1 00:00:00,440 --> 00:00:02,800 Speaker 1: Nine Days in July is a production of I Heart 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:06,920 Speaker 1: Radio and trade Craft Studios in association with High five Content. 3 00:00:08,920 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: It's January twenty seventh, nineteen sixty seven, two and a 4 00:00:12,520 --> 00:00:16,120 Speaker 1: half years before the launch of Apollo eleven. Ed White, 5 00:00:16,400 --> 00:00:19,640 Speaker 1: Gus Grissom, and Roger Chaffey. The crew of Apollo one 6 00:00:20,000 --> 00:00:23,439 Speaker 1: sit high atop their Saturn five rocket, sealed tight inside 7 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:26,680 Speaker 1: their command module. This is a dress rehearsal for their 8 00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:30,120 Speaker 1: launch three weeks from now. The mood inside the capsule 9 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:34,879 Speaker 1: matches the weather outside gray. Their calms with the outside 10 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:41,959 Speaker 1: world are spotty and garbled every day. They've already been 11 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:44,680 Speaker 1: in the capsule for hours and very likely have many 12 00:00:44,720 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: more to go. Their countdown clock is frozen while repair 13 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:50,640 Speaker 1: teams work the radio issue. As they wait for the 14 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:54,480 Speaker 1: training simulation to resume, something catches one of the astronaut's eyes. 15 00:00:55,040 --> 00:01:03,400 Speaker 1: He glances down and suddenly recoils in terror. A freight 16 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:07,000 Speaker 1: electrical wire has sparked, igniting the combustible nylon material of 17 00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:10,920 Speaker 1: the seats in which the astronauts are strapped tight. Within seconds, 18 00:01:10,959 --> 00:01:13,240 Speaker 1: the fire has surged up the walls of the capsule. 19 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:16,920 Speaker 1: Flames begin to lick the television camera recording the interior 20 00:01:16,959 --> 00:01:24,080 Speaker 1: of the command module. The atmosphere inside the command module 21 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:28,160 Speaker 1: is pure oxygen. While oxygen itself is not flammable, high 22 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:30,840 Speaker 1: concentrations of it make the things it permeates ignite at 23 00:01:30,959 --> 00:01:34,000 Speaker 1: far lower temperatures than the otherwise would They also burned 24 00:01:34,040 --> 00:01:45,760 Speaker 1: Hotter and faster technicians fight to get the hatch open. 25 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:49,160 Speaker 1: Just seventeen seconds after the astronauts first report the fire, 26 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:52,920 Speaker 1: the building pressure inside the vessel ruptures. The command module's 27 00:01:52,960 --> 00:02:09,080 Speaker 1: baultants are. One thing is hauntingly clear to everyone. The 28 00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:24,560 Speaker 1: astronauts inside the Command module have fallen silent. There are 29 00:02:24,639 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: times when achieving greatness requires the highest possible sacrifice. Apollo ones, 30 00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:33,080 Speaker 1: Ed White, Gus Grissom, and Roger Chaffee were the first 31 00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:36,359 Speaker 1: American astronauts to perish in the line of duty. They 32 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:39,640 Speaker 1: paid the ultimate price, but it was not in vain. 33 00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:43,160 Speaker 1: During my flight training in the Navy, we were constantly 34 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:46,640 Speaker 1: told that our manuals and training procedures were written in blood. 35 00:02:47,280 --> 00:02:49,560 Speaker 1: Some of those who came before us paid for the 36 00:02:49,600 --> 00:02:52,919 Speaker 1: lessons we were learning with their lives, ensuring none of 37 00:02:53,000 --> 00:02:55,920 Speaker 1: us would be lost in that way. Ever, again, the 38 00:02:56,000 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: same was true after the Apollo one fire. Everything changed 39 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:03,280 Speaker 1: after that. The success of NASA and Apollo eleven would 40 00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: be on the backs of every man and woman who 41 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:09,600 Speaker 1: sacrifice to push the boundaries of human exploration. In this episode, 42 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:12,080 Speaker 1: we're going to take a look at the sacrifices made 43 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:14,799 Speaker 1: not only by Neil, Michael and Buzz, but also by 44 00:03:14,840 --> 00:03:23,480 Speaker 1: everyone who supported them professionally and personally. It's July nineteenth, 45 00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:27,120 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, day four of the Apollo eleven mission, 46 00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:30,880 Speaker 1: the day we reached the moon. Cliff Charles Worth and 47 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:35,120 Speaker 1: the Green team of flight controllers as just relieve, Glenn 48 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:40,680 Speaker 1: Lenny's Black Team capcom now is Bruce McCandless. Paulo eleven 49 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:45,400 Speaker 1: is twelve thousand, four eighty six nautical miles from the Moon, 50 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:49,960 Speaker 1: approaching at a velocity of four thousand eighty seven ft 51 00:03:49,960 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: per second. Follow eleven, the follow eleven Morning again eleven, 52 00:03:59,120 --> 00:04:02,400 Speaker 1: Good morning. When you feel like God being, I've got 53 00:04:02,720 --> 00:04:08,880 Speaker 1: a flight plan updates. Remember when I told you in 54 00:04:08,920 --> 00:04:11,240 Speaker 1: the first episode that we were going to be following 55 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:14,280 Speaker 1: the events inside a Paulo eleven in real time, day 56 00:04:14,280 --> 00:04:17,919 Speaker 1: by day, hour by hour, and minute by minute. Well 57 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:22,840 Speaker 1: that's not exactly true. At seventies three hours zero zero 58 00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:29,600 Speaker 1: man stop CTC at approximately zero degrees role. But it 59 00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:32,200 Speaker 1: is when you're coming up on zero degrees role angle 60 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: around seventy three hours, you'd like you to stop what 61 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:38,080 Speaker 1: you're hearing right now. That's most of what this podcast 62 00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:40,599 Speaker 1: would sound like if we really did it minute by minute. 63 00:04:41,279 --> 00:04:45,920 Speaker 1: Often nothing much happens until it does. Yeah, you read eleven. 64 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:54,720 Speaker 1: It's right to find the mount but a very excite uh, 65 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:59,560 Speaker 1: the very market of these dimensional aspects of happens come on. 66 00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:03,599 Speaker 1: It's how behind the boon glazes the guys live all 67 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:08,680 Speaker 1: the way around the molony and grandmothers. Where there's no 68 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:12,840 Speaker 1: Earth time are Sun time. Apollo eleven is being treated 69 00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: to their own personal solar eclipse. This isn't an eclipse 70 00:05:16,440 --> 00:05:19,880 Speaker 1: that's visible from Earth, but rather one the astronauts inadvertently 71 00:05:19,920 --> 00:05:22,800 Speaker 1: created for themselves. They are now close enough to the 72 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:25,560 Speaker 1: Moon that it appears larger than the Sun, and they 73 00:05:25,640 --> 00:05:28,560 Speaker 1: have fallen into its shadow. You heard Buzz mentioned the 74 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:32,320 Speaker 1: Sun's corona. That's a diaphonous aura of plasma that surrounds 75 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:36,120 Speaker 1: all stars, extending out for millions of miles. It's invisible 76 00:05:36,200 --> 00:05:39,840 Speaker 1: except during an eclipse, right now the astronauts are watching 77 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:43,320 Speaker 1: ribbons of light shimmer and dance around a massive black 78 00:05:43,320 --> 00:05:47,039 Speaker 1: hole that is the Moon in complete silhouette has been 79 00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:50,760 Speaker 1: a real change for us. Now we're able to see 80 00:05:50,839 --> 00:05:54,919 Speaker 1: stars again, unrecognized constellations for the first time. All the 81 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:58,600 Speaker 1: way here, we've only been able to see stars occasionally. 