WEBVTT - Four Eyes Good: The History of Glasses

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Stuff you should know, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey,

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<v Speaker 1>and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's Chuck

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<v Speaker 1>and Jerry's here too, and it's just the three of

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<v Speaker 1>us with three pairs of eyes. And that's all I did.

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<v Speaker 2>We all wear glasses.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I guess all three of us do. Now, Huh

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<v Speaker 1>you didn't for a really long time. You were the

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<v Speaker 1>holdout who kept crashing your car.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, yeah, I wore And I think I've told this story,

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<v Speaker 2>but I was sort of the typical story of always

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<v Speaker 2>had really great vision and then it's been more longer

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<v Speaker 2>than you think. Then sometime in my mid forties, I

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<v Speaker 2>was like, Huh, this thing I'm reading isn't so clear.

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<v Speaker 2>And I went to the doctor and they're like, yeah, yeah,

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<v Speaker 2>you're reading. Vision is failing, so just get some glasses.

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<v Speaker 1>Did I ever tell you the story of when I

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<v Speaker 1>found out I needed glasses?

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<v Speaker 2>Now? How old were you?

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<v Speaker 1>I was in fourth grade and we went in for

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<v Speaker 1>like a lyfe check and a like an eye exam

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<v Speaker 1>that just an eye test, just one of those things

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<v Speaker 1>where it's like, obviously the state requires this, so it

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<v Speaker 1>doesn't actually it's not actually a.

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<v Speaker 2>Thing scoliosis too while they're at it.

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<v Speaker 1>Probably, so I was like totally flabbergasted when they were like,

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<v Speaker 1>you need glasses, Like I was just expecting not that

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<v Speaker 1>at all. Yeah, And sure enough, when I went in

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<v Speaker 1>for an eye exam, I was like, oh, I can

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<v Speaker 1>actually see things now. I hadn't really noticed. And so yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>since fourth grade I had to wear glasses or contact lenses,

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<v Speaker 1>and I'll never forget my first pair of glasses. I

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<v Speaker 1>think I was kind of bummed that I had to

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<v Speaker 1>wear glasses at all. So my mom made sure that

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<v Speaker 1>we went and got like the coolest glasses we could find,

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<v Speaker 1>that's sweet, which were in Elton John Special. They were

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<v Speaker 1>totally clear, an electric blue wire going through the whole thing,

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<v Speaker 1>and I would wear those today if I could find them.

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<v Speaker 1>They were pretty awesome.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I mean the time where we grew up glasses

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<v Speaker 2>was definitely like kind of super not cool, but then

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<v Speaker 2>I remember by the time we got to high school,

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<v Speaker 2>it was I can't believe I'm admitting this. I'm actually

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<v Speaker 2>one of those people who bought the fake glasses and

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<v Speaker 2>were a little while Oh yeah, yeah, because it was

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<v Speaker 2>you know, international mail, the whole GQ thing. I thought

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<v Speaker 2>I was a preppy kid, and I thought they'd make

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<v Speaker 2>me look cooler and more preppy, and so I did

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<v Speaker 2>that tortoise shells yeah for a while. But yeah, glasses,

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<v Speaker 2>And as we'll see in this, in this great, great

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<v Speaker 2>article that Livia put together for us, that has long

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<v Speaker 2>been a push pull since kind of the beginning of

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<v Speaker 2>glasses was do they make it seem like you're deficient

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<v Speaker 2>as a person or do they make you look like smarter?

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah? Yeah, No, it's it's a tension that's as old

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<v Speaker 1>as glasses, basically. Yeah, And it's sad that it still

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<v Speaker 1>kind of goes on. But I think that's really kind

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<v Speaker 1>of gone the way of the dinosaur thanks to people

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<v Speaker 1>like you stepping up and wearing glasses when you didn't

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<v Speaker 1>need them, thanks to Huey Lewis stepping up and teaching

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<v Speaker 1>everyone it's hip to be square. I really think that

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<v Speaker 1>was probably the transition point right there.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, And I also want to point out I would

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<v Speaker 2>love to see pictures of you with those glasses, if

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<v Speaker 2>you have any, because to me, there's nothing cuter than

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<v Speaker 2>a kid wearing glasses. Well, I don't.

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<v Speaker 1>Know if I can, if I can put my finger

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<v Speaker 1>on any of those and even if I could, I'm

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<v Speaker 1>pretty sure the glasses were my best feature back then.

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<v Speaker 1>So you talked about, you know, this tension from the

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<v Speaker 1>beginning of glasses. Let's talk about the beginning of glasses.

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<v Speaker 1>Because the concept of glasses as we understand them today,

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<v Speaker 1>like these things that you wear that contain corrective lenses

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<v Speaker 1>that you can put on your on your face and

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<v Speaker 1>they typically won't fall off. That's only a few hundred

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<v Speaker 1>years old. But people have needed corrective lenses for long

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<v Speaker 1>before that. So there's a really great question that I've

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<v Speaker 1>always kind of wondered that I've never bothered to look up,

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<v Speaker 1>Like what about people who needed glasses before glasses were invented?

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah? So, uh again, Lyvia helped us with this, and

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<v Speaker 2>I think I'm going to use her title because it

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<v Speaker 2>was really another Lvia special.

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<v Speaker 1>I didn't get it.

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<v Speaker 2>Four eyes good. You didn't get it?

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<v Speaker 1>No, I still don't.

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<v Speaker 2>Well, four eyes means you wear glasses, right, and so

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<v Speaker 2>you know four eyes is good? Okay, So they're like

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<v Speaker 2>helps you see better.

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<v Speaker 1>There's no there's no deeper meaning or pun or reference

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<v Speaker 1>to it.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh I don't think so, cause I mean.

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<v Speaker 1>Why why didn't she include r like, four eyes are good.

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<v Speaker 2>I just took it. I may be wrong. We'll have

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<v Speaker 2>to ask Livia as just four eyes good, like TikTok would.

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<v Speaker 1>Say, yeah, okay, all right maybe, so yeah, we have

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<v Speaker 1>to ask Olivia.

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<v Speaker 2>I may be staring at an obvious pun though that

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<v Speaker 2>I'm not overlooking so who knows.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, we're both overlooking it if we are.

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<v Speaker 2>So let me put on my pun glasses.

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<v Speaker 1>You need to break those things, all right.

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<v Speaker 2>So anyway, I agree, you know, Olivia kind of points

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<v Speaker 2>out like as reading came along, people needed glasses more

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<v Speaker 2>and more because a lot of like myself, if I

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<v Speaker 2>never read anything, I would be just fine. Like I

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<v Speaker 2>might look at something close to me and be like,

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<v Speaker 2>well it might look a little fuzzy, but it's not

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<v Speaker 2>like reading something that's fuzzy. So for before reading became

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<v Speaker 2>a big, big thing, not as many people noticed, I think.

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<v Speaker 2>And then I think people who had which is it

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<v Speaker 2>nearsighted or far sighted When you can't see something far away.

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<v Speaker 1>You're nearsighted, like you're sighted to see things nearby.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, So I think those people were just kind of

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<v Speaker 2>sol and just was like, oh, well, I guess just

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<v Speaker 2>one of the things that happens to people.

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<v Speaker 1>Yes, there is such a thing as hereditary myopia, where

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<v Speaker 1>you can be myopic because you were born that way.

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<v Speaker 1>But the larger point here is that there were far,

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<v Speaker 1>far fewer people who were myopic than there are today

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<v Speaker 1>because of the advent of reading. And there's studies that

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<v Speaker 1>show that the more students read, the more myopic they become.

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<v Speaker 1>And it's just as sounding to me. I didn't ever

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<v Speaker 1>think of it that way, but it's totally true. From reading.

