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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Welcome to

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Speaker 1: part two of Our Year and Unearthed from the year.

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Speaker 1: In this episode, we've got art and music and edibles

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Speaker 1: and potables, and some exhumations and some repatriations. And as

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Speaker 1: we typically do, we have a collection of fines that

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Speaker 1: don't really relate to each other. But I found them

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Speaker 1: all to be interesting, and I have grouped them together

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Speaker 1: as pot pourri, and that is where we will start.

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Speaker 1: So this fall, Jesse Sir Philippe at Skylar Mansion State

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Speaker 1: Historic Site in New York, published as Odious and Immoral

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Speaker 1: a Thing Alexander Hamilton's Hidden History as an Enslaver. So

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Speaker 1: as is clear by that title, this paper up ends

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Speaker 1: the popular idea that Hamilton's was at heart and abolitionist,

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Speaker 1: or at the very least he did not personally enslave anyone.

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Speaker 1: Before this point, it was generally agreed that Hamilton's had

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Speaker 1: acted as a middleman arranging transactions for other enslavers, but

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Speaker 1: most of the time he was also characterized as participating

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Speaker 1: in this only with extreme reluctance. Sir Philippi conducted her

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Speaker 1: research through primary source materials, including Hamilton's cash book, where

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Speaker 1: she found individual line items that included income from an

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Speaker 1: enslaved person being hired out to somebody else, as well

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Speaker 1: as the cash value of servants tabulated after Hamilton's death. So,

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Speaker 1: particularly in the North, the term servants was often used

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Speaker 1: to describe enslaved people, so if you're just doing sort

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Speaker 1: of a straight reading of old documents, it's not always

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Speaker 1: clear when the word servant means a free servant or

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Speaker 1: an enslaved person. How However, free servants would not have

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Speaker 1: been included in a property list with a cash value

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Speaker 1: as they were in this case. Sir Philippe's full paper

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Speaker 1: is available online and it is well worth a read.

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Speaker 1: Here is just a brief tidbit quote. A thorough study

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Speaker 1: of the depths of Hamilton's involvement in the institution of

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Speaker 1: slavery has yet to be done through a close examination

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Speaker 1: of Alexander Hamilton's cash books, various letters to and from

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Speaker 1: Hamilton's letters to Elizabeth Skyler, Hamilton's from her father Philip Schuyler,

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Speaker 1: and other related primary accounts. When those sources are fully

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Speaker 1: considered a rarely acknowledged truth becomes inescapably apparent. Not only

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Speaker 1: did Alexander Hamilton's enslave people, but his involvement in the

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Speaker 1: institution of slavery was essential to his identity, both personally

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Speaker 1: and professionally. The denial and obscuration of these facts in

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Speaker 1: nearly every major biography written about him over the past

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Speaker 1: two centuries has erased the people he enslaved from history.

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Speaker 1: It has also created and perpetuated a false and incomplete

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Speaker 1: picture of Hamilton's as a man and founding father. Once again,

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Speaker 1: the title of that paper is as odious and immoral

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Speaker 1: a thing Alexander Hamilton's hidden history as an enslavor. Moving on,

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Speaker 1: this next find was unearthed in September, but it did

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Speaker 1: not hit my radar until October. Cruise at the historic

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Speaker 1: Detroit Hotel in St. Petersburg, Florida found a forgotten elevator,

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Speaker 1: still totally intact except for the cables, along with an

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Speaker 1: abandoned stairwell, a fireplace, and the hotel's original switchboard. This

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Speaker 1: elevator was a particularly serendipitous find because the work that

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Speaker 1: was being done when it was unearthed was to turn

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Speaker 1: the space into a steampunk themed brew pub and pizzeria.

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Speaker 1: So an old cave elevator complete with cranks and gears

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Speaker 1: and whatnot. Just it's right into that theme perfection. The

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Speaker 1: Detroit Hotel was St. Petersburg's first hotel and when it

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Speaker 1: was built, it had forty rooms. That means its capacity

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Speaker 1: was more than the entire population of the town at

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Speaker 1: the time. In other news, according to research published in

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Speaker 1: the journal Scientific Reports, the Maya city of Takal had

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Speaker 1: a large scale water filtration system that used some of

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Speaker 1: the same materials that are part of water filtration systems today.

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Speaker 1: So the two thousand year old filtration system that was

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Speaker 1: built at the Coriantal reservoir, and it used course sand,

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Speaker 1: crystalline courts, and zeolite which were brought into the area

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Speaker 1: from nearly twenty miles away. And at this point this

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Speaker 1: is the oldest known zeolite water purification system in the world.

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Speaker 1: Since the city was built on top of porous limestone,

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Speaker 1: access to a reservoir was critical to its survival. This

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Speaker 1: combination of minerals in the filtrations system would have removed

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Speaker 1: heavy metals, microbes, and nitrogen rich compounds. Next up, archaeologists

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Speaker 1: working at Stoke Mandeville ahead of the High Speed Transportation

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Speaker 1: Project HS two have found what they believed to be

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Speaker 1: witch marks at the Church of St. Mary there. The

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Speaker 1: first structure at the church was built in ten seventy

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Speaker 1: and then additions were made to it over the next

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Speaker 1: few hundred years. The fines that have been described as

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Speaker 1: witch marks feature drilled holes that are surrounded with radiating lines,

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Speaker 1: and so the idea with these kinds of marks was

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Speaker 1: that witches or malevolent spirits would get trapped in these lines.

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Speaker 1: Although the same design could have been used as a sundial,

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Speaker 1: the places where these were found to make that unlikely.