82 00:05:59,680 --> 00:06:01,919 Speaker 1: He goes, it's turned in the night up there, really 83 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:06,560 Speaker 1: isn't We imagine deep space would be a wash with stars, 84 00:06:06,600 --> 00:06:09,520 Speaker 1: but with the Earth reflecting sunlight like a massive mirror, 85 00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:13,120 Speaker 1: it has made that nearly impossible, except now with the 86 00:06:13,120 --> 00:06:17,120 Speaker 1: Sun's light trapped behind the Moon. In mission control, everyone 87 00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 1: is living vicariously through the cruise off. We've been having 88 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 1: raised somebody really spectacular and view worth the price of 89 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:27,880 Speaker 1: the drip all or a lot of us down there 90 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:31,000 Speaker 1: that would be willing to come along. As a Pauloa 91 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:34,080 Speaker 1: Levin continues to enjoy the show. Houston kicks off their 92 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,880 Speaker 1: day with the news. McCandless decides to tag team it 93 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:40,159 Speaker 1: with backup lunar module pilot Fred hayes, it looks like 94 00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:42,080 Speaker 1: it's going to be impossible, and get away from the 95 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:45,800 Speaker 1: fact that you guys are dominating all the news. Mccaron 96 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:50,040 Speaker 1: an prop and Russia's headlining the Manja and calls Neil 97 00:06:50,839 --> 00:06:54,640 Speaker 1: bar of the ship. Pravda was the official newspaper of 98 00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:57,520 Speaker 1: the Soviet Union. It still exists today, though it's no 99 00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:00,400 Speaker 1: longer a mouthpiece of the state. Czar Of was the 100 00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:03,039 Speaker 1: honorific title given to the leader of Russia before the 101 00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:07,039 Speaker 1: revolution in nineteen seventeen. West Germany has declared Monday to 102 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:10,600 Speaker 1: be Apollo Day. School Children in Bavaria have been given 103 00:07:10,640 --> 00:07:13,720 Speaker 1: the day off. Post office clerks have been encouraged to 104 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:17,360 Speaker 1: bring radios to work, and Frankfurt is installing TV sets 105 00:07:17,360 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 1: in public places. BBC in London is considering a special 106 00:07:23,080 --> 00:07:26,400 Speaker 1: radio loan system to call people or the TV sets 107 00:07:26,840 --> 00:07:29,320 Speaker 1: in cases a change in the av a time on 108 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:33,080 Speaker 1: the moon. Clearly, Apollo eleven has captured the imagination of 109 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:36,440 Speaker 1: the entire world. This will be the most significant where 110 00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:39,040 Speaker 1: were you when moment at all of human history? And 111 00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:42,320 Speaker 1: everyone wants to bear witness, even the kids at camp 112 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: down in the news when Mike Junior was quoted as 113 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:48,680 Speaker 1: replying yeah when somebody asked him if the Steady was 114 00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:51,640 Speaker 1: going to be in history, then after a sharp pause, 115 00:07:51,720 --> 00:07:56,240 Speaker 1: he asked, what is history? You might be interested in 116 00:07:56,240 --> 00:08:00,800 Speaker 1: annoying that. A Houston astrologer, Ruby Rahm says that all 117 00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:02,680 Speaker 1: the signs are right for your trip to the moon. 118 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:07,480 Speaker 1: She says that Mail is clever, Mike's good judgment as 119 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:11,200 Speaker 1: Buzz can work out into good problems. Thank you us there. 120 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:16,320 Speaker 1: We appreciate that Rogers and Soil Michael Jr. History or 121 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:20,119 Speaker 1: no dream better baby, So Roger will pass it along. 122 00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:24,440 Speaker 1: Like Apollo eleven is nearly to the moon. But we 123 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:26,480 Speaker 1: have just long enough to talk about what life was 124 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:29,200 Speaker 1: like back on Earth for Neil, Buzz and Michael and 125 00:08:29,240 --> 00:08:38,479 Speaker 1: their long suffering families. That these families, especially the astronauts 126 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:41,240 Speaker 1: were living sort of double lives. They were their home 127 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:44,360 Speaker 1: lives in Houston, and then the guys who are flying 128 00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:48,160 Speaker 1: their hot p thirty eight down to Cape Canavera where 129 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:52,640 Speaker 1: they were training, and so they were absentee fathers for 130 00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: the most part and sort of celebrities down in Florida. 131 00:08:57,920 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: And so the women had to deal with the very 132 00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:05,520 Speaker 1: unique challenge of keeping a family grounded while also sort 133 00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:11,280 Speaker 1: of promoting this space age dream that America was projecting 134 00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:14,880 Speaker 1: out into the world. That was Lily Copel. I'm a 135 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:18,640 Speaker 1: writer and journalist and I wrote a book called The 136 00:09:18,679 --> 00:09:22,560 Speaker 1: Astronaut Wives Club. While the astronauts lived in Houston, a 137 00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: large amount of their training took place in Florida, forcing 138 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:27,520 Speaker 1: them away from their families for most of the week. 139 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:31,200 Speaker 1: In a very real sense, the astronaut's wives were single mothers. 140 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:35,600 Speaker 1: Barbara's Cernan, who was the wife of Jean Cernan, the 141 00:09:35,679 --> 00:09:39,480 Speaker 1: last man to walk on the Moon, said quite poignantly, 142 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:42,880 Speaker 1: if you think going to the moon is hard, try 143 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:47,119 Speaker 1: staying at home. They ran the house, juggling the finances, 144 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:49,839 Speaker 1: mowing the lawn, fixing anything that broke, and helping the 145 00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 1: kids with their schoolwork. Andy Aldrin, buzz and Jones's youngest 146 00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:55,640 Speaker 1: of three, was eleven the year his father left for 147 00:09:55,679 --> 00:09:58,440 Speaker 1: the Moon. It wasn't at home all that all. That's 148 00:09:58,440 --> 00:10:02,320 Speaker 1: just what my dad's job was. My mother was incredibly strong, 149 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 1: incredibly diplomatic, incredibly compassionate. You know, I'll be honest with that. 150 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:10,840 Speaker 1: She emerges out of this whole thing as my biggest hero, 151 00:10:11,200 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 1: because it was incredibly difficult for her to manage all 152 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:19,160 Speaker 1: the things that she had to manage without alarming the kids. 153 00:10:19,960 --> 00:10:21,680 Speaker 1: You know, the fact that I can say all of 154 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:25,320 Speaker 1: this seemed normal is an absolute tribute to my mother. 155 00:10:25,840 --> 00:10:28,640 Speaker 1: The wives soon realized that they were each other's greatest 156 00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:32,120 Speaker 1: source of strength and supporting together's will was a name 157 00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:35,320 Speaker 1: the journalists gave the community. So women were sort of 158 00:10:35,400 --> 00:10:39,319 Speaker 1: living in this little tribal pack down in Houston, helping 159 00:10:39,559 --> 00:10:43,520 Speaker 1: communally raise the kids back in Houston. Because the men 160 00:10:43,559 --> 00:10:47,080 Speaker 1: were so busy training for their space flights. The wives 161 00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:49,640 Speaker 1: had a little motto for their own role, and that 162 00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:54,320 Speaker 1: was happy, proud, and thrilled because they next felt that 163 00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: they could reveal the enormous anxiety, the fears of what 164 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:05,520 Speaker 1: they were experiencing. This sisterhood of joint experiences, common pressures, 165 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:09,760 Speaker 1: mutual fears, and shared sacrifices was, by their own admission, 166 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:11,840 Speaker 1: a bit like living in a neighborhood run by the 167 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:16,440 Speaker 1: Stepford wives. They've always dreamed of the happiest investment they 168 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:20,920 Speaker 1: have ever made. There were five houses that were adjacent 169 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:23,480 Speaker 1: to the back of our house. Three of them were astronauts. 