WEBVTT - Pirates 6: Rebels With A Cause 0:00:05.280 --> 0:00:09.040 Rome was on the move. With multiple territories already under 0:00:09.080 --> 0:00:11.799 their rule, the Empire set out in the third century 0:00:11.840 --> 0:00:16.160 to conquer lands further north and east. Their reputation preceded them, 0:00:16.200 --> 0:00:19.119 sparking fear in the hearts of their rivals, and for 0:00:19.160 --> 0:00:22.680 the most part they had gone unchallenged. But an unusual 0:00:22.800 --> 0:00:26.160 rival was about to step forward and test Rome's dominance. 0:00:26.760 --> 0:00:29.400 King Agron was a mighty ruler in his own rights, 0:00:29.440 --> 0:00:32.320 and his kingdom stretched far and wide, from the Danube 0:00:32.400 --> 0:00:34.840 River in the north and the mountains towards the east, 0:00:35.080 --> 0:00:38.360 to the Adriatic Sea to his south. The vibrant water 0:00:38.479 --> 0:00:42.720 and enchanting landscape were home to many Illyrian tribes, including 0:00:42.760 --> 0:00:46.160 the rd I. Although the king ruled well, he knew 0:00:46.200 --> 0:00:49.720 the political landscape was shifting. To prepare for the inevitable, 0:00:49.720 --> 0:00:52.879 he built great naval forces in the Mediterranean Sea and 0:00:52.960 --> 0:00:57.000 expanded his influence along the coast, and with this military might, 0:00:57.280 --> 0:01:00.800 he focused on his kingdom's growth, challenging a Greek kingdom 0:01:00.840 --> 0:01:05.800 of Aetolia during his campaign. Toyota, his second wife, stayed 0:01:05.800 --> 0:01:08.920 behind as regent in place of Agron's infant son from 0:01:08.920 --> 0:01:11.760 his first marriage, and the king didn't worry about his 0:01:11.880 --> 0:01:14.959 kingdom and his absence. For his queen was strong willed 0:01:15.000 --> 0:01:18.360 and a powerful force in her own right. King Agron 0:01:18.480 --> 0:01:21.800 fought bravely alongside his men, and they were victorious. The 0:01:21.880 --> 0:01:25.880 kingdom celebrated with great feasts, lots of dancing, and plenty 0:01:25.920 --> 0:01:29.240 of drinking contests. The festivities came to a close, though, 0:01:29.240 --> 0:01:32.280 when Agron fell ill with pleurisy and died in two 0:01:32.400 --> 0:01:36.800 thirty BC. With such political upheaval, this might have been 0:01:36.920 --> 0:01:40.959 his kingdom's end, except Queen Toyota had ambitions of her own. 0:01:41.319 --> 0:01:45.080 She continued her attacks, relying heavily on one strategy, in 0:01:45.120 --> 0:01:49.640 particular piracy. So when she captured the capital of Epirus, 0:01:49.880 --> 0:01:55.200 a politically important Greek city, Rome noticed Toyota's pirates robbed 0:01:55.320 --> 0:01:58.400 Rome's merchant ships and trade vessels, and to the Romans, 0:01:58.800 --> 0:02:03.080 no one messed with their finances. Gaius and Lucius corn Cannius, 0:02:03.320 --> 0:02:07.240 Roman diplomats and brothers met with Toyota, hoping to persuade 0:02:07.280 --> 0:02:11.280 the queen to ban piracy, well, to ban her piracy, 0:02:11.320 --> 0:02:14.959 but not theirs. Rome had no intentions to stop using pirates, 0:02:15.520 --> 0:02:19.280 and the queen declined the diplomat's request. Piracy was a 0:02:19.320 --> 0:02:22.440 longstanding Illyrian tradition, and theirs had become some of the 0:02:22.480 --> 0:02:25.960 most feared in the Mediterranean. Her ships and crew had 0:02:25.960 --> 0:02:30.560 her respect and their free reign. Gaius and Lucius sail 0:02:30.639 --> 0:02:34.000 for home, although they would never make it. Toyota ordered 0:02:34.000 --> 0:02:37.320 their ship raided and the brothers killed. In response, Rome 0:02:37.360 --> 0:02:40.960 assembled an army of twenty thousand men and two hundred ships, 0:02:41.040 --> 0:02:45.320 which set sail for Toyota's navy. The queen entrusted her adviser, 0:02:45.560 --> 0:02:48.800 Demitrius Aferos, to their defense, but that would prove a 0:02:48.840 --> 0:02:52.400 fatal mistake. He betrayed her, surrendering without a fight and 0:02:52.440 --> 0:02:56.560 aligning with the Romans. Unprepared for such treachery and left 0:02:56.560 --> 0:03:00.119 with little choice, Toyota agreed to the peace Treaty, forceing 0:03:00.160 --> 0:03:03.520 the once mighty Illyrians to become a client state and 0:03:03.600 --> 0:03:07.880 pay Rome tribute. A year later, Rome forced from the throne. 