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<v Speaker 1>Glasses came as a necessity.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and the people that may have been had you

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<v Speaker 2>not great close focus back in the day, may have

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<v Speaker 2>done things like engraving or these skills where they were

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<v Speaker 2>doing something kind of like reading, right right.

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<v Speaker 1>So, and we've had lenses, just not corrective lenses for

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<v Speaker 1>a very long time. About almost five thousand years ago,

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<v Speaker 1>people were grinding things like quartz into lenses, but they

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<v Speaker 1>were basically like little six year old kids. They would

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<v Speaker 1>use them to start fires with that's what their purpose was.

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<v Speaker 1>And they were developed independently in different parts of the world,

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<v Speaker 1>like Assyria and Greece had them about five thousand years ago,

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<v Speaker 1>and about two thousand years ago they developed them in Peru,

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<v Speaker 1>which is pretty cool too. But I mean, a good

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<v Speaker 1>idea is a good idea, and I think things like

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<v Speaker 1>that proved that.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, for sure, it was archimedes deathway was that a lens?

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<v Speaker 1>It was a mirror a right, Yeah, I thought of

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<v Speaker 1>that too.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh, we did a great podcast on mirrors a long time,

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<v Speaker 2>you remember that one.

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<v Speaker 1>That was a good one. My brain is still broken

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<v Speaker 1>from that. Like it was one of those things where

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<v Speaker 1>I just assumed it would be pretty easy, and it's

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<v Speaker 1>not at all easy. It's really hard to comprehend mirrors

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<v Speaker 1>and how they work.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, totally, all right, So, yeah, they were polishing lenses

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<v Speaker 2>and I think the reading stone was the first kind

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<v Speaker 2>of use of a lens to help you read something.

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<v Speaker 2>And those were the little round things that you would

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<v Speaker 2>sit literally sit on a book and push along rather

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<v Speaker 2>than hold it out like a magnifying glass. And there

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<v Speaker 2>was a lot of monk, a lot of monks doing

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<v Speaker 2>a lot of this because I think they were doing

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<v Speaker 2>more like text work than a lot of most people

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<v Speaker 2>back then.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, because you didn't have a way to copy anything

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<v Speaker 1>except for by hand, so that was a huge role

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<v Speaker 1>of monks. So yeah, they definitely needed those and then

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<v Speaker 1>translating things into other languages. There's a really good example

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<v Speaker 1>of an important development in the field of like classes

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<v Speaker 1>or corrective lenses that happened because somebody translated the writing

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<v Speaker 1>of an Arab scholar named Abu Ali al Hassan Ibn

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<v Speaker 1>al Hatham, who was born in nine sixty five CE,

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<v Speaker 1>and he actually figured out that we see because our

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<v Speaker 1>eyes sense beams of light, and in other parts of

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<v Speaker 1>the world, like for example, Greece, they thought it was

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<v Speaker 1>the opposite, that we shot laser beams out of our eyes.

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<v Speaker 1>And I know we've talked about that before, Yeah, because

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<v Speaker 1>it's so preposterous that I just love it. But I

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<v Speaker 1>don't remember what episode, but but I a'l Hatham figured

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<v Speaker 1>this out. But he was writing in Arabic. Luckily, there

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<v Speaker 1>was a monk who was also a physicist, a Polish

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<v Speaker 1>monk named Vitelo, who in the twelve hundreds translated al

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<v Speaker 1>Haitham from Arabic to Latin, which gave a chance for

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<v Speaker 1>another monk in English, monk named Roger Bacon, to read

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<v Speaker 1>it in Latin and then build on al Haatham's findings

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<v Speaker 1>about vision and optics.

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<v Speaker 2>Is it weird to me that I thought the monk

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<v Speaker 2>being named Roger Bacon was funny sounding.

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<v Speaker 1>No it is. It's really funny. Oh okay, yeah, no

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<v Speaker 1>it's I mean, it's just such a modern name but

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<v Speaker 1>also a silly modern name. Yeah, yeah, okay, good, I'm

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<v Speaker 1>with you. No offense to Kevin, No, no, he knows.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, if we're talking about glasses, like you know, the

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<v Speaker 2>glasses that we think of today, still not you know,

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<v Speaker 2>you'll note there's some key things missing here still. But

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<v Speaker 2>if we're talking about a convex lens to help someone

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<v Speaker 2>who is far sighted read text or a book, you

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<v Speaker 2>got to go to Italy in the late thirteenth century,

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<v Speaker 2>Italy with a little bit of Germany mixed in here

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<v Speaker 2>and there. But it seems like Italy really drove the

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<v Speaker 2>glasses industry forward, using crown glass at the time, like

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<v Speaker 2>you know, real glass for their lenses. And we'll get

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<v Speaker 2>to that switch later on too. But they speculate that

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<v Speaker 2>you know, they were grinding me and you know, they

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<v Speaker 2>were making mirrors and polishing stones and stuff, so they

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<v Speaker 2>probably wasn't a big leap to start doing the same

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<v Speaker 2>kind of things with the same kind of tools to

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<v Speaker 2>make glass lenses.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and so like you said there were convex lenses

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<v Speaker 1>to help magnify things for people who are far sighted,

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<v Speaker 1>and that is far far easier to make than a

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<v Speaker 1>concave lens, as we'll see. So those convex lenses were

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<v Speaker 1>around for centuries before corrective lenses for people with myopia

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<v Speaker 1>came along.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, And another thing I don't want to do, maybe

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<v Speaker 2>is if you're in a place to look things up

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<v Speaker 2>for image searches, these are all fun to look at,

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<v Speaker 2>these antique glasses. If you look up Rivet spectacles Rivet,

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<v Speaker 2>these were sort of the first glasses that were held

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<v Speaker 2>together by a little you know, Rivet. It looks like

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<v Speaker 2>a hinge. I couldn't tell it. It looks like they

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<v Speaker 2>might move and like fold upon each other.

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<v Speaker 3>Is that true.

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<v Speaker 1>I don't know, but it looked like that to me too,

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<v Speaker 1>I would guess.

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<v Speaker 2>So they're kind of cool looking. But one thing you

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<v Speaker 2>notice is that even with the Rivet spectacles, they're not

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<v Speaker 2>you don't hang that Rivet on your nose. It's still

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<v Speaker 2>just a hinge to hold them together.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, you had to hold classes or spectacles with your

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<v Speaker 1>hand for centuries after they were invented. Basically. Yeah, And

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<v Speaker 1>like we said, with the advent of reading. Thanks to

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<v Speaker 1>things like the Gutenberg printing Press in the fourteen hundreds

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<v Speaker 1>or later in the sixteen hundreds, when Europe started to

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<v Speaker 1>publish newspapers all over the place, reading became much more widespread,

0:11:59.080 --> 0:12:02.160
<v Speaker 1>and so the need four glasses became much more widespread

0:12:02.240 --> 0:12:06.000
<v Speaker 1>thanks to the development of myopia from reading and especially

0:12:06.000 --> 0:12:07.120
<v Speaker 1>reading by candle light.

0:12:08.720 --> 0:12:11.199
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I guess that would really put a strain on

0:12:11.240 --> 0:12:12.120
<v Speaker 2>your eyes, right.

0:12:12.240 --> 0:12:16.360
<v Speaker 1>Totally for sure. And so this is also about the

0:12:16.440 --> 0:12:25.520
<v Speaker 1>time in medieval I think medieval Europe where the whole

0:12:25.559 --> 0:12:27.800
<v Speaker 1>thing kind of became like, all right, is this a

0:12:27.800 --> 0:12:31.560
<v Speaker 1>fashion statement? Are you showing everybody that you're correcting a disability?

