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Speaker 1: Happy New Year. History fans. Chandler and I are heart

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Speaker 1: at work on a new batch of episodes, but we

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Speaker 1: need a little time to catch up after the holidays.

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Speaker 1: Please enjoy these flashback episodes from the TDI HC vault,

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Speaker 1: and be sure to tune in on January ninth for

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Speaker 1: a brand new episode.

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Speaker 2: Hey, y'all, it's Eves. If you've been listening to the show,

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Speaker 2: then you know that I'm at home for the holidays

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Speaker 2: getting some much needed rest and relaxation. But I'm still

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Speaker 2: bringing you another episode of this Day in History class,

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Speaker 2: so let's get into the show. The day was January third,

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Speaker 2: eighteen forty eight. Black American merchant Joseph Jenkins Roberts was

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Speaker 2: sworn into office as the first President of Liberia. Roberts

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Speaker 2: was born a free black man in Norfolk, Virginia, in

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Speaker 2: eighteen oh nine. His father was likely a white planter,

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Speaker 2: and his mother was Amelia Roberts, a woman of mixed race.

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Speaker 2: Roberts grew up reading books that were in the private

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Speaker 2: library of William Coulson, a black barber, whom he apprenticed under.

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Speaker 2: Less than a decade after Roberts was born, the American

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Speaker 2: colonization Society or ACS was established. Black and non black

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Speaker 2: Americans supported the immigration of Black Americans to Africa for

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Speaker 2: various reasons. Some people believed they would live safer and

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Speaker 2: happier lives there, free from racial discrimination. Others just wanted

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Speaker 2: black people out of the country or wanted Black Americans

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Speaker 2: to christianize Africa. The mission of the American Colonization Society

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Speaker 2: was to send free black Americans to Africa. Considering the

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Speaker 2: different reasons people supported colonization and the fact that it

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Speaker 2: often made black folks lives worse, many people opposed colonization

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Speaker 2: and the ACS. By the eighteen thirties, many abolitionists and

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Speaker 2: black leaders were denouncing colonization and the ACE for supporting

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Speaker 2: the institution of slavery, but some black people still supported colonization,

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Speaker 2: and the ACS was still sending ships full of black

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Speaker 2: immigrants to Africa. Throughout the early eighteen hundreds, the society

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Speaker 2: set about finding a good location for its colony in

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Speaker 2: West Africa. It sent people to Sharboro Island in Sierra Leone,

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Speaker 2: where many died because of the island's conditions. The ACS

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Speaker 2: then moved its efforts north to Cape Messiradu. Local tribal

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Speaker 2: leaders resisted colonization, but the survivors from Sharboro Island and

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Speaker 2: other people from the US began arriving at Cape Maussadou

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Speaker 2: in eighteen twenty four. The colony was dubbed Liberia, with

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Speaker 2: its capital at Monrovia after US President James Monroe. Despite

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Speaker 2: Liberia's early struggles with tribal leaders and with the governing authorities,

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Speaker 2: slave states encouraged the formation of more colonization societies. These

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Speaker 2: societies founded their own colonies in Life Siberia for formerly

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Speaker 2: enslaved and free black people. In eighteen twenty nine, Roberts

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Speaker 2: left Virginia for Africa aboard the Harriot with his mother, wife, child,

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Speaker 2: and four siblings. He and his business partner Coulson planned

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Speaker 2: on exporting timber, animal hides, and other products in North

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Speaker 2: America in exchange for US goods as well as new immigrants.

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Speaker 2: His wife and child died not long after they reached Africa,

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Speaker 2: but Roberts did become a successful merchant. He got land

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Speaker 2: to raise cash crops, paid for his brother to go

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Speaker 2: to medical school in the US, and married another woman.

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Speaker 2: Soon he was recognized as a member of the upper crust.