0:03:08.600 --> 0:03:11.600 According to legend, Toyota threw herself off a cliff in 0:03:11.639 --> 0:03:14.320 the Bay of Kotor, placing a curse on the town. 0:03:14.840 --> 0:03:18.120 But although she'd lost her land and her throne, her 0:03:18.240 --> 0:03:22.240 defiance set the stage for centuries of rebellion, and at 0:03:22.240 --> 0:03:25.839 the hearts of those uprisings, with something any rebel could 0:03:25.919 --> 0:03:33.080 relate to piracy. I'm Aaron Manky and welcome two pirates. 0:03:37.840 --> 0:03:41.640 Pirates appeared to be the ultimate rebel. Their legendary greed 0:03:41.680 --> 0:03:45.720 for treasure and their cutthroat nature made them the nonconformist 0:03:45.840 --> 0:03:48.960 Mavericks of the sea. And yet that's not the full picture, 0:03:49.320 --> 0:03:52.440 because pirates actually played an important part in the matters 0:03:52.440 --> 0:03:55.640 of kingdoms and governments. For a lot of pirates, it 0:03:55.720 --> 0:03:58.800 was right there from the beginning. It wasn't uncommon for 0:03:58.800 --> 0:04:02.920 sailors to sign on as privateers, choosing to harass, pillage, 0:04:02.920 --> 0:04:06.800 and plunder for their kingdom or country. Yes, pirates had 0:04:06.840 --> 0:04:10.880 far better freedoms than privateers, but some chose the unsanctioned 0:04:10.960 --> 0:04:14.000 version of their career path only after having a falling 0:04:14.000 --> 0:04:17.040 out with the powers that be in their homeland. Now, 0:04:17.200 --> 0:04:19.200 war had long been a way of life in Europe 0:04:19.279 --> 0:04:23.160 as new nations fought for territory. In doing so, alliances 0:04:23.200 --> 0:04:27.679 were constantly forged and broken, and when Europeans began arriving 0:04:27.720 --> 0:04:32.880 in America, everyone wanted to stake their claim. Spain, France, England, 0:04:32.960 --> 0:04:36.119 and Portugal all took a strong interest. At the time, 0:04:36.200 --> 0:04:39.720 England had less of a military presence, making their ships 0:04:39.720 --> 0:04:42.880 heading to the New World subject to more attacks, but 0:04:43.040 --> 0:04:45.240 none of that stopped them from wanting to stake a 0:04:45.320 --> 0:04:49.080 territorial claim. When Queen Anne's War broke out in seventeen 0:04:49.080 --> 0:04:52.159 o one, it saw England, Spain, and France fight for 0:04:52.240 --> 0:04:55.840 control of North America, and although the British were underpowered, 0:04:55.880 --> 0:04:59.800 they still managed to do something extraordinary. An English fleet 0:05:00.000 --> 0:05:03.520 trapped a dozen French vessels plus most of the Spanish 0:05:03.640 --> 0:05:07.880 navy in an inlet off of Spain's northern coast. Miraculously, 0:05:08.000 --> 0:05:10.720 the British managed to destroy or capture most of their 0:05:10.760 --> 0:05:15.560 opponent's ships. In retaliation, the French hired one hundred privateers 0:05:15.600 --> 0:05:19.479 to operate out of Dunkirk. These joined other privateering vessels 0:05:19.520 --> 0:05:23.120 from other French cities. Throughout the war. They targeted English 0:05:23.160 --> 0:05:26.599 and Dutch ships, rating about five hundred each year, and 0:05:26.600 --> 0:05:29.960 the Spanish hired their own as well. With their adversaries 0:05:29.960 --> 0:05:32.920 teaming up against them, the British responded in kind with 0:05:32.960 --> 0:05:38.040 their own privateers. British colonies in Jamaica quickly outfitted thirty ships, 0:05:38.080 --> 0:05:41.280 and men began to line up for their privateering licenses. 0:05:41.960 --> 0:05:44.760 For many of these privateers they wouldn't be stealing from 0:05:44.760 --> 0:05:47.880 their adversaries so much as taking it back for a fee. 0:05:47.920 --> 0:05:51.279 Of course, some of them, men like Woods Rogers, had 0:05:51.320 --> 0:05:55.240 previously worked on merchant vessels, while others like Henry Jennings 0:05:55.279 --> 0:05:58.440 and Benjamin Hornegal had been sailors on a variety of 0:05:58.480 --> 0:06:03.000 different ships. Before long, England's fleet rivaled their adversaries, they 0:06:03.000 --> 0:06:06.279 set up headquarters and turned the tables, hunting down French 0:06:06.400 --> 0:06:09.760 merchants and Spanish treasure fleets as the war raged on. 0:06:10.040 --> 0:06:14.479 The privateers earned considerable wealth from their efforts. Year after year, 0:06:14.760 --> 0:06:17.800 the money rolled in, that is, right up to the 0:06:17.960 --> 0:06:21.520 seventeen thirteen Treaty of Utrecht. The treaty meant some of 0:06:21.560 --> 0:06:24.479 the privateers had to return to their former jobs, but 0:06:24.720 --> 0:06:26.920 many of them had no intention of giving up their 0:06:26.920 --> 0:06:31.039 better pay and freedom. Besides, France and Spain hadn't exactly 0:06:31.080 --> 0:06:34.320 stuck to the treaty, going back to raids almost immediately. 