0:12:31.600 --> 0:12:34.600
<v Speaker 1>What's the deal here with classes? This is around the

0:12:34.640 --> 0:12:36.960
<v Speaker 1>time where it really kind of started to take hold,

0:12:37.840 --> 0:12:40.160
<v Speaker 1>and in fact, Olivia turned up something I thought was

0:12:40.200 --> 0:12:43.680
<v Speaker 1>pretty interesting. Depending on the painter and depending on how

0:12:43.679 --> 0:12:49.560
<v Speaker 1>you wanted to depict the person, especially during the Renaissance,

0:12:50.240 --> 0:12:54.920
<v Speaker 1>you might show somebody who was born before glasses were

0:12:54.920 --> 0:12:59.120
<v Speaker 1>invented wearing glasses to get across how studious and scholarly

0:12:59.160 --> 0:13:01.520
<v Speaker 1>they were, or if you wanted to show how cool

0:13:01.559 --> 0:13:04.880
<v Speaker 1>somebody was if they were known to wear glasses you

0:13:05.040 --> 0:13:07.640
<v Speaker 1>might have you might leave the glasses out altogether.

0:13:08.480 --> 0:13:11.360
<v Speaker 2>Yeah. Yeah, it's that that weird pushbull that we were

0:13:11.360 --> 0:13:15.760
<v Speaker 2>talking about. And I guess it just depended on maybe

0:13:15.800 --> 0:13:19.600
<v Speaker 2>just the time and place and what the culture was

0:13:19.640 --> 0:13:21.720
<v Speaker 2>like in that particular time and place, right right.

0:13:21.880 --> 0:13:25.000
<v Speaker 1>They were also a way to depict wealth. Remember it

0:13:25.040 --> 0:13:27.560
<v Speaker 1>had a painting called the Parable of the Rich Fool,

0:13:27.920 --> 0:13:30.040
<v Speaker 1>which is a Bible story. So of course it's took

0:13:30.040 --> 0:13:32.880
<v Speaker 1>place long before there was such a thing as glasses,

0:13:33.200 --> 0:13:36.440
<v Speaker 1>but he included glasses on the Rich Fool to show

0:13:36.440 --> 0:13:37.280
<v Speaker 1>how rich he was.

0:13:38.200 --> 0:13:41.600
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and in China, because he's spread via the Silk

0:13:41.679 --> 0:13:46.440
<v Speaker 2>Road to Asia, some of their judiciary committees they were like,

0:13:46.480 --> 0:13:49.480
<v Speaker 2>here's your uniform, and part of it was glasses, whether

0:13:49.520 --> 0:13:54.439
<v Speaker 2>you needed them or not. Like you like me? That

0:13:54.600 --> 0:13:55.040
<v Speaker 2>nice work.

0:13:55.320 --> 0:13:57.559
<v Speaker 1>You want to take a break, Yeah.

0:13:57.320 --> 0:13:59.439
<v Speaker 2>I mean, since we literally just chinxed each other, I

0:13:59.440 --> 0:14:00.400
<v Speaker 2>think it should take break.

0:14:00.400 --> 0:14:01.480
<v Speaker 1>That's right. You owe me a coke?

0:14:02.280 --> 0:14:26.800
<v Speaker 3>All right, be right back, so chuck before we.

0:14:26.760 --> 0:14:29.520
<v Speaker 1>Get started again. I want to say something every time

0:14:29.600 --> 0:14:33.040
<v Speaker 1>I say glasses, or hear glasses, or even read glasses

0:14:33.640 --> 0:14:38.560
<v Speaker 1>in my head, Velma goes my glasses. It's been happening constantly,

0:14:38.760 --> 0:14:41.200
<v Speaker 1>and I think what's most significant about it is that

0:14:41.280 --> 0:14:43.080
<v Speaker 1>hasn't gotten old yet.

0:14:43.360 --> 0:14:46.720
<v Speaker 2>So Velma from Scooby Doo would she lose her glasses?

0:14:46.720 --> 0:14:51.040
<v Speaker 1>She invariably said, my glasses, and I just got it

0:14:51.040 --> 0:14:51.520
<v Speaker 1>in my head.

0:14:51.680 --> 0:14:53.840
<v Speaker 2>And you've been doing that like for two days.

0:14:54.960 --> 0:14:58.280
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, over and over and over and over. It's going

0:14:58.320 --> 0:15:00.000
<v Speaker 1>on right now as we speak. As a matter of fact.

0:15:00.560 --> 0:15:02.520
<v Speaker 2>And by the sounds of it, you were also practicing

0:15:02.520 --> 0:15:03.640
<v Speaker 2>that Arabic name.

0:15:04.760 --> 0:15:06.760
<v Speaker 1>I actually did not out loud.

0:15:07.040 --> 0:15:09.520
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, you busted that thing out, man.

0:15:09.600 --> 0:15:11.480
<v Speaker 1>I just have a silver tongue for Arabic.

0:15:11.520 --> 0:15:12.840
<v Speaker 2>Apparently that was really good.

0:15:13.080 --> 0:15:17.480
<v Speaker 1>Thanks. Okay, so let's get started. We talked about how

0:15:17.960 --> 0:15:23.560
<v Speaker 1>the lenses for far sightedness or around for centuries before nearsightedness,

0:15:24.240 --> 0:15:27.280
<v Speaker 1>but we eventually got to those, I guess in like

0:15:27.320 --> 0:15:30.920
<v Speaker 1>the fifteenth century the fourteen hundreds, again not coincidentally with

0:15:31.040 --> 0:15:33.920
<v Speaker 1>the spread of reading, we finally figured out how to

0:15:34.080 --> 0:15:38.360
<v Speaker 1>make lenses that are concave that correct vision for people

0:15:38.360 --> 0:15:40.560
<v Speaker 1>who can see things nearby but not far away.

0:15:41.160 --> 0:15:44.560
<v Speaker 2>That's right, and the other way around, like you mentioned

0:15:44.560 --> 0:15:47.520
<v Speaker 2>in Act one, a lot harder to do. There was

0:15:47.560 --> 0:15:51.080
<v Speaker 2>a cardinal named Nicholas of Kusa, And this is where

0:15:51.120 --> 0:15:53.680
<v Speaker 2>the Germany part comes in, because that's where Germany is now.

0:15:54.640 --> 0:15:57.520
<v Speaker 2>He's given a lot of credit to developing the convex lens.

0:15:57.920 --> 0:16:01.440
<v Speaker 2>But once again, it was really Italy where a lot

0:16:01.520 --> 0:16:06.200
<v Speaker 2>of this was taking place, specifically Florence, where they were

0:16:06.280 --> 0:16:09.600
<v Speaker 2>really crafting excellent lenses for the time. And I think

0:16:09.600 --> 0:16:12.400
<v Speaker 2>they were pretty darn good at it, even like compared

0:16:12.400 --> 0:16:15.400
<v Speaker 2>to today. I've read that it's like kind of remarkable

0:16:15.440 --> 0:16:16.320
<v Speaker 2>how good they were at this.

0:16:17.360 --> 0:16:23.280
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, yeah, for sure. I mean I always equate venue

0:16:23.360 --> 0:16:26.800
<v Speaker 1>with glass because of Venetian glass, but sure, why not

0:16:26.840 --> 0:16:27.520
<v Speaker 1>Florence too.

0:16:27.640 --> 0:16:29.640
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

0:16:29.960 --> 0:16:32.880
<v Speaker 1>So there are a couple of innovations that came along

0:16:33.360 --> 0:16:37.840
<v Speaker 1>in the seventeenth century to the sixteen hundreds that really

0:16:37.920 --> 0:16:41.960
<v Speaker 1>kind of helped push things forward. So we've been making

0:16:42.000 --> 0:16:45.360
<v Speaker 1>glass for centuries by then. But as they were trying

0:16:45.360 --> 0:16:47.960
<v Speaker 1>to figure out how to make these things refract light.

