1 00:00:02,320 --> 00:00:05,640 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. Since Thomas Harriet got a quick name drop 2 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:09,440 Speaker 1: in this week's episode on evangelista Tori Kelly, we thought 3 00:00:09,440 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: we would share our episode on him as Today's Saturday Classic. Yep, 4 00:00:14,120 --> 00:00:17,720 Speaker 1: if you recalled on the show, I mentioned that I 5 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:20,560 Speaker 1: might have been inspired to get a tattoo by that 6 00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:23,279 Speaker 1: whole research process, and I did get it. I have 7 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:27,040 Speaker 1: a map of the moon as drawn by Thomas Harriet 8 00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:32,720 Speaker 1: Circus six twelve on my leg. Now, uh, if you 9 00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:34,960 Speaker 1: ever meet me in public and I'm wearing clothing that 10 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:38,159 Speaker 1: allows me to flash you my calf without any problem, 11 00:00:38,159 --> 00:00:40,680 Speaker 1: I will do so, and then you will know I 12 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,280 Speaker 1: love it so much. Many things to my tattoo artist Brandy. 13 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:54,600 Speaker 1: This episode originally came out on July, so enjoy Welcome 14 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: to Stuff You missed in History Class, a production of 15 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:06,399 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 16 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:09,560 Speaker 1: Holly Fry and I'm Tracy Wilson. So hey everybody. On 17 00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:12,440 Speaker 1: July this year. That was just a few days ago. 18 00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,240 Speaker 1: It was the fiftieth anniversary of the Apollo eleven moon landing, 19 00:01:16,720 --> 00:01:19,759 Speaker 1: and last December, the Museum of Flight had reached out 20 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:21,679 Speaker 1: to us to see if we wanted to participate in 21 00:01:21,680 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: the pod crawl that they have been doing as part 22 00:01:23,880 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: of the celebration, And of course we said yes, because 23 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:28,679 Speaker 1: space history area in which I think it is safe 24 00:01:28,720 --> 00:01:32,160 Speaker 1: to say I have some rabies in the good sense. True, true, 25 00:01:32,840 --> 00:01:35,600 Speaker 1: I am a rabbit fan of space history. But since 26 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:37,400 Speaker 1: some of the other shows on their list, we're probably 27 00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:39,800 Speaker 1: going to hit some of the great history of the 28 00:01:39,840 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: space program that's a little more recent, we thought that 29 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:46,520 Speaker 1: it might be fun if we reached farther back, way back, 30 00:01:46,760 --> 00:01:50,400 Speaker 1: so far back yeah, to the sixteenth century, uh and 31 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:54,120 Speaker 1: into the seventeenth century and talk about Thomas Harriet, who 32 00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:57,400 Speaker 1: was a mathematician and astronomer who made some very significant 33 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: telescopic observations, some of which related to the moon. But 34 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:04,680 Speaker 1: his story is also tied to so many other notable 35 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:09,280 Speaker 1: historic things, including a lot of business with Sir Walter Rawleigh. Uh. 36 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:11,480 Speaker 1: And he is really not a household name like a 37 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:13,919 Speaker 1: lot of his contemporaries are, even though he was neck 38 00:02:13,919 --> 00:02:16,480 Speaker 1: and neck with them in terms of discoveries. And we're 39 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:18,160 Speaker 1: going to talk a little bit about why that's the 40 00:02:18,160 --> 00:02:20,040 Speaker 1: case at the end of the episode, and we'll give 41 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 1: you more information on that podcrawl at the end of 42 00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:24,080 Speaker 1: the episode in case you want to check out the 43 00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:26,920 Speaker 1: other work that people have been doing to celebrate this 44 00:02:26,960 --> 00:02:30,040 Speaker 1: fiftieth the anniversary. A lot of cool podcasts right about now. 45 00:02:30,919 --> 00:02:35,320 Speaker 1: So Harriet was born in Oxford, England, probably in fifteen 46 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:38,160 Speaker 1: sixty during the reign of Queen Elizabeth the First, but 47 00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:40,919 Speaker 1: we don't know much at all about the first twenty 48 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:44,639 Speaker 1: years of his life. This is the case a lot 49 00:02:44,639 --> 00:02:48,559 Speaker 1: of people from that long ago. His parents probably were commoners, 50 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:50,679 Speaker 1: and then he kind of pops up in the historical 51 00:02:50,760 --> 00:02:53,560 Speaker 1: record when he entered school at the University of Oxford 52 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:56,799 Speaker 1: at the age of seventeen. He graduated with his degree 53 00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:59,919 Speaker 1: in eight in fifteen eighty and with an education in math, 54 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:03,360 Speaker 1: maddics and astronomy, he jumped right into working life. And 55 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:05,480 Speaker 1: the job that he found right out of school was 56 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,040 Speaker 1: working for none other than Sir Walter Raleigh as a 57 00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:11,640 Speaker 1: math tutor and in various other tasks as needed. And 58 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:14,440 Speaker 1: one of his first projects under Raleigh was the composition 59 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,360 Speaker 1: of a book which was titled Arcticon, which was apparently 60 00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:19,959 Speaker 1: a navigational text. And I have to say apparently, because 61 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 1: no copy of that writing survives, so we don't really 62 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: know entirely what was included there. At this point in history, 63 00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:30,040 Speaker 1: soldier and explorer Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who was Raleigh's half brother, 64 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: was seen as something of an expert on the so 65 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:35,560 Speaker 1: called New World of North America. Although most of his 66 00:03:35,720 --> 00:03:40,080 Speaker 1: expeditions had failed, they had slowly drained off his coffers. 67 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:43,800 Speaker 1: By the time Gilbert died in three Thomas Harriet had 68 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:48,440 Speaker 1: convinced Raleigh to continue England's exploration of North America. Harriet 69 00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:52,000 Speaker 1: was instrumental in helping Raleigh to prepare for his colonizing 70 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:55,560 Speaker 1: expedition in We're gonna talk about this a little bit more, 71 00:03:55,600 --> 00:03:57,800 Speaker 1: but there's also more information about these things in the 72 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:02,960 Speaker 1: previous Sir Walter Raleigh episode. People want that, yeah, uh yeah, 73 00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 1: that's ah. It's not as though Raleigh had no interest. 