0:06:34.960 --> 0:06:38.440 The British privateers faced another problem as well. When Queen 0:06:38.480 --> 0:06:40.880 Anne died and her line of errors had been removed 0:06:40.920 --> 0:06:43.919 from the throne, the new government changed the Empire's agreement 0:06:43.960 --> 0:06:46.840 with those privateers. Those who had served well under the 0:06:46.920 --> 0:06:49.640 Queen now found their portion of the bounties had been 0:06:49.640 --> 0:06:54.719 significantly reduced, so privateers turned to piracy instead, and the 0:06:54.720 --> 0:06:57.920 British pirates weren't alone in voicing their displeasure with their 0:06:57.920 --> 0:07:01.600 government the way back in fourteen nine to Spain expelled 0:07:01.680 --> 0:07:05.000 Jewish settlers who had lived among them for centuries, forcing 0:07:05.040 --> 0:07:07.840 them to find new homes in places like Brazil, Jamaica, 0:07:08.240 --> 0:07:10.880 and even New York. But those who settled among the 0:07:10.880 --> 0:07:15.160 pirate communities soon took up piracy. Spanish treasure ships quickly 0:07:15.200 --> 0:07:18.480 became a primary target, not only for the riches aboard, 0:07:18.720 --> 0:07:21.679 but as revenge for how poorly their people had been treated, 0:07:21.920 --> 0:07:27.160 particularly during the Inquisition. For example, in six pirate captain 0:07:27.280 --> 0:07:30.480 Moses Cohen and Riquez came across a Spanish treasure ship 0:07:30.520 --> 0:07:33.600 off Cuba's Bay of Matanzas. The gold he captured that 0:07:33.640 --> 0:07:36.520 day would be worth over one billion dollars in modern 0:07:36.520 --> 0:07:39.800 American currency. In Riquez went on to settle in Brazil, 0:07:39.960 --> 0:07:43.480 establishing his own pirate kingdom. Twenty years later, he worked 0:07:43.520 --> 0:07:47.400 closely with Henry Morgan, continuing to wreak havoc on the Spanish. 0:07:47.840 --> 0:07:50.520 So there you have it. Some pirates sought to change 0:07:50.520 --> 0:07:54.400 their governments, while others sought revenge. But the Irish pirates 0:07:54.920 --> 0:08:06.520 they saw something even more valuable and elusive independence. Long 0:08:06.600 --> 0:08:10.160 before England became a sovereign nation or even flexed their 0:08:10.200 --> 0:08:14.480 imperialistic ambitions, Irish pirates were roaming the sea in search 0:08:14.520 --> 0:08:17.960 of treasure. In fact, some of Ireland's largest settlements once 0:08:18.000 --> 0:08:21.119 served as home to one fierce seafaring group of people, 0:08:21.160 --> 0:08:25.560 in particular, the Vikings. They found the area agreeable, staying 0:08:25.560 --> 0:08:29.240 and becoming intermingled with Irish communities, and over time they 0:08:29.280 --> 0:08:32.560 passed along their techniques of hunting ships and conducting raids 0:08:32.679 --> 0:08:36.800 to the locals. Piracy flourished in West Cork, eclipsing even 0:08:36.840 --> 0:08:40.000 the pirate capital later established in Nassau. It seems that 0:08:40.080 --> 0:08:42.560 hundreds of years before the dawn of the Golden Age 0:08:42.559 --> 0:08:47.040 of piracy, Irish pirates reigned supreme, and there many raids 0:08:47.160 --> 0:08:50.440 bolstered the local economy. Pirates brought in goods from all 0:08:50.520 --> 0:08:53.319 over the world, selling it for a fraction of the cost. 0:08:53.760 --> 0:08:56.840 Towns flourished from all the money pirates would spend when 0:08:56.880 --> 0:08:59.880 they returned from sea. In the towns of Kelly, Bags, 0:09:00.080 --> 0:09:04.120 Donegal and Baltimore, and Cork pirates walked the streets freely. 