170 00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:25,760 Speaker 1: You couldn't swing a dead cat at our elementary school 171 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:29,440 Speaker 1: without him an astronaut's kid, so it was normal. I 172 00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:31,320 Speaker 1: thought my dad was cool because you get pole vauled, 173 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:35,400 Speaker 1: not because he was an astronaut. Having astronauts around was 174 00:11:35,480 --> 00:11:38,200 Speaker 1: just normal for me. It was normal for everybody in 175 00:11:38,240 --> 00:11:40,920 Speaker 1: our community. None of the astronaut wives knew what they 176 00:11:40,920 --> 00:11:43,640 Speaker 1: were in for. When they got married. They expected the quiet, 177 00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:46,679 Speaker 1: ordered life of military spouses, but now they had to 178 00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:49,960 Speaker 1: attend ribbon cuttings and high society festivities. They had to 179 00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:53,120 Speaker 1: plaster smiles on their faces during ticker tape parades and 180 00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:56,920 Speaker 1: make small talk with first ladies. Their neighborhoods were invaded 181 00:11:56,960 --> 00:12:00,120 Speaker 1: by press and tour buses, and it wasn't unusual to 182 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:03,800 Speaker 1: find tourists climbing trees or even jumping backyard fences just 183 00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:07,120 Speaker 1: to get a look at them. The astro families had 184 00:12:07,160 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: to be flawless. They had to project an image of 185 00:12:10,280 --> 00:12:13,760 Speaker 1: the all American Christian family because the world was watching. 186 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:16,319 Speaker 1: The women of this family seemed to feel that they 187 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:19,439 Speaker 1: owe it to the men of the family to look relaxed, rested, 188 00:12:19,440 --> 00:12:22,520 Speaker 1: and attractive at dinner time. And this was the height 189 00:12:22,559 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 1: of the Cold War, and there was the feeling that 190 00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:30,880 Speaker 1: America had to really sell and project to the world 191 00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:35,600 Speaker 1: all the ideals of the country, of the American dreams. 192 00:12:35,960 --> 00:12:40,520 Speaker 1: The choice lies between two opposing ideologies. On the one side, 193 00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:46,920 Speaker 1: socialist communism on the other side, democratic capitalism. The astronauts 194 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:50,440 Speaker 1: and their families were on the forefront of this propaganda mission. 195 00:12:50,559 --> 00:12:55,040 Speaker 1: They were almost like America's first reality stars. You know. 196 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:58,839 Speaker 1: There was such pressure um from NASA, from the US 197 00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:04,640 Speaker 1: government to maintained this perfect nineteen fifties going into the 198 00:13:04,760 --> 00:13:08,640 Speaker 1: sixties image, sort of the leave it to Beaver family. 199 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:11,199 Speaker 1: It was bad enough that the families had to meet 200 00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:14,480 Speaker 1: NASA's impossible standards anytime they stepped out the front door, 201 00:13:15,040 --> 00:13:17,719 Speaker 1: but thanks to an exclusive deal with Life magazine, they 202 00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:20,439 Speaker 1: also had to maintain this illusion behind the closed doors 203 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:24,960 Speaker 1: of their own homes. Life reporters were literally embedded with 204 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:29,320 Speaker 1: the families before and during missions. Everything they did, said, 205 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:33,480 Speaker 1: or war was scrutinized. It was totally awesome. The Life 206 00:13:33,520 --> 00:13:35,800 Speaker 1: guys were just great guys and they just wanted to 207 00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:39,120 Speaker 1: be my buddy. I enjoyed it. I think it's terrified 208 00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:41,640 Speaker 1: my mom. Well. The stories about the astronauts that appeared 209 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:44,840 Speaker 1: in Life magazine were accurate. The pictures were anything, but 210 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:48,600 Speaker 1: they frequently showed Neil, Buzz and Michael hanging out, laughing 211 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:51,440 Speaker 1: and cooking together. But these men didn't do any of that, 212 00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:54,840 Speaker 1: not in real life. It was all made up, staged 213 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:58,280 Speaker 1: by the magazine to sell copy. Andrew Chacken is a 214 00:13:58,320 --> 00:14:01,440 Speaker 1: space historian and science journalists and the author of A 215 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:04,520 Speaker 1: Man to the Moon, The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts, 216 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:07,680 Speaker 1: the basis of the HBO miniseries From the Earth to 217 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:11,319 Speaker 1: the Moon. The thing about a space mission is that 218 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:14,800 Speaker 1: you don't have to be best friends to carry it 219 00:14:14,840 --> 00:14:17,880 Speaker 1: out successfully. What you do have to do is be 220 00:14:18,120 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: consummate professionals. And Neil, Buzz and Mike were above all 221 00:14:23,280 --> 00:14:29,680 Speaker 1: consummate professionals. They were superb astronauts. They completely respected each 222 00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:33,600 Speaker 1: other on a professional level, whether or not they connected 223 00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:36,280 Speaker 1: on a personal level at all. And I think Mike 224 00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:41,760 Speaker 1: Collins said it best when he used the phrase amiable strangers. Uh. 225 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:46,240 Speaker 1: There was certainly no bad blood between them, but they 226 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:49,880 Speaker 1: weren't what you would call best buddies. They weren't the 227 00:14:49,960 --> 00:14:52,200 Speaker 1: kind of guys who would all go out drinking together. 228 00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: But as a professional unit, they were superb and their 229 00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:09,880 Speaker 1: skills complemented each other. Eleven, Hearston, You're gold. Roll over 230 00:15:10,520 --> 00:15:13,680 Speaker 1: at the right go for l o I. Apollo eleven 231 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:15,720 Speaker 1: is coming up on the moon fast. Now they are 232 00:15:15,760 --> 00:15:17,920 Speaker 1: just a few minutes away from l o I or 233 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:21,480 Speaker 1: the Lunar orbit insertion burn. The spacecraft is about to 234 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:23,640 Speaker 1: loop around the far side of the Moon, where they 235 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:26,280 Speaker 1: will ignite the engine to slow them down and allow 236 00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:30,480 Speaker 1: them to enter lunar orbit. Follow eleven Anderson, all your 237 00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:33,160 Speaker 1: systems are looking good. Going around the corner. We'll see 238 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:36,680 Speaker 1: on the other side over Radio signals can't penetrate the Moon, 239 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:39,600 Speaker 1: so each time that Apollo moves behind the Moon, they 240 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:43,080 Speaker 1: will be on their own. At seventy five hours, forty 241 00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:46,600 Speaker 1: one minutes, and twenty three seconds, exactly as predicted, Earth 242 00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:50,560 Speaker 1: loses radio contact with Apollo eleven. But just because Houston 243 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:53,120 Speaker 1: can't hear the astronauts, it doesn't mean weekend I have. 244 00:15:53,240 --> 00:15:56,440 Speaker 1: The Moon is there in all of the splendor my 245 00:15:57,280 --> 00:16:00,320 Speaker 1: grain im okay here we come up and okay about kay. 246 00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:04,600 Speaker 1: Clearly Neil wants everyone's full attention. Don't worry, guys, there's 247 00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:08,760 