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Stream Live Holy on Hulu and Get It 25 00:01:26,080 --> 00:01:33,640 Speaker 2: gets to be there at Axs dot Com. 26 00:01:33,920 --> 00:01:37,920 Speaker 1: All the stars in the universe are constantly exploding nuclear bombs. 27 00:01:38,959 --> 00:01:39,920 Speaker 3: That's a little frightening. 28 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:44,000 Speaker 1: Well, go out there and warm your toes on the 29 00:01:44,080 --> 00:01:47,280 Speaker 1: you know, the thermonuclear fire of a huge bomb that's 30 00:01:47,319 --> 00:01:49,279 Speaker 1: constantly exploding. That sounds cozy. 31 00:01:49,320 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 3: Mean it's like a contain and continual explosion. 32 00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:55,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, you want to see a nuclear bomb go off? 33 00:01:55,480 --> 00:01:57,840 Speaker 1: Go outside and look at the sun. I mean not directly. 34 00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:03,040 Speaker 3: Do Berdise just made this advice of council. I have 35 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:05,840 Speaker 3: to retract that previous advice. Yeah, we'll ask them to 36 00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:19,200 Speaker 3: edit it up. Hello. I'm Jorge and I'm Daniel, and 37 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:22,520 Speaker 3: this is our show. Daniel and Jorge Explain the universe. 38 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:28,639 Speaker 1: Explain the entire universe, especially all the stars inside of it. Now, 39 00:02:28,639 --> 00:02:32,120 Speaker 1: I noticed, Jorge, every time you introduce our show. You're 40 00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:35,520 Speaker 1: about to say, Je Dangel, explain the universe, and then 41 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 1: you have to correct yourself and you're like. 42 00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:38,959 Speaker 3: No, actually, we're still bitter about that. 43 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:43,079 Speaker 1: You know, my real job, you know, is as a 44 00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:46,359 Speaker 1: particle of assist and I have five thousand collaborators. And 45 00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:48,480 Speaker 1: when we write a paper, we put everybody's name on 46 00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:52,560 Speaker 1: the paper, and the policy has put everybody's name alphabetical 47 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:56,440 Speaker 1: by last name, regardless of who contributed more or less 48 00:02:56,480 --> 00:02:59,239 Speaker 1: or whatever. Somebody decided they didn't want to have the argument, 49 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:02,560 Speaker 1: let's just make it alphabetical. And what that means is 50 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:05,840 Speaker 1: there's some grad student whos first author on like every paper. 51 00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:08,799 Speaker 3: Wow, it's like him or her at all. 52 00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:10,919 Speaker 1: And it's sort of make some famous and also sort 53 00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:12,679 Speaker 1: of infamous because people grumble about it. 54 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:15,920 Speaker 3: No pressure, no pressure. 55 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,880 Speaker 1: That's right in the Glaring Spotlight. But you know, today's 56 00:03:19,919 --> 00:03:23,800 Speaker 1: episode actually relates to that, to Glaring Spotlights, because today 57 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:26,680 Speaker 1: we're talking about something very close to home. We're talking 58 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:33,560 Speaker 1: about how long the sun is going to live? 59 00:03:34,120 --> 00:03:36,560 Speaker 3: How long do we have before it burns out or 60 00:03:37,080 --> 00:03:39,040 Speaker 3: explodes or snuffs out? 61 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:42,000 Speaker 1: How many more projects can Daniel and Jorge or Jorge 62 00:03:42,120 --> 00:03:45,640 Speaker 1: and Daniel do arguing about order until life on Earth 63 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:47,880 Speaker 1: is extinguished because the star is gone. 64 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, do you have time to clean out your garage 65 00:03:50,680 --> 00:03:52,640 Speaker 3: or do that thing you've always wanted to do? 66 00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:53,280 Speaker 4: Right? 67 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,640 Speaker 3: That sequel to We Have No Idea, Our book now 68 00:03:56,720 --> 00:03:58,560 Speaker 3: available from Penguin Random Past. 69 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:02,680 Speaker 1: That's right. So if you're currently procrastinating doing something you 70 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:04,880 Speaker 1: should do, then you're actually going to learn something today 71 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:08,200 Speaker 1: about how much time you have left to procrastinate? Right yep? 72 00:04:08,920 --> 00:04:12,000 Speaker 3: So yeah, let's let's jump in for we as usual 73 00:04:12,160 --> 00:04:15,880 Speaker 3: asked people on the street how long they thought that 74 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:18,480 Speaker 3: the sun would keep burning, And so the question is, 75 00:04:18,560 --> 00:04:21,359 Speaker 3: how long do you think the sun will keep burning? 76 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:23,960 Speaker 1: Play along at home, think of your answer, and then 77 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 1: listen to these random on the street interviews. How long 78 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:29,440 Speaker 1: do you think our sun is going to continue to 79 00:04:29,480 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: burn for? 80 00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:30,920 Speaker 3: How long? 81 00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:36,720 Speaker 1: I think a few billion years? I don't know. Millions, No, 82 00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:40,080 Speaker 1: not millions, sorry, probably a long time. I hope a 83 00:04:40,120 --> 00:04:43,640 Speaker 1: long time. So, like, doesn't this affect your plans? Come on? 84 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:44,240 Speaker 1: You should know this? 85 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 3: All right? 86 00:04:46,440 --> 00:04:46,640 Speaker 2: Well? 87 00:04:46,720 --> 00:04:49,400 Speaker 3: I guess the first thing is that nobody seemed really concerned. 88 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:54,320 Speaker 1: That's right, nobody's rushing home to finish up something before 89 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:56,360 Speaker 1: the sun snuffs out or explodes. 90 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:58,480 Speaker 3: Nobody's like, what the Sun's going to stop burning? At 91 00:04:58,480 --> 00:05:01,159 Speaker 3: some point, everyone seemed to I know about the idea 92 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 3: that the sun won't shine forever. 93 00:05:03,640 --> 00:05:05,400 Speaker 1: Oh, that's a good point. I never even considered that 94 00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 1: that I would be the one informing people by asking 95 00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: the question that the sun was not gonna last forever. 