74 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:06,880 Speaker 1: And then Thomas Harriet was like, we could do that. 75 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 1: He was definitely interested, but Harriet was like, yes, dude, 76 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:12,240 Speaker 1: we can do this for real. I will help you. 77 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:15,840 Speaker 1: When Raleigh's Virginia expedition of that year set out from 78 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:19,920 Speaker 1: Plymouth that was on April nine, Harriet was aboard as 79 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:24,320 Speaker 1: the ship's scientific advisor, which included some working cartography as 80 00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:27,279 Speaker 1: well as giving navigational advice, and he was also there 81 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:30,400 Speaker 1: as Raleigh's representative, as Raleigh himself could not make the trip, 82 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:34,280 Speaker 1: so in addition to his advisory role on route, once 83 00:04:34,320 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 1: the ship arrived in North America, Harriet was to take 84 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:40,919 Speaker 1: stock of the land's economic potential, and Raleigh also asked 85 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: Harriet to similarly assess the indigenous peoples that the expedition encountered. Harriet, 86 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:48,919 Speaker 1: along with another man named John White, carried out all 87 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:52,839 Speaker 1: these tasks. White mapped and sketched the land that they traveled, 88 00:04:52,839 --> 00:04:55,360 Speaker 1: and Harriet made notes on all of it. White also 89 00:04:55,440 --> 00:04:58,840 Speaker 1: made drawings of the native population, and Harriet gathered plants 90 00:04:58,880 --> 00:05:01,200 Speaker 1: along the way as part of his sport. He tried 91 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:04,080 Speaker 1: to note which ones could be monetized, and we'll talk 92 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:06,800 Speaker 1: a little bit more about conclusions he came to in 93 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:09,760 Speaker 1: just a moment. Harriet, for his part, seems to have 94 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:13,280 Speaker 1: had some pretty good relations with the indigenous populations. He 95 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:15,919 Speaker 1: was really adept at learning languages. Some of the like 96 00:05:16,440 --> 00:05:19,320 Speaker 1: brief like blurbs about him will also say that he 97 00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:22,680 Speaker 1: was like a linguist or language scholar, because that was 98 00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:24,880 Speaker 1: something that served him throughout his life. He kind of 99 00:05:24,920 --> 00:05:28,360 Speaker 1: came to it because it made things easier, as he 100 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:31,280 Speaker 1: could then consult various texts in whatever his subject of 101 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:35,080 Speaker 1: interest was without needing to seek out translations. And he 102 00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:38,240 Speaker 1: had picked up some Algonquin language from two Native Americans 103 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:40,880 Speaker 1: who had traveled to England before Harriet made his trip 104 00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:44,000 Speaker 1: across the Atlantic, and then once he was in North America, 105 00:05:44,080 --> 00:05:48,480 Speaker 1: he continued to improve his knowledge, specifically of Carolina Algonquin 106 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:50,640 Speaker 1: that was spoken along the eastern coast in the areas 107 00:05:50,680 --> 00:05:53,640 Speaker 1: they were exploring. By the time assistance arrived at the 108 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:56,839 Speaker 1: Virginia Colony in the form of Sir Francis Drake's eighties 109 00:05:56,839 --> 00:06:01,320 Speaker 1: six expedition, things with that five group had come really tenuous, 110 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 1: and Harriet and White were really eager to get back home, 111 00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:05,760 Speaker 1: which they did in a hurry as soon as Dray 112 00:06:05,760 --> 00:06:10,479 Speaker 1: could arrange it. While Raleigh arranged additional expeditions to the colonies, 113 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:13,440 Speaker 1: he moved Harriet onto other projects instead of sending him 114 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:17,120 Speaker 1: across the Atlantic again. Yeah, that colonization effort was considered 115 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:21,599 Speaker 1: a failure. Uh An account of Harriet's experiences in Raleigh's expedition, 116 00:06:21,720 --> 00:06:24,920 Speaker 1: A Brief and True Report of the Newfoundland of Virginia, 117 00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:29,680 Speaker 1: was printed in. As we all know, I love the crazy, long, 118 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:33,039 Speaker 1: nutty titles history, and this one is a doozy. So 119 00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:36,760 Speaker 1: the full name of that book is a brief and 120 00:06:36,839 --> 00:06:40,680 Speaker 1: true report of the Newfoundland of Virginia, of the commodities 121 00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:43,560 Speaker 1: and of the nature and manners of the natural inhabitants 122 00:06:43,880 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: discovered by the English Colony. They're seated by Sir Richard 123 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 1: Grenville Knight in the year fifty five, which remained under 124 00:06:50,839 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: the government of twelve months, at the special charge and 125 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: direction of the Honorable Sir Walter Raleigh Knight, Lord Warden 126 00:06:57,040 --> 00:07:00,120 Speaker 1: of the standardis who they're in hath been favored and 127 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 1: authorized by Her Majesty and her letters patents, and then 128 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:06,600 Speaker 1: it had the after attribution. This four book is made 129 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:09,640 Speaker 1: in English by Thomas Harriet, servant to the above named 130 00:07:09,680 --> 00:07:12,600 Speaker 1: Sir Walter, a member of the Colony, and they're employed 131 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:18,440 Speaker 1: in discovering. I'm tired after getting through that whole name. 132 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:22,000 Speaker 1: It's really um. It tickles me to look at the 133 00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:24,440 Speaker 1: title page for that book because it is just the 134 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: busiest thing you can imagine. Despite the fact that Thomas Harriet, 135 00:07:29,960 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: who I feel like we should point out, you'll see 136 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:34,000 Speaker 1: his name spelled a variety of ways if you go 137 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:37,240 Speaker 1: looking for it. Um. But despite his many writings and 138 00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 1: accomplishments that he made throughout his years, that was the 139 00:07:40,640 --> 00:07:43,440 Speaker 1: only book of his that was published during his lifetime. 