Speaker 1: gonna be plenty of mood to see. Shortly. Name TIG 248 00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:12,600 Speaker 1: is time of ignition. The Command Service Module's primary rocket 249 00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:16,400 Speaker 1: and more than twenty pound thrust engine ignites. This is 250 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:22,160 Speaker 1: Apollo control as minutes follow eleven should have started this 251 00:16:22,440 --> 00:16:27,280 Speaker 1: long burn duration six minutes to seconds. There's a reason 252 00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:30,880 Speaker 1: Armstrong needs his crew's complete attention. For every second of 253 00:16:30,920 --> 00:16:34,040 Speaker 1: this three hundred and sixty two second burn, Apollo eleven 254 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:36,960 Speaker 1: is dropping more than eleven naut ago miles towards the Moon. 255 00:16:37,640 --> 00:16:40,360 Speaker 1: If they are off by even ten seconds, they will 256 00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 1: slam into the Moon's surface, rinding off moment and connected 257 00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:50,960 Speaker 1: daron I cam name and Pregner Nick. If something goes wrong, 258 00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,400 Speaker 1: it will be nearly half an hour until anyone in 259 00:16:53,440 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 1: mission control even knows there's a problem. Okay, y or okay, 260 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:13,560 Speaker 1: one off and take bad any bad things I ever 261 00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:20,479 Speaker 1: said about as a beautiful birds good I get. Luckily, 262 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:23,440 Speaker 1: there is no problem. Apollo elevin's engine has slowed the 263 00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:26,199 Speaker 1: vehicle to a sufficient degree that it's been captured by 264 00:17:26,320 --> 00:17:30,160 Speaker 1: lunar gravity. It is now only sixty nautical miles above 265 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:32,760 Speaker 1: the surface. Michael makes a joke about m I. T, 266 00:17:33,160 --> 00:17:36,760 Speaker 1: whose Draper Computer Laboratory built the spacecraft's computers, and on 267 00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:40,240 Speaker 1: whose computations they were relying to get them into orbit safely. 268 00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:43,520 Speaker 1: Today we take for granted the computers run so much 269 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:46,040 Speaker 1: of our lives, But the idea of trusting your life 270 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:48,480 Speaker 1: to a machine was still a foreign concept in nineteen 271 00:17:48,560 --> 00:17:51,840 Speaker 1: sixty nine. Clearly Michael and the others had some occasional doubts. 272 00:17:52,359 --> 00:17:55,640 Speaker 1: They don't anymore. With the engines off, they finally get 273 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:58,280 Speaker 1: a chance to cock at the mood. Well, I have 274 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:04,720 Speaker 1: to vote with it. Can through that day brown and amazing, Yeah, yeah, 275 00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:11,680 Speaker 1: yet a fogel about. I'll get all back. Then. Back 276 00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:15,440 Speaker 1: in mission control, the public affairs officer makes an important announcement. 277 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:20,080 Speaker 1: Where past the no burn acquisition time now? And we 278 00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 1: have received no signal. If Apollo eleven had not slowed 279 00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:26,359 Speaker 1: itself and settled into orbit, Houston would have expected to 280 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,159 Speaker 1: reacquire their signal right about now. The fact that they 281 00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:32,679 Speaker 1: haven't indicates that the burn was successful. It's very quiet 282 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:37,560 Speaker 1: here in the control room. Most of the controllers seated 283 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:41,840 Speaker 1: at their consoles, a few standing up, but very quiet. 284 00:18:42,359 --> 00:18:44,760 Speaker 1: There's one other reason Apolo eleven may not have re 285 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,720 Speaker 1: established contact. It could have crashed on the dark side 286 00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:51,720 Speaker 1: of the moon. Everyone in mission control waits silently. The 287 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:54,720 Speaker 1: guys in the capsule don't realize the apprehension building on Earth. 288 00:18:55,240 --> 00:18:58,560 Speaker 1: They are too spell dound by their view. Look the 289 00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:02,160 Speaker 1: great None of those meteors come by right there, get 290 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:06,240 Speaker 1: the mountains going around? I guess clear, monsters, we think 291 00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:08,640 Speaker 1: of the Moon as a flat thing. From our vantage 292 00:19:08,640 --> 00:19:11,359 Speaker 1: point on Earth, we can't make out any definition. But 293 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:13,720 Speaker 1: there are mountains on the Moon more than twenty one 294 00:19:13,840 --> 00:19:17,280 Speaker 1: thousand feet tall. That's a thousand feet taller than Denali, 295 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:20,760 Speaker 1: the tallest mountain in North America. The largest note impact 296 00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:24,160 Speaker 1: crater on the Moon is roughly six hundred miles wide 297 00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:28,680 Speaker 1: and eight miles deep. To Apollo eleven, soaring just sixty 298 00:19:28,720 --> 00:19:32,560 Speaker 1: miles above this astonishing topography, the view is like nothing 299 00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:35,320 Speaker 1: they have ever seen. Oh well, I need to spend 300 00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:39,119 Speaker 1: a lifetime just geologizing that one crater alone. You know, 301 00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:42,399 Speaker 1: that not how I'd like to spend my life, turns, 302 00:19:42,480 --> 00:19:47,600 Speaker 1: but that big over here coup. Come on, now, the 303 00:19:47,720 --> 00:19:53,360 Speaker 1: big mounts. Very name a geologist that there? I go crazy. 304 00:19:55,440 --> 00:19:57,439 Speaker 1: We talked before about what life was like for the 305 00:19:57,440 --> 00:20:00,600 Speaker 1: astronauts families while they are away, But exactly where the 306 00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:03,399 Speaker 1: astronauts up to that whole time? What were they doing 307 00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:05,960 Speaker 1: that was so important that they missed months and even 308 00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:09,560 Speaker 1: years of time with their loving families. It has more 309 00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: to do with Michael's geology comment than you might think 310 00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:15,640 Speaker 1: practice makes perfect. It's one of those things that's drilled 311 00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:18,520 Speaker 1: into every American school child. But it works for more 312 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:21,479 Speaker 1: than just reading, writing, and arithmetic. It also works for 313 00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:25,720 Speaker 1: space exploration. Everyone working on Apollo eleven, from the crew 314 00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:28,560 Speaker 1: and the spacecraft to the flight controllers and mission control 315 00:20:28,960 --> 00:20:32,159 Speaker 1: undertook a rigorous training regiment to prepare them for the 316 00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:35,200 Speaker 1: first mission to the mood, which makes you wonder, how 317 00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:37,480 Speaker 1: do you train for something no one has ever done before, 318 00:20:38,119 --> 00:20:39,919 Speaker 1: and what kind of toll does it take on the 319 00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:44,119 Speaker 1: families left behind Apollo, their teens Jim love them, and 320 00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:47,720 Speaker 1: any kind of an occupation that you're going to be 321 00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:52,760 Speaker 1: involved in, it's imperative that you have good training before 322 00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:56,840 Speaker 1: you do the actual things. Tratty was the one thing 323 00:20:56,920 --> 00:20:59,920 Speaker 1: that made everything successful. I mean, if we were sort 324 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,920 Speaker 1: elects of days ago and trading, I don't think we 325 00:21:03,040 --> 00:21:07,240 Speaker 1: had ever done it. Amy share Title is a spacecraft historian, author, 326 00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:10,919 Speaker 1: and YouTuber extraordinaire. Nothing was left up to chance. No 327 00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:12,439 Speaker 1: one really knew it was going to happen for the 328 00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,840 Speaker 1: first time people walked on the Moon. So NASA's approaches 329 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:18,560 Speaker 1: basically take every question out of the equation and run 330 00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:21,000 Speaker 1: through absolutely everything and make sure we know how everything's 331 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,520 Speaker 1: gonna work. Neil, Buzz and Michael trained intensely for six 332 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:27,879 Speaker 1: months for their nine day mission. It was, according to Michael, 333 00:21:27,960 --> 00:21:32,080 Speaker 1: the busiest six months of their entire lives. From January 334 00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,000 Speaker 1: to July of nineteen sixty nine, the crew of APAUL 335 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:38,160 Speaker 1: eleven log more than three thousand, five hundred and twenty 336 00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:41,000 Speaker 1: one training hours were roughly forty two hours a week 337 00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:44,119 Speaker 1: per man. They also did an additional twenty hours a 338 00:21:44,119 --> 00:21:49,120 Speaker 1: week studying. All astronauts received intensive academic training to assure 339 00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:51,920 Speaker 1: that they have achieved a common level of spaceflight knowledge. 