0:09:04.440 --> 0:09:08.280 Everyone from lawyers to jurymen collaborated with them, helping to 0:09:08.360 --> 0:09:11.920 plot their attacks and businesses. With lure pirates into port 0:09:12.000 --> 0:09:16.199 with the promise of feasts, dancing and women. Others were 0:09:16.240 --> 0:09:19.880 equally as welcoming, although less friendly to them. Local chieftain 0:09:19.960 --> 0:09:23.560 Michael Cormick of brad Haven saw a different opportunity. He 0:09:23.679 --> 0:09:26.360 and his band of men robbed pirates of whatever they 0:09:26.400 --> 0:09:30.319 had on them. Entire families often took on the pirate life. 0:09:30.640 --> 0:09:33.400 For example, the O'Malley clan ruled a stretch of land 0:09:33.440 --> 0:09:36.679 near Clue Bay on Ireland's western coast. They held their 0:09:36.679 --> 0:09:40.079 power longer than most, too, beginning in the thirt hundreds 0:09:40.120 --> 0:09:44.079 and spanning nearly three centuries. Rows of their castles dotted 0:09:44.080 --> 0:09:48.040 the seashore. Thanks to piracy, the clan had acquired considerable wealth, 0:09:48.320 --> 0:09:51.559 but they also dabbled in protection, rackets and mercenary work. 0:09:51.880 --> 0:09:55.880 Their legitimate business trade with Spain and France further padded 0:09:55.880 --> 0:09:59.800 their pockets. In fifteen thirty, chieftain Own, a descendant of 0:09:59.840 --> 0:10:01.880 a king and a member of one of the oldest 0:10:01.960 --> 0:10:06.800 seafaring families in Ireland, waited while handmaids tended to his wife, Margaret, 0:10:07.000 --> 0:10:10.160 expectantly waiting for the birth of their first child. All 0:10:10.200 --> 0:10:13.400 went well, and they named her Granny. They say she 0:10:13.440 --> 0:10:16.280 grew to be as intelligent and fierce as her parents, 0:10:16.559 --> 0:10:18.520 and although she was an only child, she did have 0:10:18.600 --> 0:10:21.280 a half brother born to her father and another woman. 0:10:21.720 --> 0:10:26.359 Unlike other clans who favored illegitimate heirs over legitimate female heirs, 0:10:26.360 --> 0:10:30.720 Own favored Granja over his son Donald. Perhaps she became 0:10:30.760 --> 0:10:34.400 his favorite for her spirit, her intelligence, and her fiery 0:10:34.400 --> 0:10:37.400 red hair, or perhaps he favored her because she hung 0:10:37.440 --> 0:10:39.920 on his every word and took a strong interest in 0:10:39.960 --> 0:10:43.720 the family business. She became fluent in several languages, could 0:10:43.720 --> 0:10:47.080 read and write, and was even taught mathematics. All told, 0:10:47.200 --> 0:10:50.679 she lived a privileged life. The trade business was brisk 0:10:50.760 --> 0:10:53.440 in the sixteenth century, and her father spent much of 0:10:53.480 --> 0:10:56.640 his time traveling. Grannie pleaded for him to take her 0:10:56.679 --> 0:11:00.319 with him. Own left, teasing his daughter that her hair 0:11:00.360 --> 0:11:03.160 would become tangled in the ropes. Neither he nor his 0:11:03.200 --> 0:11:06.079 wife was amused when Grannia cut off that hair and 0:11:06.160 --> 0:11:09.360 dressed as a boy. In the end, her father relented, 0:11:09.520 --> 0:11:13.079 teaching her everything he knew about commanding and running a ship. 0:11:13.600 --> 0:11:17.720 Grannia paid close attention to navigating through the sandbars, the islands, 0:11:17.760 --> 0:11:21.480 and the rocks that made Clube Bay treacherous. Eventually, Owned 0:11:21.480 --> 0:11:24.560 took Grannie with him on a few trading ventures. But 0:11:24.880 --> 0:11:28.200 childhood doesn't last forever, and soon enough her parents began 0:11:28.240 --> 0:11:31.480 to prepare their daughter for marriage and for his daughter's 0:11:31.480 --> 0:11:34.800 future husband. Owned chose a member of the Auflty clan, 0:11:35.120 --> 0:11:38.920 landowners and allies of Theirs to the south. Both clans 0:11:39.000 --> 0:11:41.720 thought the match was a smart one. Donald at Chogi 0:11:41.960 --> 0:11:44.679 was not only a warlord but also the elected heir 0:11:44.800 --> 0:11:47.920 for the Aflty clan, and so in fifteen forty six, 0:11:48.000 --> 0:11:52.800 young Granna became his wife. They had three children together, Owen, Margaret, 0:11:52.960 --> 0:11:56.720 and Murray. The Auflertes and the neighboring clan, the Joyces, 0:11:56.760 --> 0:11:59.560 spent much of their time warring. Donald spent much of 0:11:59.640 --> 0:12:03.319 his time away, leaving Grania to parents alone. One day, 0:12:03.360 --> 0:12:05.959 while out on a hunt in the hills, Donald was killed. 0:12:06.360 --> 0:12:09.199 His death was no accident, though he had been ambushed. 0:12:09.520 --> 0:12:12.400 With both the Joyces and the English determined to take 0:12:12.440 --> 0:12:16.240 over the kingdom. Grannie returned home, leaving her children behind 0:12:16.640 --> 0:12:20.280 they were a flirty after all, and she was O'Malley. 