0:16:48.080 --> 0:16:51.920
<v Speaker 1>That's how lenses correct. They refract light at different angles

0:16:51.960 --> 0:16:56.960
<v Speaker 1>depending on what you need to see in focus. They

0:16:57.000 --> 0:16:59.960
<v Speaker 1>figured out that not only you know, could you use

0:17:00.120 --> 0:17:02.440
<v Speaker 1>traditional glass and then shape it in certain ways, you

0:17:02.440 --> 0:17:05.119
<v Speaker 1>could add certain things to glass that would help with

0:17:05.200 --> 0:17:08.159
<v Speaker 1>their refractiveness. So they figured out that if they add

0:17:08.359 --> 0:17:12.320
<v Speaker 1>low iron, potash or lead oxide, it will give it

0:17:12.359 --> 0:17:16.040
<v Speaker 1>a higher refractive index. But you need less glass to

0:17:16.080 --> 0:17:19.600
<v Speaker 1>do that. So all of a sudden, glasses became immediately

0:17:19.720 --> 0:17:21.840
<v Speaker 1>less clunky and a little more comfortable.

0:17:22.359 --> 0:17:25.600
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, for sure. And you know you mentioned paintings in

0:17:25.640 --> 0:17:30.040
<v Speaker 2>that in the first part. But I thought the encyclopedia

0:17:30.160 --> 0:17:34.840
<v Speaker 2>brownness of this next bit was really pretty great because

0:17:35.440 --> 0:17:40.600
<v Speaker 2>there is actual evidence of concave lens use in Raphael's

0:17:40.600 --> 0:17:45.520
<v Speaker 2>painting portrait of Pope Leo ten and two cardinals and

0:17:45.680 --> 0:17:47.720
<v Speaker 2>they say ten. Huh, what do you say? X?

0:17:48.160 --> 0:17:50.919
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I know it's ten, but it just sounds cooler

0:17:50.920 --> 0:17:52.119
<v Speaker 1>as Poplo X.

0:17:53.160 --> 0:17:53.520
<v Speaker 3>Okay.

0:17:54.560 --> 0:17:58.840
<v Speaker 2>So Poplio was part of the Medici family, which had

0:17:59.359 --> 0:18:03.680
<v Speaker 2>genetic my iopia, as was well known back then. And

0:18:04.200 --> 0:18:06.800
<v Speaker 2>you can see, and this is where it gets encyclopedia brown.

0:18:07.240 --> 0:18:10.479
<v Speaker 2>You can see in the painting behind the lens, his

0:18:10.560 --> 0:18:14.879
<v Speaker 2>thumb is smaller, showing that it's a distance lens, and

0:18:14.920 --> 0:18:17.680
<v Speaker 2>that is just that little detail. For someone to paint

0:18:17.720 --> 0:18:19.680
<v Speaker 2>that and then other people to notice is pretty great.

0:18:20.080 --> 0:18:22.679
<v Speaker 1>I mean, that's so raphe yel you know. Yeah, And

0:18:22.680 --> 0:18:25.480
<v Speaker 1>then there was some other advances too that weren't exactly

0:18:25.680 --> 0:18:28.800
<v Speaker 1>corrective lenses, but people figured out, especially the Dutch, were

0:18:28.840 --> 0:18:32.159
<v Speaker 1>super into this that if you took corrective lenses that

0:18:32.200 --> 0:18:34.960
<v Speaker 1>could bend light in different ways, you could see things

0:18:35.000 --> 0:18:37.760
<v Speaker 1>that were really small, or you could see things that

0:18:37.800 --> 0:18:41.320
<v Speaker 1>were really far away, and so they were really helpful

0:18:41.359 --> 0:18:44.160
<v Speaker 1>in developing the microscope and the telescope too.

0:18:44.600 --> 0:18:49.280
<v Speaker 2>That's right. But I know everyone's chomping at the bit saying,

0:18:49.440 --> 0:18:51.160
<v Speaker 2>these glasses that you can hold up to your face

0:18:51.200 --> 0:18:55.760
<v Speaker 2>are fine. But guys, when did people start wearing glasses?

0:18:56.480 --> 0:18:59.760
<v Speaker 2>We can go to the seventeenth century finally, when we

0:18:59.840 --> 0:19:02.720
<v Speaker 2>got the bow spectacle or is it boo?

0:19:03.320 --> 0:19:06.720
<v Speaker 1>I wonder that myself. I think bow like a bow

0:19:06.760 --> 0:19:09.320
<v Speaker 1>and arrow bow. It's like the shape of a bow

0:19:09.359 --> 0:19:11.280
<v Speaker 1>without the string. I think that's what it is.

0:19:11.680 --> 0:19:13.240
<v Speaker 2>Okay, that's what I think it is too. But those

0:19:13.240 --> 0:19:17.280
<v Speaker 2>are the glasses that still didn't have what do you

0:19:17.280 --> 0:19:18.840
<v Speaker 2>call the things on the side.

0:19:18.680 --> 0:19:20.760
<v Speaker 1>The temples or the arms now.

0:19:20.640 --> 0:19:23.280
<v Speaker 2>No arms, yeah, no arms yet. But they had a

0:19:23.359 --> 0:19:25.960
<v Speaker 2>little a little thing where you could slip it over

0:19:26.000 --> 0:19:28.679
<v Speaker 2>your nose and it would, you know, if you had

0:19:28.720 --> 0:19:31.399
<v Speaker 2>a good fit, it would sit there. Otherwise you probably

0:19:31.400 --> 0:19:33.720
<v Speaker 2>still needed to assist it with your fingies.

0:19:34.119 --> 0:19:36.560
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, exactly the same thing that's still around now. It

0:19:36.600 --> 0:19:39.119
<v Speaker 1>sits on the bridge of your nose and rests and helps,

0:19:39.160 --> 0:19:41.800
<v Speaker 1>you know, hold your glasses up right. Yeah, so that

0:19:41.920 --> 0:19:44.160
<v Speaker 1>was a huge advance. It's funny when you look back

0:19:44.200 --> 0:19:48.359
<v Speaker 1>at this stuff, You're just like, this is all just

0:19:48.400 --> 0:19:50.960
<v Speaker 1>such low hanging fruit glasses. Guys, why didn't you just

0:19:51.000 --> 0:19:54.360
<v Speaker 1>put them together immediately? Yeah, And that's just not how

0:19:54.400 --> 0:19:57.119
<v Speaker 1>it went. I mean, this person contributed this, this person

0:19:57.200 --> 0:20:01.040
<v Speaker 1>contributed that, and they took millennia to develop, which I

0:20:01.119 --> 0:20:05.080
<v Speaker 1>just find astounding. It's like a miracle that we have

0:20:05.200 --> 0:20:09.399
<v Speaker 1>glasses today based on how long and plotting their development was.

0:20:09.760 --> 0:20:11.800
<v Speaker 2>Well. Yeah, And what's the funniest thing to me about

0:20:11.880 --> 0:20:14.080
<v Speaker 2>all of this as I was reading each little development

0:20:14.520 --> 0:20:16.399
<v Speaker 2>was the whole time, the ears are sitting there on

0:20:16.440 --> 0:20:19.399
<v Speaker 2>the side of your head, just like, hey, guys, we

0:20:19.480 --> 0:20:22.320
<v Speaker 2>have two literal anchor points sticking out of the side

0:20:22.640 --> 0:20:26.919
<v Speaker 2>of everybody's head and still no one I think. In Spain,

0:20:27.520 --> 0:20:30.880
<v Speaker 2>Lvia found that some people would tie a string and

0:20:30.920 --> 0:20:33.520
<v Speaker 2>then tie it around their ear, like if they were

0:20:33.640 --> 0:20:37.240
<v Speaker 2>playing you know, soccer or something. I guess but no

0:20:37.320 --> 0:20:40.639
<v Speaker 2>one still was like, hey, maybe we should make something

0:20:40.960 --> 0:20:42.040
<v Speaker 2>to sit on those ears.