96 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,919 Speaker 1: Oh my god, what what are you saying? No, everybody 97 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: seems to know that already. But maybe nobody seemed concerned 98 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:22,559 Speaker 1: because everybody's answers were very far off in the future. 99 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:25,080 Speaker 1: Nobody said, I don't know ten years or one hundred years. 100 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:28,720 Speaker 1: Everybody's like random big number. Everybody feels like it's just 101 00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:30,840 Speaker 1: so far off in the future it doesn't matter. 102 00:05:33,120 --> 00:05:35,400 Speaker 3: Well, let's maybe take a step back, Like, how do 103 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:37,880 Speaker 3: stars you inform? Right? Like I imagine out in space 104 00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:41,680 Speaker 3: there's stuff like dust and little bits of rock, and 105 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,279 Speaker 3: at some point the gravity pulls them together, like there's 106 00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:48,280 Speaker 3: some nearby each other, until they clump together, and first 107 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:50,440 Speaker 3: it's a giant rock, and then it's an even bigger rock, 108 00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:52,920 Speaker 3: and then it just gets more massive, and at some 109 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:54,200 Speaker 3: point what happens. 110 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:57,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, but it's not mostly rock. Stars are mostly made 111 00:05:57,120 --> 00:06:00,480 Speaker 1: out of gas, mostly out of hydrogen the Big Bang. 112 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:02,760 Speaker 1: Most of the stuff that was formed after the Big 113 00:06:02,839 --> 00:06:05,120 Speaker 1: Bang was hydrogen, a little bit helium and a few 114 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:08,440 Speaker 1: heavier elements, but mostly you just have huge clouds of 115 00:06:08,600 --> 00:06:12,000 Speaker 1: gas formed in the early universe, Okay, and then gravity 116 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:15,240 Speaker 1: takes over and gravity slowly pulls those things together, as 117 00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:19,000 Speaker 1: you said, and accumulates these gas clouds. And then those 118 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,800 Speaker 1: gas clouds get pulled together by gravity and they get 119 00:06:21,839 --> 00:06:24,960 Speaker 1: squeezed together more and more until it gets denser and denser, 120 00:06:25,520 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: and eventually it gets squeezed together by gravity enough that 121 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:31,479 Speaker 1: it starts to burn. And by burn, I mean fuse. 122 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:33,680 Speaker 1: I mean you have like nuclear bombs going off because 123 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:36,200 Speaker 1: of the pressure inside these big clumps of hydrogen. 124 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:38,160 Speaker 3: Right, But what do you mean they get denser and denser, 125 00:06:38,320 --> 00:06:41,520 Speaker 3: like just more and more hydrogen atoms just kind of 126 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:44,240 Speaker 3: bunch up because they're all attracted to each other by gravity. 127 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:46,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's kind of like a runaway process. I mean, 128 00:06:46,600 --> 00:06:50,160 Speaker 1: if you had a perfectly smooth universe filled with hydrogen atoms, 129 00:06:50,560 --> 00:06:52,480 Speaker 1: then no one would want to go anywhere because you'd 130 00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:54,680 Speaker 1: be tugged in every direction at the same strength. 131 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:57,400 Speaker 3: Right, everybody would be attracted to everybody else equally. 132 00:06:57,440 --> 00:06:59,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, that sounds like a good party, right in the 133 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: universe part we're all attracted to each other. 134 00:07:02,279 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, created its party. 135 00:07:06,680 --> 00:07:09,120 Speaker 1: That's right. Hey, you know the analogy works because we're 136 00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:12,040 Speaker 1: going to talk about fusion and fission and thinks are 137 00:07:12,120 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 1: going to get hot. You don't want your relationship to 138 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:19,640 Speaker 1: go supernova. Later on in relationship advice from an astrophysicist. 139 00:07:19,400 --> 00:07:22,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, they were just knocking out that to that advice, children, 140 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:26,160 Speaker 3: go out and look at the sun. People have explosive relationships. 141 00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:29,880 Speaker 3: This is our last episode, by the way, guys. 142 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: Right, So, but there were little areas in the universe 143 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:35,760 Speaker 1: early on that were a little denser than others, and 144 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:39,280 Speaker 1: that's just because of quantum fluctuations. And then those areas 145 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:42,520 Speaker 1: were heavier because there's a little bit more stuff. You're heavier, 146 00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:45,160 Speaker 1: you have more gravitational pull than anywhere else. So then 147 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:48,080 Speaker 1: you start to attract more stuff, and the heavier you get, 148 00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:51,320 Speaker 1: the denser region becomes, the more gravity it has, the 149 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:54,040 Speaker 1: stronger its ability to pull more stuff in, and then 150 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:56,240 Speaker 1: it gets heavier and heavier, and it's a runaway process 151 00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:58,960 Speaker 1: where pretty soon it's a cumulating stuff faster and faster. 152 00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:01,520 Speaker 3: So you can imagine at some point a giant ball 153 00:08:01,760 --> 00:08:05,640 Speaker 3: of really compressed gas, right, Like, maybe at the edges 154 00:08:05,680 --> 00:08:08,120 Speaker 3: it's not as compressed, but in the middle, it's just 155 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:11,080 Speaker 3: everything's trying to push it together, right, But it doesn't 156 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:15,280 Speaker 3: immediately fuse because hydrogen atoms are also repelling each other 157 00:08:15,320 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 3: at the same time, right, Like they're attracted by gravity, 158 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:19,440 Speaker 3: but they're repelling each other by other forces. 