1 00:00:05,280 --> 00:00:09,040 Speaker 1: Rome was on the move. With multiple territories already under 2 00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:11,799 Speaker 1: their rule, the Empire set out in the third century 3 00:00:11,840 --> 00:00:16,160 Speaker 1: to conquer lands further north and east. Their reputation preceded them, 4 00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:19,119 Speaker 1: sparking fear in the hearts of their rivals, and for 5 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:22,680 Speaker 1: the most part they had gone unchallenged. But an unusual 6 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:26,160 Speaker 1: rival was about to step forward and test Rome's dominance. 7 00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:29,400 Speaker 1: King Agron was a mighty ruler in his own rights, 8 00:00:29,440 --> 00:00:32,320 Speaker 1: and his kingdom stretched far and wide, from the Danube 9 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:34,840 Speaker 1: River in the north and the mountains towards the east, 10 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:38,360 Speaker 1: to the Adriatic Sea to his south. The vibrant water 11 00:00:38,479 --> 00:00:42,720 Speaker 1: and enchanting landscape were home to many Illyrian tribes, including 12 00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:46,160 Speaker 1: the rd I. Although the king ruled well, he knew 13 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:49,720 Speaker 1: the political landscape was shifting. To prepare for the inevitable, 14 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:52,879 Speaker 1: he built great naval forces in the Mediterranean Sea and 15 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:57,000 Speaker 1: expanded his influence along the coast, and with this military might, 16 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:00,800 Speaker 1: he focused on his kingdom's growth, challenging a Greek kingdom 17 00:01:00,840 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 1: of Aetolia during his campaign. Toyota, his second wife, stayed 18 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:08,920 Speaker 1: behind as regent in place of Agron's infant son from 19 00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:11,760 Speaker 1: his first marriage, and the king didn't worry about his 20 00:01:11,880 --> 00:01:14,959 Speaker 1: kingdom and his absence. For his queen was strong willed 21 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:18,360 Speaker 1: and a powerful force in her own right. King Agron 22 00:01:18,480 --> 00:01:21,800 Speaker 1: fought bravely alongside his men, and they were victorious. The 23 00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: kingdom celebrated with great feasts, lots of dancing, and plenty 24 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:29,240 Speaker 1: of drinking contests. The festivities came to a close, though, 25 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:32,280 Speaker 1: when Agron fell ill with pleurisy and died in two 26 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:36,800 Speaker 1: thirty BC. With such political upheaval, this might have been 27 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:40,959 Speaker 1: his kingdom's end, except Queen Toyota had ambitions of her own. 28 00:01:41,319 --> 00:01:45,080 Speaker 1: She continued her attacks, relying heavily on one strategy, in 29 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:49,640 Speaker 1: particular piracy. So when she captured the capital of Epirus, 30 00:01:49,880 --> 00:01:55,200 Speaker 1: a politically important Greek city, Rome noticed Toyota's pirates robbed 31 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 1: Rome's merchant ships and trade vessels, and to the Romans, 32 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:03,080 Speaker 1: no one messed with their finances. Gaius and Lucius corn Cannius, 33 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: Roman diplomats and brothers met with Toyota, hoping to persuade 34 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:11,280 Speaker 1: the queen to ban piracy, well, to ban her piracy, 35 00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:14,959 Speaker 1: but not theirs. Rome had no intentions to stop using pirates, 36 00:02:15,520 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 1: and the queen declined the diplomat's request. Piracy was a 37 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:22,440 Speaker 1: longstanding Illyrian tradition, and theirs had become some of the 38 00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:25,960 Speaker 1: most feared in the Mediterranean. Her ships and crew had 39 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:30,560 Speaker 1: her respect and their free reign. Gaius and Lucius sail 40 00:02:30,639 --> 00:02:34,000 Speaker 1: for home, although they would never make it. Toyota ordered 41 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:37,320 Speaker 1: their ship raided and the brothers killed. In response, Rome 42 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:40,960 Speaker 1: assembled an army of twenty thousand men and two hundred ships, 43 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:45,320 Speaker 1: which set sail for Toyota's navy. The queen entrusted her adviser, 44 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:48,800 Speaker 1: Demitrius Aferos, to their defense, but that would prove a 45 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:52,400 Speaker 1: fatal mistake. He betrayed her, surrendering without a fight and 46 00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:56,560 Speaker 1: aligning with the Romans. Unprepared for such treachery and left 47 00:02:56,560 --> 00:03:00,119 Speaker 1: with little choice, Toyota agreed to the peace Treaty, forceing 48 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:03,520 Speaker 1: the once mighty Illyrians to become a client state and 49 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:07,880 Speaker 1: pay Rome tribute. A year later, Rome forced from the throne. 50 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: According to legend, Toyota threw herself off a cliff in 51 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:14,320 Speaker 1: the Bay of Kotor, placing a curse on the town. 52 00:03:14,840 --> 00:03:18,120 Speaker 1: But although she'd lost her land and her throne, her 53 00:03:18,240 --> 00:03:22,240 Speaker 1: defiance set the stage for centuries of rebellion, and at 54 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:25,839 Speaker 1: the hearts of those uprisings, with something any rebel could 55 00:03:25,919 --> 00:03:33,080 Speaker 1: relate to piracy. I'm Aaron Manky and welcome two pirates. 