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Speaker 1: They were not in any right spot or at the

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Speaker 1: right angle for the sun to hit them in any way,

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Speaker 1: but it is possible that they started out as sundials

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Speaker 1: but were then repurposed as part of the building later on.

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Speaker 1: Next up, archaeologists with the project at Colonial Williamsburg have

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Speaker 1: finished the first phase of their work at the Nassau

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Speaker 1: Street location of Williamsburg's first Baptist church. Enslaved In Free

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Speaker 1: Black People first formed this congregation all the way back

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Speaker 1: in seventeen seventy six. Was one of the first black

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Speaker 1: churches in the country. They started out meeting at a

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Speaker 1: brush arbor and then in a carriage house before the

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Speaker 1: church building itself was first dedicated in eighteen fifty six.

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Speaker 1: Then the building was expanded over the years, including an

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Speaker 1: addition in eighteen ninety three and an annex in nineteen

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Speaker 1: fifty three. The eighteen addition had been home to the

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Speaker 1: church's altar and its pulpit, and then the church moved

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Speaker 1: into a totally different building in nineteen fifty six. In

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Speaker 1: addition to foundations and bricks, the team also found thousands

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Speaker 1: of artifacts that are now being analyzed, along with evidence

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Speaker 1: of two graves. The second phase of excavation work is

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Speaker 1: expected to resume in January and we'll go on for

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Speaker 1: about eighteen months. An organization called the First Baptist Church

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Speaker 1: Nassau Street Descendants formed during this work, and its members

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Speaker 1: include people who worshiped at this historic church or whose

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Speaker 1: parents or grandparents or other ancestors did so. In addition

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Speaker 1: to analyzing its fines from phase one, the archaeological team

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Speaker 1: is also working with the church and this organization on

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Speaker 1: how to plan out the second phase, basically finding out

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Speaker 1: what are your goals also from this work, and how

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Speaker 1: should we approach it from here. This isn't the only

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Speaker 1: work going on in Williamsburg. A multi year project at

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Speaker 1: property belonging to John Custis, the fourth father in law

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Speaker 1: of Martha Washington, is ongoing and has recently unearthed architectural

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Speaker 1: features and boundary ditches and other news. Rana Alone of

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Speaker 1: the Third, who died in nineteen seventeen, was the last

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Speaker 1: sovereign of Madagascar. France annex Madagascar in and exiled the

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Speaker 1: royal families two years later. One of the employees of

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Speaker 1: the royal family was Clara Herbert, and one of her

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Speaker 1: descendants inherited this box of things like postcards, photographs, receipts

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Speaker 1: and souvenirs, as well as a pink, satin and burgundy

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Speaker 1: cotton velvet gown that belonged to the Queen's aunt. On

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Speaker 1: December eighth, Madagascar's government purchased the items at auction for

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Speaker 1: forty three thousand pounds British. The government plans to install

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Speaker 1: them in the Queen's palace for public display. There are

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Speaker 1: some articles online that kind of walk through all the

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Speaker 1: dif front postcards sort of how they pieced together. The

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Speaker 1: last year's of the of the monarch's life and our

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Speaker 1: last kind of random random inclusion in this potpourri Archaeologists

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Speaker 1: in the Netherlands have discovered an enormous mass grave from

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Speaker 1: the late Middle Ages, and this grave contained the bones

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Speaker 1: of at least twenty people who appear to have been

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Speaker 1: young men between the ages of fifteen and thirty. And

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Speaker 1: they also found a whole lot of nails, suggesting that

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Speaker 1: these people were originally buried in wooden boxes or coffins

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Speaker 1: that had since disintegrated. It's totally unclear at this point

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Speaker 1: how these bodies came to be there or what happened

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Speaker 1: to them, in part because they haven't been conclusively dated yet.

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Speaker 1: But this area used to be the moat of Bodisteine Castle,

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Speaker 1: which was built in the fourteenth century and was largely

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Speaker 1: destroyed by fire at the end of the seventeenth century.

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Speaker 1: And the most logical conclusion would probably be that it

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Speaker 1: was an army of some kind, but I don't really

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Speaker 1: know yet. Uh. And now we're gonna take a quick

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Speaker 1: break if we move on to some of the things.

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Speaker 1: Our next few unearth things are about art and architecture,

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Speaker 1: and the first one archaeologists have found tens of thousands

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Speaker 1: of rock paintings on cliff faces in Columbia, South America,

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Speaker 1: and a find that people have dubbed the Sistine Chapel

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Speaker 1: of the Ancients. These paintings are about twelve thousand, five

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Speaker 1: hundred years old, and their subjects include numerous now extinct animals,

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Speaker 1: including masodons and giants lots. There are also handprints, geometric shapes, fish, birds, lizards, turtles,

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Speaker 1: and human figures, some of those so high up that

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Speaker 1: researchers could only get a look at them by using drones.

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Speaker 1: They also found pieces of ochre that may have been

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Speaker 1: used to produce the artwork. Next up, we had a

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Speaker 1: little historical context setting before we talk about the actual find.

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Speaker 1: In ten eighties six, Danish king Commute the fourth and

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Speaker 1: his brother Benedict were both murdered in Odenza, Denmark. At

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Speaker 1: the time, the monarchy and the church were extremely closely connected,

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Speaker 1: and the king had tried to institute Amanda Tory ties.