159 00:08:19,720 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 1: That's right. Fusia is not easy to pull off. I 160 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:23,160 Speaker 1: mean we're trying to do it in experiments all the 161 00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:23,920 Speaker 1: time here on Earth. 162 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:26,440 Speaker 3: Like it's like trying to squeeze two mantic together that 163 00:08:26,480 --> 00:08:28,640 Speaker 3: are on the same polarity, right. 164 00:08:28,880 --> 00:08:30,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, or trying to make two kids share one ice 165 00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:33,439 Speaker 1: cream or something. You know, it's not easy to do. 166 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:36,440 Speaker 3: Not a good idea. So they're repelling, they are being 167 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:40,280 Speaker 3: attracted by gravity, repelling by electromagn forces. But at some point, 168 00:08:40,320 --> 00:08:43,280 Speaker 3: if you get them close enough, then another force kicks in, right, 169 00:08:43,320 --> 00:08:45,640 Speaker 3: and that's what kind of fuses them together, Is that true? 170 00:08:46,040 --> 00:08:48,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, And that's when you access the strong nuclear force, 171 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,000 Speaker 1: and that fuses them together. And the strong nuclear force 172 00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:55,599 Speaker 1: very strong then therefore its name. And when you do that, 173 00:08:55,679 --> 00:08:57,480 Speaker 1: you release a huge amount of energy. 174 00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:59,760 Speaker 3: And so that's what all of the energy is coming from, 175 00:08:59,840 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 3: is just these hydrogen atoms fusing together. 176 00:09:02,760 --> 00:09:05,199 Speaker 1: That's right. Almost all the light from all the stars 177 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:09,200 Speaker 1: in the universe is from hydrogen fusing together and creating 178 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:11,199 Speaker 1: all that energy and shooting it out into space. 179 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 3: But is it like a kind of like a chain reaction, 180 00:09:14,120 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 3: like you know, like a nuclear bomb, like one explosion 181 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:19,640 Speaker 3: causes the next explosion. Is that what's happening inside a 182 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:22,679 Speaker 3: star or is it just just the pressure just kind 183 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:25,240 Speaker 3: of makes it, like popcorn, just makes all these kernels 184 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:25,720 Speaker 3: pop up. 185 00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:29,160 Speaker 1: So on Earth, it's a chain reaction you're thinking of 186 00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:32,480 Speaker 1: like fission. Fission is the opposite process, and you break 187 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:35,199 Speaker 1: a nucleus up and it sprays out and stuff. I'm here. 188 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:37,319 Speaker 1: You just have a huge blob of hydrogen in the 189 00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:40,440 Speaker 1: core and it's being squeezed by the outside and everything 190 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,000 Speaker 1: around it, and it gets really hot. And you know 191 00:09:43,080 --> 00:09:46,240 Speaker 1: that's true of every object, like even the Earth. What's 192 00:09:46,280 --> 00:09:47,960 Speaker 1: at the center of the Earth. It's not cold at 193 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:50,160 Speaker 1: the center of the Earth. It's hot, and it's hot 194 00:09:50,200 --> 00:09:52,079 Speaker 1: for lots of reasons, but one major reason is that 195 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:54,480 Speaker 1: it's being squeezed by gravity. All that rock in the 196 00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:56,959 Speaker 1: center of the Earth is being squeezed by all the 197 00:09:57,080 --> 00:09:59,800 Speaker 1: rock on the outside and it gets turned into lava. Right. 198 00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:02,800 Speaker 1: Why is lava hot Because it's been squeezed by gravity. 199 00:10:03,160 --> 00:10:05,120 Speaker 1: Gravity is pretty powerful if you give it enough time 200 00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:05,600 Speaker 1: and stuff. 201 00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:08,960 Speaker 3: So our cloud of hydrogen, it just kind of suddenly 202 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,280 Speaker 3: ignites or does it kind of like burns begins to 203 00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:15,679 Speaker 3: burn slowly, like does a starg like fish? Or is 204 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:17,240 Speaker 3: it is it kind of a long process? 205 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 1: No? I think it ignites pretty quickly once it gets going. 206 00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:24,400 Speaker 1: And what happens depends on how big it is. So 207 00:10:24,760 --> 00:10:27,120 Speaker 1: if you have a huge blob of gas, right and 208 00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:32,680 Speaker 1: it forms an enormous ball of hydrogen, then it can 209 00:10:32,760 --> 00:10:35,800 Speaker 1: burn really brightly and not for very long. If it's smaller, 210 00:10:36,040 --> 00:10:37,880 Speaker 1: then it doesn't get to be big enough to burn, 211 00:10:38,080 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: like you know, like the Earth or Jupiter or something. 212 00:10:40,800 --> 00:10:43,520 Speaker 1: Jupiter is like a star that never got started because 213 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:46,079 Speaker 1: it just wasn't big enough for the core to start burning. 214 00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:50,599 Speaker 3: Oh, you need more stuff to basically weigh down and 215 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:51,520 Speaker 3: squeeze the middle. 216 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:53,920 Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, the core of Jupiter is not being 217 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:57,560 Speaker 1: squeezed enough. I mean it's massive gravitational pressure you would 218 00:10:57,640 --> 00:10:59,480 Speaker 1: not like it it. Do not recommend it as a 219 00:10:59,520 --> 00:11:04,840 Speaker 1: destination for your vacationion right against Yeah, that's right. There 220 00:11:04,840 --> 00:11:10,120 Speaker 1: are some common sense warnings on this show. But it's 221 00:11:10,240 --> 00:11:12,959 Speaker 1: not hot enough to start nuclear fusion. 222 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:17,120 Speaker 3: Okay, So then things say squeeze and you got a sun. 223 00:11:17,440 --> 00:11:20,120 Speaker 3: Suddenly you have this big ball of gas that's burning 224 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:20,600 Speaker 3: in the middle. 