140 00:07:43,760 --> 00:07:47,160 Speaker 1: So White illustrated this book and it details the basics 141 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:50,640 Speaker 1: of their journey and includes discussion of what caused that 142 00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 1: colony effort to fail. Most of that boils down to 143 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:57,000 Speaker 1: the people involved really not being ready for just how 144 00:07:57,040 --> 00:08:00,840 Speaker 1: difficult it was going to be, which we've had a 145 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:04,880 Speaker 1: lot of that story. While for many this failure was 146 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,880 Speaker 1: really damning to Raleigh's colonization efforts, Harriet makes the case 147 00:08:08,960 --> 00:08:13,200 Speaker 1: that future efforts could address the problems from voyage and 148 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: that future attempts should be allowed to continue. And the 149 00:08:16,240 --> 00:08:18,880 Speaker 1: book also delivers on the promise to report on the 150 00:08:18,920 --> 00:08:22,920 Speaker 1: financial potential of colonizing in North America. The first part 151 00:08:22,920 --> 00:08:25,600 Speaker 1: of the book is called of Merchantable Commodities, and in 152 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:28,680 Speaker 1: it Harriet breaks down the properties of a variety of 153 00:08:28,720 --> 00:08:31,560 Speaker 1: resources that were observed on the journey, and he includes 154 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:35,679 Speaker 1: entries on grass, silk worm, silk, flax, and hemp alum, 155 00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: red clay, pitch, tar, resonant, turpentine, sassafras, cedar, wine, oil, 156 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:45,000 Speaker 1: and furs, and in the wine entry he mentioned specifically 157 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:48,040 Speaker 1: two types of grapes that grow naturally in Virginia that 158 00:08:48,080 --> 00:08:49,959 Speaker 1: could be used to make wine, and under the fur 159 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:53,840 Speaker 1: entry he specifically mentions otters, which is a little sad uh. 160 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:58,040 Speaker 1: He continues on with deer skins, iron copper pearls, sweet gums, 161 00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 1: dyes of diverse kinds, and sugarcanes. The section concludes with 162 00:09:02,760 --> 00:09:05,800 Speaker 1: the possibility of importing other commodities that could be planted 163 00:09:05,800 --> 00:09:08,839 Speaker 1: in Virginia and thrive, and the high likelihood that there 164 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:12,400 Speaker 1: are also other potential resources native to the area which 165 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:15,439 Speaker 1: surely had not yet been discovered. The second section of 166 00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,920 Speaker 1: the book is titled of such commodities as Virginia is 167 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 1: known to yield for vittle and sustenance of man's life, 168 00:09:22,559 --> 00:09:26,560 Speaker 1: usually fed upon by the natural inhabitants, as also by 169 00:09:26,679 --> 00:09:30,040 Speaker 1: us during the time of our abroad, and first of 170 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:33,560 Speaker 1: such as are sewed and husbanded. The section is not 171 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,240 Speaker 1: about goods to be exported or traded, but the resources 172 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:38,400 Speaker 1: that could be counted on to sustain a colony, and 173 00:09:38,440 --> 00:09:42,440 Speaker 1: these included beans, peas, gourds, and various herbs, as well 174 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:46,800 Speaker 1: as root vegetables and fruits. Strawberries, mulberries, chestnuts, walnuts, and 175 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 1: acorns are all mentioned. Harriet also described the planting practices 176 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:53,720 Speaker 1: he observed is carried out by the indigenous population and 177 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:56,559 Speaker 1: ways that those could be replicated on a larger scale. 178 00:09:57,080 --> 00:09:59,200 Speaker 1: Later on in this section is a discussion of the 179 00:09:59,240 --> 00:10:01,760 Speaker 1: wild game that could be caught in the area, including 180 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:05,160 Speaker 1: deer coneys, which some debate on whether that just meant 181 00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:10,160 Speaker 1: like slightly different rabbits, squirrels, and bears. And there's a 182 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:13,000 Speaker 1: second part of the beasts section that is just about birds, 183 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: including turkeys, doves, partridges, cranes, swans, and geese. He also 184 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 1: mentions parrots, falcons, and hawks, of which he writes quote 185 00:10:20,960 --> 00:10:23,439 Speaker 1: although with us they be not used for meat, yet 186 00:10:23,480 --> 00:10:27,120 Speaker 1: for other causes, I thought good to mention. And then uh, 187 00:10:27,160 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: there are seafood options that he mentions, including areas, fish, crustaceans, 188 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:34,200 Speaker 1: and mollusks. Uh. I know that there are lots of 189 00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:38,439 Speaker 1: people who call rabbits coney's, so yeah, but then sometimes 190 00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:40,200 Speaker 1: if you look it up, people will say, no, it's 191 00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:43,319 Speaker 1: like a related rodent, but not exactly around it. Really, 192 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:45,160 Speaker 1: it was just a word that got used a lot 193 00:10:45,240 --> 00:10:49,480 Speaker 1: and as a consequence that has brewed some debate. We'll 194 00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:51,360 Speaker 1: talk about the final section of the book, as well 195 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:54,560 Speaker 1: as its impact on both North America and Europe after 196 00:10:54,640 --> 00:11:05,680 Speaker 1: we first pause for a quick sponsor break. The third 197 00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: section of Harriet's book is called of such other things 198 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:12,560 Speaker 1: as behooful for those which shall plant and inhabit, to 199 00:11:12,600 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 1: know of with a description of the nature and manners 200 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:18,000 Speaker 1: of the people of the country, And that is exactly 201 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:20,240 Speaker 1: what you might expect. It's a guide of sorts for 202 00:11:20,280 --> 00:11:22,600 Speaker 1: anyone trying to make a go of it in the colonies. 