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Speaker 1: Many of the nobility really opposed this plan and they

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Speaker 1: rose up against him, so he and his whole retinue

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Speaker 1: were murdered in St. Alban's church, and then a few

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Speaker 1: years later Canute was sanctified and the church was rededicated

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Speaker 1: as St. Canute's Cathedral, and Canute and his brother were

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Speaker 1: both enshrined in the cathedral, with silk and linen textiles

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Speaker 1: lining both of their shrines, and in the sixteenth century,

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Speaker 1: in the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the shrines were

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Speaker 1: walled up within the church to hide them, but later

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Speaker 1: on it was discovered that the king's textiles were missing.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy four, both shrines were examined in preparation

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Speaker 1: for putting them on display, and Benedict's shrine contained far

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Speaker 1: more valuable textiles. People were like, why were the most

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Speaker 1: beautiful and expensive textiles in the brothers too, So as

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Speaker 1: people were preparing these shrines for display, they decided to

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Speaker 1: move the best textiles from Benedict's shrine into canutes shrine

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Speaker 1: so that the king's shrine would look more properly adorned.

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Speaker 1: But that left a lot of really answered questions about

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Speaker 1: what had happened to the king's textiles in the first place,

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Speaker 1: presumably at some point they were just stolen, and also

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Speaker 1: whether his brother's textiles dated back to when they were

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Speaker 1: originally enshrined or whether they were replacements. There's just a

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Speaker 1: lot of stuff that people didn't really know about this

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Speaker 1: these textiles. At this point, chemical analysis of the remaining

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Speaker 1: textiles has confirmed that they are all the same age,

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Speaker 1: and that their age suggests that they really are the

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Speaker 1: original textiles. It is likely that they were imported from

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Speaker 1: southern Italy. Next, we have a thing that like I

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Speaker 1: just inexplicably love, and that's that an interdisciplinary team of

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Speaker 1: researchers has been studying the micro biomes of seven drawings

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Speaker 1: by Leonardo da Vinci. When they did this, they expected

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Speaker 1: to find a lot of fun guy because it's generally

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Speaker 1: believed eve that fungi are the dominant microorganism when it

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Speaker 1: comes to art on paper, and since fungus can be

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Speaker 1: really destructive to works of art, there has been a

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Speaker 1: lot of research into these particular organisms. But the researchers

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Speaker 1: were surprised that instead they found a whole lot more bacteria,

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Speaker 1: with many of the species of bacteria typical for being

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Speaker 1: part of the human microbiome. So their conclusion is that

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Speaker 1: these bacteria were transferred to the drawings during handling and restoration,

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Speaker 1: and they also identified other bacteria that are more commonly

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Speaker 1: found in the microbiomes of insects. So these may have

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Speaker 1: come from flies and other insects crawling around on or

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Speaker 1: maybe defecating on the artworks. Disrespectful insects. There was also

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Speaker 1: a lot of human DNA. Whether any of it belongs

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Speaker 1: to Leonardo da Vinci is not known, but much of it,

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Speaker 1: again most likely came from all those years of hand laying.

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Speaker 1: All of this work was completed using a sequencing technology

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Speaker 1: known as nanopore. Last time we did a an unearthed episode,

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Speaker 1: we talked about a mosaic. We have a different mosaic

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Speaker 1: to talk about this time. Archaeologists at Chedworth, Roman Villa

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Speaker 1: and Gloucestershire, England, have found the first ever mosaic there

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Speaker 1: that can be dated all the way back to the

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Speaker 1: fifth century. Because mosaic tiles often aren't made from organic

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Speaker 1: material that can be used for carbon fourteen dating, they

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Speaker 1: can be kind of hard to conclusively date unless there's

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Speaker 1: other stuff in the area to reference. In this case,

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Speaker 1: they used pieces of charcoal and bone in one of

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Speaker 1: the building's foundation trenches to make that determination. The mosaic

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Speaker 1: dates two decades after Britain ceased to be part of

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Speaker 1: the Roman Empire, and it up ends some commonly held

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Speaker 1: beliefs about what happened in Britain at that point. It

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Speaker 1: has long been assumed that it and faced an enormous

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Speaker 1: economic collapse, and that most of the villas and towns

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Speaker 1: that had been associated with the empire were immediately abandoned

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Speaker 1: and fell into disrepair. While the mosaic itself is of

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Speaker 1: somewhat poorer quality than ones created during the Roman era,

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Speaker 1: but its existence also suggests that works like this we're

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Speaker 1: still being created, so that economic shift was less immediate

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Speaker 1: and less linear. And the words of Martin Papworth, the

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Speaker 1: National Trust archaeologist, quote it has generally been believed that

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Speaker 1: most of the population turned to subsistence farming to sustain themselves,

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Speaker 1: and after the break with Rome, Britannia's administrative system broke

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Speaker 1: down into a series of local fifedoms. What is so

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Speaker 1: exciting about the dating of this mosaic at Chedworth as

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Speaker 1: that it is evidence for a more gradual decline. The

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Speaker 1: creation of a new room and the laying of a

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Speaker 1: new floor suggests wealth and a mosaic industry continuing fifty

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Speaker 1: years later than had been expected. Okay, this next one

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Speaker 1: is not about art or architecture, but it is connected

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Speaker 1: to the same period that we just discussed in two

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Speaker 1: metal detectorists, Sue and Mick Washington, found a pair of

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Speaker 1: bronze bowls in Buckinghamshire, England, and alerted the Portable Antiquity Scheme,

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Speaker 1: which is a project that records archaeological finds made by

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Speaker 1: members of the public. An excavation followed that unearthed a

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Speaker 1: bronze vessel, iron spearheads and a grave. So this grave

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Speaker 1: was excavated in August and the findings were announced in October.