0:20:42.680 --> 0:20:45.720
<v Speaker 1>So to be fair, there was a guy named Edward

0:20:45.840 --> 0:20:49.160
<v Speaker 1>Scarlett who was an optician in London in the seventeen twenties,

0:20:49.520 --> 0:20:52.720
<v Speaker 1>and he saw what you're talking about, m M. But

0:20:52.920 --> 0:20:56.639
<v Speaker 1>at the time, so he invented temples those sides those arms,

0:20:57.000 --> 0:20:59.800
<v Speaker 1>but they didn't curve downward to take advantage of those

0:21:00.160 --> 0:21:02.560
<v Speaker 1>natural anchor points the backs of the ears like the

0:21:02.760 --> 0:21:05.280
<v Speaker 1>US today. But there was a good reason why, and

0:21:05.359 --> 0:21:08.360
<v Speaker 1>that was at the time, anyone who is wealthy enough

0:21:08.359 --> 0:21:11.880
<v Speaker 1>to afford glasses also wore powdered wigs and those things

0:21:11.880 --> 0:21:15.480
<v Speaker 1>were giant and covered the ears. You couldn't use the

0:21:15.560 --> 0:21:17.560
<v Speaker 1>back of the ears like that because they were covered up,

0:21:17.720 --> 0:21:20.800
<v Speaker 1>but you could use the temples as pressure points for

0:21:20.920 --> 0:21:24.000
<v Speaker 1>those those arms that they he came up with.

0:21:24.320 --> 0:21:27.320
<v Speaker 2>So those were just like little squeezes essentially.

0:21:27.440 --> 0:21:29.520
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, they would give you a migraine in like three minutes.

0:21:29.680 --> 0:21:34.680
<v Speaker 2>Okay, because I did also see that. Olivia found rather

0:21:34.760 --> 0:21:37.200
<v Speaker 2>that they some people would it would attach a ribbon,

0:21:38.320 --> 0:21:40.080
<v Speaker 2>but they still wouldn't time around the ear. They would

0:21:40.119 --> 0:21:42.000
<v Speaker 2>just tie it around the back of their head. A

0:21:42.480 --> 0:21:47.320
<v Speaker 2>harlequin yeah, yeah, to those squeeze temples. Finally we get

0:21:47.359 --> 0:21:50.439
<v Speaker 2>a guy that gets closer. In seven fifty two, an

0:21:50.520 --> 0:21:55.639
<v Speaker 2>English optician named James ice Coff, I guess had a

0:21:55.680 --> 0:22:00.600
<v Speaker 2>double hinge side and well, actually I don't think he

0:22:00.640 --> 0:22:04.240
<v Speaker 2>invented the turnpin template. That was about twenty five years

0:22:04.280 --> 0:22:07.880
<v Speaker 2>after that, because the turnpin template from or temple, from

0:22:07.880 --> 0:22:11.040
<v Speaker 2>what I can tell, it goes straight back and then

0:22:11.400 --> 0:22:14.520
<v Speaker 2>has a hinge and then goes straight down behind the

0:22:14.560 --> 0:22:18.720
<v Speaker 2>ear ninety degrees. But it doesn't like curve around the ear.

0:22:18.760 --> 0:22:20.920
<v Speaker 2>It was just a big ninety degree drop that sat

0:22:21.000 --> 0:22:23.680
<v Speaker 2>down a couple of inches even below the ear right.

0:22:23.760 --> 0:22:26.200
<v Speaker 1>But it finally started to take advantage of the back

0:22:26.240 --> 0:22:26.920
<v Speaker 1>of the ear right.

0:22:27.400 --> 0:22:28.680
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, in a clunky way.

0:22:28.920 --> 0:22:31.320
<v Speaker 1>But at the same time, with these guys putting hinges

0:22:31.320 --> 0:22:33.680
<v Speaker 1>in there, now you have these arms that can number one,

0:22:33.800 --> 0:22:36.920
<v Speaker 1>fold away for convenience, but also number two. If they're

0:22:36.960 --> 0:22:40.399
<v Speaker 1>double spring, they can also bend kind of outwards. So

0:22:41.000 --> 0:22:43.000
<v Speaker 1>now you could just put glasses on and they would

0:22:43.080 --> 0:22:46.440
<v Speaker 1>fit to your giant head or your tiny head, depending

0:22:46.480 --> 0:22:51.280
<v Speaker 1>on the size. Immediately thanks to the spring and those hinges.

0:22:51.800 --> 0:22:54.159
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I remember seeing those for the first time, and

0:22:54.200 --> 0:22:57.520
<v Speaker 2>that seemed like a very modern invention in like the eighties,

0:22:57.560 --> 0:22:58.640
<v Speaker 2>But that's not true.

0:22:58.400 --> 0:23:01.679
<v Speaker 1>At all, No, I don't. I think it took a

0:23:01.680 --> 0:23:04.879
<v Speaker 1>little while for it to become ubiquitous, but it was

0:23:05.080 --> 0:23:06.639
<v Speaker 1>older than that for sure.

0:23:07.080 --> 0:23:10.199
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, well I only use you know, I found a

0:23:10.280 --> 0:23:13.879
<v Speaker 2>number of years ago that the ray Ban Wayfairer is

0:23:13.960 --> 0:23:19.199
<v Speaker 2>kind of the only sunglass that I look okay in Okay,

0:23:19.720 --> 0:23:22.280
<v Speaker 2>So I've only worn those, and then I just buy

0:23:22.320 --> 0:23:26.280
<v Speaker 2>those frames to get my readers made because it's the

0:23:26.359 --> 0:23:28.879
<v Speaker 2>only only shape that I've ever found works for my face.

0:23:29.040 --> 0:23:31.760
<v Speaker 2>And so I'm a wayfair purist.

0:23:31.800 --> 0:23:34.479
<v Speaker 1>I guess I can do wayfarers and I can do

0:23:34.680 --> 0:23:35.720
<v Speaker 1>aviators too.

0:23:36.359 --> 0:23:37.399
<v Speaker 2>I can't pull those off.

0:23:37.760 --> 0:23:39.680
<v Speaker 1>The ones that I can't pull off that I really

0:23:39.680 --> 0:23:43.000
<v Speaker 1>wish I could are the I want to say, carreras,

0:23:43.000 --> 0:23:44.680
<v Speaker 1>but they're not. You know what I'm talking about, those

0:23:44.720 --> 0:23:47.800
<v Speaker 1>Italian ones that are super sleek looking that you basically

0:23:47.840 --> 0:23:49.160
<v Speaker 1>have to wear a speedo with.

0:23:50.480 --> 0:23:52.240
<v Speaker 2>I think I know exactly what you're talking about.

0:23:52.359 --> 0:23:54.560
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, those, I wish I could rock those, and they

0:23:54.600 --> 0:23:56.480
<v Speaker 1>just do not look right on me. And I think

0:23:56.480 --> 0:23:59.560
<v Speaker 1>we should include a little PSA here for everybody that

0:23:59.640 --> 0:24:05.000
<v Speaker 1>wears those giant multi colored reflective visor sunglasses. Now nobody

0:24:05.040 --> 0:24:09.840
<v Speaker 1>looks good in those, which ones the giant visor sunglasses

0:24:09.880 --> 0:24:11.720
<v Speaker 1>that are super in right now.

0:24:12.760 --> 0:24:15.520
<v Speaker 2>What is visor? Would you mean like a hat visor?

0:24:16.000 --> 0:24:20.760
<v Speaker 1>No, like like ski goggles, but without the goggle part.

0:24:20.760 --> 0:24:24.720
<v Speaker 1>They're just sunglasses. But they're that massive and colorfully reflective.