225 00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:23,160 Speaker 1: That's right, and it's burning through nuclear fusion. It's turning 226 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:26,000 Speaker 1: hydrogen into helium. Okay, cool, And I want to talk 227 00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 1: a little bit more about that, but first a quick break. 228 00:11:32,320 --> 00:11:35,199 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what 229 00:11:35,360 --> 00:11:38,040 Speaker 1: you get. 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If 265 00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:21,320 Speaker 5: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber 266 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:24,120 Speaker 5: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free 267 00:13:24,160 --> 00:13:28,040 Speaker 5: test drive of Oci at Oracle dot com slash strategic. 268 00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:33,600 Speaker 5: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic Oracle dot com slash Strategic. 269 00:13:33,920 --> 00:13:36,760 Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the 270 00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:40,720 Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily 271 00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:43,800 Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent 272 00:13:43,960 --> 00:13:46,800 Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings 273 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:50,320 Speaker 1: account through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app, 274 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:54,000 Speaker 1: subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners 275 00:13:54,040 --> 00:13:57,320 Speaker 1: subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs 276 00:13:57,360 --> 00:14:00,719 Speaker 1: Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC terms and 277 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:02,320 Speaker 1: more at applecar dot com. 278 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:10,880 Speaker 3: That's how stars are born, not just in Hollywood. And 279 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:13,880 Speaker 3: and then it just keeps burning for a long time, 280 00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:16,520 Speaker 3: right until all the hydrogen turns into helium. 281 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly right. You have fuel and you burn 282 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: that fuel, and when you've done burning that fuel, you're done. 283 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:26,000 Speaker 1: But the interesting thing is that the output of fusion 284 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:29,080 Speaker 1: is helium, right, And so what happens is that you 285 00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:32,360 Speaker 1: accumulate helium at the core of these stars and then 286 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:35,120 Speaker 1: if it keeps going, if it gets big enough, then 287 00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 1: it can start to fuse helium. 288 00:14:36,920 --> 00:14:40,600 Speaker 3: Oh and then that it's like it goes into secondary 289 00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:41,960 Speaker 3: fuel burning mode. 290 00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:44,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's burning helium because you can fuse helium 291 00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:47,960 Speaker 1: into the element with number four, which I embarrassing can't 292 00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:48,720 Speaker 1: even remember. 293 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:51,680 Speaker 3: Is that Lidia? Okay, so we're talking about the what 294 00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 3: happens to a star and at some point it makes 295 00:14:54,840 --> 00:14:58,160 Speaker 3: it turns all the hydrogen into helium and eventually into iron, 296 00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:00,680 Speaker 3: and that's kind of when the that's kind of when 297 00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:01,960 Speaker 3: a supernova happens. 298 00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:04,360 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, Well, it doesn't necessarily happen. Have to be 299 00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:07,680 Speaker 1: a supernova depends on the mass of the star. So 300 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:10,520 Speaker 1: let's talk just to be specific about a star like hours, 301 00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:14,000 Speaker 1: you know, the sunk and any object that's like about 302 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:15,880 Speaker 1: up to eight times the mass of the Sun is 303 00:15:15,920 --> 00:15:18,080 Speaker 1: going to have an experience like our sun. And so 304 00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:20,320 Speaker 1: what happens is it starts to burn hydrogen like we said, 305 00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:23,360 Speaker 1: and then the hydrogen gets the core gets burned up 306 00:15:23,360 --> 00:15:24,960 Speaker 1: and you get helium, and then you start to burn 307 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,640 Speaker 1: the hydrogen on the shell, and then the star starts 308 00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: to grow. It gets bigger, like physically larger in space. 309 00:15:32,280 --> 00:15:34,280 Speaker 1: And the reason is that you're now burning the hydrogen 310 00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:36,600 Speaker 1: on the outside, and that the burning there is pushing 311 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:39,280 Speaker 1: stuff out. It's like the radiation pressure is making it grow. 312 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:44,720 Speaker 1: So the sun will keep burning and then it'll expand 313 00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:48,000 Speaker 1: and it'll cool, so it'll start to get larger and 314 00:15:48,120 --> 00:15:51,200 Speaker 1: it'll turn into a red giant. So giant meaning gets 315 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:53,520 Speaker 1: bigger and red because it changes color. 316 00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:56,200 Speaker 3: Because the color is related to the temperature, right, Like 317 00:15:56,320 --> 00:15:59,440 Speaker 3: the cooler it is the red, Like it's kind of counterintuitive. 318 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:02,240 Speaker 3: The colder it is, the star is the redder it is. 319 00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:04,680 Speaker 3: But then the hotter it is the bluer it looks. 320 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:07,440 Speaker 1: Right, yeah, And that's related to the wavelength of those 321 00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:08,440 Speaker 1: lights of that light. Yeah. 322 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:11,600 Speaker 3: Yeah, Like if you could you press fast forward on 323 00:16:11,760 --> 00:16:13,920 Speaker 3: life on Earth, you would see the sun is this 324 00:16:14,080 --> 00:16:16,760 Speaker 3: yellow dot. But eventually you'll see it grow and grow 325 00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:20,360 Speaker 3: redder and then grow and eventually we'll take over an 326 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,800 Speaker 3: entire sky and at some point it'll just snuff us out. 327 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:26,720 Speaker 1: That's right. Eventually we will be in the sun. Wa 328 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:30,840 Speaker 1: Earth will just get like eaten up by the Sun. 329 00:16:31,120 --> 00:16:34,280 Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. But that's again billions of years in the future. 