0:12:20.480 --> 0:12:23.240 She didn't return empty handed, though, Many of the Auflerty 0:12:23.320 --> 0:12:26.440 mercenary warriors chose to leave with her, and as she 0:12:26.559 --> 0:12:30.520 left the Auflerty castle, Grania took one last thing, her 0:12:30.600 --> 0:12:41.439 husband's favorite motto, Fortune favors the brave. Her husband's men 0:12:41.480 --> 0:12:44.400 had followed her for a good reason. While Grannie had 0:12:44.440 --> 0:12:47.040 been busy running a household and raising children, she had 0:12:47.120 --> 0:12:50.880 also started her own trade operation. Those mercenaries had been 0:12:50.920 --> 0:12:55.040 her employees, and she had earned their loyalty. It's unclear when, 0:12:55.240 --> 0:12:59.600 but sometime after returning to O'Malley Land's, gran also found love. 0:13:00.040 --> 0:13:02.439 Her family had enemies, though, and her new lover, Hugh, 0:13:02.800 --> 0:13:05.720 met an unpleasant end at the hands of another clan, 0:13:06.000 --> 0:13:09.000 the McMahon's of blacks in Bay. The trouble started when 0:13:09.040 --> 0:13:12.040 Grannie's men took tribute from the McMahon's, and act her 0:13:12.040 --> 0:13:15.280 family had done many times over the years. Suffice to say, 0:13:15.320 --> 0:13:18.680 Grannie didn't take to Hugh's murder and planned her revenge. 0:13:19.160 --> 0:13:21.760 She waited until the McMahon's set out on a journey 0:13:21.760 --> 0:13:24.679 to call her island. Her men followed and attacked, killing 0:13:24.760 --> 0:13:28.080 everyone on board involved with Hugh's death to drive home 0:13:28.120 --> 0:13:31.240 the retribution. Though, Grania and her men also captured the 0:13:31.240 --> 0:13:35.480 family castle, Douna, earning her the nickname the Dark Lady 0:13:35.520 --> 0:13:38.599 of Douna. She married again in fifteen fifty six to 0:13:38.760 --> 0:13:42.120 Richard Burke, who came from a very powerful and affluent clan. 0:13:42.520 --> 0:13:45.679 But Grannie had grown her own power and wealth, accumulating 0:13:45.720 --> 0:13:48.719 more ships and hundreds of men under her command, men 0:13:48.760 --> 0:13:51.640 who had either left or been ousted from their own clans, 0:13:51.760 --> 0:13:55.600 making them suitable pirate material. When her father died, Grannie 0:13:55.760 --> 0:13:59.760 broke tradition. Technically, her half brother, being the only male heir, 0:14:00.080 --> 0:14:03.000 should have taken over the clan, but with her husband's 0:14:03.040 --> 0:14:06.360 and her men's support, the clan voted her into power. 0:14:06.840 --> 0:14:10.000 No other woman in Irish lore had managed to become 0:14:10.040 --> 0:14:13.679 a pirate queen, much less a clan chief. As her 0:14:13.679 --> 0:14:17.000 power and reputation grew, she kept an eye on England. 0:14:17.320 --> 0:14:20.400 Queen Elizabeth the First had named a new Lord Deputy 0:14:20.440 --> 0:14:23.400 of Ireland, Sir Henry Sidney, whose job it was to 0:14:23.480 --> 0:14:27.040 take down the Irish chiefs, especially those the Queen determined 0:14:27.040 --> 0:14:31.080 were troublesome. Meanwhile, Grannie had something else on her mind. 0:14:31.560 --> 0:14:34.800 She was pregnant, although being with child hardly prevented her 0:14:34.840 --> 0:14:37.720 from taking part in pirating. Legend has it that she 0:14:37.800 --> 0:14:40.520 even accompanied her men on a hunting journey at this time, 0:14:40.800 --> 0:14:44.240 somewhere off the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle East. She 0:14:44.320 --> 0:14:46.680 had gone to bed when a crew of Barbary pirates 0:14:46.680 --> 0:14:50.120 attacked her ship. Hearing the fighting above deck, she grabbed 0:14:50.120 --> 0:14:53.120 a firearm and joined her men in battle. Instead of 0:14:53.160 --> 0:14:56.520 being plundered, Grani and her men turned the tables and 0:14:56.640 --> 0:14:59.760 captured the Turkish pirate vessel. When she gave birth to 0:14:59.800 --> 0:15:03.440 her son, Tibbett, she and Richard gave him everything he needed, 0:15:03.560 --> 0:15:06.760 including the best education, and when he grew older, they 0:15:06.800 --> 0:15:09.120 sent him to live with a noble family to further 0:15:09.240 --> 0:15:12.800 his learning as well as his sword fighting skills. Grannia 0:15:12.840 --> 0:15:16.280 continued to rule her pirate kingdom, taking great pleasure from 0:15:16.360 --> 