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Speaker 2: He became high sheriff of the colony, collecting taxes from

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Speaker 2: indigenous people. By eighteen thirty nine, he was appointed vice governor,

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Speaker 2: and in eighteen forty one he became the first Black

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Speaker 2: American governor of Liberia. Commerce in Liberia was becoming increasingly lucrative,

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Speaker 2: but Liberia had a hard time protecting its interests as

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Speaker 2: foreign traders encroached on its territory. Roberts and other colonial

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Speaker 2: leaders sought the recognition of Liberian sovereignty, and in October

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Speaker 2: of eighteen forty six, the colonial legislature called for a

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Speaker 2: referendum on independence from the ACS. Colonists voted in favor

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Speaker 2: of independence, choosing to cut ties with the ACS and

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Speaker 2: convene a constitutional convention. Liberia was declared an independent republic

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Speaker 2: in July of eighteen forty seven, and Roberts won the

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Speaker 2: first presidential election. He was inaugurated on January third, eighteen

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Speaker 2: forty eight. As president, Roberts sought recognition of Liberian sovereignty

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Speaker 2: from other nations. Much of Europe, Haiti, Brazil, and the

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Speaker 2: US eventually recognized the new republic. Under his presidency, Liberia

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Speaker 2: expanded its territory, but friction remained between America Liberians as

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Speaker 2: they were known and indigenous peoples. Roberts was reelected three

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Speaker 2: times and served eight years in office. He returned to

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Speaker 2: the office in eighteen seventy two, serving four more years

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Speaker 2: as president. Roberts died in eighteen seventy six, leaving much

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Speaker 2: of his estate to the Liberian education system. I'm Eve

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Speaker 2: jeffco and hopefully you know a little more about history

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Speaker 2: today than you did yesterday. And if you have any

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Speaker 2: notes that you want to send us, you can do

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Speaker 2: so at this Day at iHeartMedia dot com. If you

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Speaker 2: want to email us, and if you'd rather leave us

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Speaker 2: a message on social media, you can do that on Twitter,

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Speaker 2: Facebook or Instagram at TDIHC podcast. Thanks again for listening,

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Speaker 2: and we'll see you tomorrow.

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Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to This Day in History class, a

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Speaker 1: show that proves there's more than one way to make history.

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Speaker 1: I'm Gayer and today we're looking at the story of

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Speaker 1: one of England's most notorious turncoats, a scornful radio broadcaster

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Speaker 1: who taunted the British public all through World War II.

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Speaker 1: Through the day was January third, nineteen forty six. William Joyce,

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Speaker 1: better known to the British as Lord Hawhaw was put

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Speaker 1: to death for betraying his country on behalf of Nazi Germany.

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Speaker 1: For six years, beginning in nineteen thirty nine, Joyce broadcasted

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Speaker 1: anti British propaganda over the radio. He was quickly given

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Speaker 1: the nickname Lord Hawhaw by the British press because of

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Speaker 1: his cosmopolitan accent and his smug, sneering voice. He began

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Speaker 1: each nightly bulletin by announcing Germany Calling, Germany Calling, and

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Speaker 1: then he would give a roundup of the latest war news,

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Speaker 1: or at least the stories that were flattering to Germany.

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Speaker 1: The show's menacing, mocking tone was meant to chip away

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Speaker 1: at British morale, as were its frequent suggestions that the

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Speaker 1: British should just give up and surrender. During the war,

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Speaker 1: Joyce broadcast from behind German lines, careful to spit his

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Speaker 1: venom only from a safe distance. However, when the Nazi

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Speaker 1: regime finally fell, Lord Hawhaw had nowhere left to hide.

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Speaker 1: William Joyce was executed for high treason against the British Crown,

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Speaker 1: but his nationality was a little more complicated than that suggests.

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Speaker 1: He was actually an American born in Brooklyn, New York,

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Speaker 1: in nineteen o six. His parents were both from Ireland,

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Speaker 1: and his father had become a naturalized US citizen ten

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Speaker 1: years earlier. The family moved back to Galway, Ireland when

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Speaker 1: Joyce was three years old. He grew grew up there

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Speaker 1: and then moved to England when he was just fourteen.