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Speaker 1: The person buried there was very tall for the time

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Speaker 1: and the items buried with him included a sword, a

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Speaker 1: very well preserved scabbard, spears, bronze and glass vessels and fittings,

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Speaker 1: and decorative elements. This person has been nicknamed the Marlowe

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Speaker 1: Warlord and the remains date back to the sixth century.

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Speaker 1: Like the mosaic that we just talked about, this burial

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Speaker 1: site has offered up some new information about the agent

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Speaker 1: after the Roman Era. In the words of Dr Gibor

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Speaker 1: Thomas quote, what we found exceeded all our expectations and

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Speaker 1: provides new insights into this stretch of the Thames in

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Speaker 1: the decades after the collapse of the Roman administration. In Britain,

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Speaker 1: so the nature of the burial suggests that it was

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Speaker 1: someone of importance, the first such burial to be found

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Speaker 1: in the Mid Thames basin rather than the Upper Thames

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Speaker 1: or London. The Mid Thames was believed to be a

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Speaker 1: border area resting in between powerful tribal groups, but this

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Speaker 1: suggests that it had powerful residents of its own. Now

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Speaker 1: we are going to move on to the edibles and

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Speaker 1: the potables, and sadly to me, we don't have many

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Speaker 1: actual edibles and potables this time around, as in things

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Speaker 1: that you could physically eat or drink should you choose

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Speaker 1: to which we definitely do not advise doing. There's no

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Speaker 1: bog butter. Don't eat the bog letter. We only have

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Speaker 1: one thing that you could put in your mouth, which

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Speaker 1: again do not These are some one hundred twenty year

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Speaker 1: old chocolates that belonged to Australian poet and war correspondent

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Speaker 1: Banjo Patterson, which had been commissioned by Queen Victoria to

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Speaker 1: provide a morale boost to soldiers during the Boer War.

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Speaker 1: The chocolates were in a souvenir tin, packed in straw

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Speaker 1: and wrapped in silver foil, and they turned up by

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Speaker 1: surprise in a collection of Patterson's newspaper clippings and personal papers.

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Speaker 1: It was like, there's there's chocolates in here, here's the

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Speaker 1: records and a snack. I thought this was all pictures

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Speaker 1: and papers and stuff. So although that was our only

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Speaker 1: theoretically actual edible object, we do have some research into

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Speaker 1: what various people in the past eight or where they ate.

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Speaker 1: A thermopolium or a hot food kiosk has been unearthed

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Speaker 1: in Pompey. Work around this kiosk started a couple of

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Speaker 1: years ago, but as of December of it has now

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Speaker 1: been completely unearthed. Oh boy, has this been a hot

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Speaker 1: subject at our house? Yeah? I really think this replaced

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Speaker 1: the monolith in terms of the things people. This one

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Speaker 1: has been so popular, Like periodically, I'll be during the

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Speaker 1: holiday break. I would be like in my sewing room

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Speaker 1: or something, just puttering around, and all of a sudden,

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Speaker 1: my husband would zoom into the room and tell me

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Speaker 1: the latest thing he had read. He's very worried about

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Speaker 1: the dogs um. The thermopolium was basically a fast food

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Speaker 1: eatery selling hot foods from vessels that rested in holes

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Speaker 1: in the top of the counter. It's also decorated, including

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Speaker 1: pictures of mallards and a rooster, which may have advertised

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Speaker 1: the kind of food served there. In addition to just

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Speaker 1: being very pretty, there is also a nim frieding a

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Speaker 1: sea horse, which is probably not meant to be a

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Speaker 1: menu item, and like many other parts of POMPEII, it

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Speaker 1: had been scrawled with graffiti. Holly also just referenced there

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Speaker 1: were dog bones. Well, there's a picture of a dog

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Speaker 1: there a picture of a dog on a leash. I

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Speaker 1: thought there was. Oh, I think there's a there was

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Speaker 1: a set there were some sets of remains in the area,

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Speaker 1: and it was one of those things like we don't

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Speaker 1: actually was the proprietor was it a customer? Was it

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Speaker 1: a random passer by? Yeah, there is a picture of

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Speaker 1: a dog on a leash. I forgot about that part. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and uh, we were discussing, and many people online have

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Speaker 1: been discussing. Does that mean that they served dog is

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Speaker 1: one of their things? Well, they also have this mermaid situation.

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Speaker 1: I think there was I'm completely talking off the top

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Speaker 1: of my head at this point, but I think there

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Speaker 1: was a similar image of a dog on a leash

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Speaker 1: found somewhere else that suggested more that they were um

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Speaker 1: like pets than than something that would be on the menu.

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Speaker 1: I don't know if that's just modern humans trying to

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Speaker 1: negotiate with the past in a way that makes it palatable, yeah,

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Speaker 1: or maybe maybe maybe they have treats for your dog.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it's hot food for you and it's scruffy. Yeah uh. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: other finds that were in this area included a ladle

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Speaker 1: and amphora and an oil container and some flasks, lots

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Speaker 1: of things that you might expect to find at an

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Speaker 1: eatery of some sort. Archaeologists have used the residues in

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Speaker 1: dental tartar to study what people in the Lavant were

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Speaker 1: eating years ago, and they found evidence that at least

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Speaker 1: some people's diets included turmeric, bananas, and soy, suggesting that

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Speaker 1: these foods were being treated from South and East Asia

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Speaker 1: much earlier than people previously thought. Yeah. Like, the fact

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Speaker 1: that people had these residues in their teeth does suggest

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Speaker 1: that maybe this trade was already well established. But they