0:24:24.960 --> 0:24:27.520
<v Speaker 1>How have you not seen these? I don't know, like

0:24:27.560 --> 0:24:32.120
<v Speaker 1>Oakley's kind of Yeah, I'm sure, please make them. Yes, bigger,

0:24:32.280 --> 0:24:33.159
<v Speaker 1>just imagine bigger.

0:24:33.440 --> 0:24:34.960
<v Speaker 2>I'm gonna have to look up a picture of these

0:24:35.040 --> 0:24:37.280
<v Speaker 2>because I have not known. Also, I don't, you know,

0:24:37.320 --> 0:24:39.720
<v Speaker 2>get around in the world too much, So.

0:24:41.600 --> 0:24:43.439
<v Speaker 1>I mean I'm surprised you at least haven't seen like

0:24:43.480 --> 0:24:45.760
<v Speaker 1>a delivery person wearing them.

0:24:45.920 --> 0:24:48.480
<v Speaker 2>Oh, well, you know it's funny. I just did a

0:24:48.600 --> 0:24:50.840
<v Speaker 2>rare inshow look up and I see exactly what you're

0:24:50.880 --> 0:24:53.720
<v Speaker 2>talking about. H I do not like those. I did

0:24:53.720 --> 0:24:56.520
<v Speaker 2>not know people were wearing those. Oh yeah, they're huge now,

0:24:57.600 --> 0:25:01.080
<v Speaker 2>but they also when you type indvisors glasses, they make

0:25:01.119 --> 0:25:02.920
<v Speaker 2>sunglasses with the little visor over them.

0:25:03.359 --> 0:25:08.040
<v Speaker 1>Oh that's neat, like the Wane little flip up sunglasses.

0:25:08.280 --> 0:25:10.840
<v Speaker 2>Well, it's those are individual for each side. This is

0:25:11.000 --> 0:25:12.680
<v Speaker 2>I'm sending a picture of this dude right now, because

0:25:12.720 --> 0:25:13.920
<v Speaker 2>he's rocking pretty hard.

0:25:14.320 --> 0:25:14.760
<v Speaker 1>Nice.

0:25:15.200 --> 0:25:16.919
<v Speaker 2>Anyway, where I started with the whole ray ban thing

0:25:16.960 --> 0:25:19.480
<v Speaker 2>is though they don't make the spring ones where they

0:25:19.640 --> 0:25:22.159
<v Speaker 2>you know, have a pretty fat head, then luckily they

0:25:22.160 --> 0:25:24.880
<v Speaker 2>fit my face. But they don't, you know, bend outward,

0:25:25.160 --> 0:25:26.040
<v Speaker 2>flex outward.

0:25:26.320 --> 0:25:28.320
<v Speaker 1>They have what you called barrel hinges in there. No

0:25:28.440 --> 0:25:31.200
<v Speaker 1>they don't. They stop it like I guess ninety degrees

0:25:31.320 --> 0:25:34.360
<v Speaker 1>to the frame. But you can go in and get

0:25:34.400 --> 0:25:38.560
<v Speaker 1>those little parts of the barrel hinges adjusted to fit

0:25:38.640 --> 0:25:41.359
<v Speaker 1>your head if they don't automatically fit your head.

0:25:41.600 --> 0:25:42.960
<v Speaker 2>Man, you know a lot about this stuff.

0:25:44.000 --> 0:25:46.000
<v Speaker 1>Well you know, I've been wearing them since fourth grade.

0:25:46.000 --> 0:25:48.560
<v Speaker 1>And you just pick up facts here or there.

0:25:50.000 --> 0:25:52.520
<v Speaker 2>All right. Just to cite a further example of the

0:25:52.560 --> 0:25:56.359
<v Speaker 2>push and pull of cool versus not cool, Napoleon needed glasses,

0:25:57.359 --> 0:26:00.240
<v Speaker 2>thought they make him look weak, so did not wear them,

0:26:00.400 --> 0:26:03.440
<v Speaker 2>and as a result, I think, like tripped over stuff

0:26:03.440 --> 0:26:04.600
<v Speaker 2>and people thought he was clumsy.

0:26:05.320 --> 0:26:07.440
<v Speaker 1>I mean, he rode a horse and he couldn't see.

0:26:07.440 --> 0:26:10.560
<v Speaker 1>That's kind of dangerous totally. There's another kind of big

0:26:10.600 --> 0:26:15.199
<v Speaker 1>splash that happened with glasses that made them fashionable. But

0:26:15.359 --> 0:26:18.280
<v Speaker 1>it was one of those things where something that's ugly

0:26:18.600 --> 0:26:23.800
<v Speaker 1>and utilitarian becomes fashionable. And it was a type of

0:26:23.840 --> 0:26:27.480
<v Speaker 1>glasses invented by Benjamin Martin. They ended up being called

0:26:27.520 --> 0:26:31.879
<v Speaker 1>Martin's margins because they're hugely thick frames. And the reason

0:26:31.880 --> 0:26:35.159
<v Speaker 1>that Martin invented them like that is because they block

0:26:35.320 --> 0:26:39.560
<v Speaker 1>light coming in from different directions rather than looking forward,

0:26:40.040 --> 0:26:42.480
<v Speaker 1>and that can obscure your vision a little bit. And

0:26:42.520 --> 0:26:46.040
<v Speaker 1>he's absolutely right, that totally is true. If you're just

0:26:46.080 --> 0:26:51.280
<v Speaker 1>outside looking wearing say, contacts, and you put on glasses,

0:26:51.320 --> 0:26:54.320
<v Speaker 1>there's a huge difference between the two because the frames

0:26:54.640 --> 0:26:57.199
<v Speaker 1>block some of the light coming downward into your eyes.

0:26:58.080 --> 0:27:00.000
<v Speaker 1>And everybody made fun of these because they were just

0:27:00.160 --> 0:27:03.800
<v Speaker 1>so ugly, but people started wearing them, and so everybody

0:27:03.800 --> 0:27:06.480
<v Speaker 1>who were making fun of them started making and selling

0:27:06.520 --> 0:27:06.840
<v Speaker 1>them too.

0:27:07.320 --> 0:27:09.800
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and they're kind of crazy looking when you look

0:27:09.840 --> 0:27:13.399
<v Speaker 2>at them now. I have seen some that people that

0:27:13.600 --> 0:27:16.679
<v Speaker 2>kind of emulated this style. But it was noteworthy too

0:27:16.680 --> 0:27:19.800
<v Speaker 2>because it was one of the first ones that had

0:27:20.119 --> 0:27:22.240
<v Speaker 2>any kind of noticeable rim. Usually it was just the

0:27:22.359 --> 0:27:25.720
<v Speaker 2>lens and kind of the smallest piece of whalebone or

0:27:26.280 --> 0:27:28.800
<v Speaker 2>wire or something that could host that lens.

0:27:28.880 --> 0:27:33.920
<v Speaker 1>Right for sure, Yeah, so the sixteen hundreds I think

0:27:33.960 --> 0:27:37.520
<v Speaker 1>saw some technical advances, but the nineteenth century was just

0:27:37.600 --> 0:27:43.800
<v Speaker 1>a boom century for especially using corrective lenses, right, not

0:27:43.960 --> 0:27:46.159
<v Speaker 1>just fashion or the way that they were made, or

0:27:46.200 --> 0:27:48.760
<v Speaker 1>getting around and putting arms that reach behind the back

0:27:48.800 --> 0:27:51.879
<v Speaker 1>of the ear, but like the actual function of glasses

0:27:51.920 --> 0:27:55.280
<v Speaker 1>became exponentially better in the nineteenth century.