56 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 1: Pirates appeared to be the ultimate rebel. Their legendary greed 57 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:45,720 Speaker 1: for treasure and their cutthroat nature made them the nonconformist 58 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:48,960 Speaker 1: Mavericks of the sea. And yet that's not the full picture, 59 00:03:49,320 --> 00:03:52,440 Speaker 1: because pirates actually played an important part in the matters 60 00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:55,640 Speaker 1: of kingdoms and governments. For a lot of pirates, it 61 00:03:55,720 --> 00:03:58,800 Speaker 1: was right there from the beginning. It wasn't uncommon for 62 00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:02,920 Speaker 1: sailors to sign on as privateers, choosing to harass, pillage, 63 00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:06,800 Speaker 1: and plunder for their kingdom or country. Yes, pirates had 64 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:10,880 Speaker 1: far better freedoms than privateers, but some chose the unsanctioned 65 00:04:10,960 --> 00:04:14,000 Speaker 1: version of their career path only after having a falling 66 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:17,040 Speaker 1: out with the powers that be in their homeland. Now, 67 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:19,200 Speaker 1: war had long been a way of life in Europe 68 00:04:19,279 --> 00:04:23,160 Speaker 1: as new nations fought for territory. In doing so, alliances 69 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:27,679 Speaker 1: were constantly forged and broken, and when Europeans began arriving 70 00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:32,880 Speaker 1: in America, everyone wanted to stake their claim. Spain, France, England, 71 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:36,119 Speaker 1: and Portugal all took a strong interest. At the time, 72 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:39,720 Speaker 1: England had less of a military presence, making their ships 73 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:42,880 Speaker 1: heading to the New World subject to more attacks, but 74 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: none of that stopped them from wanting to stake a 75 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:49,080 Speaker 1: territorial claim. When Queen Anne's War broke out in seventeen 76 00:04:49,080 --> 00:04:52,159 Speaker 1: o one, it saw England, Spain, and France fight for 77 00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:55,840 Speaker 1: control of North America, and although the British were underpowered, 78 00:04:55,880 --> 00:04:59,800 Speaker 1: they still managed to do something extraordinary. An English fleet 79 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:03,520 Speaker 1: trapped a dozen French vessels plus most of the Spanish 80 00:05:03,640 --> 00:05:07,880 Speaker 1: navy in an inlet off of Spain's northern coast. Miraculously, 81 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:10,720 Speaker 1: the British managed to destroy or capture most of their 82 00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:15,560 Speaker 1: opponent's ships. In retaliation, the French hired one hundred privateers 83 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:19,479 Speaker 1: to operate out of Dunkirk. These joined other privateering vessels 84 00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:23,120 Speaker 1: from other French cities. Throughout the war. They targeted English 85 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:26,599 Speaker 1: and Dutch ships, rating about five hundred each year, and 86 00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:29,960 Speaker 1: the Spanish hired their own as well. With their adversaries 87 00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:32,920 Speaker 1: teaming up against them, the British responded in kind with 88 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:38,040 Speaker 1: their own privateers. British colonies in Jamaica quickly outfitted thirty ships, 89 00:05:38,080 --> 00:05:41,280 Speaker 1: and men began to line up for their privateering licenses. 90 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:44,760 Speaker 1: For many of these privateers they wouldn't be stealing from 91 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:47,880 Speaker 1: their adversaries so much as taking it back for a fee. 92 00:05:47,920 --> 00:05:51,279 Speaker 1: Of course, some of them, men like Woods Rogers, had 93 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:55,240 Speaker 1: previously worked on merchant vessels, while others like Henry Jennings 94 00:05:55,279 --> 00:05:58,440 Speaker 1: and Benjamin Hornegal had been sailors on a variety of 95 00:05:58,480 --> 00:06:03,000 Speaker 1: different ships. Before long, England's fleet rivaled their adversaries, they 96 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:06,279 Speaker 1: set up headquarters and turned the tables, hunting down French 97 00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:09,760 Speaker 1: merchants and Spanish treasure fleets as the war raged on. 98 00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:14,479 Speaker 1: The privateers earned considerable wealth from their efforts. Year after year, 99 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:17,800 Speaker 1: the money rolled in, that is, right up to the 100 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:21,520 Speaker 1: seventeen thirteen Treaty of Utrecht. The treaty meant some of 101 00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:24,479 Speaker 1: the privateers had to return to their former jobs, but 102 00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: many of them had no intention of giving up their 103 00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:31,039 Speaker 1: better pay and freedom. Besides, France and Spain hadn't exactly 104 00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:34,320 Speaker 1: stuck to the treaty, going back to raids almost immediately. 