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Speaker 1: did also only find evidence of these specific foods and

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Speaker 1: some of the remains they studied into all of them,

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Speaker 1: so it's possible there were class distinctions evolved very different

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Speaker 1: dietary tastes. Also, another possible explanation is that these particular

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Speaker 1: people were travelers from Asia who had traveled into the

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Speaker 1: area carrying the evidence of what they used to eat

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Speaker 1: from their earlier life with them. So that's a little interesting,

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Speaker 1: but not totally clear yet. Next up, research published in

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Speaker 1: the Journal of Archaeological Science has examined the diets of

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Speaker 1: people in the Indus Valley civilization through lipid residues on pottery,

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Speaker 1: and some of these findings were surprising. They found a

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Speaker 1: lot of residues from non ruminant animals like pigs, far

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Speaker 1: more than would be suggested by the volume of pig

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Speaker 1: remains at Indus Valley settlements. There's also evidence of a

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Speaker 1: lot of dairy animals at these sites, but not as

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Speaker 1: much evidence of the use of dairy in the lipid residues.

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Speaker 1: The reasons for these disparities completely unclear at this time.

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Speaker 1: We're still figuring it out. Yeah uh, to move on.

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Speaker 1: The paper The Prehistoric Roots of Chinese Cuisines Mapping Staple

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Speaker 1: Food Systems of China six thousand BC to which was

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Speaker 1: published in November, studied two thousand, four hundred forty eight

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Speaker 1: human skeletal samples from a hundred and twenty eight different

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Speaker 1: archaeological sites across China. They used isotopic indicators to figure

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Speaker 1: out what these people had eaten. The remains covered a

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Speaker 1: span of six thousand years, and the team found that

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Speaker 1: prior to two thousand BC, food staples in China were

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Speaker 1: differentiated between people in the north and the south, generally speaking,

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Speaker 1: but then after that point the differences were more between

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Speaker 1: the east and the west. In the words of their

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Speaker 1: press release quote, they argue that the early North South

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Speaker 1: divide was driven by environmental differences that favored different plant

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Speaker 1: resources in wetland versus arid regions, while the later East

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Speaker 1: West division was driven by differences in cultural practice, with

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Speaker 1: eastern cookie habits of boiling and steaming less suited to

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Speaker 1: adopting new cereals like wheat and barley. So, according to

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Speaker 1: this research, about eight thousand years ago, people in northern

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Speaker 1: China ate millet, but people in southern China were more

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Speaker 1: likely to eat nuts, tubers, fruits, and rice. That was

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Speaker 1: just the sorts of things that grew best there, But

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Speaker 1: later on, as other grains were introduced in China, preferences

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Speaker 1: started shifting along this more of an East West pattern

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Speaker 1: related to how people prepared the food, since the which

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Speaker 1: foods grew best was not as much of an issue anymore.

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Speaker 1: In Eastern Asia, it became more common to boil and

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Speaker 1: steam grains, while in West Asia it was more common

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Speaker 1: to grind those greens into flour. So when wheat and

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Speaker 1: barley were introduced, they were more readily adapted in places

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Speaker 1: where people were already used to grinding greens into flour.

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Speaker 1: And our last food find before we take a break,

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Speaker 1: Archaeologists in Laden, Netherlands have unearthed the ruins of a

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Speaker 1: fort that was used during the Eighty Years War, and

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Speaker 1: this fort has a connection to local food lore. As

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Speaker 1: the story goes, during the Siege of Leyden in fifty four,

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Speaker 1: Spanish troops fled the fort and they left behind a

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Speaker 1: pot of simmering stew cornelis Yappin Zoonne found this stew,

395
00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:17,000
Speaker 1: which had been made from parsnips and carrots, and then

396
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:19,600
Speaker 1: carried it out to the beggars who had been helping

397
00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:23,440
Speaker 1: in the defense against the Spanish. Today, the Dutch stew

398
00:25:23,480 --> 00:25:26,159
Speaker 1: called hut spot, which is made from carrots, onions, and

399
00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:29,840
Speaker 1: potatoes which are boiled and mashed, is traditionally served on

400
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Speaker 1: October three. In reference to all of this, some of

401
00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:35,760
Speaker 1: the fines at the fort include part of a moat,

402
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:41,000
Speaker 1: as well as pewter utensils, drinking vessels, pottery, and fishing line.

403
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Speaker 1: Now we will take one more quick ad break and

404
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Speaker 1: before we move on to some musical fines. We have

405
00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:58,959
Speaker 1: a couple of fines related to music, and the first

406
00:25:59,280 --> 00:26:03,800
Speaker 1: is a hair of wax cylinders. Suggests that the music

407
00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:08,440
Speaker 1: industry in Los Angeles got its start earlier than previously believed.

408
00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:13,240
Speaker 1: Music collector John Levin bought these cylinders, which were part

409
00:26:13,280 --> 00:26:16,080
Speaker 1: of a box of other assorted items. One of the

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00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:19,960
Speaker 1: cylinders contains the recording of the song Yankee Doodle, which

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Speaker 1: is quote played by Mr Fred Kimball for the Los

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00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:28,960
Speaker 1: Angeles Phonograph Company of Los Angeles, California, that part of

413
00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:32,520
Speaker 1: the recording. Before this point, the first recording label in

414
00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:35,560
Speaker 1: the area was believed to be Nords Gog Records, established

415
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:40,639
Speaker 1: in Santa Monica, but written references to a Los Angeles

416
00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:45,800
Speaker 1: phonograph Parlors goes back. It was already known that they

417
00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:48,880
Speaker 1: sold and promoted phonographs, but this is the first evidence

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Speaker 1: that they may have also made and distributed recordings. This

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00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:56,360
Speaker 1: is all still a little tenuous though. Wax cylinders are

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Speaker 1: easy to fake and these were unmarked. Yahly not accusing

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00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:05,320
Speaker 1: this collector of faking anything. That really can be very

422
00:27:05,320 --> 00:27:10,120
Speaker 1: difficult to conclusively determine when and where they came from.