203 00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:26,480 Speaker 1: It offers, for example, insights into what trees might be 204 00:11:26,559 --> 00:11:28,839 Speaker 1: good for lumber, and also what to expect from the 205 00:11:28,920 --> 00:11:32,600 Speaker 1: native population, and on and on. Harriet's characterization of the 206 00:11:32,640 --> 00:11:36,240 Speaker 1: indigenous people's is important because though he absolutely makes it 207 00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:39,120 Speaker 1: clear that he finds them to quote show excellence of wit, 208 00:11:39,640 --> 00:11:42,240 Speaker 1: he also mentions a lot of ideas that really telegraph 209 00:11:42,360 --> 00:11:45,960 Speaker 1: the future for relations between the European colonists and North 210 00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:51,679 Speaker 1: America's indigenous population. Here is the passage that really illustrates 211 00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:55,240 Speaker 1: this quote. If their fall out any wars between us 212 00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:57,920 Speaker 1: and them, what their fight is likely to be We 213 00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:01,120 Speaker 1: having advantages against them So any manner of ways is 214 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:05,440 Speaker 1: by our discipline are strange weapons and devices, else, especially 215 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:08,520 Speaker 1: by ordinance great and small. It might be easily imagined 216 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:11,360 Speaker 1: by the experience we have had in some places the 217 00:12:11,559 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: turning up of their heels against us in running away 218 00:12:14,960 --> 00:12:18,360 Speaker 1: was their best defense. Yeah. He states pretty plainly that 219 00:12:18,480 --> 00:12:22,240 Speaker 1: although he can recognize that the Native Americans exhibit their 220 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:25,040 Speaker 1: own ingenuity, they also seemed to be in awe of 221 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:28,600 Speaker 1: the Europeans mechanical achievements, and that that is something that 222 00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:32,400 Speaker 1: could be used to advantage by white settlers. One of 223 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:35,280 Speaker 1: the reasons we're talking in such detail about Harriet's book 224 00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:38,600 Speaker 1: and in particular these characterizations, is because this writing was 225 00:12:38,679 --> 00:12:42,520 Speaker 1: hugely influential. It was published in multiple languages, and it 226 00:12:42,559 --> 00:12:47,080 Speaker 1: became the informational text about North America for Europeans. So 227 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:50,320 Speaker 1: does some degree really laid the groundwork for the ways 228 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 1: in which indigenous populations were viewed and subsequently treated by 229 00:12:54,559 --> 00:12:59,280 Speaker 1: the colonists, republished in so many different places, included in 230 00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:05,280 Speaker 1: larger volumes of work about colonization and world exploration. Like 231 00:13:05,320 --> 00:13:08,320 Speaker 1: it would be plopped in as a chapter. It really 232 00:13:08,360 --> 00:13:11,720 Speaker 1: really was read by anyone interested in any kind of 233 00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:15,720 Speaker 1: exploration from Europe into North America, and after Harriet returned 234 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:18,319 Speaker 1: from North America, he settled for a while in Ireland 235 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:20,480 Speaker 1: in an abbey on Land that was owned by Sir 236 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:22,760 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh, and that is where he worked on the 237 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:26,720 Speaker 1: manuscript of a brief entry report. He also surveyed Raleigh's 238 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:29,920 Speaker 1: Irish property claims. At this point, England was also colonizing 239 00:13:29,960 --> 00:13:34,520 Speaker 1: Ireland after a particularly brutal land grab. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 240 00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:37,960 Speaker 1: that we mentioned earlier in particular, had been really incredibly 241 00:13:38,120 --> 00:13:41,240 Speaker 1: ruthless when it came to killing non combatants during the 242 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:44,280 Speaker 1: campaigns there as a means to victory and in order 243 00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:47,600 Speaker 1: to seize more Land. While working for Raleigh during this time, 244 00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:51,240 Speaker 1: Harriet also expanded his efforts in map making. He worked 245 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:55,280 Speaker 1: alongside famed English globemaker Emray Molanneu and with a Belgian 246 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:59,200 Speaker 1: map maker, gerardis Mercat, to assist in refining their efforts 247 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:01,880 Speaker 1: to be more through it. In the fifteen nineties, after 248 00:14:01,960 --> 00:14:05,560 Speaker 1: more than fifteen years in Sir Walter Raleigh's employee, Harriet 249 00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:09,320 Speaker 1: moved to work instead for Henry Percy, ninth, Earl of Northumberland, 250 00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:11,880 Speaker 1: who was a friend of Sir Walter Raleigh, and this 251 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:13,880 Speaker 1: was due to the fact that Sir Walter Raleigh was 252 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:17,400 Speaker 1: mired in his own issues. His colony projects, both in 253 00:14:17,440 --> 00:14:20,960 Speaker 1: Ireland in North America had not really gone terribly well, 254 00:14:21,440 --> 00:14:24,760 Speaker 1: and his secret marriage to best rock Morton led Raleigh 255 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: to fall out of favor with the Queen. We talked 256 00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:28,960 Speaker 1: about all of this in our Beheading of Walter Raleigh 257 00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:30,840 Speaker 1: episode if you want to get the whole scoop on 258 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:33,960 Speaker 1: that um. And though Sir Walter Raleigh was able to 259 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:36,480 Speaker 1: regain his position at court eventually it kind of get 260 00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:39,880 Speaker 1: his favor back. The instability of his fortunes just led 261 00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:42,560 Speaker 1: Harriet to seek work elsewhere. But the two men did 262 00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:44,840 Speaker 1: not seem to have any ill will between them over 263 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:47,640 Speaker 1: this change and employment. They stayed close friends for the 264 00:14:47,640 --> 00:14:51,000 Speaker 1: rest of their lives. Harriet moved once again to land 265 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,280 Speaker 1: and a home that was granted to him by his patron. 266 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:57,040 Speaker 1: Percy gave Thomas Harriet an estate in Durham, England, as 267 00:14:57,080 --> 00:14:59,680 Speaker 1: well as a home just west of London. He used 268 00:14:59,720 --> 00:15:02,760 Speaker 1: the house that was conferred upon him as his workplace 269 00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: home and he set up a lab there for his research. 