105 00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:38,440 Speaker 1: The British privateers faced another problem as well. When Queen 106 00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:40,880 Speaker 1: Anne died and her line of errors had been removed 107 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:43,919 Speaker 1: from the throne, the new government changed the Empire's agreement 108 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:46,840 Speaker 1: with those privateers. Those who had served well under the 109 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 1: Queen now found their portion of the bounties had been 110 00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:54,719 Speaker 1: significantly reduced, so privateers turned to piracy instead, and the 111 00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:57,920 Speaker 1: British pirates weren't alone in voicing their displeasure with their 112 00:06:57,920 --> 00:07:01,600 Speaker 1: government the way back in fourteen nine to Spain expelled 113 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:05,000 Speaker 1: Jewish settlers who had lived among them for centuries, forcing 114 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:07,840 Speaker 1: them to find new homes in places like Brazil, Jamaica, 115 00:07:08,240 --> 00:07:10,880 Speaker 1: and even New York. But those who settled among the 116 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:15,160 Speaker 1: pirate communities soon took up piracy. Spanish treasure ships quickly 117 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:18,480 Speaker 1: became a primary target, not only for the riches aboard, 118 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:21,679 Speaker 1: but as revenge for how poorly their people had been treated, 119 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:27,160 Speaker 1: particularly during the Inquisition. For example, in six pirate captain 120 00:07:27,280 --> 00:07:30,480 Speaker 1: Moses Cohen and Riquez came across a Spanish treasure ship 121 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:33,600 Speaker 1: off Cuba's Bay of Matanzas. The gold he captured that 122 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:36,520 Speaker 1: day would be worth over one billion dollars in modern 123 00:07:36,520 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: American currency. In Riquez went on to settle in Brazil, 124 00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:43,480 Speaker 1: establishing his own pirate kingdom. Twenty years later, he worked 125 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:47,400 Speaker 1: closely with Henry Morgan, continuing to wreak havoc on the Spanish. 126 00:07:47,840 --> 00:07:50,520 Speaker 1: So there you have it. Some pirates sought to change 127 00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 1: their governments, while others sought revenge. But the Irish pirates 128 00:07:54,920 --> 00:08:06,520 Speaker 1: they saw something even more valuable and elusive independence. Long 129 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:10,160 Speaker 1: before England became a sovereign nation or even flexed their 130 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:14,480 Speaker 1: imperialistic ambitions, Irish pirates were roaming the sea in search 131 00:08:14,520 --> 00:08:17,960 Speaker 1: of treasure. In fact, some of Ireland's largest settlements once 132 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:21,119 Speaker 1: served as home to one fierce seafaring group of people, 133 00:08:21,160 --> 00:08:25,560 Speaker 1: in particular, the Vikings. They found the area agreeable, staying 134 00:08:25,560 --> 00:08:29,240 Speaker 1: and becoming intermingled with Irish communities, and over time they 135 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:32,560 Speaker 1: passed along their techniques of hunting ships and conducting raids 136 00:08:32,679 --> 00:08:36,800 Speaker 1: to the locals. Piracy flourished in West Cork, eclipsing even 137 00:08:36,840 --> 00:08:40,000 Speaker 1: the pirate capital later established in Nassau. It seems that 138 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:42,560 Speaker 1: hundreds of years before the dawn of the Golden Age 139 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:47,040 Speaker 1: of piracy, Irish pirates reigned supreme, and there many raids 140 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:50,440 Speaker 1: bolstered the local economy. Pirates brought in goods from all 141 00:08:50,520 --> 00:08:53,319 Speaker 1: over the world, selling it for a fraction of the cost. 142 00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:56,840 Speaker 1: Towns flourished from all the money pirates would spend when 143 00:08:56,880 --> 00:08:59,880 Speaker 1: they returned from sea. In the towns of Kelly, Bags, 144 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:04,120 Speaker 1: Donegal and Baltimore, and Cork pirates walked the streets freely. 145 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:08,280 Speaker 1: Everyone from lawyers to jurymen collaborated with them, helping to 146 00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:11,920 Speaker 1: plot their attacks and businesses. With lure pirates into port 147 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:16,199 Speaker 1: with the promise of feasts, dancing and women. Others were 148 00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:19,880 Speaker 1: equally as welcoming, although less friendly to them. Local chieftain 149 00:09:19,960 --> 00:09:23,560 Speaker 1: Michael Cormick of brad Haven saw a different opportunity. He 150 00:09:23,679 --> 00:09:26,360 Speaker 1: and his band of men robbed pirates of whatever they 151 00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:30,319 Speaker 1: had on them. Entire families often took on the pirate life. 152 00:09:30,640 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 1: For example, the O'Malley clan ruled a stretch of land 153 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:36,679 Speaker 1: near Clue Bay on Ireland's western coast. They held their 154 00:09:36,679 --> 00:09:40,079 Speaker 1: power longer than most, too, beginning in the thirt hundreds 155 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:44,079 Speaker 1: and spanning nearly three centuries. Rows of their castles dotted 156 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: the seashore. Thanks to piracy, the clan had acquired considerable wealth, 157 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:51,559 Speaker 1: but they also dabbled in protection, rackets and mercenary work. 158 00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:55,880 Speaker 1: Their legitimate business trade with Spain and France further padded 159 00:09:55,880 --> 00:09:59,800 Speaker 1: their pockets. In fifteen thirty, chieftain Own, a descendant of 160 00:09:59,840 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: a king and a member of one of the oldest 161 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:06,800 Speaker 1: seafaring families in Ireland, waited while handmaids tended to his wife, Margaret, 162 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:10,160 Speaker 1: expectantly waiting for the birth of their first child. All 163 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:13,400 Speaker 1: went well, and they named her Granny. They say she 164 00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:16,280 Speaker 1: grew to be as intelligent and fierce as her parents, 165 00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:18,520 Speaker 1: and although she was an only child, she did have 166 00:10:18,600 --> 00:10:21,280 Speaker 1: a half brother born to her father and another woman. 