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00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:14,040
Speaker 1: Our other musical fine is a missing song kind of

424
00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:17,400
Speaker 1: from The Muppet Christmas Carol, which has now been rediscovered

425
00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:21,760
Speaker 1: again kind of. This song was called when Love Is Gone,

426
00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:24,760
Speaker 1: and it was cut from the film's cinematic release out

427
00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:28,399
Speaker 1: of concerns that it wouldn't appeal to young viewers. It

428
00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:31,800
Speaker 1: was something that director Brian Henson agreed to only if

429
00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:35,800
Speaker 1: the song would be included for television, broadcast and home

430
00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:39,560
Speaker 1: theater release, So when The Muppet Christmas Carol came out

431
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:43,359
Speaker 1: on VHS, the song was still in there. But years later,

432
00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:45,880
Speaker 1: when the DVD release of the movie was being prepared,

433
00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:49,520
Speaker 1: the original master that included when Love Is Gone was missing,

434
00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:52,439
Speaker 1: so the DVD version had to go out without the

435
00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:55,240
Speaker 1: song as part of the film itself. But in more

436
00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:58,280
Speaker 1: recent months, when the film was being remastered for four K,

437
00:27:58,960 --> 00:28:03,040
Speaker 1: they found an all copy, so it is back. I

438
00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:06,760
Speaker 1: was intending over the break to get my DVD copy

439
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:09,480
Speaker 1: of the Muppet Christmas Carol, and because I think it's

440
00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:11,520
Speaker 1: like one of the extras to the audio of the song.

441
00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:16,879
Speaker 1: I did not confirm that stuff that I meant to

442
00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:20,800
Speaker 1: do overbreak and did not do. Now we will move

443
00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:24,160
Speaker 1: on to some exhumations, some of which are also updates.

444
00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:28,119
Speaker 1: Last time on Unearthed, we talked about an effort to

445
00:28:28,240 --> 00:28:31,640
Speaker 1: exhume the body of President Warren G. Harding to confirm

446
00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:36,399
Speaker 1: the ancestry of his grandson James Blessing, something that no

447
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:40,920
Speaker 1: one was really questioning at this point. In December, a

448
00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:45,320
Speaker 1: Marion County Family Court judge in Ohio denied this request

449
00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:49,640
Speaker 1: for exhamation, deciding earlier letters as evidence that the Harding

450
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:54,680
Speaker 1: family has already accepted Blessing as their relatives, so not

451
00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:59,760
Speaker 1: needed in another exhamation. A massive exhimation project is underweight

452
00:28:59,840 --> 00:29:03,520
Speaker 1: in England in that old Gem ahead of highway work.

453
00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:07,680
Speaker 1: Remains of an estimated nineteen thousand people need to be

454
00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:11,680
Speaker 1: relocated in Trinity Burial Ground. In whole they would be

455
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:14,320
Speaker 1: moved to a different part of the same burial ground,

456
00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:16,760
Speaker 1: just out of the way of the construction. So a

457
00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:19,480
Speaker 1: huge tent has been erected over the site for this work.

458
00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:22,840
Speaker 1: And then because of the pandemic, archaeologists who are working

459
00:29:22,880 --> 00:29:25,520
Speaker 1: on the project are observing social distancing while they do

460
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:29,520
Speaker 1: all this whole thing. At least eighty five different archaeologists

461
00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:31,440
Speaker 1: are expected to be part of this work. It is

462
00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:35,600
Speaker 1: a massive exhumation and reburial project. Next we're talking about

463
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:38,760
Speaker 1: an exhumation that is not new. But the details on

464
00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:42,880
Speaker 1: Roger Casements exhimation in nineteen sixty five have been released

465
00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:46,280
Speaker 1: as part of an ongoing project to release official documents

466
00:29:46,320 --> 00:29:50,360
Speaker 1: related to Irish foreign policy. This project is a joint

467
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:53,360
Speaker 1: effort of the Royal Irish Academy, the Department of Foreign

468
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,200
Speaker 1: Affairs and Trade, and the National Archives of Ireland. It's

469
00:29:57,280 --> 00:30:00,640
Speaker 1: twelfth volume of documents covers the year's nineteen sixty one

470
00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:06,120
Speaker 1: to and that was released in November of Diplomat Paul

471
00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:09,920
Speaker 1: Keating observed the exhumation and wrote a memo about it,

472
00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:13,800
Speaker 1: which is in this collection. His account begins quote, two

473
00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:17,640
Speaker 1: teams of prison officials, dug steadily and an at about

474
00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:20,760
Speaker 1: seven thirty, were surprised to come across a layer of lime.