330 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:35,920 Speaker 1: It's like three billion years in the future. 331 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:36,960 Speaker 3: Three billion years. 332 00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:40,480 Speaker 1: Yeah. And so before but before we even get snuffed up, 333 00:16:40,520 --> 00:16:42,560 Speaker 1: you know, it'll get pretty hot and we wouldn't want 334 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: to be around anyway. Oh I see. So first the 335 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:47,280 Speaker 1: ocean's boil and then we get snuffed up. Yeah. 336 00:16:47,560 --> 00:16:47,840 Speaker 5: Wow. 337 00:16:48,080 --> 00:16:50,560 Speaker 1: And then that's that's like the last phase before the 338 00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:53,600 Speaker 1: sun dies, and then it's mostly used up its fuel 339 00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:55,520 Speaker 1: and you know, it's like a fire. You use up 340 00:16:55,520 --> 00:16:56,880 Speaker 1: the fuel and then the fire goes out. 341 00:16:57,120 --> 00:16:59,040 Speaker 3: So everything turned to iron. 342 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:01,640 Speaker 1: Maybe, And it's not every star that can make iron, right, 343 00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:03,520 Speaker 1: It depends on the size of it. Mostly iron is 344 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:06,240 Speaker 1: made in much bigger stars. So our star is not 345 00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:08,359 Speaker 1: big enough to make iron, so will probably make helium 346 00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:10,400 Speaker 1: and a little bit of lithium and a few other things. 347 00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:11,440 Speaker 1: Oh I see. 348 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:14,399 Speaker 3: So some stars are bigger so they have more pressure 349 00:17:14,520 --> 00:17:17,400 Speaker 3: so they can cook iron. But ours cannot. 350 00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:19,919 Speaker 1: Exactly Ours is not by far one of the biggest 351 00:17:19,920 --> 00:17:24,159 Speaker 1: stars in the universe. It's relatively modest, yeah, okay, and 352 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:26,760 Speaker 1: then when it burns off all the hydrogen sort of 353 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,480 Speaker 1: on the outside, then it'll go out, and what we'll 354 00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:31,800 Speaker 1: be left with is something they call a white dwarf, 355 00:17:31,840 --> 00:17:36,120 Speaker 1: which is basically just meaning a big cool blob, something 356 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:39,440 Speaker 1: that's not burning anymore of what it's just sort of 357 00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:41,920 Speaker 1: the leftover stuff. You know, you have enough elements there 358 00:17:42,119 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: to sit there there. It's hot and so it's sort 359 00:17:44,359 --> 00:17:46,800 Speaker 1: of glowing, but it's not actually burning anymore. And you'll 360 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:49,480 Speaker 1: have some helium and maybe some lithium and just be 361 00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:52,320 Speaker 1: like a dense blob, but it won't be bright the 362 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:55,800 Speaker 1: same way, and it'll cool and eventually become a black dwarf, 363 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:57,520 Speaker 1: which means basically a big. 364 00:17:57,520 --> 00:18:00,320 Speaker 3: Lump of rock, like just a giant meteorite. 365 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:02,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, though mostly made of like frozen helium. 366 00:18:02,840 --> 00:18:04,240 Speaker 3: Frozen helium for real. 367 00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:06,720 Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, because mostly what mostly what the Sun is 368 00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:08,960 Speaker 1: is burning hydrogen into helium. And again, some of that 369 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,399 Speaker 1: helium will get burned into heavier stuff, but most of 370 00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:12,320 Speaker 1: it won't, I think. 371 00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:14,240 Speaker 3: And so this is going to be like a giant 372 00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:15,520 Speaker 3: ice ball the size of what. 373 00:18:16,119 --> 00:18:19,120 Speaker 1: Oh, you'll be small, you'll be smaller than the current Sun. Oh. 374 00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:21,240 Speaker 1: I see, it's just the core. Yeah, just the core 375 00:18:21,320 --> 00:18:23,080 Speaker 1: is left over because all the other stuff is blown 376 00:18:23,119 --> 00:18:25,880 Speaker 1: out when it turns into a red giant. But yeah, 377 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,000 Speaker 1: some significant fraction of the mass of the Sun is 378 00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:30,399 Speaker 1: going to end up left over as a white dwarf 379 00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:33,159 Speaker 1: and then a black dwarf. Yeah, exactly, And you know 380 00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:36,160 Speaker 1: that has a future. It could be that that then 381 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:39,159 Speaker 1: gets clustered together later on and becomes part of a 382 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:41,720 Speaker 1: new star. You know, a lot of the stuff that's 383 00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:44,680 Speaker 1: in our star and in the Earth used to be 384 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:47,399 Speaker 1: inside of a star. And so you know, everything that 385 00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:50,040 Speaker 1: we're that we're made out of is a remnant from 386 00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:53,040 Speaker 1: a star that died. So if it wasn't for stars 387 00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:56,879 Speaker 1: and these fusion furnaces making the heavier elements, then there 388 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:58,600 Speaker 1: wouldn't be anything else to make stuff out of. It 389 00:18:58,680 --> 00:19:02,200 Speaker 1: would all just be hydrogen. And so it's gravity squeezing 390 00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:04,760 Speaker 1: this stuff together over billions of years that makes the 391 00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:07,200 Speaker 1: heavier elements. And mostly in the bigger stars that you 392 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:09,400 Speaker 1: get up to, like Iron, you know, the bigger stars 393 00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:11,200 Speaker 1: can do more exciting stuff like our Sun is not 394 00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:13,480 Speaker 1: going to go supernova. It's just not big enough. But 395 00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:16,200 Speaker 