167 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:26,359 Speaker 1: Unlike other clans who favored illegitimate heirs over legitimate female heirs, 168 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,720 Speaker 1: Own favored Granja over his son Donald. Perhaps she became 169 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:34,400 Speaker 1: his favorite for her spirit, her intelligence, and her fiery 170 00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:37,400 Speaker 1: red hair, or perhaps he favored her because she hung 171 00:10:37,440 --> 00:10:39,920 Speaker 1: on his every word and took a strong interest in 172 00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 1: the family business. She became fluent in several languages, could 173 00:10:43,720 --> 00:10:47,080 Speaker 1: read and write, and was even taught mathematics. All told, 174 00:10:47,200 --> 00:10:50,679 Speaker 1: she lived a privileged life. The trade business was brisk 175 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:53,440 Speaker 1: in the sixteenth century, and her father spent much of 176 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:56,640 Speaker 1: his time traveling. Grannie pleaded for him to take her 177 00:10:56,679 --> 00:11:00,319 Speaker 1: with him. Own left, teasing his daughter that her hair 178 00:11:00,360 --> 00:11:03,160 Speaker 1: would become tangled in the ropes. Neither he nor his 179 00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:06,079 Speaker 1: wife was amused when Grannia cut off that hair and 180 00:11:06,160 --> 00:11:09,360 Speaker 1: dressed as a boy. In the end, her father relented, 181 00:11:09,520 --> 00:11:13,079 Speaker 1: teaching her everything he knew about commanding and running a ship. 182 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:17,720 Speaker 1: Grannia paid close attention to navigating through the sandbars, the islands, 183 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:21,480 Speaker 1: and the rocks that made Clube Bay treacherous. Eventually, Owned 184 00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:24,560 Speaker 1: took Grannie with him on a few trading ventures. But 185 00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:28,200 Speaker 1: childhood doesn't last forever, and soon enough her parents began 186 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:31,480 Speaker 1: to prepare their daughter for marriage and for his daughter's 187 00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:34,800 Speaker 1: future husband. Owned chose a member of the Auflty clan, 188 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:38,920 Speaker 1: landowners and allies of Theirs to the south. Both clans 189 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:41,720 Speaker 1: thought the match was a smart one. Donald at Chogi 190 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:44,679 Speaker 1: was not only a warlord but also the elected heir 191 00:11:44,800 --> 00:11:47,920 Speaker 1: for the Aflty clan, and so in fifteen forty six, 192 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:52,800 Speaker 1: young Granna became his wife. They had three children together, Owen, Margaret, 193 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:56,720 Speaker 1: and Murray. The Auflertes and the neighboring clan, the Joyces, 194 00:11:56,760 --> 00:11:59,560 Speaker 1: spent much of their time warring. Donald spent much of 195 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:03,319 Speaker 1: his time away, leaving Grania to parents alone. One day, 196 00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:05,959 Speaker 1: while out on a hunt in the hills, Donald was killed. 197 00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:09,199 Speaker 1: His death was no accident, though he had been ambushed. 198 00:12:09,520 --> 00:12:12,400 Speaker 1: With both the Joyces and the English determined to take 199 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:16,240 Speaker 1: over the kingdom. Grannie returned home, leaving her children behind 200 00:12:16,640 --> 00:12:20,280 Speaker 1: they were a flirty after all, and she was O'Malley. 201 00:12:20,480 --> 00:12:23,240 Speaker 1: She didn't return empty handed, though, Many of the Auflerty 202 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:26,440 Speaker 1: mercenary warriors chose to leave with her, and as she 203 00:12:26,559 --> 00:12:30,520 Speaker 1: left the Auflerty castle, Grania took one last thing, her 204 00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:41,439 Speaker 1: husband's favorite motto, Fortune favors the brave. Her husband's men 205 00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:44,400 Speaker 1: had followed her for a good reason. While Grannie had 206 00:12:44,440 --> 00:12:47,040 Speaker 1: been busy running a household and raising children, she had 207 00:12:47,120 --> 00:12:50,880 Speaker 1: also started her own trade operation. Those mercenaries had been 208 00:12:50,920 --> 00:12:55,040 Speaker 1: her employees, and she had earned their loyalty. It's unclear when, 209 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:59,600 Speaker 1: but sometime after returning to O'Malley Land's, gran also found love. 210 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:02,439 Speaker 1: Her family had enemies, though, and her new lover, Hugh, 211 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:05,720 Speaker 1: met an unpleasant end at the hands of another clan, 212 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:09,000 Speaker 1: the McMahon's of blacks in Bay. The trouble started when 213 00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:12,040 Speaker 1: Grannie's men took tribute from the McMahon's, and act her 214 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: family had done many times over the years. Suffice to say, 215 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:18,680 Speaker 1: Grannie didn't take to Hugh's murder and planned her revenge. 