340 00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:55,119 Speaker 1: The least sexy, yet arguably the most important part of 341 00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:58,720 Speaker 1: the astronauts training took place in flight simulators, which perfectly 342 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:01,720 Speaker 1: resembled the Command and un modules down to every last 343 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:05,800 Speaker 1: switch and blinking light. In the complex computer operated electronic 344 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:11,000 Speaker 1: mechanism called the Command Module simulator, the astronauts learned singly 345 00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:14,760 Speaker 1: and as a team, systems and characteristics of their three 346 00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:19,000 Speaker 1: man ship. In these simulators, the men practiced rendezvousing and 347 00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:22,240 Speaker 1: talking with other spacecraft, and of course, landing on the Moon. 348 00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: The outside was a large mosaic of the actual place 349 00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:30,400 Speaker 1: we were going to land and and hanging over that 350 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: was a TV camera that was controlled by the controls 351 00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:39,359 Speaker 1: in the lunar module, and I could actually control the 352 00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:43,760 Speaker 1: camera going down looking for places of land, and the 353 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:46,480 Speaker 1: actual simulation of the speech and things like that of 354 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:51,800 Speaker 1: lunar module. It was actually a marvelous device. It was 355 00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:56,959 Speaker 1: very accurate. Their instructors programmed system malfunctions, emergencies, and various 356 00:22:56,960 --> 00:22:59,880 Speaker 1: disasters to see how quickly and proficiently the crew could 357 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,000 Speaker 1: react and how well they knew the spacecraft and its systems. 358 00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:05,560 Speaker 1: Neil put in more than ten weeks of eight hour 359 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:08,040 Speaker 1: days in the LAMB trainer. Buzz put in even more. 360 00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:11,480 Speaker 1: Michael did half of his Command module simulator training by himself. 361 00:23:11,840 --> 00:23:13,440 Speaker 1: Since he was never going to see the inside of 362 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:15,280 Speaker 1: the lemb during the mission or walk on the Moon, 363 00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:17,399 Speaker 1: there was no need for him to learn any of that. 364 00:23:18,119 --> 00:23:20,400 Speaker 1: In all, the men calculated that they spent around two 365 00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:25,800 Speaker 1: thousand hours or eighty days in those simulators. According to Michael, 366 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:28,639 Speaker 1: there was only one angry moment throughout the men's training. 367 00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:32,040 Speaker 1: During one of the simulated lunar descents, Neil was ordered 368 00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:35,960 Speaker 1: to abort the landing after the spacecraft began malfunctioning. Neil 369 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,640 Speaker 1: disagreed with the order, thinking he could still land safely. 370 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,240 Speaker 1: He was wrong. The lambs smashed into the lunar surface, 371 00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:46,200 Speaker 1: breaking apart that night with several glasses of Scotch and him. 372 00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:49,240 Speaker 1: Buzz angrily ripped into Neil. It got so heated that 373 00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: Michael slipped away to let them have at it. He 374 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:54,200 Speaker 1: never did learn how they resolve things, but the next 375 00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:56,240 Speaker 1: morning they were back to their normal cells as if 376 00:23:56,280 --> 00:23:59,280 Speaker 1: nothing had ever happened. Well, we think of Apollo eleven 377 00:23:59,359 --> 00:24:01,960 Speaker 1: as the Moon ending mission. The truth is that Neil 378 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,040 Speaker 1: and Buzz spent less than three of their more than 379 00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:07,320 Speaker 1: one hundred and ninety five hour long mission gallivanting across 380 00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:10,399 Speaker 1: the lunar surface. As such, training for their lunar v 381 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:14,840 Speaker 1: A represented only four of their overall preparations. Simulators are 382 00:24:14,920 --> 00:24:17,520 Speaker 1: used to train astronauts to work in the one sixth 383 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:20,439 Speaker 1: gravity on the surface of the Moon. They did some 384 00:24:20,480 --> 00:24:24,480 Speaker 1: things that they supported astronauts on their sides from cables 385 00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:28,040 Speaker 1: and had them run around a vertical track to see 386 00:24:28,080 --> 00:24:30,560 Speaker 1: about mobility. These the vomit comment, which is you know 387 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:33,719 Speaker 1: flies and parable is to give you actual periods of 388 00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:36,040 Speaker 1: reduced gravity like on the moons, they could figure out 389 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:40,320 Speaker 1: how to deploy instruments, how to walk. To become familiar 390 00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:44,680 Speaker 1: with the sensations of zero gravity or weightlessness. The astronauts 391 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:49,240 Speaker 1: ride an aircraft applying precise trajectories. They also practiced in 392 00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:51,840 Speaker 1: a precursor of what is known today as the neutral 393 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:55,720 Speaker 1: buoyancy simulator. Scuba training has given since another method of 394 00:24:55,760 --> 00:25:00,240 Speaker 1: simulating weightlessness is by working under water in special sally 395 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:04,560 Speaker 1: constructed tanks. The astronauts enter the water weighted to provide 396 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:10,200 Speaker 1: neutral buoyancy. The astronauts meticulously rehearsed the entire moonwalk. NASA 397 00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:13,879 Speaker 1: created fake indoor moonscapes, complete with a full sized lunar 398 00:25:13,920 --> 00:25:17,440 Speaker 1: module mock up encased in their spacesuits. The men practiced 399 00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:19,959 Speaker 1: exiting and entering the lamb and ran through every aspect 400 00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:22,359 Speaker 1: of the mission, from the tools they would use, the 401 00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:25,280 Speaker 1: experiments they would deploy, the rock samples they would collect, 402 00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:27,960 Speaker 1: and even the flag they would plant. However, not all 403 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,320 Speaker 1: of their training took place indoors. Classroom work is supplemented 404 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:34,920 Speaker 1: with field trips. The astronauts collecting samples on the surface 405 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:37,359 Speaker 1: of the Moon will have the equivalent study of a 406 00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:44,400 Speaker 1: master's degree in geology. This is Harrison Schmidt. I'm astronaut 407 00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:48,000 Speaker 1: TU on Apollo sevent team. Before Harrison Schmidt became an 408 00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:51,199 Speaker 1: astronaut and later the only professional scientists to ever go 409 00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:53,439 Speaker 1: to the Moon, he was a geologist with a U 410 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:57,439 Speaker 1: S Geological Survey at NASA. He pulled double duty training 411 00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:59,760 Speaker 1: future moonwalkers and what kind of rocks they should look 412 00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:03,720 Speaker 1: for once they were there. We tried to find earth 413 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,000 Speaker 1: analogs for some of the things that we thought they 414 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:09,600 Speaker 1: might encounter at the particular site. While their families remained 415 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,480 Speaker 1: in Houston, the astronauts spent a lot of time trapesing 416 00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:16,080 Speaker 1: around the world, from Iceland to Hawaii, Texas to Arizona. 