0:15:20.200 raiding English ships. Aside from the financial benefits, looting the 0:15:20.200 --> 0:15:23.840 ships became an act of protest against Britain. England had 0:15:23.880 --> 0:15:27.520 recently sent an execution squad to Ireland, and although he 0:15:27.520 --> 0:15:30.400 had failed, Sir Henry Sydney had also tried to force 0:15:30.440 --> 0:15:33.640 a new tax system on her people. At one point, 0:15:33.880 --> 0:15:37.320 Sidney demanded to meet with the Irish lords. During the meeting, 0:15:37.560 --> 0:15:42.120 Grannia strode in announcing herself as chief and captain. Sir 0:15:42.160 --> 0:15:45.160 Sidney was stunned not only with her command and power, 0:15:45.440 --> 0:15:48.720 but that she offered him her service, her men, and 0:15:48.880 --> 0:15:52.920 her ships. Now plenty of Irish captains had offered similar 0:15:52.920 --> 0:15:55.920 deals in the past, only to later raid the ship 0:15:55.960 --> 0:15:59.280 they had been hired to protect, But in fifteen seventy eight, 0:15:59.480 --> 0:16:02.480 Grannia took it a step further. Within weeks of the deal, 0:16:02.760 --> 0:16:05.360 she planned her attack and set sail with her men. 0:16:06.080 --> 0:16:08.680 Her target was the Earl of Desmond, who had pledged 0:16:08.720 --> 0:16:13.000 to abandon Irish customs. Unfortunately for Grannie, she was captured 0:16:13.040 --> 0:16:16.320 and imprisoned for months. The Earl, hoping to gain favor 0:16:16.360 --> 0:16:19.520 with Queen Elizabeth, informed her spy master that he had 0:16:19.560 --> 0:16:24.000 captured the pirate. Queen Grannie was transferred to Dublin Castle, 0:16:24.200 --> 0:16:26.640 where she was kept in chains until her release in 0:16:26.680 --> 0:16:30.360 fifteen seventy nine. Four years later, her husband, Richard died 0:16:30.400 --> 0:16:33.440 of natural causes, and a year after that, the English 0:16:33.480 --> 0:16:36.920 appointed Sir Richard Bingham as the Provincial President of Conduct 0:16:37.560 --> 0:16:41.640 Bingham set out to destroy gran He killed her oldest son, Owen, 0:16:41.960 --> 0:16:45.680 and also captured an imprisoned Tibbett, flouting his horrific and 0:16:45.720 --> 0:16:49.560 cruel treatment of her younger son. And finally Bingham took 0:16:49.600 --> 0:16:52.160 one of her best strongholds. But if he thought he 0:16:52.200 --> 0:16:56.200 had broken her, he was sorely mistaken. Granny asked to 0:16:56.240 --> 0:16:59.920 meet directly with Queen Elizabeth, Queen to Queen, so to speak, 0:17:00.280 --> 0:17:03.600 and that meeting took place in Greenwich in fifteen ninety three. 0:17:04.160 --> 0:17:07.840 Legend says that Grannya carried a dagger and refused to bow. 0:17:08.880 --> 0:17:12.040 Whatever else may have been said or done, Grannya got 0:17:12.080 --> 0:17:15.440 everything she asked for that day, justice for Owen's death 0:17:15.840 --> 0:17:20.560 and freedom for Tibbet. In exchange, she gave up piracy 0:17:20.680 --> 0:17:31.800 for men, however, carried on. Although the golden age of 0:17:31.840 --> 0:17:34.919 piracy has long passed and the likes of Edward Teach 0:17:35.000 --> 0:17:38.439 and Grannye O'Malley are no longer an influence or rebel 0:17:38.480 --> 0:17:41.880 against political powers, there's still a little pirates in our 0:17:41.920 --> 0:17:46.000 government that exists. In a single word, the filibuster. The 0:17:46.080 --> 0:17:50.320 definition means using delaying tactics to stall or prevent an action, 0:17:50.720 --> 0:17:54.919 generally in a legislative assembly. We're familiar with long winded 0:17:54.960 --> 0:17:58.119 political speeches and delays when it comes to voting on 0:17:58.200 --> 0:18:03.159 certain bills, but filibuster has salad roots. In the Piratine world. 0:18:03.560 --> 0:18:06.280 The word was first used sometime around fifteen ninety one 0:18:06.320 --> 0:18:10.080 and meant flea booters or more commonly free booters. The 0:18:10.119 --> 0:18:13.080 origin of the word filibuster is probably Dutch, although it's 0:18:13.119 --> 0:18:16.120 likely there's some French and Spanish influence in there as well. 0:18:16.840 --> 0:18:20.879 Filibusters as people, had a surly reputation and were usually 0:18:20.880 --> 0:18:24.160 relegated to describing buccaneers who had a hold on American 0:18:24.280 --> 0:18:29.320 and Caribbean countries between eighteen thirty and eighteen sixty. Venezuelan 0:18:29.400 --> 