1: a bigger star could have enough mass that it collapses 396 00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:18,359 Speaker 1: and it pushes it together and it can create a 397 00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:22,000 Speaker 1: supernova and then two weird things, either a black hole 398 00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:24,520 Speaker 1: or a neutron star, which I think is one of 399 00:19:24,520 --> 00:19:26,800 Speaker 1: the weirdest things in the universe. So it's more of 400 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:31,080 Speaker 1: an implosion than an explosion. Actually yeah, yeah, yeah, it's 401 00:19:31,080 --> 00:19:33,280 Speaker 1: pretty crazy stuff. So you're saying that that's when the 402 00:19:33,359 --> 00:19:36,760 Speaker 1: heavier elements get mate, right, yeah, in some of these supernovas, 403 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:41,520 Speaker 1: because you have heavy stuff flying around and it collides 404 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:44,359 Speaker 1: and it forms even heavier stuff. Yeah right. And then 405 00:19:44,640 --> 00:19:47,120 Speaker 1: but the heaviest stuff, like we were saying earlier, gold 406 00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:50,320 Speaker 1: and all that stuff gets formed when two of those 407 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,200 Speaker 1: remnants collide, Like say you have one really massive star 408 00:19:53,359 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 1: lives a whole life, has a great time, blows up, 409 00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:58,600 Speaker 1: turns into a neutron star, and another one does the 410 00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:01,560 Speaker 1: same thing, and then that two neutron stars are orbiting 411 00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:04,080 Speaker 1: each other, and eventually, because they're so massive, they pull 412 00:20:04,119 --> 00:20:06,560 Speaker 1: each other together and they collapse and they collide into 413 00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 1: each other, and it's in that collision that you can 414 00:20:09,640 --> 00:20:12,879 Speaker 1: form the really heaviest stuff. So all the super heavy 415 00:20:12,920 --> 00:20:15,880 Speaker 1: metals in the universe are made when neutron stars die. 416 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:18,320 Speaker 3: Wow, and that's why they're so rare, so that you 417 00:20:18,440 --> 00:20:22,199 Speaker 3: need these crazy events just to make gold and titanium 418 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:23,200 Speaker 3: and all these elements. 419 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:24,520 Speaker 1: Right, yeah, that's right. 420 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:26,880 Speaker 3: But it's crazy that we have that stuff on Earth. 421 00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:28,800 Speaker 1: Yeah right, I know we have it here on Earth, 422 00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:32,240 Speaker 1: and it's like the leftovers these incredible cosmic events that 423 00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,240 Speaker 1: happened billions of years ago and then got sprayed out 424 00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:38,359 Speaker 1: into the universe and with enough time for them to 425 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:40,280 Speaker 1: like have a whole new life. You know. I love 426 00:20:40,320 --> 00:20:42,600 Speaker 1: that everything in the universe is getting recycled, right, Like 427 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:46,000 Speaker 1: our solar system didn't even start forming until you know, 428 00:20:46,160 --> 00:20:49,840 Speaker 1: five billion years ago, which is nine billion years into 429 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:50,280 Speaker 1: the party. 430 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:53,800 Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, let's talk about that, But first, let's take 431 00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:54,360 Speaker 3: a quick break. 432 00:20:58,200 --> 00:20:59,920 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, 433 00:21:00,119 --> 00:21:03,160 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably 434 00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:07,240 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite, 435 00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:09,920 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US Dairy 436 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:14,280 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 437 00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:16,880 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working 438 00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:19,280 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 439 00:21:19,359 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 440 00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:26,640 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four 441 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:30,200 Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes 442 00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy 443 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:36,800 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn 444 00:21:36,880 --> 00:21:40,760 Speaker 1: the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 445 00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:42,879 Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a 446 00:21:42,920 --> 00:21:44,920 Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know 447 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:47,680 Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using 448 00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:51,240 Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense 449 00:21:51,359 --> 00:21:54,040 Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit 450 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:56,880 Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 451 00:21:57,080 --> 00:22:01,200 Speaker 2: Our iHeartRadio muse Successival percent if I can't coming back 452 00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:05,800 Speaker 2: to Las Vegas two nights and twenty first on One 453 00:22:05,960 --> 00:22:09,040 Speaker 2: Stage stream live only on WHO, a weekend full of 454 00:22:09,160 --> 00:22:13,200 Speaker 2: superstar performances, never seen before, collaborations, and once in a 455 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:17,080 Speaker 2: lifetime artist moments you'll have to see to believe. Tickets 456 00:22:17,119 --> 00:22:22,080 Speaker 2: are on sale now at AXS dot com. 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I created this for 466 00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:13,760 Speaker 4: my own children and it's now a favorite among thousands 467 00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:18,000 Speaker 4: of families. Kids love the vivid imagery, scriptures, and sound effects, 468 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:21,720 Speaker 4: while parents appreciate the apply section for meaningful conversations. We 469 00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:25,359 Speaker 4: have hundreds and hundreds of beautiful episodes that bring the 470 00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:28,800 Speaker 4: Bible to life when you simply press play. It's a 471 00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:32,560 Speaker 4: sound and practical resource that walks alongside you as you 472 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:36,119 Speaker 4: teach your kids. We want kids to see how incredible 473 00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 4: God's word is in an engaging and memorable way with Kids' 474 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:44,560 Speaker 4: Bible Stories podcast. Listen to Kids Bible Stories podcast on 475 00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:48,520 Speaker 4: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. 