417 00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:19,840 Speaker 1: I tried to impart as much of the logic of 418 00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:23,600 Speaker 1: field geology as possible, because that's basically what they would 419 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:27,680 Speaker 1: be trying to do on the Moon, is to observe 420 00:26:28,119 --> 00:26:32,879 Speaker 1: and sample and document their observations. So how did Neil do? 421 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:36,679 Speaker 1: I was already very impressed with Neil Armstrong. He was 422 00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:40,000 Speaker 1: a great observer, and so I expected him to do 423 00:26:40,040 --> 00:26:42,719 Speaker 1: a very good job, and he did. It was outstanding. 424 00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:46,760 Speaker 1: John He collected one of the finest suites of samples 425 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:50,680 Speaker 1: that has ever been collected, including my mission on Paulo 426 00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:56,240 Speaker 1: seventeen back in orbit around the Moon. A Paulo eleven 427 00:26:56,240 --> 00:26:58,680 Speaker 1: has finally rounded the bend in its catching sight of 428 00:26:58,720 --> 00:27:01,000 Speaker 1: the Earth. And if you can see the Earth, it 429 00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:03,600 Speaker 1: means the Earth can see them. All right, I want 430 00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:06,120 Speaker 1: very good nominals. I'll get out and everything looking good. 431 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,800 Speaker 1: It was right perfect. The astronauts will now get their 432 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:11,640 Speaker 1: first view of the area in which they will set 433 00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:15,080 Speaker 1: down tomorrow, the southwestern corner of a lava plane, dubbed 434 00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:22,280 Speaker 1: the Sea of Tranquility. That's getting The landing approach was great, 435 00:27:22,359 --> 00:27:27,120 Speaker 1: much like the pictures, but like the difference between watching 436 00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:31,480 Speaker 1: a real football game and one on dud for actually 437 00:27:31,520 --> 00:27:34,400 Speaker 1: be in here as you just heard. The Apollo eight 438 00:27:34,440 --> 00:27:37,280 Speaker 1: and ten missions snapped hundreds of images from the chosen 439 00:27:37,359 --> 00:27:40,760 Speaker 1: landing zone. This allowed scientists to determine the safest path 440 00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:43,440 Speaker 1: of approach and the flattest area in which to land. 441 00:27:44,160 --> 00:27:47,400 Speaker 1: R send her and M. We certainly wish we could 442 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:52,440 Speaker 1: see it firsthand. Also or over Mount Maryland. President Point. 443 00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:55,600 Speaker 1: Mount Maryland, which sits at the southeast corner of the 444 00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:58,680 Speaker 1: Sea of Tranquility, was named by astronaut Jim Level during 445 00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:01,560 Speaker 1: Apollo Weight in honor of his wife. Its size and 446 00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:05,200 Speaker 1: orientation make it an easily recognizable landmark for Tomorrow's descent. 447 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:12,119 Speaker 1: The astronauts were not the only ones who trained extensively 448 00:28:12,160 --> 00:28:15,400 Speaker 1: for this mission. Unlike Neil Buzzin Michael, the flight controllers 449 00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:17,000 Speaker 1: who worked in the cathedral may have been able to 450 00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:19,439 Speaker 1: go home to their families every night, but they're hours 451 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:22,040 Speaker 1: where every bit is demanding and their jobs every bit 452 00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:25,159 Speaker 1: is stressful. They sacrificed a lot to ensure that the 453 00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:27,359 Speaker 1: men in the spacecraft made it safely to the Moon 454 00:28:27,520 --> 00:28:31,720 Speaker 1: and back again. While four separate mission control teams rotated 455 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:34,520 Speaker 1: through the different shifts to cover the entire mission, We're 456 00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:36,880 Speaker 1: going to focus on the White team, the one Jean 457 00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:40,920 Speaker 1: Krans led. Jean's team had been given the coveted lunar 458 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,760 Speaker 1: landing shift. Geene likes the people he's working with. He 459 00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:48,880 Speaker 1: chose them personally. Mission controls Simulation Supervisor, or SIMSUP was 460 00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:52,720 Speaker 1: Dick Kuss, rail thin former Army sergeant. From a back 461 00:28:52,800 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: room full of computers, sending realistic mission redoubts to each 462 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:59,920 Speaker 1: of the consoles. Coups could simulate just about any conceivable scenario. 463 00:29:00,880 --> 00:29:03,560 Speaker 1: Eight weeks before the launch of Apaul eleven Jean's White 464 00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:06,800 Speaker 1: team was confident and self assured. Coups put an end 465 00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,920 Speaker 1: to that. The coup must us looked at us and said, 466 00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:13,840 Speaker 1: that team's too cocky, that team needs to get a 467 00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:17,360 Speaker 1: few lessons, and he called his team up, and let's 468 00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:20,600 Speaker 1: put the screws to these guys. Seconds into their very 469 00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:23,960 Speaker 1: first session, they started showing problems with the lens as centenie. 470 00:29:24,440 --> 00:29:26,600 Speaker 1: If the lamb put down on the lunar surface, it 471 00:29:26,680 --> 00:29:29,520 Speaker 1: might never get back off again. Geane and his team 472 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:33,080 Speaker 1: aborted the landing, and cous agreed with their decision. On 473 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,880 Speaker 1: one of the next simulations, so many things began going 474 00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:38,680 Speaker 1: wrong that the White team began drowning in data. They 475 00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:41,360 Speaker 1: couldn't sort through it fast enough. By the time they 476 00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:44,280 Speaker 1: recognized that the lamb was descending too quickly, it was 477 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:47,760 Speaker 1: too late. The lamb was splattered across the creators. The 478 00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:51,200 Speaker 1: second month of training, we had a particularly bad day 479 00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:55,160 Speaker 1: where we couldn't seem to do anything right. We went 480 00:29:55,240 --> 00:29:59,200 Speaker 1: through a bad, bad, bad day. We had crashed, and 481 00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:02,320 Speaker 1: we had crashed, and then to avoid crashing, we'd become 482 00:30:02,360 --> 00:30:05,560 Speaker 1: unnecessarily conservative and we'd aboard when we could have landed, 483 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:09,400 Speaker 1: and by the end of the day we sound pretty bad. 484 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:12,040 Speaker 1: And this is the way it went again and again. 