0:18:33.880 filibuster Narcisco Lopez, for example, devoted himself to not only 0:18:33.920 --> 0:18:37.000 cashing in on treasure ships, but taking his part in 0:18:37.119 --> 0:18:41.760 overthrowing governments. Lopez helped free both Cuba and Venezuela from 0:18:41.800 --> 0:18:46.240 Spanish rule. By the eighteen hundreds, filibusters became a term 0:18:46.320 --> 0:18:50.240 used to describe individuals who ignored neutrality laws and engaged 0:18:50.240 --> 0:18:53.080 in acts of war by taking control of another country's 0:18:53.160 --> 0:18:57.480 land and people. In the US, filibustering became popular among 0:18:57.520 --> 0:19:00.359 people living in the Southern States, whose sympathy eyes with 0:19:00.400 --> 0:19:05.960 men like Lopez, occasionally even funding their attacks. Countries like Cuba, Honduras, 0:19:05.960 --> 0:19:09.360 and Mexico often found themselves the targets of such movements. 0:19:09.640 --> 0:19:15.240 Americans who engaged in filibustering caused international tensions, especially with England, 0:19:15.400 --> 0:19:19.800 where some encounters nearly led to war, and Lopez wasn't alone. 0:19:20.119 --> 0:19:23.920 Tennessee native William Walker annexed a part of Mexico, declaring 0:19:24.000 --> 0:19:27.280 himself president. He claimed that Mexico wasn't making the best 0:19:27.400 --> 0:19:29.879 use of the land, giving him and his men the 0:19:30.000 --> 0:19:33.560 right to take the ownership. His excuse didn't go over 0:19:33.680 --> 0:19:37.320 very well with Mexico or the US, straining diplomatic relations 0:19:37.320 --> 0:19:40.840 between both sides. Walker eventually gave into the pressure from 0:19:40.840 --> 0:19:44.000 both countries and left, and although the US arrested and 0:19:44.000 --> 0:19:48.800 tried him, he was acquitted. Having found little pushback or consequence, 0:19:49.080 --> 0:19:52.560 and with the rising popularity of the filibuster movement, he 0:19:52.640 --> 0:19:56.040 tried the tactic again, this time in Nicaragua. He and 0:19:56.160 --> 0:19:59.240 twenty five hundred of his men forcibly took over and 0:19:59.320 --> 0:20:02.439 ruled the area until British and American troops stepped in 0:20:02.480 --> 0:20:06.639 to stop him. Filibustering faded from popularity after the start 0:20:06.680 --> 0:20:09.760 of the Civil War. Some historians wonder if the South's 0:20:09.800 --> 0:20:12.000 moved to secede from the Union had been due in 0:20:12.080 --> 0:20:16.040 part to the filibuster movement. But by the eighteen nineties, 0:20:16.080 --> 0:20:18.840 any politician who talked for an excessive amount of time 0:20:18.840 --> 0:20:22.160 while attempting to delay or obstruct senate business was said 0:20:22.200 --> 0:20:25.919 to be a filibuster. Today, after almost a century and 0:20:25.920 --> 0:20:29.399 a half of hearing that specific connotation, we associate the 0:20:29.440 --> 0:20:33.720 word with politics rather than it's pirate roots. Many of 0:20:33.800 --> 0:20:36.280 us might say the long delays and lengthy speeches that 0:20:36.359 --> 0:20:41.160 filibusters use are nothing more than sheer madness. And all 0:20:41.200 --> 0:20:49.080 I can say to that is that's politics. Piracy and 0:20:49.200 --> 0:20:52.719 politics have been intertwined for centuries, so I hope today's 0:20:52.720 --> 0:20:55.280 adventure on the High Seas helped make that story clear. 0:20:55.800 --> 0:20:58.320 It's a chapter of the pirate story that certainly has 0:20:58.359 --> 0:21:01.879 a powerful cast of characters, from those who ruled to 0:21:01.960 --> 0:21:04.520 the ones who sought to change that. But we're not 0:21:04.560 --> 0:21:08.080 done just yet. My shipmate Alie Steed has one more 0:21:08.119 --> 0:21:11.679 tale of politics, power and deadly piracy. And if you 0:21:11.760 --> 0:21:14.920 stick around through this brief sponsor break, She'll tell you 0:21:15.119 --> 0:21:23.920 all about it. Jean de Baville's life had been planned 0:21:24.000 --> 0:21:26.840 from the moment of her birth. Such was the life 0:21:26.880 --> 0:21:31.200 of girls born in thirteenth century France. From infancy to adolescence, 0:21:31.520 --> 0:21:34.680 Jean and her brethren spent years being groomed for marriage 0:21:34.840 --> 0:21:39.560 and motherhood. When she turned twelve, her nobleman father married 0:21:39.560 --> 0:21:44.160 her off to Joffely de Chateaubrian at just seventeen. He'd 0:21:44.200 --> 0:21:47.760 been married once before, and for the next fourteen years, 0:21:48.040 --> 0:21:52.280 Jean played dutiful wife and mother, giving birth to Chauffelin Neuf, 0:21:52.560 --> 0:21:56.680 born when Jean turned fourteen, and Louise, born two years later. 