,840 Speaker 1: that way. But I have a kind of different perspective 368 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:11,800 Speaker 1: on on worms and other animals that are very simple. 369 00:25:11,880 --> 00:25:15,199 Speaker 1: So one thing is the comfort of being a worm 370 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:19,760 Speaker 1: is how tiny your brain is. That you probably don't 371 00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:24,000 Speaker 1: think too much about your existence. You don't think too 372 00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:27,840 Speaker 1: much at all, So I don't think you would have 373 00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:32,880 Speaker 1: the capacity to miss, uh, you know, having a bigger brain, 374 00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:35,760 Speaker 1: because you just don't. It never occurs to you. Nothing 375 00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:38,639 Speaker 1: much occurs to you because you're a worm. Your brain 376 00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:42,000 Speaker 1: is probably, depending on what kind of worm you are, uh, 377 00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:45,680 Speaker 1: just a few hundred neurons in total and maybe about 378 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,159 Speaker 1: the width of a human hair. So yeah, not not 379 00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:51,480 Speaker 1: a lot going on. It's interesting some animals don't really 380 00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:55,920 Speaker 1: have like a central nervous system. They have nerves and neurons, 381 00:25:55,920 --> 00:25:58,600 Speaker 1: but they aren't really they don't have a brain, so 382 00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:01,520 Speaker 1: to speak. But worms do, at least some species of 383 00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:05,160 Speaker 1: worms do have an actual brain, like an earthworm does. 384 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:09,359 Speaker 1: It's just very very small, very shimple. So that said, 385 00:26:09,480 --> 00:26:13,200 Speaker 1: I don't really think of their lives as being empty, 386 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:15,639 Speaker 1: just in like I don't when I think about a 387 00:26:15,720 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: tree or a flower, I don't really think of like, 388 00:26:18,160 --> 00:26:21,280 Speaker 1: oh man, that tree leads such an empty life because 389 00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:24,719 Speaker 1: it can't think. Um, because the tree it's still this 390 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:28,720 Speaker 1: really cool complex organism, and just because it doesn't really 391 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:31,879 Speaker 1: have a mind, I don't, you know, I don't. I 392 00:26:31,920 --> 00:26:34,639 Speaker 1: don't pity it exactly because it just doesn't know what 393 00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:37,600 Speaker 1: it's missing. It's it's just living its tree life, not 394 00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:41,640 Speaker 1: really having any thoughts, which actually doesn't sound so bad 395 00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:44,600 Speaker 1: when you think about it, you know, just being a tree, 396 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:51,720 Speaker 1: being a worm, no thoughts, empty, empty mind, clear head um. 397 00:26:51,880 --> 00:26:54,919 Speaker 1: I mean, like, because there are other animals too, like um, 398 00:26:55,040 --> 00:26:58,840 Speaker 1: seeing enemies, jellyfish, a lot of these like interesting marine 399 00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:02,720 Speaker 1: animals that look like plants but they are actually animals, 400 00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:06,160 Speaker 1: like like coral and sea sponges. Is like, they really 401 00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,879 Speaker 1: don't have much going on in terms of a central 402 00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:12,720 Speaker 1: nervous system. They they have nerves. They have a nervous system, 403 00:27:12,760 --> 00:27:17,240 Speaker 1: but it's not there's not really necessarily centralized brain to 404 00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:21,400 Speaker 1: speak of, And so I would say that they are 405 00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:25,200 Speaker 1: probably they share more in terms of their internal experience 406 00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:30,600 Speaker 1: with like, you know, a plant than they do with 407 00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:34,200 Speaker 1: a with an animal with a more complex brain. I don't, 408 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:38,159 Speaker 1: I just don't. It's hard for me to imagine a 409 00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:44,800 Speaker 1: jellyfish or a c an enemy or worm really experiences 410 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,880 Speaker 1: life that much. But you know, again, I don't think 411 00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:50,760 Speaker 1: because they don't necessarily experience much at all, they don't 412 00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:53,920 Speaker 1: really know what they're missing. Uh, So I don't find 413 00:27:53,960 --> 00:27:56,640 Speaker 1: it that I don't find it that scary. I think 414 00:27:56,680 --> 00:28:01,600 Speaker 1: it's like, you know, a flower doesn't really maybe experience 415 00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:05,680 Speaker 1: that much, but you know, it's it's still it's still beautiful, 416 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:09,080 Speaker 1: and uh doesn't necessarily know what it's missing, you know, 417 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:14,240 Speaker 1: unless there's some kind of like hive mind of flowers 418 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:18,920 Speaker 1: and or worms that have a collective consciousness and they 419 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:23,200 Speaker 1: all rise up to form a giant worm slash flower 420 00:28:23,280 --> 00:28:27,960 Speaker 1: beasts that consumes the planet, which I think is unlikely, 421 00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:35,200 Speaker 1: but hey never say never. So um, speaking of small brains, 422 00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:38,440 Speaker 1: I think my brain is has died. I think that 423 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:42,640 Speaker 1: is all I can do today. But thank you guys 424 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:46,080 Speaker 1: so much for sending in your questions. If you guys 425 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:50,160 Speaker 1: liked this one, I might do more listener questions episodes, 426 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:54,600 Speaker 1: hopefully with a few more of my neurons functioning to 427 00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:57,479 Speaker 1: rub together to give you good answers in the future. 428 00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:00,000 Speaker 1: But yeah, this was really fun. Thank you so much 429 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:04,480 Speaker 1: for sending in your questions. If you want to send 430 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:07,120 Speaker 1: me some questions, either for me to answer in an 431 00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,760 Speaker 1: episode or just like you know, send your response on 432 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:13,640 Speaker 1: Twitter or an email. You can find me at Katie 433 00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:15,960 Speaker 1: Golden k A T I E G O L D 434 00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:20,640 Speaker 1: I N on Twitter. Um. There's also at Creature feet 435 00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:24,080 Speaker 1: Pod on Twitter. That's f E A T not et 436 00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:27,959 Speaker 1: that is something very different. I'm also on Creature Feature 437 00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:33,320 Speaker 1: Pod on Instagram, and you can also if you prefer 438 00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:36,640 Speaker 1: the old the old email, you can send me an email. 439 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:41,800 Speaker 1: My address is Creature Feature Pod at gmail dot com, 440 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:44,960 Speaker 1: or just send pictures of your pets. I love that too. 441 00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:48,000 Speaker 1: I hope you guys are all doing well. I know, 442 00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:51,120 Speaker 1: I mean, I feel like everyone in the world has 443 00:29:51,160 --> 00:29:53,840 Speaker 1: been through the ringer of this past week, but especially 444 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:56,560 Speaker 1: in the U S. So hope you're all doing well 445 00:29:56,560 --> 00:30:01,240 Speaker 1: and hopefully getting some better sleep now. Uh so, yeah, 446 00:30:01,240 --> 00:30:05,440 Speaker 1: thank you so much, and um next week I will 447 00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:09,120 Speaker 1: have a normal, normal length episode. I'm pretty sure my 448 00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:12,560 Speaker 1: brain is gonna work. Good bye then, so looking forward 449 00:30:12,560 --> 00:30:16,640 Speaker 1: to that. Uh. Creature features a production of I Heart Radio. 450 00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:19,640 Speaker 1: For more podcasts like the one you just heard, is 451 00:30:19,760 --> 00:30:22,280 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app Apple Podcasts or Hey, where 452 00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:24,800 Speaker 1: have you listen to your favorite shows? Thanks to the 453 00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:28,960 Speaker 1: Space Classics for their super awesome song Exo Lumina and 454 00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:30,920 Speaker 1: I will see you next Wednesday.