216 00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:21,760 Speaker 1: She waited until the McMahon's set out on a journey 217 00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:24,679 Speaker 1: to call her island. Her men followed and attacked, killing 218 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:28,080 Speaker 1: everyone on board involved with Hugh's death to drive home 219 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,240 Speaker 1: the retribution. Though, Grania and her men also captured the 220 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:35,480 Speaker 1: family castle, Douna, earning her the nickname the Dark Lady 221 00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,599 Speaker 1: of Douna. She married again in fifteen fifty six to 222 00:13:38,760 --> 00:13:42,120 Speaker 1: Richard Burke, who came from a very powerful and affluent clan. 223 00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:45,679 Speaker 1: But Grannie had grown her own power and wealth, accumulating 224 00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,719 Speaker 1: more ships and hundreds of men under her command, men 225 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:51,640 Speaker 1: who had either left or been ousted from their own clans, 226 00:13:51,760 --> 00:13:55,600 Speaker 1: making them suitable pirate material. When her father died, Grannie 227 00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:59,760 Speaker 1: broke tradition. Technically, her half brother, being the only male heir, 228 00:14:00,080 --> 00:14:03,000 Speaker 1: should have taken over the clan, but with her husband's 229 00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:06,360 Speaker 1: and her men's support, the clan voted her into power. 230 00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 1: No other woman in Irish lore had managed to become 231 00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:13,679 Speaker 1: a pirate queen, much less a clan chief. As her 232 00:14:13,679 --> 00:14:17,000 Speaker 1: power and reputation grew, she kept an eye on England. 233 00:14:17,320 --> 00:14:20,400 Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth the First had named a new Lord Deputy 234 00:14:20,440 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 1: of Ireland, Sir Henry Sidney, whose job it was to 235 00:14:23,480 --> 00:14:27,040 Speaker 1: take down the Irish chiefs, especially those the Queen determined 236 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:31,080 Speaker 1: were troublesome. Meanwhile, Grannie had something else on her mind. 237 00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:34,800 Speaker 1: She was pregnant, although being with child hardly prevented her 238 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:37,720 Speaker 1: from taking part in pirating. Legend has it that she 239 00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:40,520 Speaker 1: even accompanied her men on a hunting journey at this time, 240 00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:44,240 Speaker 1: somewhere off the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle East. She 241 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:46,680 Speaker 1: had gone to bed when a crew of Barbary pirates 242 00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:50,120 Speaker 1: attacked her ship. Hearing the fighting above deck, she grabbed 243 00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:53,120 Speaker 1: a firearm and joined her men in battle. Instead of 244 00:14:53,160 --> 00:14:56,520 Speaker 1: being plundered, Grani and her men turned the tables and 245 00:14:56,640 --> 00:14:59,760 Speaker 1: captured the Turkish pirate vessel. When she gave birth to 246 00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:03,440 Speaker 1: her son, Tibbett, she and Richard gave him everything he needed, 247 00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:06,760 Speaker 1: including the best education, and when he grew older, they 248 00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:09,120 Speaker 1: sent him to live with a noble family to further 249 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:12,800 Speaker 1: his learning as well as his sword fighting skills. Grannia 250 00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:16,280 Speaker 1: continued to rule her pirate kingdom, taking great pleasure from 251 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:20,200 Speaker 1: raiding English ships. Aside from the financial benefits, looting the 252 00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:23,840 Speaker 1: ships became an act of protest against Britain. England had 253 00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:27,520 Speaker 1: recently sent an execution squad to Ireland, and although he 254 00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,400 Speaker 1: had failed, Sir Henry Sydney had also tried to force 255 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:33,640 Speaker 1: a new tax system on her people. At one point, 256 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: Sidney demanded to meet with the Irish lords. During the meeting, 257 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:42,120 Speaker 1: Grannia strode in announcing herself as chief and captain. Sir 258 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:45,160 Speaker 1: Sidney was stunned not only with her command and power, 259 00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:48,720 Speaker 1: but that she offered him her service, her men, and 260 00:15:48,880 --> 00:15:52,920 Speaker 1: her ships. Now plenty of Irish captains had offered similar 261 00:15:52,920 --> 00:15:55,920 Speaker 1: deals in the past, only to later raid the ship 262 00:15:55,960 --> 00:15:59,280 Speaker 1: they had been hired to protect, But in fifteen seventy eight, 263 00:15:59,480 --> 00:16:02,480 Speaker 1: Grannia took it a step further. Within weeks of the deal, 264 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:05,360 Speaker 1: she planned her attack and set sail with her men. 265 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,680 Speaker 1: Her target was the Earl of Desmond, who had pledged 266 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:13,000 Speaker 1: to abandon Irish customs. Unfortunately for Grannie, she was captured 267 00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:16,320 Speaker 1: and imprisoned for months. The Earl, hoping to gain favor 268 