476 00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:55,000 Speaker 1: Right now is when the sun is like looking over 477 00:23:55,040 --> 00:23:56,600 Speaker 1: to that hot, sexy sun in the next. 478 00:23:56,480 --> 00:23:58,640 Speaker 3: Solar system and looking to buy a carvette. 479 00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:01,680 Speaker 1: Right. Yeah, it's wondering like do I look like a big, 480 00:24:01,720 --> 00:24:04,200 Speaker 1: fat red giant? Tell me I still look small, like 481 00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:09,879 Speaker 1: a nice little yellow dwarft. Yeah, exactly. And one thing 482 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:12,400 Speaker 1: that I think is really interesting is that the smaller 483 00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:15,720 Speaker 1: star is the longer it lives. The bigger star is 484 00:24:16,119 --> 00:24:17,920 Speaker 1: the shorter it lives. And the first stars in the 485 00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:21,120 Speaker 1: universe were massive, they were incredible, and so they didn't 486 00:24:21,119 --> 00:24:23,800 Speaker 1: live for very long. Like those first stars we talked about, 487 00:24:24,119 --> 00:24:26,560 Speaker 1: none of those are around anymore. None of the stars 488 00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:29,280 Speaker 1: that are in the universe now are first generation stars. 489 00:24:29,320 --> 00:24:31,800 Speaker 1: They're all second, third, fourth generation, that kind of stuff. 490 00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:34,440 Speaker 3: All the stars were seeing the night sky in like 491 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:36,040 Speaker 3: the pictures of galaxies. 492 00:24:36,119 --> 00:24:39,760 Speaker 1: They're all None of those are among the first stars 493 00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:41,800 Speaker 1: that were formed about one hundred million years. That's a 494 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:45,200 Speaker 1: big bang. Yeah, it's only recently people scientists even saw 495 00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:47,560 Speaker 1: the light from those first stars. It's really hard to see. 496 00:24:48,359 --> 00:24:50,680 Speaker 1: You have to use the infrared because the universe was 497 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:53,080 Speaker 1: so dense back then. But yeah, our star is made 498 00:24:53,119 --> 00:24:56,119 Speaker 1: out of leftover bits from other stars earlier that burned 499 00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:57,320 Speaker 1: and exploded. 500 00:24:56,880 --> 00:25:01,560 Speaker 3: And wow and recombined. Right, Eventually you're saying, our big 501 00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:04,159 Speaker 3: ice ball of the sun is going to recombine with 502 00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:05,680 Speaker 3: something else maybe and form. 503 00:25:07,119 --> 00:25:09,600 Speaker 1: But you can't do this forever, you know, Like there's 504 00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:13,280 Speaker 1: a limited amount of hydrogen, and you need hydrogen to 505 00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:17,040 Speaker 1: have these reactions to start. Eventually things get Yeah, things 506 00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:19,600 Speaker 1: get denser and denser, and you run out of fuel. 507 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:22,200 Speaker 1: So like think about the Milky Way galaxy. It's got 508 00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:26,400 Speaker 1: enormous blobs of hydrogen gas. Still it's still making stars, 509 00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:29,200 Speaker 1: but eventually it's going to run out, and then it's 510 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:31,280 Speaker 1: going to stop making stars. And those stars are going 511 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:32,760 Speaker 1: to burn for a while, but they're not going to 512 00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:33,280 Speaker 1: burn forever. 513 00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:37,800 Speaker 3: So eventually everything's going to be like iron and heavier metals. 514 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, and then things will get dark. 515 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:41,840 Speaker 3: Things are going to get rocky. 516 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,159 Speaker 1: Things are going to get rocky, that's right. But some 517 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:45,560 Speaker 1: of these stars, some of these stars are going to 518 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:47,399 Speaker 1: burn a long time. Like there are stars that have 519 00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:49,120 Speaker 1: lifetimes of trillions of years. 520 00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:52,119 Speaker 3: But that's not us. So in five billion years, we 521 00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:53,200 Speaker 3: got to figure something out. 522 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:55,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, we have to figure out how to find get 523 00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:58,959 Speaker 1: to another star and we got less than three ish 524 00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:00,800 Speaker 1: billion years to figure that out. 525 00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:05,120 Speaker 3: Oh man, so we have to jump to another start 526 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:10,040 Speaker 3: that is burning and or just learn to live in 527 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:11,080 Speaker 3: dark kind of right. 528 00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:14,639 Speaker 1: Well, you know, fusion is not impossible. You know, we 529 00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:18,800 Speaker 1: can copy the energy source of the stars if we 530 00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:22,320 Speaker 1: don't necessarily sarily need a star, right, we could power 531 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:25,400 Speaker 1: ourselves through our own controlled fusion if we could figure 532 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:25,720 Speaker 1: that out. 533 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:28,800 Speaker 3: But do we have enough hydrogen or water to last? 534 00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:29,960 Speaker 3: Does that long? 535 00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: Yeah? Yeah, I mean the Sun is massively inefficient, right, 536 00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:35,760 Speaker 1: Like most of the energy the Sun gets thrown off 537 00:26:35,760 --> 00:26:38,159 Speaker 1: into space then and not even use. So we wouldn't 538 00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:40,480 Speaker 1: need anything nearly as big as the Sun to power 539 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:41,399 Speaker 1: human civilization. 