270 00:15:05,240 --> 00:15:08,600 Speaker 1: He continued to study mathematics and astronomy. Many of the 271 00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:11,280 Speaker 1: areas in which he researched and experimented where things he 272 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:14,520 Speaker 1: had started while he was in Raleigh's employ But in 273 00:15:14,520 --> 00:15:17,360 Speaker 1: this new lab, with a regular annual pension that was 274 00:15:17,400 --> 00:15:19,720 Speaker 1: granted him by Percy, he was able to explore these 275 00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:22,480 Speaker 1: ideas more fully. This is really the point at which 276 00:15:22,520 --> 00:15:25,680 Speaker 1: he becomes a set man, like he doesn't have to 277 00:15:25,720 --> 00:15:27,720 Speaker 1: worry about money, he doesn't have to worry about taking 278 00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:30,240 Speaker 1: care of things. He can just focus on his work. 279 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:32,720 Speaker 1: And one thing that really starts to emerge when you 280 00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:35,280 Speaker 1: look at Harriet's work is how one thing that he 281 00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:38,880 Speaker 1: was interested tended to lead to another as his curiosity 282 00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:41,680 Speaker 1: became his guide. So, for example, he had done some 283 00:15:41,720 --> 00:15:44,480 Speaker 1: work studying ballistics in part of his work for Sir 284 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:50,080 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh, where they were planning for potential military engagements, 285 00:15:50,080 --> 00:15:52,240 Speaker 1: and that led him to then consider the physics of 286 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:55,720 Speaker 1: falling in the laws of motion, and these particular efforts 287 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:58,280 Speaker 1: actually paralleled the work that was being done by Galileo 288 00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:00,840 Speaker 1: in Italy at the same time. This is the case 289 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:03,360 Speaker 1: with a lot of Harriet's work. He and Galileo were 290 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:05,840 Speaker 1: kind of like onto a lot of the same concepts, 291 00:16:06,360 --> 00:16:08,480 Speaker 1: and the story goes that it was his work figuring 292 00:16:08,480 --> 00:16:11,360 Speaker 1: out the best way to stack cannonballs on a ship's deck, 293 00:16:11,480 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 1: which was an assignment that Raleigh had given to him, 294 00:16:14,080 --> 00:16:16,120 Speaker 1: that led him to think about the structure of matter. 295 00:16:16,520 --> 00:16:18,680 Speaker 1: He was onto the idea that matter was made up 296 00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:21,120 Speaker 1: of smaller component parts, and that led him to be 297 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:25,080 Speaker 1: regarded with suspicion in certain circles as early as the 298 00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 1: fifteen nineties. Being associated with Sir Walter Raleigh caused Raleigh's 299 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:31,840 Speaker 1: critics to seek out any possible scandal that they could 300 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 1: regarding Harriet, and the best that they could clamp onto 301 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,000 Speaker 1: was the fact that he was an atomist. This idea 302 00:16:38,080 --> 00:16:41,680 Speaker 1: that all things could be analyzed to their distinct elementary components. 303 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:45,280 Speaker 1: Atomism was seen by many at this time as an 304 00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:49,600 Speaker 1: affront to Christianity, and soon a rumor began that Harriet 305 00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:53,640 Speaker 1: was a conjuror and an atheist. Harriet himself never seemed 306 00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:57,120 Speaker 1: to make any conclusive statement or include any notes in 307 00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:01,640 Speaker 1: his known writing that he was anti Christian pro atheism, 308 00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:05,800 Speaker 1: but it was kind of the decision of the rumor. Millah, 309 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:11,640 Speaker 1: It's like the rumors that maybe people were secretly Catholic right. 310 00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:15,960 Speaker 1: In sixty three, after Queen Elizabeth the First died, Sir 311 00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:18,480 Speaker 1: Walter Raley was imprisoned in the Tower of London under 312 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:21,880 Speaker 1: orders from King James the First after being found guilty 313 00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:25,840 Speaker 1: of conspiring to overthrow the new monarch, and Henry Percy 314 00:17:25,920 --> 00:17:28,359 Speaker 1: also found himself in the Tower under King James the 315 00:17:28,359 --> 00:17:32,119 Speaker 1: First rule Percy was implicated in a tertiary way in 316 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:34,800 Speaker 1: the Gunpowder plot, which was a failed effort to assassinate 317 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:38,560 Speaker 1: James the First. Henry Percy's cousin, Thomas Percy, was an 318 00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,639 Speaker 1: active conspirator in that plot, and it had been Henry 319 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,240 Speaker 1: who had appointed Thomas as a gentleman pensioner without express 320 00:17:45,280 --> 00:17:47,680 Speaker 1: permission to do so from the King, and that had 321 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:51,280 Speaker 1: given Thomas traction in London to move forward with his plot. 322 00:17:51,720 --> 00:17:54,440 Speaker 1: And for that misstep, Henry Percy stayed in the Tower 323 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:58,840 Speaker 1: of London for sixteen years and paid a hefty fine. Naturally, 324 00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:02,360 Speaker 1: with his two primary benefactors and hot water, Thomas Harriet 325 00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:04,959 Speaker 1: was also looked on with a lot of suspicion. He 326 00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:07,480 Speaker 1: was detained briefly under the charge of having cast the 327 00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:11,919 Speaker 1: King's horoscope, but he was released after being only briefly imprisoned. 328 00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: After he regained his freedom, he served as a connection 329 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:17,920 Speaker 1: from Raleigh and Percy to the outside world. He also 330 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:20,159 Speaker 1: continued to live at Science House, in the home that 331 00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:23,840 Speaker 1: Percy had given him outside of London. While Raleigh was imprisoned, 332 00:18:23,880 --> 00:18:27,080 Speaker 1: Harriet helped him with his massive History of the World 333 00:18:27,119 --> 00:18:30,639 Speaker 1: writing project, and he looked after the education of Algernon Percy, 334 00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:33,919 Speaker 1: Sir Henry Percy's firstborn son. He was the tenth Earl 335 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:36,520 Speaker 1: of Northumberland. I think it was his third child, but 336 00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,439 Speaker 1: first son. Uh And while his name is not as 337 00:18:39,520 --> 00:18:42,560 Speaker 1: commonly known as many of his contemporaries to today's years, 338 00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:46,040 Speaker 1: Harriet was very well known and respected in his own lifetime, 339 00:18:46,119 --> 00:18:49,680 Speaker 1: in part because of that book he wrote about North America, 340 00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:53,439 Speaker 1: but also in the scientific community. He and Johannes Kepler 341 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:56,840 Speaker 1: corresponded about lenses and optics beginning in sixteen o six 342 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:59,720 Speaker 1: as the two of them worked concurrently on unlocking the 343 00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,600 Speaker 1: under standing of light refraction, and during this time Harriet 344 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:06,240 Speaker 1: developed the formula that would eventually come to be known 345 00:19:06,280 --> 00:19:09,840 Speaker 1: as Snell's law or the Snell Descarte law, which is 346 00:19:09,880 --> 00:19:12,560 Speaker 1: defined as a relationship between the path taken by a 347 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:14,879 Speaker 1: ray of light in crossing the boundary or surface of 348 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:19,480 Speaker 1: separation between two contacting substances and the refractive index of each. 349 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:24,280 Speaker 1: Although it wasn't Harriet's version of that equation that became 350 00:19:24,320 --> 00:19:27,520 Speaker 1: famous uh That law is attributed to the Dutchman will 351 00:19:27,560 --> 00:19:32,120 Speaker 1: Abroord Snell for discovering it in se Harriet was completely 352 00:19:32,160 --> 00:19:34,440 Speaker 1: onto it a decade earlier, although he was not the 353 00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:39,240 Speaker 1: first either. Persian mathematician Ibbin Salt described the universal relationship 354 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:42,320 Speaker 1: for refraction using ratios and the sign law all the 355 00:19:42,359 --> 00:19:45,800 Speaker 1: way back in beating both of the Europeans by a 356 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:50,399 Speaker 1: very wide six year margin. On September six oh seven, 357 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:53,560 Speaker 1: Harriet used a cross staff instrument to observe the passing 358 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:55,960 Speaker 1: of what would later come to be known as Halley's comment. 