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:19,520 Speaker 1: with Queen Elizabeth, informed her spy master that he had 269 00:16:19,560 --> 00:16:24,000 Speaker 1: captured the pirate. Queen Grannie was transferred to Dublin Castle, 270 00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:26,640 Speaker 1: where she was kept in chains until her release in 271 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:30,360 Speaker 1: fifteen seventy nine. Four years later, her husband, Richard died 272 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: of natural causes, and a year after that, the English 273 00:16:33,480 --> 00:16:36,920 Speaker 1: appointed Sir Richard Bingham as the Provincial President of Conduct 274 00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:41,640 Speaker 1: Bingham set out to destroy gran He killed her oldest son, Owen, 275 00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:45,680 Speaker 1: and also captured an imprisoned Tibbett, flouting his horrific and 276 00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:49,560 Speaker 1: cruel treatment of her younger son. And finally Bingham took 277 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:52,160 Speaker 1: one of her best strongholds. But if he thought he 278 00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:56,200 Speaker 1: had broken her, he was sorely mistaken. Granny asked to 279 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:59,920 Speaker 1: meet directly with Queen Elizabeth, Queen to Queen, so to speak, 280 00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 1: and that meeting took place in Greenwich in fifteen ninety three. 281 00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:07,840 Speaker 1: Legend says that Grannya carried a dagger and refused to bow. 282 00:17:08,880 --> 00:17:12,040 Speaker 1: Whatever else may have been said or done, Grannya got 283 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:15,440 Speaker 1: everything she asked for that day, justice for Owen's death 284 00:17:15,840 --> 00:17:20,560 Speaker 1: and freedom for Tibbet. In exchange, she gave up piracy 285 00:17:20,680 --> 00:17:31,800 Speaker 1: for men, however, carried on. Although the golden age of 286 00:17:31,840 --> 00:17:34,919 Speaker 1: piracy has long passed and the likes of Edward Teach 287 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,439 Speaker 1: and Grannye O'Malley are no longer an influence or rebel 288 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:41,880 Speaker 1: against political powers, there's still a little pirates in our 289 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:46,000 Speaker 1: government that exists. In a single word, the filibuster. The 290 00:17:46,080 --> 00:17:50,320 Speaker 1: definition means using delaying tactics to stall or prevent an action, 291 00:17:50,720 --> 00:17:54,919 Speaker 1: generally in a legislative assembly. We're familiar with long winded 292 00:17:54,960 --> 00:17:58,119 Speaker 1: political speeches and delays when it comes to voting on 293 00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:03,159 Speaker 1: certain bills, but filibuster has salad roots. In the Piratine world. 294 00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:06,280 Speaker 1: The word was first used sometime around fifteen ninety one 295 00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:10,080 Speaker 1: and meant flea booters or more commonly free booters. The 296 00:18:10,119 --> 00:18:13,080 Speaker 1: origin of the word filibuster is probably Dutch, although it's 297 00:18:13,119 --> 00:18:16,120 Speaker 1: likely there's some French and Spanish influence in there as well. 298 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:20,879 Speaker 1: Filibusters as people, had a surly reputation and were usually 299 00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:24,160 Speaker 1: relegated to describing buccaneers who had a hold on American 300 00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:29,320 Speaker 1: and Caribbean countries between eighteen thirty and eighteen sixty. Venezuelan 301 00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:33,880 Speaker 1: filibuster Narcisco Lopez, for example, devoted himself to not only 302 00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:37,000 Speaker 1: cashing in on treasure ships, but taking his part in 303 00:18:37,119 --> 00:18:41,760 Speaker 1: overthrowing governments. Lopez helped free both Cuba and Venezuela from 304 00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:46,240 Speaker 1: Spanish rule. By the eighteen hundreds, filibusters became a term 305 00:18:46,320 --> 00:18:50,240 Speaker 1: used to describe individuals who ignored neutrality laws and engaged 306 00:18:50,240 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 1: in acts of war by taking control of another country's 307 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:57,480 Speaker 1: land and people. In the US, filibustering became popular among 308 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:00,359 Speaker 1: people living in the Southern States, whose sympathy eyes with 309 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:05,960 Speaker 1: men like Lopez, occasionally even funding their attacks. Countries like Cuba, Honduras, 310 00:19:05,960 --> 00:19:09,360 Speaker 1: and Mexico often found themselves the targets of such movements. 311 00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:15,240 Speaker 1: Americans who engaged in filibustering caused international tensions, especially with England, 312 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:19,800 Speaker 1: where some encounters nearly led to war, and Lopez wasn't alone. 