475
00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:24,080
Speaker 1: Immediately below it was a very thick mud and water

476
00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:28,280
Speaker 1: floating on top of it. There appeared two small black objects, which,

477
00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:31,120
Speaker 1: on examination by a doctor, turned out to be two

478
00:30:31,120 --> 00:30:35,040
Speaker 1: bones of the thumb. From there, he describes the site

479
00:30:35,040 --> 00:30:37,840
Speaker 1: being so water logged they had to send for a pump,

480
00:30:38,280 --> 00:30:41,200
Speaker 1: but he also expresses some confidence that they were able

481
00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:44,120
Speaker 1: to retrieve all of the bones that could have survived

482
00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:46,600
Speaker 1: both the lime and the decades of being in this

483
00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:51,600
Speaker 1: water logged grave. After this exhumation, Casement's remains were returned

484
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:55,240
Speaker 1: to Ireland and reburied. Prior hosts of the show did

485
00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:58,760
Speaker 1: an episode on Casement in We also have a few

486
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:02,520
Speaker 1: repatriations and turns to talk about this time. In two

487
00:31:02,560 --> 00:31:06,880
Speaker 1: thousand two, pat Patterson bought a Korean painting at an

488
00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:10,400
Speaker 1: estate sale. The workers who were arranging the sale had

489
00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:14,160
Speaker 1: found the painting behind a dresser between pieces of cardboard,

490
00:31:14,520 --> 00:31:17,000
Speaker 1: and it was accompanied by a letter saying it had

491
00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:21,000
Speaker 1: been painted by Kim Hong Do with calligraphy done by

492
00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:24,520
Speaker 1: Cong s Huang. Patterson did years of work to figure

493
00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:27,320
Speaker 1: out where the painting had come from, eventually tracing it

494
00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:30,120
Speaker 1: to Eugene Coon, who had bought it in nineteen fifty

495
00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:33,520
Speaker 1: three while he was serving in the Korean War. In November,

496
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:36,160
Speaker 1: Patterson returned it to the Don Juan Art Museum in

497
00:31:36,160 --> 00:31:40,160
Speaker 1: South Korea, which is in Kang Huang's hometown. Next up,

498
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:44,520
Speaker 1: in October, the Dutch Council for Culture announced a recommendation

499
00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:48,560
Speaker 1: that Dutch museums return any items that were taken from

500
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,080
Speaker 1: their countries of origin during the Dutch colonial era if

501
00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:55,840
Speaker 1: there's reasonable certainty that these items were taken by force.

502
00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:59,680
Speaker 1: So this generally spans the whole period between the early

503
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:04,280
Speaker 1: seven teenth century and nineteen seventy five, and this direction

504
00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:07,800
Speaker 1: could apply to as many as one hundred thousand items

505
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:12,000
Speaker 1: that are currently in museum collections, although this recommendation specifically

506
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:15,560
Speaker 1: applied to places where the Netherlands had colonies. The Council

507
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,480
Speaker 1: also recommended that museums take another look at objects that

508
00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:21,400
Speaker 1: came from other parts of the world, especially if those

509
00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:25,440
Speaker 1: objects could have some kind of religious, cultural, or historic importance.

510
00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:29,320
Speaker 1: So the Dutch museum community seems to have been generally

511
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:33,480
Speaker 1: receptive to these recommendations, at least based on what I've read,

512
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:37,520
Speaker 1: But when it comes to culturally important items that were

513
00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,960
Speaker 1: not stolen, the idea of returning them continues to be

514
00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:45,280
Speaker 1: a much more contentious subject. Next up, a horsehead sculpture

515
00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:48,240
Speaker 1: which was one of twelve animal head sculptures stolen from

516
00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:51,880
Speaker 1: China during the Second Opium War, has now been returned.

517
00:32:52,680 --> 00:32:56,160
Speaker 1: British and French troops looted China's Old Summer Palace in

518
00:32:56,240 --> 00:32:59,800
Speaker 1: eighteen sixty. Before that point, the bronze horse head had

519
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,440
Speaker 1: been one of the Chinese zodiac sculptures that topped a

520
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:06,160
Speaker 1: water clock in the Royal Garden. This piece actually made

521
00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:09,280
Speaker 1: its way to China in twenty nineteen, and at this

522
00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:13,640
Speaker 1: point eight of the twelve sculptures have been found and returned,

523
00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:16,520
Speaker 1: but this horsehead is the only ones who then be

524
00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:20,200
Speaker 1: restored and put on display in its original home in Beijing,

525
00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:24,920
Speaker 1: and that is the part of this that happened. Four toimoko,

526
00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:28,760
Speaker 1: which are preserved tattooed Maori heads, were returned to New

527
00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:32,680
Speaker 1: Zealand in October after their career spent two weeks in

528
00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:36,320
Speaker 1: quarantine because of the COVID nineteen pandemic. They were taken

529
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:38,680
Speaker 1: to the Tapapa Museum where they were greeted with a

530
00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:43,200
Speaker 1: Maori welcoming ceremony. So these are ancestors, and all four

531
00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:46,400
Speaker 1: of them had been held in collections in Germany, two

532
00:33:46,480 --> 00:33:49,920
Speaker 1: of them at the Berlin Ethnological Museum and two at

533
00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:53,480
Speaker 1: Gutngen University. And these are four of at least eight

534
00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:57,600
Speaker 1: hundred that were removed from New Zealand between seventeen seventy

535
00:33:57,640 --> 00:34:01,040
Speaker 1: and eighteen forty. About six hundred of them have been

536
00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,040
Speaker 1: returned through the museum's repatriation program. At this point, it

537
00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:09,520
Speaker 1: is not yet known exactly whose ancestors these four Toemoko are,

538
00:34:10,040 --> 00:34:12,240
Speaker 1: so they are being held at the museum while further

539
00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:15,480
Speaker 1: research is done. And now we're coming to the end

540
00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:20,160
Speaker 1: of our Unearthed for the end, and once again we

541
00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:23,000
Speaker 1: don't have any new utsy news. We're going to end