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Speaker 1: There he lied about his age and wound up being

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Speaker 1: recruited as a courier for the British Army during the

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Speaker 1: Irish War for Independence. When it was discovered that he

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Speaker 1: was under age, Joyce was dismissed from service, but decided

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Speaker 1: to remain in London. He enrolled in Birkbeck College, and

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Speaker 1: it was during his studies that he first began to

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Speaker 1: flirt with the idea of fascism. One day, Joyce attended

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Speaker 1: a meeting for a Conservative Party candidate and a fight

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Speaker 1: broke out in the crowd. Joyce was slashed with a

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Speaker 1: razor along the right side of his face, and the

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Speaker 1: attack left him with a deep scar that ran all

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Speaker 1: the way from his ear lobe to the corner of

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Speaker 1: his mouth. He described his attackers as Jewish communists and

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Speaker 1: later used the event as justification for joining the fascist movement.

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Speaker 1: In nineteen thirty two, Joyce made his support official by

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Speaker 1: joining the brit British Union of Fascists, a political party

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Speaker 1: founded that same year. Joyce quickly climbed the ranks of

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Speaker 1: the group and became its director of propaganda. In nineteen

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Speaker 1: thirty four, he had away with words, but as time

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Speaker 1: went on, his rhetoric became more and more aggressive and

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Speaker 1: overtly anti Semitic. In late August of nineteen thirty nine,

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Speaker 1: just before the official start of World War II, Joyce

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Speaker 1: and his wife Margaret, traveled to Germany on British passports.

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Speaker 1: Joyce had obtained his passport one year earlier by pretending

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Speaker 1: to be a British subject when he was in fact

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Speaker 1: an American citizen. Once the war had officially begun, Joyce

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Speaker 1: renounced his phony British citizenship and became a German citizen instead.

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Speaker 1: He then traveled to Berlin, where he joined the Reich

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Speaker 1: Ministry of Propaganda and began hosting his radio show Germany Calling.

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Speaker 1: The head of the ministry, Joseph Goebbels, selected Joyce largely

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Speaker 1: because he was a foreign fascist. It was hoped that

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Speaker 1: Joyce's clipped British accent would make Nazi propaganda more compelling

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Speaker 1: and palatable. To listeners and allied countries. At first, Joyce's

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Speaker 1: broadcasts were simply aimed at sewing division among the British populace,

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Speaker 1: and for that he stuck close to the fascist playbook,

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Speaker 1: pitting the classes against each other, undermining trust in the government,

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Speaker 1: and scapegoating minorities. British citizens were discouraged from listening to

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Speaker 1: the German broadcast, but many did so anyway. In fact,

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Speaker 1: the show drew an estimated six million regular listeners and

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Speaker 1: eighteen million occasional listeners throughout the United Kingdom. Some people

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Speaker 1: thought Joyce's fiery rhetoric was a lively counterpoint to the

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Speaker 1: somber broadcasts of the BBC. Others wanted to hear an

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Speaker 1: uncensored report on German victory and were willing to put

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Speaker 1: up with Lord Hawhaw to get it. However, as the

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Speaker 1: war went on, Joyce's propaganda turned increasingly caustic. By May

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Speaker 1: of nineteen forty, he was threatening British citizens with invasion

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Speaker 1: and urging them to switch sides before it was too late.

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Speaker 1: The broadcasts lost their appeal from that point on, and

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Speaker 1: most citizens began to view them as a genuine threat

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Speaker 1: to the country. Of course, Lord hahaw didn't care what

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Speaker 1: the British public thought of him. He continued broadcasting throughout

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Speaker 1: the war, moving from one German town to another to

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Speaker 1: avoid Allied bombing raids. Then, at last, on the evening

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Speaker 1: of April thirtieth, nineteen forty five, Lord Hahawe recorded his

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Speaker 1: final broadcast. The show came in the final days of

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Speaker 1: the Battle of Berlin, just a few hours before Adolph

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Speaker 1: Hitler shot himself in his bunker. As you might expect,

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Speaker 1: the final broadcast wasn't Joyce's best work given the circumstances.