313 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:23,920 Speaker 1: Tennessee native William Walker annexed a part of Mexico, declaring 314 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,280 Speaker 1: himself president. He claimed that Mexico wasn't making the best 315 00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:29,879 Speaker 1: use of the land, giving him and his men the 316 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:33,560 Speaker 1: right to take the ownership. His excuse didn't go over 317 00:19:33,680 --> 00:19:37,320 Speaker 1: very well with Mexico or the US, straining diplomatic relations 318 00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:40,840 Speaker 1: between both sides. Walker eventually gave into the pressure from 319 00:19:40,840 --> 00:19:44,000 Speaker 1: both countries and left, and although the US arrested and 320 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: tried him, he was acquitted. Having found little pushback or consequence, 321 00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:52,560 Speaker 1: and with the rising popularity of the filibuster movement, he 322 00:19:52,640 --> 00:19:56,040 Speaker 1: tried the tactic again, this time in Nicaragua. He and 323 00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:59,240 Speaker 1: twenty five hundred of his men forcibly took over and 324 00:19:59,320 --> 00:20:02,439 Speaker 1: ruled the area until British and American troops stepped in 325 00:20:02,480 --> 00:20:06,639 Speaker 1: to stop him. Filibustering faded from popularity after the start 326 00:20:06,680 --> 00:20:09,760 Speaker 1: of the Civil War. Some historians wonder if the South's 327 00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: moved to secede from the Union had been due in 328 00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 1: part to the filibuster movement. But by the eighteen nineties, 329 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:18,840 Speaker 1: any politician who talked for an excessive amount of time 330 00:20:18,840 --> 00:20:22,160 Speaker 1: while attempting to delay or obstruct senate business was said 331 00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:25,919 Speaker 1: to be a filibuster. Today, after almost a century and 332 00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:29,399 Speaker 1: a half of hearing that specific connotation, we associate the 333 00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:33,720 Speaker 1: word with politics rather than it's pirate roots. Many of 334 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:36,280 Speaker 1: us might say the long delays and lengthy speeches that 335 00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:41,160 Speaker 1: filibusters use are nothing more than sheer madness. And all 336 00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:49,080 Speaker 1: I can say to that is that's politics. Piracy and 337 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,719 Speaker 1: politics have been intertwined for centuries, so I hope today's 338 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:55,280 Speaker 1: adventure on the High Seas helped make that story clear. 339 00:20:55,800 --> 00:20:58,320 Speaker 1: It's a chapter of the pirate story that certainly has 340 00:20:58,359 --> 00:21:01,879 Speaker 1: a powerful cast of characters, from those who ruled to 341 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:04,520 Speaker 1: the ones who sought to change that. But we're not 342 00:21:04,560 --> 00:21:08,080 Speaker 1: done just yet. My shipmate Alie Steed has one more 343 00:21:08,119 --> 00:21:11,679 Speaker 1: tale of politics, power and deadly piracy. And if you 344 00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:14,920 Speaker 1: stick around through this brief sponsor break, She'll tell you 345 00:21:15,119 --> 00:21:23,920 Speaker 1: all about it. Jean de Baville's life had been planned 346 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,840 Speaker 1: from the moment of her birth. Such was the life 347 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:31,200 Speaker 1: of girls born in thirteenth century France. From infancy to adolescence, 348 00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:34,680 Speaker 1: Jean and her brethren spent years being groomed for marriage 349 00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:39,560 Speaker 1: and motherhood. When she turned twelve, her nobleman father married 350 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:44,160 Speaker 1: her off to Joffely de Chateaubrian at just seventeen. He'd 351 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:47,760 Speaker 1: been married once before, and for the next fourteen years, 352 00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:52,280 Speaker 1: Jean played dutiful wife and mother, giving birth to Chauffelin Neuf, 353 00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:56,680 Speaker 1: born when Jean turned fourteen, and Louise, born two years later. 354 00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: When her husband died in thirty six, Jean, like most 355 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:05,520 Speaker 1: women of the time, quickly remarried. Her new husband, guille 356 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:09,000 Speaker 1: du Ponteviller, was the son of the Duke of Brittany. 357 00:22:09,119 --> 00:22:12,560 Speaker 1: Her new in laws, however, disapproved of the union, going 358 00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:15,760 Speaker 1: so far as to complain to the bishops. In February 359 00:22:15,840 --> 00:22:19,560 Speaker 1: of thirty the complaint had reached the Pope Hope John 360 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:23,080 Speaker 1: the annulled the marriage, bring Gee up to marry King 361 00:22:23,080 --> 00:22:28,359 Speaker 1: Philip the sixth Niece. Undaunted, Jean married husband number three, 362 00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:33,680 Speaker 1: wealthy Olivier Comte de Clisson. They made for more than 363 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:37,760 Speaker 1: just a smart financial and political match. The couple complimented 364 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:45,080 Speaker 1: each other in every way. Together. They had five children, Isabelle, Mollice, Olivier, Sants, 365 00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:50,720 Speaker 1: Guion and Jean. Life wasn't all sunshine and roses, though 366 00:22:51,119 --> 00:22:53,240 Speaker 1: England and France were in the middle of the hundred 367 00:22:53,320 --> 00:22:56,800 Speaker 1: years more, making things worse. When the Duke of Brittany died, 368 00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:00,479 Speaker 1: he had no male heir, King Edward of England Francis. 369 00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:05,720 Speaker 1: King Philip the sixth badly wanted that strategic territory. Olivier 370 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:08,160 Speaker 1: went off to battle at the bequest of Brittany's new 371 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:11,760 Speaker 1: Duke saw Dublei. Though the French had the upper hand, 372 00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:15,000 Speaker 1: the Duke began to believe that Olivier had turned trader. 