540 00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:43,600 Speaker 3: So we could just go out there grab some of 541 00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:46,320 Speaker 3: that hydrogen floating around, or go to Jupiter maybe grab 542 00:26:46,359 --> 00:26:49,000 Speaker 3: all that hydrogen and create our little mini sun here. 543 00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:51,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, absolutely wow. Or you know, if you're living 544 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:53,520 Speaker 1: out in space, you don't have to worry about pollution, like, 545 00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:55,600 Speaker 1: so you can just do fission, which is much easier 546 00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:57,840 Speaker 1: and there's plenty of that stuff floating around, and you 547 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:00,920 Speaker 1: know you get radioactive waste to just jettison. You're already 548 00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:03,760 Speaker 1: in space, so who cares, right, Interesting, people used to 549 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:05,440 Speaker 1: think the ocean was too big and you could just 550 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:08,080 Speaker 1: pollute forever without consequences. We know that's not true, but 551 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:09,720 Speaker 1: it is true of the universe. 552 00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:11,560 Speaker 3: You say that now, you're never. 553 00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:13,879 Speaker 1: Going to fill the universe with garbage? Yeah, you think 554 00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:15,680 Speaker 1: in a billion years people are gonna say, I can't 555 00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:18,640 Speaker 1: believe they filled space with junk man, irresponsible. 556 00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:21,400 Speaker 3: You're gonna be like, don't throw don't throw plastic bags 557 00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:24,040 Speaker 3: out into space because the space dolphins are gonna. 558 00:27:24,440 --> 00:27:26,440 Speaker 1: It kills all those cute space animals. 559 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:29,879 Speaker 3: Space dolphins, space. 560 00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:33,359 Speaker 1: Dolphins joking on your cosmic ways? Yeah, why is that 561 00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:35,040 Speaker 1: funny work? I don't think that's funny at all, And 562 00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:36,200 Speaker 1: I think you're a jerk for laughing. 563 00:27:36,240 --> 00:27:42,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, sorry, cool. Well, that's that's kind of interesting, that 564 00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:45,520 Speaker 3: the idea that maybe we will never leave our solar system. 565 00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:47,320 Speaker 3: Maybe we'll just figure out how to make our own 566 00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:49,440 Speaker 3: little mini suns to keep us warm. 567 00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,119 Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, wow, thin, I think we could do that. 568 00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:56,040 Speaker 3: Right until then, I guess wear sunscreen. 569 00:27:56,359 --> 00:27:58,440 Speaker 1: That's right, and don't worry too much about the sun 570 00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:01,520 Speaker 1: burning out. We have bigger problems to figure out than 571 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:04,080 Speaker 1: whether the sun is going to explode. Now, you've got 572 00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:08,639 Speaker 1: lots of time to work on that problem. Do you 573 00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:10,960 Speaker 1: have a question you wish we would cover. Send it 574 00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:13,119 Speaker 1: to us. We'd love to hear from you. You can 575 00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:16,720 Speaker 1: find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and 576 00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:21,560 Speaker 1: Jorge One Word, or email us to feedback at Danielandhorge 577 00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:37,000 Speaker 1: dot com. When you pop a piece of cheese into 578 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:40,160 Speaker 1: your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. 579 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:43,000 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why 580 00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:45,520 Speaker 1: they're working hard every day to find new ways to 581 00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 1: reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. 582 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:53,800 Speaker 1: How is us dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use 583 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:57,680 Speaker 1: anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable 584 00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:01,720 Speaker 1: energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit 585 00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,800 Speaker 1: you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more. 586 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:08,800 Speaker 2: Our iHeartRadio Music Festival for a sentate by Capitol One. 587 00:29:08,920 --> 00:29:12,960 Speaker 2: Coming back to Las Vegas twenty first, a weekend full 588 00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:17,120 Speaker 2: of superstar performances a sap Rocky, Big Sean, Come looka 589 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:22,560 Speaker 2: Bail Tojikaulia When Stefani, Hoosier, Keith Urban, New Kids on 590 00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 2: the Block, Paramore, Shaboozi, The Black Crows, The Weekend, Thomas Red, 591 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:31,360 Speaker 2: Victoria Monette, Hold Plays, Chris Martin and Moore. Stream Live 592 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:33,840 Speaker 2: Polly on Hulu and get tickets to be there at 593 00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:35,200 Speaker 2: AXS dot com. 594 00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:40,200 Speaker 6: Hi, I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which 595 00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:43,200 Speaker 6: recently hit the number one science podcast in America. I 596 00:29:43,320 --> 00:29:46,959 Speaker 6: mean neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring 597 00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:50,320 Speaker 6: the three pound universe in our heads. Join me weekly 598 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:53,720 Speaker 6: to explore the relationship between your brain and your life. 599 00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,000 Speaker 6: Because the more we know about what's running under the hood, 600 00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:00,840 Speaker 6: better we can steer our lives. 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