485 00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,200 Speaker 1: Cous was relentless. Gine and his men were simply not 486 00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:17,360 Speaker 1: fast enough to keep up with all the problems Couse 487 00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:21,080 Speaker 1: was sending their weight. Jeane felt unsure of his every call, second, 488 00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:24,680 Speaker 1: guessing his every instinct. Worse, his indecisiveness was wearing off 489 00:30:24,680 --> 00:30:26,920 Speaker 1: on his team. It was there only a couple of weeks, 490 00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:30,760 Speaker 1: but it seemed a lifetime where we could not do 491 00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:33,480 Speaker 1: anything right. It wasn't long before the Powers that Be 492 00:30:33,560 --> 00:30:35,960 Speaker 1: asked Jane if they needed to push Upaul Levin's launch date. 493 00:30:36,240 --> 00:30:39,880 Speaker 1: The White Team didn't appear ready. Jean insisted they would be, 494 00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:43,280 Speaker 1: and training was now and Apollo was about as real. 495 00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,880 Speaker 1: I mean, you would get the sweaty palms and the 496 00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:50,760 Speaker 1: pressure was on in a training episode. It no longer 497 00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:54,240 Speaker 1: was training, It was real, and the same emotions, the 498 00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:58,480 Speaker 1: same feelings, the same energies, the same adrenaline would flow 499 00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:03,520 Speaker 1: and was was causing all this time. But he decided 500 00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:06,320 Speaker 1: my team wasn't ready, so I kept beating us up 501 00:31:06,360 --> 00:31:09,440 Speaker 1: and beating us up and beating us up. The White 502 00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:13,480 Speaker 1: Team hunkered down. They practically lived at their consoles like 503 00:31:13,560 --> 00:31:15,880 Speaker 1: the astronants. They were training so hard to keep safe. 504 00:31:16,120 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: They spent more time at work than with their families. 505 00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:21,360 Speaker 1: But the tide was finally beginning to turn. They were 506 00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:25,520 Speaker 1: making real progress, responding faster now morning control. The simulations 507 00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:29,080 Speaker 1: weren't getting any easier, but they were getting better. They 508 00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:31,640 Speaker 1: had successfully landed the lamb a half dozen times now, 509 00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:35,800 Speaker 1: and finally they felt ready. On July five, just a 510 00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:38,040 Speaker 1: week and a half before the launch of Apollo, Levin 511 00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:41,240 Speaker 1: Geane and his White team sat down for their final simulation. 512 00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:48,440 Speaker 1: The final training runs, invariably are supposed to be confidence builders. 513 00:31:48,640 --> 00:31:50,680 Speaker 1: It's to the point now, this is the last time 514 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:53,800 Speaker 1: we're gonna have an opportunity. Generally, things are going to 515 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:57,000 Speaker 1: go right during the course of the mission. So let's 516 00:31:57,360 --> 00:32:01,400 Speaker 1: stay within the box. Let's build the conf done so this, Dame, etcetera. 517 00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:05,200 Speaker 1: Who's didn't see it that way? The test started with 518 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:09,040 Speaker 1: a lunar module beginning its descent, and midway through the 519 00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:15,200 Speaker 1: descent training we saw a series of computer program alarms, 520 00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:18,760 Speaker 1: and we had never seen these before in training. We 521 00:32:18,760 --> 00:32:22,240 Speaker 1: had never studied these before in training. Down in front 522 00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:25,400 Speaker 1: of the guidance position was twenty six year old Steve Bales. 523 00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:29,080 Speaker 1: According to Jean, Steve was the quintessential nerd with thick 524 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:32,840 Speaker 1: glasses unlike most people. Jean actually meant that as a compliment. 525 00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:37,040 Speaker 1: I was on the guns console and a program alarm 526 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:40,760 Speaker 1: came up, and I've never seen it before. My backgroom 527 00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:44,280 Speaker 1: expert jer Garment had never seen it before. The alarm 528 00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:47,320 Speaker 1: read twelve oh one. Since Neil and Buzz were already 529 00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:50,960 Speaker 1: in Florida in quarantine, astronauts Dave Scott and Jim Irwin, 530 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,560 Speaker 1: we're filling in for them. In the simulated LAMB, Steve 531 00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,200 Speaker 1: heard them demanding an explanation for the alarm over the radio, 532 00:32:56,360 --> 00:32:58,400 Speaker 1: but he didn't have one to give them. Steve began 533 00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:00,720 Speaker 1: rushing through the pages of a soft to wear handbook 534 00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:03,000 Speaker 1: on his desk looking for an answer. He knew that 535 00:33:03,040 --> 00:33:05,520 Speaker 1: at any moment, Jean was going to be breathing down 536 00:33:05,520 --> 00:33:08,640 Speaker 1: his neck. His mind flashed back to that lamb splattered 537 00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:12,680 Speaker 1: on the moon. Every second counts. Finally he found it, 538 00:33:12,840 --> 00:33:16,920 Speaker 1: twelve o one executive overflow. The computer was overloaded with 539 00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:21,120 Speaker 1: tasks and threatening to crash. But why everything seemed to 540 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:26,080 Speaker 1: be working just fine? Suddenly another series of alarms rang out. 541 00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:28,880 Speaker 1: It was the same alarm again. What the hell was 542 00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:32,200 Speaker 1: going on? Steve couldn't wait any longer. He had to 543 00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:34,880 Speaker 1: make a decision. He decided to air on the side 544 00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,680 Speaker 1: of caution. My guide, this officer, Steve Bales, decided we 545 00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:41,800 Speaker 1: had to abort. I was really seething. I mean, this 546 00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:45,640 Speaker 1: really frustrated a sick There's no I mean, he's the 547 00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:48,120 Speaker 1: Boston in training. He's going to call the shots, and 548 00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:50,520 Speaker 1: I was really ready to kill CU's at this time. 549 00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:53,240 Speaker 1: I said, pay him that we thought we had done 550 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:56,400 Speaker 1: everything right. And cous comes into us and he says no, 551 00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:58,360 Speaker 1: he says he didn't do everything right. You should not 552 00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:01,600 Speaker 1: have aborted for those computer pro m alarms, but you 553 00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:05,280 Speaker 1: should have done has ignored those alarms. More bewildered than ever, 554 00:34:05,680 --> 00:34:11,200 Speaker 1: Jeane cornered Steve Bales. So after the debriefing, GANE want 555 00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:13,759 Speaker 1: to talk to you, I said, Okay, said, I want 556 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:16,719 Speaker 1: you to go find out every one of these lams. 557 00:34:16,760 --> 00:34:18,239 Speaker 1: I don't care what they are, and I want you 558 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:21,000 Speaker 1: to at least make a cheat sheet so that you'll 559 00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 1: know what to do if they come up. I said, Jane, 560 00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:25,600 Speaker 1: you've gotta be kidding. I got ten other things to do. 561 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:29,000 Speaker 1: We got one to go to the take off of 562 00:34:29,040 --> 00:34:32,120 Speaker 1: the Saturn. I've got this and doing us on this 563 00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:33,680 Speaker 1: and this and this. Said, I don't care. I want 564 00:34:33,719 --> 00:34:37,240 Speaker 1: you get done. I got a call about ten o'clock 565 00:34:37,280 --> 00:34:40,440 Speaker 1: that evening that said the training people were right. We 566 00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:43,839 Speaker 1: had made the wrong decision. Sure the computer was overloaded, 567 00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:46,239 Speaker 1: but it wouldn't have affected safety of flight or any 568 00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:49,080 Speaker 1: of the critical systems. They could have landed on the Moon. 569 00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:52,319 Speaker 1: If Geane and his people had been better prepared, they 570 00:34:52,320 --> 00:34:55,440 Speaker 1: would have known that. Why did I tell you this story? 