0:27:55.920 --> 0:27:59.199
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, because you know, previous to this, the way you

0:27:59.240 --> 0:28:02.600
<v Speaker 2>got glasses well as the glasses manufacturer would make a

0:28:02.600 --> 0:28:05.320
<v Speaker 2>bunch of them and then they would send a salesperson

0:28:05.320 --> 0:28:07.879
<v Speaker 2>around and a wagon or I guess eventually a car

0:28:08.359 --> 0:28:11.320
<v Speaker 2>and they would travel around and kind of do like

0:28:11.440 --> 0:28:14.320
<v Speaker 2>the over the counter readers that what was it, like

0:28:14.359 --> 0:28:17.520
<v Speaker 2>thirty four percent of Americans actually use those these days.

0:28:17.960 --> 0:28:19.520
<v Speaker 1>Thirty four million, I think, oh.

0:28:19.440 --> 0:28:23.440
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, thirty a lot, Yeah, thirty four million. But it

0:28:23.520 --> 0:28:25.600
<v Speaker 2>was on the you know, on the road. Basically, you

0:28:25.680 --> 0:28:30.800
<v Speaker 2>just didn't have a prescription specific to your eye. Someone

0:28:30.840 --> 0:28:33.120
<v Speaker 2>just came around. You're like, well, these will do I guess.

0:28:33.560 --> 0:28:38.040
<v Speaker 2>But now all of a sudden, you got a real

0:28:38.240 --> 0:28:41.720
<v Speaker 2>you know, vision test, so they could dial in a

0:28:41.760 --> 0:28:43.320
<v Speaker 2>prescription for you for the first time.

0:28:43.680 --> 0:28:46.200
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, And that was thanks to people who started inventing

0:28:47.760 --> 0:28:51.000
<v Speaker 1>tools that are still kind of in use today evolved versions.

0:28:51.600 --> 0:28:54.880
<v Speaker 1>In particular is a guy named Herman von Helmholtz who

0:28:55.360 --> 0:28:59.480
<v Speaker 1>goes without saying was German. He invented the ophthalmoscope and

0:28:59.520 --> 0:29:06.440
<v Speaker 1>the ops a opthalometer uphthalmometer, sorry, and the ophthalmoscope lets

0:29:06.480 --> 0:29:09.800
<v Speaker 1>you see the back of a patient's eyeball, so when

0:29:09.800 --> 0:29:12.400
<v Speaker 1>they look at your eye and they're shining a light

0:29:12.480 --> 0:29:14.240
<v Speaker 1>and they're like, don't look into the light, look in

0:29:14.320 --> 0:29:17.800
<v Speaker 1>my ear or something like that. That's essentially an opthalmoscope

0:29:17.840 --> 0:29:21.360
<v Speaker 1>that Herman von Helmholtz invented in the eighteen fifties. And

0:29:21.360 --> 0:29:27.240
<v Speaker 1>then the ophthalmometer. You can assess the essentially the curvature

0:29:27.400 --> 0:29:30.280
<v Speaker 1>of the back of the retina while you're looking at

0:29:31.440 --> 0:29:34.160
<v Speaker 1>the retina through an opthalmoscope. And what you have now

0:29:34.280 --> 0:29:38.640
<v Speaker 1>is basically the the invention of the ability to figure

0:29:38.680 --> 0:29:42.479
<v Speaker 1>out what kind of corrective lenses you needed. Ophthalmology it

0:29:42.520 --> 0:29:45.920
<v Speaker 1>was born at this time, and so now they could

0:29:46.000 --> 0:29:50.560
<v Speaker 1>really take exact measurements and then create the glasses for

0:29:50.680 --> 0:29:54.040
<v Speaker 1>you specifically, and they just worked so much better.

0:29:54.720 --> 0:29:58.960
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and I'm glad you took all those words.

0:29:58.520 --> 0:30:00.760
<v Speaker 1>We should we mention that we had to edit out

0:30:00.800 --> 0:30:03.480
<v Speaker 1>at least one attempt of ophthalmology.

0:30:04.240 --> 0:30:05.800
<v Speaker 2>Yeah. I mean that was the easiest one, I think,

0:30:05.800 --> 0:30:08.560
<v Speaker 2>because that's a word people commonly say. But there's something

0:30:08.560 --> 0:30:11.560
<v Speaker 2>about the optal being at the beginning that just makes

0:30:11.560 --> 0:30:12.960
<v Speaker 2>it a little brain breaking.

0:30:12.720 --> 0:30:13.920
<v Speaker 1>So horrendous.

0:30:16.040 --> 0:30:17.800
<v Speaker 2>What did you say for the second.

0:30:17.440 --> 0:30:23.400
<v Speaker 1>Machine, ophthalmom opthalmometer. I tried to add an extra syllable,

0:30:23.440 --> 0:30:24.040
<v Speaker 1>as per.

0:30:23.880 --> 0:30:30.240
<v Speaker 2>My usual opthalmometer. Yeah, yeah, sure, yeah, that's what meter.

0:30:31.520 --> 0:30:32.480
<v Speaker 1>Upthalmometer.

0:30:33.800 --> 0:30:37.080
<v Speaker 2>Oh boy, are we going to talk about the diopter?

0:30:38.000 --> 0:30:40.200
<v Speaker 1>I think we should just mention it because it was

0:30:40.200 --> 0:30:42.840
<v Speaker 1>a huge breakthrough. We don't have to go into the formula.

0:30:42.920 --> 0:30:46.520
<v Speaker 1>But there were a pair of French ophthalmologists who in

0:30:46.560 --> 0:30:51.560
<v Speaker 1>the eighteen seventies figured out that you could quantify just

0:30:51.680 --> 0:30:56.000
<v Speaker 1>how much vision correction you needed. And it's mind bending

0:30:56.080 --> 0:31:00.960
<v Speaker 1>that it's called the diopter and it's a really simple formula,

0:31:01.040 --> 0:31:04.240
<v Speaker 1>but it's really hard to understand. But just take for

0:31:04.360 --> 0:31:07.840
<v Speaker 1>granted that ophthalmologists understand how to use that. And so

0:31:07.960 --> 0:31:10.640
<v Speaker 1>if you look at your prescription, whether for glasses or

0:31:10.680 --> 0:31:14.320
<v Speaker 1>for context, the thing that's labeled power, that number is

0:31:14.320 --> 0:31:18.160
<v Speaker 1>in diopters, and that just means how much of a

0:31:18.240 --> 0:31:24.200
<v Speaker 1>refraction correction you need to focus stuff far away or

0:31:24.280 --> 0:31:27.080
<v Speaker 1>nearby at your retina rather than in front of you

0:31:27.160 --> 0:31:29.640
<v Speaker 1>or behind you as you naturally would be with your

0:31:29.880 --> 0:31:31.800
<v Speaker 1>near sightedness or far sidedness.

0:31:32.520 --> 0:31:34.920
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, is the key to all this that machine that

0:31:34.960 --> 0:31:37.360
<v Speaker 2>you look through with the lenses that they flip down

0:31:38.720 --> 0:31:39.560
<v Speaker 2>during the eye test.

0:31:39.960 --> 0:31:44.120
<v Speaker 1>I think that's almost like a like they're zeroing in

0:31:44.200 --> 0:31:48.000
<v Speaker 1>on their observations of what your eye looks like, and

0:31:48.040 --> 0:31:51.240
<v Speaker 1>now they've got it narrowed down to like a couple

0:31:51.240 --> 0:31:54.280
<v Speaker 1>of different diopters. Okay, And it's almost to me like

0:31:54.360 --> 0:31:57.280
<v Speaker 1>that those traveling salesmen who'd be like, try this pair on,

0:31:57.480 --> 0:31:59.480
<v Speaker 1>try this pair on, but they're doing it with the

0:31:59.520 --> 0:32:04.320
<v Speaker 1>cool machine that has slides instead. Right, that's my take.

0:32:04.360 --> 0:32:06.280
<v Speaker 1>I could be wrong. I probably am wrong.