359 00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 1: Though Sir Edmund Halley wasn't born yet and would see 360 00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:02,640 Speaker 1: the commet himself and it's next pass in two, this 361 00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:06,080 Speaker 1: further stoked his interest in optics. We're going to talk 362 00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:10,080 Speaker 1: in just a moment about Harriet's unpublicized astronomical discoveries, but 363 00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:12,399 Speaker 1: first we're going to hear from one of the sponsors 364 00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: that keeps his show going. Unsurprisingly, all of that interest 365 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:26,160 Speaker 1: in light refraction and optics that we talked about before 366 00:20:26,160 --> 00:20:28,880 Speaker 1: the break was part of an increased interest in telescopes. 367 00:20:29,359 --> 00:20:32,080 Speaker 1: By sixteen o nine, Harriet had started working in earnest 368 00:20:32,119 --> 00:20:35,359 Speaker 1: with telescopes, both acquiring them and making his own, and 369 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,639 Speaker 1: for the next four years in particular, he made a 370 00:20:37,640 --> 00:20:41,560 Speaker 1: great number of significant astronomical observations with them. One of 371 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,680 Speaker 1: the most important things that Harriet did and wasn't fully 372 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:48,119 Speaker 1: accredited until recently, was to observe the Moon through a 373 00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:51,040 Speaker 1: telescope and then make drawings of the lunar surface while 374 00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:52,720 Speaker 1: he was working to try to make sense of it. 375 00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:55,800 Speaker 1: His earliest known drawing of the Moon is from July 376 00:20:56,359 --> 00:21:00,359 Speaker 1: sixteen o nine on the Julian calendar. That date is 377 00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:03,960 Speaker 1: significant because it puts Harriet's work on the moon's observation 378 00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:07,240 Speaker 1: a few months ahead of Galileo's. Although Galileo is usually 379 00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:11,240 Speaker 1: credited with being the first, to be fair, Harriet's lunar 380 00:21:11,320 --> 00:21:14,840 Speaker 1: drawings are incredibly rudimentary. If you just looked at them 381 00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:16,920 Speaker 1: and you did not have the context of someone saying 382 00:21:17,240 --> 00:21:21,080 Speaker 1: that is the Moon, it might be something you couldn't 383 00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:23,840 Speaker 1: figure out. They all just kind of look like circles 384 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:28,400 Speaker 1: with mystery squiggles scrawled on them, But by six thirteen 385 00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:31,840 Speaker 1: he had produced two much more detailed moon maps, which 386 00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:35,320 Speaker 1: may be the first instances of astronomical cartography. I will 387 00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:38,159 Speaker 1: also tell you that I decided while researching this that 388 00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:41,960 Speaker 1: I'm getting one of those as a tattoo. Awesome, Yeah, 389 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,640 Speaker 1: if you uh. They are much more recognizably the Moon 390 00:21:46,119 --> 00:21:48,840 Speaker 1: than the earlier drawings. Yeah, and even so, I mean 391 00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:53,160 Speaker 1: he those are criticized as not really getting the topography 392 00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:56,080 Speaker 1: exactly right, but it's still like the first time someone 393 00:21:56,119 --> 00:21:59,840 Speaker 1: tried to capture it in map form. Yeah. In December 394 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:02,960 Speaker 1: sixteen ten, Harriet was the first person to observe sun 395 00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:06,120 Speaker 1: spots through a telescope, and this too happened at about 396 00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:10,399 Speaker 1: the same time that Galileo was making similar observations. Harriet's 397 00:22:10,480 --> 00:22:13,520 Speaker 1: drawings of these are similar to his moon sketches. They're 398 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:16,679 Speaker 1: almost inscrutable in terms of what they are supposed to be. 399 00:22:16,760 --> 00:22:19,480 Speaker 1: If you don't know that these are sun spots, they 400 00:22:19,520 --> 00:22:21,800 Speaker 1: just sort of look like blourpy dots in a circle. 401 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:25,920 Speaker 1: You would think somebody's built something on that there. Really 402 00:22:25,960 --> 00:22:29,959 Speaker 1: there's no detail. Well, and sometimes sun spots do just 403 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:33,679 Speaker 1: look like somebody, right, So without any context. Yeah, if 404 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:35,760 Speaker 1: somebody just held it up to you with no, you'd 405 00:22:35,760 --> 00:22:38,159 Speaker 1: be like, I don't did somebody? I don't know what 406 00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:41,320 Speaker 1: that is? Do you find it somewhere? Um. It is 407 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:46,240 Speaker 1: unclear exactly why Harriet didn't publicize his work, particularly these 408 00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:51,440 Speaker 1: various pieces of potentially history making astronomy. One common theory 409 00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:53,960 Speaker 1: is that because he was in pretty good financial standing, 410 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:56,320 Speaker 1: he just did not have the compulsion or the need 411 00:22:56,359 --> 00:22:58,760 Speaker 1: to seek attention for his work, which would have come 412 00:22:58,760 --> 00:23:01,840 Speaker 1: with financial benefit. Galilee, on the other hand, kind of 413 00:23:01,880 --> 00:23:04,520 Speaker 1: needed the cash. Uh and the fact that his two 414 00:23:04,640 --> 00:23:08,119 Speaker 1: high profile friends and benefactors were both in prison at 415 00:23:08,119 --> 00:23:10,200 Speaker 1: the time may have also been a factor as well. 416 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:13,160 Speaker 1: He might have wished to minimize public attention for fear 417 00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:15,040 Speaker 1: that it would just stir up problems, either that he 418 00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:17,560 Speaker 1: would be seen as suspicious again, or that it would 419 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:20,280 