0:21:57.720 --> 0:22:01.520 When her husband died in thirty six, Jean, like most 0:22:01.560 --> 0:22:05.520 women of the time, quickly remarried. Her new husband, guille 0:22:05.600 --> 0:22:09.000 du Ponteviller, was the son of the Duke of Brittany. 0:22:09.119 --> 0:22:12.560 Her new in laws, however, disapproved of the union, going 0:22:12.600 --> 0:22:15.760 so far as to complain to the bishops. In February 0:22:15.840 --> 0:22:19.560 of thirty the complaint had reached the Pope Hope John 0:22:19.600 --> 0:22:23.080 the annulled the marriage, bring Gee up to marry King 0:22:23.080 --> 0:22:28.359 Philip the sixth Niece. Undaunted, Jean married husband number three, 0:22:28.880 --> 0:22:33.680 wealthy Olivier Comte de Clisson. They made for more than 0:22:33.720 --> 0:22:37.760 just a smart financial and political match. The couple complimented 0:22:37.800 --> 0:22:45.080 each other in every way. Together. They had five children, Isabelle, Mollice, Olivier, Sants, 0:22:45.680 --> 0:22:50.720 Guion and Jean. Life wasn't all sunshine and roses, though 0:22:51.119 --> 0:22:53.240 England and France were in the middle of the hundred 0:22:53.320 --> 0:22:56.800 years more, making things worse. When the Duke of Brittany died, 0:22:57.000 --> 0:23:00.479 he had no male heir, King Edward of England Francis. 0:23:00.560 --> 0:23:05.720 King Philip the sixth badly wanted that strategic territory. Olivier 0:23:05.800 --> 0:23:08.160 went off to battle at the bequest of Brittany's new 0:23:08.240 --> 0:23:11.760 Duke saw Dublei. Though the French had the upper hand, 0:23:12.080 --> 0:23:15.000 the Duke began to believe that Olivier had turned trader. 0:23:16.000 --> 0:23:20.560 His suspicion stemmed from Olivier's recent capture and ransoming the 0:23:20.600 --> 0:23:25.720 amount Dublions believed was too low. Upon his return, the 0:23:25.800 --> 0:23:28.600 Duke had him taken before King Philip the sixth and 0:23:28.640 --> 0:23:33.040 tried for treason. Jean tried everything within her power to 0:23:33.119 --> 0:23:36.840 free her husband, though it seems the court's mind had 0:23:36.840 --> 0:23:41.359 already been made up. The King had Olivier beheaded and 0:23:41.480 --> 0:23:44.520 ordered his head to be displayed on a spike. The 0:23:44.600 --> 0:23:49.280 execution shocked the local nobility. While Olivier's testimony hadn't been 0:23:49.320 --> 0:23:52.520 good enough to prove his innocence, the prosecution had no 0:23:52.600 --> 0:23:56.720 proof of his guilt either, and until now nobility had 0:23:56.840 --> 0:24:00.960 never been put on display after they were executed. Next, 0:24:01.280 --> 0:24:05.680 the courts ordered Joan's banishment. She had no husband, no home, 0:24:06.240 --> 0:24:10.040 and no political clout. Instead of finding another husband or 0:24:10.080 --> 0:24:13.840 submitting to the court's demands, she vowed revenge against the 0:24:13.920 --> 0:24:20.119 king and Dubleis. She sold her valuables, her jewelry, furniture, 0:24:20.240 --> 0:24:23.440 and fine clothing. The money she made allowed her to 0:24:23.520 --> 0:24:29.200 hire four hundred mercenaries. Then Joan went to war. First, 0:24:29.480 --> 0:24:32.639 she attacked a garrison at Chateau d'i beaux. Then she 0:24:32.720 --> 0:24:36.000 set her sights on the sea and piracy. She had 0:24:36.000 --> 0:24:39.200 her warships painted black and their sails died blood red. 0:24:39.840 --> 0:24:43.359 She named her ships the Black Fleet and her flagship 0:24:44.040 --> 0:24:49.280 My Revenge. In retaliation, France refused her any future claims 0:24:49.280 --> 0:24:53.040 to her former lands. The pirate queen, now referred to 0:24:53.080 --> 0:24:57.120 as the Lioness of Brittany, remained unfazed. She had allied 0:24:57.160 --> 0:25:00.000 with the English King Edward the Third, who provided her 0:25:00.040 --> 0:25:04.119 with income from English owned lands in Brittany. Joe's fleet 0:25:04.160 --> 0:25:08.679 hunted down French ships, plundering them and massacring everyone on 0:25:08.720 --> 0:25:12.960 board except for a few witnesses. Those survivors were sent 0:25:13.040 --> 0:25:17.160