373 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:20,560 Speaker 1: His suspicion stemmed from Olivier's recent capture and ransoming the 374 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:25,720 Speaker 1: amount Dublions believed was too low. Upon his return, the 375 00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:28,600 Speaker 1: Duke had him taken before King Philip the sixth and 376 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:33,040 Speaker 1: tried for treason. Jean tried everything within her power to 377 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:36,840 Speaker 1: free her husband, though it seems the court's mind had 378 00:23:36,840 --> 00:23:41,359 Speaker 1: already been made up. The King had Olivier beheaded and 379 00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:44,520 Speaker 1: ordered his head to be displayed on a spike. The 380 00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:49,280 Speaker 1: execution shocked the local nobility. While Olivier's testimony hadn't been 381 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:52,520 Speaker 1: good enough to prove his innocence, the prosecution had no 382 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:56,720 Speaker 1: proof of his guilt either, and until now nobility had 383 00:23:56,840 --> 00:24:00,960 Speaker 1: never been put on display after they were executed. Next, 384 00:24:01,280 --> 00:24:05,680 Speaker 1: the courts ordered Joan's banishment. She had no husband, no home, 385 00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:10,040 Speaker 1: and no political clout. Instead of finding another husband or 386 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:13,840 Speaker 1: submitting to the court's demands, she vowed revenge against the 387 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:20,119 Speaker 1: king and Dubleis. She sold her valuables, her jewelry, furniture, 388 00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:23,440 Speaker 1: and fine clothing. The money she made allowed her to 389 00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:29,200 Speaker 1: hire four hundred mercenaries. Then Joan went to war. First, 390 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:32,639 Speaker 1: she attacked a garrison at Chateau d'i beaux. Then she 391 00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:36,000 Speaker 1: set her sights on the sea and piracy. She had 392 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:39,200 Speaker 1: her warships painted black and their sails died blood red. 393 00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:43,359 Speaker 1: She named her ships the Black Fleet and her flagship 394 00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:49,280 Speaker 1: My Revenge. In retaliation, France refused her any future claims 395 00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:53,040 Speaker 1: to her former lands. The pirate queen, now referred to 396 00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:57,120 Speaker 1: as the Lioness of Brittany, remained unfazed. She had allied 397 00:24:57,160 --> 00:25:00,000 Speaker 1: with the English King Edward the Third, who provided her 398 00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:04,119 Speaker 1: with income from English owned lands in Brittany. Joe's fleet 399 00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:08,679 Speaker 1: hunted down French ships, plundering them and massacring everyone on 400 00:25:08,720 --> 00:25:12,960 Speaker 1: board except for a few witnesses. Those survivors were sent 401 00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:17,160 Speaker 1: to deliver a message back to King Philip. She terrorized 402 00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:21,399 Speaker 1: the channel for thirteen years, raiding ships and stealing supplies, 403 00:25:21,720 --> 00:25:26,320 Speaker 1: giving them to the English forces her hereditary enemies. Under 404 00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:30,240 Speaker 1: protection from King Edward, English vessels left Jean's fleet well alone, 405 00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:33,320 Speaker 1: though it isn't clear if all of her sons always 406 00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:36,400 Speaker 1: sailed with her. She had sown hatred of France into 407 00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: their hearts for killing their father. King Philip the sixth 408 00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:43,960 Speaker 1: died in thirteen fifty, but Jean continued her pirate ways 409 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:48,439 Speaker 1: and hunted French vessels. In thirteen fifty six, however, My 410 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:52,359 Speaker 1: Revenge took on water and sank at sea. Jean and 411 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:55,080 Speaker 1: two of her sons survived in a small boat, and 412 00:25:55,119 --> 00:26:00,679 Speaker 1: they rode towards shore for days. Sadly, Dillon died from exposure, 413 00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:05,240 Speaker 1: but Jean and her surviving son, Olivier Sant, were eventually 414 00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:09,520 Speaker 1: rescued and taken to Morley to recover she retired from piracy. 415 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:13,440 Speaker 1: Not long afterwards, Joan fell in love once more later 416 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:17,160 Speaker 1: that year with Walter Bentley, a military deputy for King Edward. 417 00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:20,520 Speaker 1: The couple settled down at the Castle of Imbol on 418 00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:23,880 Speaker 1: Brittany's coast, and when Jan died a few years later, 419 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:32,080 Speaker 1: she died a legend. Pirates was executive produced by Aaron 420 00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:36,120 Speaker 1: Manky and narrated by Aaron Manky and Alexander Steide. Writing 421 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:39,120 Speaker 1: for this season was provided by Michelle Mudo, with research 422 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:43,320 Speaker 1: by Alexander Steide and Sam Alberty. Production assistance was provided 423 00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:47,040 Speaker 1: by Josh Than, Jesse Funk, Alex Williams, and Matt Frederick. 424 00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:49,800 Speaker 1: To learn more about this and other shows from Grimm 425 00:26:49,840 --> 00:26:53,040 Speaker 1: and Mild and I Heart Radio, visit grim and Mild 426 00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:58,639 Speaker 1: dot com.