542
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:26,839
Speaker 1: on something that's kind of connected. Five thousand year old

543
00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:31,839
Speaker 1: skeletal remains buried in a squatting position were discovered in

544
00:34:31,880 --> 00:34:35,840
Speaker 1: Germany in May. The spine has been nicknamed the Lady

545
00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:39,120
Speaker 1: of Beeta Cow and she lived at about the same

546
00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:42,920
Speaker 1: time as the iceman who's well preserved remains were discovered

547
00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:47,600
Speaker 1: on the border of Austria and Italy. In November. The

548
00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:50,560
Speaker 1: team working with these remains announced some of the findings

549
00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:53,759
Speaker 1: from their work. She was between thirty and forty five

550
00:34:53,840 --> 00:34:55,960
Speaker 1: years old at the time of her death, and her

551
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:59,040
Speaker 1: teeth show an enormous amount of where some to the

552
00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:02,320
Speaker 1: point of being miss entirely, which may have been caused

553
00:35:02,360 --> 00:35:04,520
Speaker 1: by the presence of a lot of tough grains in

554
00:35:04,560 --> 00:35:08,840
Speaker 1: her diet. Although serious dental problems can be life threatening,

555
00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:11,880
Speaker 1: it's not yet clear whether this contributed to her cause

556
00:35:11,880 --> 00:35:17,080
Speaker 1: of death. So that is our hear end unearthed for

557
00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:23,480
Speaker 1: the year, uh which I don't know. These are fun

558
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:26,719
Speaker 1: to pull together, but it was. It was weird to

559
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,439
Speaker 1: have a lengthy break between when I put a bunch

560
00:35:29,480 --> 00:35:32,720
Speaker 1: of stuff into the document and when I finished. After

561
00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:36,759
Speaker 1: returning to work after the holidays. How do you feel

562
00:35:36,760 --> 00:35:40,399
Speaker 1: about listener mail after returning to work after the holidays? Well,

563
00:35:40,719 --> 00:35:43,600
Speaker 1: as as we said on Monday's episode, there's a lot

564
00:35:43,640 --> 00:35:47,680
Speaker 1: of it to still read. I have one from Daniel.

565
00:35:48,239 --> 00:35:50,759
Speaker 1: Daniel wrote in to say I was recently listening to

566
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:54,600
Speaker 1: your Oh Henry episode and you mentioned oh Henry bars

567
00:35:54,640 --> 00:35:58,759
Speaker 1: as unclear in origin here while where I live in Kansas,

568
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,719
Speaker 1: there's a small town call Dexter. Dexter lays claim to

569
00:36:02,880 --> 00:36:05,840
Speaker 1: two small pieces of national history. There is a small

570
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:09,200
Speaker 1: park with an oil well that never struck oil, but

571
00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:12,960
Speaker 1: instead a natural gas that did not burn. It turned

572
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:16,719
Speaker 1: out to be the first helium well. The second is

573
00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:22,239
Speaker 1: a small metal building called Henry's Candy Company. Henry's handmakes

574
00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:26,080
Speaker 1: candy to this day. They have large glass viewing walls

575
00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:29,640
Speaker 1: where you can watch. They claim the original Oh Henry

576
00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:32,759
Speaker 1: bar was made by them in nineteen nineteen. They sell

577
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:36,560
Speaker 1: their own Oh Henry, Mama Henry, and Baby Henry bars,

578
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,800
Speaker 1: and hard candies they make themselves, as well as bulk

579
00:36:39,920 --> 00:36:43,640
Speaker 1: packaged candy. Thanks for your work. You are one of

580
00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:46,120
Speaker 1: my go to podcasts, one of the few podcasts I

581
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:48,640
Speaker 1: found that I don't have to worry about my three

582
00:36:48,719 --> 00:36:52,000
Speaker 1: year old overhearing due to language. And since you seem

583
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:55,360
Speaker 1: to like animals, I attached a picture of Flynn Writer,

584
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,400
Speaker 1: my daughter's nine month old cat that seems to prefer

585
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:06,600
Speaker 1: the parent us over the children. Sigh, Daniel, um one.

586
00:37:06,760 --> 00:37:08,919
Speaker 1: I love the name Flynn Ryder for a cat. There

587
00:37:08,920 --> 00:37:12,560
Speaker 1: may not be a better moniker um too. That'll change

588
00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:14,719
Speaker 1: as the kids get older. Cats like to be able

589
00:37:14,719 --> 00:37:18,240
Speaker 1: to control their approach and adults are not as likely

590
00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:24,160
Speaker 1: to be unpredictable and grabby. That's all it is. Yeah, yeah,

591
00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:28,279
Speaker 1: uh so. Thank you so much for that letter and

592
00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:30,879
Speaker 1: for those great pictures. If you would like to write

593
00:37:30,880 --> 00:37:32,759
Speaker 1: to us about this or any other podcast. We're in

594
00:37:32,920 --> 00:37:36,359
Speaker 1: History podcast at i heart radio dot com. We're also

595
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:38,399
Speaker 1: all over social media ad Missed in History. That's where

596
00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:41,759
Speaker 1: you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. And you

597
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:44,480
Speaker 1: can subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts and the

598
00:37:44,520 --> 00:37:47,359
Speaker 1: iHeart radio app and anywhere else you get your podcasts.

599
00:37:52,239 --> 00:37:54,400
Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of

600
00:37:54,480 --> 00:37:57,680
Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio,

601
00:37:57,840 --> 00:38:00,880
Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcast Asks, or wherever

602
00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:03,360
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. H