571 00:34:56,440 --> 00:34:58,759 Speaker 1: When a Paula Levin begins It's lunar de scent for real, 572 00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:02,520 Speaker 1: the reason will be them glaringly obvious, because while everyone 573 00:35:02,560 --> 00:35:06,200 Speaker 1: in mission control may have gone home angry, only Dick 574 00:35:06,239 --> 00:35:10,319 Speaker 1: cous is punishing training will literally save the mission. On July, 575 00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:23,080 Speaker 1: standing by for acquisition, television is now on. Apollo eleven 576 00:35:23,120 --> 00:35:25,680 Speaker 1: has come out from behind the mood. The schedule has 577 00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:28,319 Speaker 1: our trio starting a TV transmission as soon as they 578 00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:31,440 Speaker 1: catch sight of Earth. It's time to describe the new 579 00:35:31,560 --> 00:35:35,360 Speaker 1: view out their windows. Fertility doesn't look very fertile to me. 580 00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:38,200 Speaker 1: I don't know the name. It may have been named 581 00:35:38,680 --> 00:35:41,839 Speaker 1: otographers King I'm sane and made one of the one 582 00:35:41,840 --> 00:35:46,239 Speaker 1: of the early agreemably accurate maps of the class clown 583 00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:49,960 Speaker 1: Michael making a joke and brainiac Neil showing off, and 584 00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:51,759 Speaker 1: we're getting a good view of the track leading into 585 00:35:51,760 --> 00:35:58,560 Speaker 1: the landing right now, Okay, this is very point. Neil 586 00:35:58,640 --> 00:36:02,040 Speaker 1: is walking the audience through Tomorrow's descent, checking it against 587 00:36:02,040 --> 00:36:06,960 Speaker 1: the lunar roadmap. They get a real good, uh look 588 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,520 Speaker 1: at that Tomorrow afternoon. As a paul lepant passes out 589 00:36:10,520 --> 00:36:14,080 Speaker 1: of communication range again, the astronauts realize that the exterior 590 00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:17,040 Speaker 1: skin of the spacecraft is covered in a discolored sheen 591 00:36:17,160 --> 00:36:20,919 Speaker 1: they can't quite identify. Michael suddenly realizes exactly what they're 592 00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,919 Speaker 1: looking at. Well, lamb and condamnate urine particles all over, 593 00:36:25,640 --> 00:36:29,560 Speaker 1: No more and not turn away the bone. Michael decides 594 00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:33,319 Speaker 1: to run another of his experiments, moat things rolling over, 595 00:36:33,320 --> 00:36:36,880 Speaker 1: I'm thank you. Having finished peeing into a condom like hose, 596 00:36:37,239 --> 00:36:39,880 Speaker 1: Michael discards the waist liquid through a urine dump nozzle 597 00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:42,840 Speaker 1: on the outside of the spacecraft, inspiring them to discuss 598 00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:46,800 Speaker 1: the unique properties of fluid dynamics in space but they're like, no, 599 00:36:46,920 --> 00:36:49,600 Speaker 1: one's got a little little curve in it. Yeah, a 600 00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:52,200 Speaker 1: little paper in it that came to the surface and 601 00:36:52,280 --> 00:36:57,400 Speaker 1: went there's an epispheric grap I think what really happened 602 00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,480 Speaker 1: is we're rolling, but now it's time for a quick 603 00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:03,440 Speaker 1: dinner and then bed were betting. I'm going over to 604 00:37:03,560 --> 00:37:07,480 Speaker 1: wait at a dude, we're all eight, didn't be twenty nine? 605 00:37:08,120 --> 00:37:11,160 Speaker 1: This is a pottle control Houston at eighty three hours 606 00:37:11,320 --> 00:37:13,840 Speaker 1: forty three minutes. So now to the flight of Pollo eleven. 607 00:37:14,080 --> 00:37:17,280 Speaker 1: We expect the next time we acquire a Pollo eleven, 608 00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:22,080 Speaker 1: Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins, and buzz Aldan will have a gun. 609 00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:27,160 Speaker 1: Their rest period that the last me a week or 610 00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:31,640 Speaker 1: a d center. Wh okay, I want to get there. 611 00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:35,879 Speaker 1: My parther amazing quickly at Jack, but I didn't seem 612 00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:37,560 Speaker 1: weird at all of me. Look out here to the 613 00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:42,200 Speaker 1: man going by, well, aren't to day? Went three? Well, Maria, 614 00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:46,359 Speaker 1: next day? Erect carry on booted day. How the men 615 00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:47,800 Speaker 1: think they're going to be able to get any sleep 616 00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:50,680 Speaker 1: tonight is beyond me. And they're not the only ones 617 00:37:51,040 --> 00:37:53,680 Speaker 1: back on Earth, as the astronaut's families and Gean trans 618 00:37:53,719 --> 00:37:56,400 Speaker 1: and his White team prepare for bed. Everyone is surely 619 00:37:56,440 --> 00:38:01,160 Speaker 1: asking the same question, are we ready? Did our training 620 00:38:01,239 --> 00:38:04,719 Speaker 1: cover everything we're bound to encounter? Did we train for 621 00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:08,640 Speaker 1: everything we could? Did we forget something crucial? And the 622 00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:11,799 Speaker 1: fact is no one can answer that. Tomorrow, Neil, Buzz 623 00:38:11,840 --> 00:38:13,840 Speaker 1: and Michael will do something no one in all of 624 00:38:13,920 --> 00:38:17,399 Speaker 1: human history has ever done before. If they're successful, they'll 625 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:19,960 Speaker 1: go down in history, their names will be known the 626 00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:24,520 Speaker 1: world over throughout all time. Or they'll fail and I 627 00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:29,759 Speaker 1: hundreds of thousands of miles from everyone they love. Day 628 00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:34,080 Speaker 1: four is over. Tomorrow is Day five July, the day 629 00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:37,480 Speaker 1: human beings first attempt to step foot on another world. 630 00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:40,799 Speaker 1: And as we'll hear on our next episode, it very 631 00:38:40,840 --> 00:38:48,600 Speaker 1: nearly didn't happen. This podcast is a production of I 632 00:38:48,719 --> 00:38:53,560 Speaker 1: Heart Radio and trade Craft Studios, Executive producers Ashe Seroia 633 00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:57,400 Speaker 1: and Scott Bernstein, in association with High five Content and 634 00:38:57,520 --> 00:39:02,759 Speaker 1: executive producer Andrew Jacobs. Amazing research and production assistance by 635 00:39:02,760 --> 00:39:07,800 Speaker 1: associate producers Brian Schosau and Natalie Robomed. Our incredible editor 636 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:12,640 Speaker 1: is Bill Lance. Original music by Henry ben Wah Special 637 00:39:12,680 --> 00:39:16,279 Speaker 1: thanks to Andy Aldrin Lily Copel, the author of the 638 00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:20,840 Speaker 1: Astronaut Wives Club, historian Amy Shira Title, the author of 639 00:39:20,840 --> 00:39:26,440 Speaker 1: the upcoming Fighting for Space Apollo thirteens, Jim Level Apollo seventeens, 640 00:39:26,440 --> 00:39:31,359 Speaker 1: Harrison Schmidt, and Mission Controls Steve Bales. Special thanks to 641 00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:35,640 Speaker 1: everyone at NASA who made this podcast possible, especially the 642 00:39:35,680 --> 00:39:40,880 Speaker 1: incredible technological wizardry of consulting producer Ben Feist, who's responsible 643 00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:44,760 Speaker 1: for organizing and cleaning the eleven thousand hours of mission 644 00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:48,680 Speaker 1: audio you're hearing selections from in this podcast. Special thanks 645 00:39:48,719 --> 00:39:53,640 Speaker 1: also to consultant Gina Delback. Licensing rights and clearances by 646 00:39:53,719 --> 00:39:57,160 Speaker 1: Deborah Carea. This is a brand new podcast and we're 647 00:39:57,239 --> 00:39:59,560 Speaker 1: so excited to be sharing it with you. Help us 648 00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:02,960 Speaker 1: spread it far and wide, tell your friends, leave ratings 649 00:40:03,000 --> 00:40:05,960 Speaker 1: and reviews, and chat about it on social media. Our 650 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:09,120 Speaker 1: hashtag is nine D I J. We would love to 651 00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:11,799 Speaker 1: hear what you think. New episodes come out each week, 652 00:40:12,080 --> 00:40:15,120 Speaker 1: so be sure to subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. 653 00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:18,719 Speaker 1: I'm Brandon Phipps. Thanks so much for listening, and I'll 654 00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:19,960 Speaker 1: see you next episode.