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Speaker 1: He was noticeably drunk, and his tirades were far more

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Speaker 1: rambling and incoherent than usual.

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Speaker 3: I am talking to you about Germany. That is a

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Speaker 3: concept that many of you may have failed to understand.

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Speaker 3: Let me tell you. In Germany the suraman, the spirit

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Speaker 3: of the unity and the spirit of strength. Let me

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Speaker 3: tell you that here we have a united people who

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Speaker 3: are most inablishers. They were not in perists. They don't

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Speaker 3: want to take what doesn't belong to them. All they

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Speaker 3: want is to live their own simple life.

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Speaker 1: After signing off with a farewell hile to the Furor,

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Speaker 1: Joyce fled with his wife to a small village on

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Speaker 1: the border of Germany and Denmark. They hid there until

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Speaker 1: May twenty eighth, when Joyce was found and arrested by

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Speaker 1: British intelligence officers who get this recognized his voice from

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Speaker 1: the radio. He was handed over to British military police

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Speaker 1: and then taken to London to stand trial on three

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Speaker 1: counts of high treason. The question of jurisdiction loomed large

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Speaker 1: in the case. Joyce did have a British passport, but

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Speaker 1: he only got it by lying about his country of origin. Otherwise,

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Speaker 1: he had only ever been an American or German citizen,

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Speaker 1: and neither of those can be charged with treason against

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Speaker 1: Great Britain. In the end, the jury decided that the

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Speaker 1: passport was valid, but that Joyce couldn't be charged with

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Speaker 1: treason for anything he did after it expired in nineteen four.

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Speaker 1: That decision led to Joyce being acquitted on two of

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Speaker 1: the three counts. However, the last count was for broadcasts

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Speaker 1: he had made between nineteen thirty nine and early nineteen

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Speaker 1: forty when his passport was still valid. On that final count,

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Speaker 1: Joyce was found guilty and sentenced to death on September nineteenth,

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Speaker 1: nineteen forty five. Joyce appealed the verdict, but was dismissed

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Speaker 1: by the House of Lords. On January third, nineteen forty six.

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Speaker 1: He was taken to Wandsworth Prison and hanged at nine

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Speaker 1: a m. That morning. It was later reported that Joyce

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Speaker 1: remained remorseless up to his death, but made no complaint

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Speaker 1: about his execution. A formal notice of his death was

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Speaker 1: posted outside the prison, where about two hundred and fifty

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Speaker 1: spectators had gathered. His body was shown to the jury

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Speaker 1: that convicted him upon their request, and was then buried

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Speaker 1: in an unmarked grave on the prison grounds. Thirty years later,

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Speaker 1: Joyce's daughter successfully petitioned to have his body exhumed and

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Speaker 1: returned to his childhood home in Ireland. Even in death,

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Speaker 1: there was still a question as to where William Joyce belonged.

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Speaker 1: He was a natural born citizen of the United States,

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Speaker 1: raised in Ireland, educated in England, adopted by Germany. However,

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Speaker 1: his identity was defined more by his commitment to fascist

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Speaker 1: ideology than by any allegiance to a specific country or people.

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Speaker 1: That blind devotion is what made Joyce such an effective propagandist,

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Speaker 1: but it's ultimately what cost him his life as well.

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Speaker 1: I'm Gabe Lucier, and hopefully you now know a little

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Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you

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Speaker 1: have a second and you're so inclined, consider following us

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Speaker 1: on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at TDI HC Show. You

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Speaker 1: can also leave us a review on Apple Podcasts, and

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Speaker 1: you can write to us directly at this Day at

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Speaker 1: iHeartMedia dot com. Thanks as always to Chandler Mays for

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Speaker 1: producing the show, and thanks to you for listening. I'll

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Speaker 1: see you back here again tomorrow for another Day in

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Speaker 1: History Class.

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Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

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Speaker 2: or wherever

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Speaker 1: You listen to your favorite shows.