Speaker 1: cause problems for the two of them. In sixteen thirteen, 420 00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,000 Speaker 1: Thomas Harriet developed an ulcer on his left nostril, and 421 00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:26,679 Speaker 1: then the problem progressed over the next two years, with 422 00:23:26,840 --> 00:23:30,520 Speaker 1: ulcers developing on his lips and nose. The King's physician, 423 00:23:30,840 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 1: Sir Theodore Turquette Demyerne, saw Harriet to examine the problem 424 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:39,360 Speaker 1: on sixteen fifteen and diagnosed it as cancer. The doctor 425 00:23:39,520 --> 00:23:43,520 Speaker 1: noted that the patient seemed melancholy and made mention in 426 00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:45,639 Speaker 1: his write up that Harriet was the person who first 427 00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:49,480 Speaker 1: brought tobacco from Virginia. This is possibly the first time 428 00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:52,320 Speaker 1: somebody made the connection between tobacco use and cancer, at 429 00:23:52,359 --> 00:23:55,280 Speaker 1: least in writing. Yeah, it was notable that he kind 430 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:58,800 Speaker 1: of was discussing this particular problem and then brought up 431 00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:02,320 Speaker 1: the tobacco thing. It's uh, it's an interesting connection that 432 00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:04,480 Speaker 1: I think. I don't know if he was particularly insightful 433 00:24:04,560 --> 00:24:07,880 Speaker 1: or other doctors were thinking similar things, but this is 434 00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:10,280 Speaker 1: one of the first evidences we have of someone actually 435 00:24:10,359 --> 00:24:13,879 Speaker 1: writing it down. In sixteen eighteen, Harriet watched as his 436 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:17,360 Speaker 1: friend and supporter, Sir Walter Raleigh, was executed by beheading. 437 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,760 Speaker 1: Harriet's health had continued to worsen so that by that 438 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:22,919 Speaker 1: year the only things that he really noted in his 439 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,320 Speaker 1: personal papers, and this was a man that kept a 440 00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:27,560 Speaker 1: lot of notes throughout his life, where the death of 441 00:24:27,680 --> 00:24:31,679 Speaker 1: Raleigh and the observation of a comet in one Harriet 442 00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:34,639 Speaker 1: succumbed to skin cancer. He died on July two in 443 00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:37,840 Speaker 1: the home of Thomas Buckner and never married or had 444 00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:40,159 Speaker 1: any children, and he was buried in the Church of 445 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,360 Speaker 1: St Christopher le Stocks on thread Needle Street, near Buckner's 446 00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:47,360 Speaker 1: London residence. The Great Fire of sixteen sixty six destroyed 447 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:51,960 Speaker 1: this grave site and today it's the Bank of England's headquarters. 448 00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:54,679 Speaker 1: That always cracks me up. It shows up in almost 449 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:56,480 Speaker 1: anything you read where they're like, he was buried here. 450 00:24:56,680 --> 00:25:01,439 Speaker 1: Now it's the Bank of England. Uh. Harriet bequeathed his 451 00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:05,639 Speaker 1: telescopes to his executors and his scientific papers to Henry Percy, 452 00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:08,119 Speaker 1: with a note that they should be edited and prepared 453 00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:11,960 Speaker 1: for publication by a long time acquaintance, Nathaniel Torpoli. He 454 00:25:12,040 --> 00:25:15,080 Speaker 1: wanted most of his non scientific personal notes related to 455 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:18,480 Speaker 1: Raleigh and other deceased persons to be buried. While Harriet 456 00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:20,840 Speaker 1: asked to have his work published after he died, he 457 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,920 Speaker 1: unfortunately hadn't really prepared his research to that end. This 458 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:26,760 Speaker 1: is just a really big ask and it did not 459 00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:30,520 Speaker 1: really happen. With one exception. This is really a pity 460 00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,680 Speaker 1: because he not only had a four decade long career, 461 00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:37,600 Speaker 1: but the mathematicians and scientists who survived him weren't able 462 00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:40,199 Speaker 1: to then build on his work without having access to 463 00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:43,480 Speaker 1: his notes, he had assembled a manuscript for a book 464 00:25:43,480 --> 00:25:47,400 Speaker 1: titled Application of the Analytical Art to Solving Algebraic Equations. 465 00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:50,320 Speaker 1: That book was published ten years after his death and 466 00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:53,760 Speaker 1: introduced the greater than and less than symbols, as well 467 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,040 Speaker 1: as that long horizontal brace that covers terms that are 468 00:25:57,080 --> 00:26:02,040 Speaker 1: affected by a radical sign. The histories attribute these symbols 469 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:05,560 Speaker 1: to Harriet, although others say that these elements were inclusions 470 00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:08,800 Speaker 1: from the editor that prepared the manuscript for publication rather 471 00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:12,560 Speaker 1: than things that Harriet himself developed. Yeah, he sometimes that 472 00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:15,160 Speaker 1: that book will also be credited with inventing like the 473 00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:21,200 Speaker 1: dot between two things as a multiplication symbol. But there's 474 00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:24,560 Speaker 1: that also may just be a different way that numbers 475 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:30,080 Speaker 1: were separated for clarity. Um, so maybe maybe not. When 476 00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:33,320 Speaker 1: the Royal Society of London was founded in sixteen sixty, 477 00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: one of its first initiatives was an effort to recover 478 00:26:36,440 --> 00:26:38,600 Speaker 1: the lost work of Harriet, because, again, he was known 479 00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:41,720 Speaker 1: in his lifetime, so people were cognizant of the fact 480 00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:44,439 Speaker 1: that when he had died forty years before that they 481 00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:48,240 Speaker 1: had lost some important research. For seven years from the 482 00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:50,960 Speaker 1: time that Society received its Royal charter from Charles the 483 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:54,440 Speaker 1: Second in sixteen sixty two. Up until sixteen sixty nine, 484 00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:57,520 Speaker 1: the whereabouts of Harriet's notes were investigated. There were a 485 00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:00,399 Speaker 1: lot of inquiries made, but it was a fruitless effort 486 00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 1: and eventually that project was abandoned. At that point it 487 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 1: was believed that Harriet's work was gone, and that remained 488 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:09,720 Speaker 1: the belief of the scientific community for more than a century. 489 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:13,159 Speaker 1: In seventeen eighty four, though, there was a surprise breakthrough 490 00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:17,760 Speaker 1: of sorts. Hungarian born astronomer Franz Xaver Baron von Zack 491 00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:20,520 Speaker 1: had traveled to England to work for the Saxon ambassador 492 00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:23,719 Speaker 1: in London. That was John Maurice, Count of Brule, and 493 00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:27,000 Speaker 1: that happened in sevent three and while he was at 494 00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:30,639 Speaker 1: Pentworth Castle in Sussex, von Zach's found a number of 495 00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:33,480 Speaker 1: Thomas Harriet's manuscripts at the bottom of a trash pile 496 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:36,600 Speaker 1: and a stable. Yeah that property was still owned by 497 00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:41,240 Speaker 1: Henry Percy's descendants. Uh, so presumably those papers had just 498 00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:44,000 Speaker 1: been shuffled around for a while and someone who didn't 499 00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:46,639 Speaker 1: know what they were just tossed him aside. And this 500 00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:49,639 Speaker 1: find was of course significant because von Zack saw that 501 00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:52,439 Speaker 1: Harriet's work had put him ahead of other astronomers of 502 00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:56,320 Speaker 1: his time, including Kepler and Galileo, and the Baron parlayed 503 00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:58,760 Speaker 1: his discovery into a tour of Europe where he talked 504 00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:01,879 Speaker 1: about Harriet, but he never really took the work to 505 00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:04,320 Speaker 1: the next level to do an in depth analysis of 506 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:06,359 Speaker 1: what he had found, like he never published a paper 507 00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:09,640 Speaker 1: on it, and the excitement over finding these these papers 508 00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:13,000 Speaker 1: in manuscripts died down with no new revelations or write ups, 509 00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:15,919 Speaker 1: and von Zack took a new job working for the 510 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:18,720 Speaker 1: Royals of Sex Gotha in seventy six, and at that 511 00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:21,760 Speaker 1: point he seems to have moved on from his Harriet interest. 512 00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:25,720 Speaker 1: So while other interested parties made some efforts at really 513 00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:29,439 Speaker 1: studying Harriet's work, it was not until the twentieth century 514 00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:31,960 Speaker 1: that the insights he had and the observations he made 515 00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:34,520 Speaker 1: really came into their own. It became the focus of study, 516 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:38,360 Speaker 1: so much so that there have been numerous Thomas Harriet 517 00:28:38,480 --> 00:28:41,960 Speaker 1: symposia going on since the late nineteen sixties. In July 518 00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:44,840 Speaker 1: two thousand nine, Harriet's lunar drawings were part of an 519 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:48,240 Speaker 1: exhibit at the West Sussex Record Office in Chichester, and 520 00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:50,560 Speaker 1: the lunar maps are cared for by the West Sussex 521 00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:53,080 Speaker 1: Record Office. They keep them pretty much full time, although 522 00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:56,320 Speaker 1: they are the property of one of Henry Percy's descendants, 523 00:28:56,840 --> 00:28:58,800 Speaker 1: so we mentioned up at the top of the podcast. 524 00:28:58,960 --> 00:29:01,920 Speaker 1: This episode is part of the Apollo pod Crawl that 525 00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:04,440 Speaker 1: was organized by the Museum of Flight in Seattle as 526 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:07,760 Speaker 1: part of their celebration of the first Crude moon landings 527 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:11,160 Speaker 1: fiftieth anniversary. You can check out our show notes for 528 00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:15,000 Speaker 1: links to the other participating podcasts, including the museum's own 529 00:29:15,080 --> 00:29:20,680 Speaker 1: Flight Deck podcast. I think we're probably the last episode 530 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: of this pod crawl coming out, so all the others 531 00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:25,120 Speaker 1: should be available by the time we get to this point. 532 00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:28,040 Speaker 1: I think so and hope so um, I mean, I 533 00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 1: hope that's accurate. So, but that is as the of 534 00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:33,680 Speaker 1: the moment we record it. We're still waiting on a 535 00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:37,320 Speaker 1: couple of groups to report in, so uh yeah, but 536 00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:39,040 Speaker 1: those are all going to be super fun to check 537 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:42,719 Speaker 1: out if you are into space history, which I know 538 00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:44,800 Speaker 1: many of our listeners are because we always get great 539 00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:50,080 Speaker 1: responses to our space episodes and our discussions of NASA 540 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:53,280 Speaker 1: and space exploration in astronomy, then you will probably want 541 00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:55,560 Speaker 1: to check those out. Yeah, I might make for a 542 00:29:55,560 --> 00:30:03,920 Speaker 1: fun day of just having spacetime. Thanks so much for 543 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,080 Speaker 1: joining us on this Saturday. Since this episode is out 544 00:30:07,080 --> 00:30:09,080 Speaker 1: of the archive, if you heard an email address or 545 00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:11,280 Speaker 1: a Facebook U r L or something similar over the 546 00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:14,480 Speaker 1: course of the show, that could be obsolete now. Our 547 00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:19,040 Speaker 1: current email address is History podcast at i heart radio 548 00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:22,360 Speaker 1: dot com. Our old health stuff works email address no 549 00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:25,240 Speaker 1: longer works, and you can find us all over social 550 00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:28,640 Speaker 1: media at missed in History. And you can subscribe to 551 00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:32,000 Speaker 1: our show on Apple podcasts, Google Podcasts, the I heart 552 00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:38,720 Speaker 1: Radio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts. 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