0:32:06.680 --> 0:32:08.760
<v Speaker 2>Well, I'd like to hear from optomologists because I know,

0:32:08.840 --> 0:32:11.440
<v Speaker 2>I know there's a lot more to it than like

0:32:12.440 --> 0:32:14.080
<v Speaker 2>just sitting down in front of this machine and we'll

0:32:14.080 --> 0:32:16.960
<v Speaker 2>punch the numbers into the whatever and it'll spit out

0:32:16.960 --> 0:32:20.880
<v Speaker 2>your prescription. Like there is actual expertise involved.

0:32:21.640 --> 0:32:24.080
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, for sure. Yeah, they have to like observe and

0:32:25.120 --> 0:32:27.920
<v Speaker 1>make guesses based on their observation from what I can understand.

0:32:28.360 --> 0:32:30.280
<v Speaker 2>How about that little eyepuff, the little air puff you.

0:32:30.320 --> 0:32:34.280
<v Speaker 1>Get it takes some time to get used to. Do

0:32:34.320 --> 0:32:34.800
<v Speaker 1>you like that?

0:32:35.560 --> 0:32:37.719
<v Speaker 2>No? I don't like it, but it's definitely I mean

0:32:37.760 --> 0:32:40.360
<v Speaker 2>all this was brand new to me a decade ago ish. So,

0:32:41.280 --> 0:32:42.920
<v Speaker 2>like you said, you've been doing it since you were

0:32:42.920 --> 0:32:44.440
<v Speaker 2>what like twelve eleven?

0:32:45.360 --> 0:32:48.480
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, however old you are in fourth grade, ken, I

0:32:48.520 --> 0:32:51.440
<v Speaker 1>don't know, but yes, around that time. To me, those

0:32:51.440 --> 0:32:54.840
<v Speaker 1>things are like the same experience as pulling a nose

0:32:54.880 --> 0:32:58.520
<v Speaker 1>hair out, you know, like you just it's in some

0:32:58.600 --> 0:33:02.040
<v Speaker 1>weird mass of kit stick way like enjoyable, but it's

0:33:02.080 --> 0:33:02.640
<v Speaker 1>not really.

0:33:03.000 --> 0:33:05.880
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, all right, so we're having too much fun here.

0:33:05.920 --> 0:33:08.640
<v Speaker 2>Let's take a break and get serious and we'll talk

0:33:08.680 --> 0:33:12.800
<v Speaker 2>a little bit more about plastics and bifocals and monocles

0:33:13.000 --> 0:33:38.080
<v Speaker 2>and sunglasses and everything else right after this. All right,

0:33:38.120 --> 0:33:42.280
<v Speaker 2>So we promised talks of plastic. After World War One,

0:33:42.320 --> 0:33:47.120
<v Speaker 2>plastics became a big thing, and resin specifically c R

0:33:47.200 --> 0:33:50.720
<v Speaker 2>thirty nine became the first big kind of popular plastic

0:33:51.400 --> 0:33:56.600
<v Speaker 2>used for lenses, which is still a pretty popular choice today.

0:33:56.680 --> 0:34:00.200
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, so that was a huge advancement in lenses, but

0:34:00.360 --> 0:34:03.200
<v Speaker 1>people were still making glass lenses for a long time

0:34:04.240 --> 0:34:07.760
<v Speaker 1>until nineteen seventy two in the United States, the FDA said, Hey,

0:34:08.160 --> 0:34:12.000
<v Speaker 1>walking around with two glass lenses on your eyes, like

0:34:12.040 --> 0:34:14.640
<v Speaker 1>so close to your eyes is probably kind of scary.

0:34:14.719 --> 0:34:18.239
<v Speaker 1>So now all lenses need to be shatterproof. So a

0:34:18.280 --> 0:34:21.520
<v Speaker 1>lot of glasses makers just turned to plastics at that point.

0:34:22.000 --> 0:34:25.439
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and plastic worked. You know, it was much better

0:34:25.520 --> 0:34:28.880
<v Speaker 2>in a lot of ways because they were you know,

0:34:28.960 --> 0:34:31.440
<v Speaker 2>turned out to be more durable. Once they figured out

0:34:31.440 --> 0:34:35.600
<v Speaker 2>the scratch resistance, they wouldn't shatter, you know, near eye.

0:34:35.640 --> 0:34:39.000
<v Speaker 2>Obviously you could have a lot more kinds of styles.

0:34:39.160 --> 0:34:42.920
<v Speaker 2>You could have rimless glasses. Yeah, Obviously plastics in the

0:34:42.920 --> 0:34:47.279
<v Speaker 2>frames created a boom in fashion eyewear, like in the

0:34:47.320 --> 0:34:51.799
<v Speaker 2>fifties with cat eye glasses and horn rim glasses and

0:34:51.880 --> 0:34:55.440
<v Speaker 2>tortoiseshell and like the glasses you talked about in the

0:34:55.440 --> 0:34:57.759
<v Speaker 2>seventies and eighties, the big giant ron know if you

0:34:57.840 --> 0:35:00.800
<v Speaker 2>mentioned them, the big giant like neuro worn at the

0:35:00.840 --> 0:35:01.520
<v Speaker 2>end of Casino.

0:35:01.800 --> 0:35:02.799
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I love those, man.

0:35:03.160 --> 0:35:05.320
<v Speaker 2>Jesse Thorn has some of those. I'm so jealous whenever

0:35:05.360 --> 0:35:05.879
<v Speaker 2>I see those.

0:35:06.160 --> 0:35:10.000
<v Speaker 1>Those seem to be based on a military issue type

0:35:10.000 --> 0:35:12.680
<v Speaker 1>of glasses, which we didn't say. The Two World Wars

0:35:12.680 --> 0:35:16.239
<v Speaker 1>helped make glasses normal in the United States because so

0:35:16.320 --> 0:35:21.040
<v Speaker 1>many soldiers needed them that the government started issuing them

0:35:21.080 --> 0:35:25.880
<v Speaker 1>like two million plus pairs. But the standard issue military

0:35:25.920 --> 0:35:29.440
<v Speaker 1>glasses were called were so ugly. They were called informally,

0:35:29.480 --> 0:35:33.400
<v Speaker 1>of course, birth controlled glasses or bcgs. And if you

0:35:33.440 --> 0:35:36.600
<v Speaker 1>look them up, they are that ugly. They're terrible.

0:35:37.360 --> 0:35:39.720
<v Speaker 2>Did they look like the Denier ones? Are they just giant?

0:35:40.040 --> 0:35:42.880
<v Speaker 1>They weren't nearly as cool as the DeNiro ones. They

0:35:42.880 --> 0:35:45.160
<v Speaker 1>were an uglier version of the DeNiro ones.

0:35:45.840 --> 0:35:47.439
<v Speaker 2>Got it. I'm going to look those up too.

0:35:47.800 --> 0:35:49.839
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, they're tough to look at.

0:35:50.320 --> 0:35:52.520
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, giglasses that they're sometimes called as well.

0:35:52.719 --> 0:35:53.160
<v Speaker 1>Mm hmm.

0:35:53.360 --> 0:35:54.239
<v Speaker 2>It's like thanks a lot.

0:35:54.239 --> 0:35:57.719
<v Speaker 1>Army exactly. So that was a huge advance, but just

0:35:57.800 --> 0:36:00.000
<v Speaker 1>kind of dialing it back a little bit time wise.

0:36:00.960 --> 0:36:04.759
<v Speaker 1>There's like an old story that Ben Franklin invented the bifocals,

0:36:05.239 --> 0:36:08.160
<v Speaker 1>and that seems to actually be correct, based on a

0:36:08.280 --> 0:36:10.760
<v Speaker 1>letter that he wrote to one of his friends in

0:36:10.520 --> 0:36:15.560
<v Speaker 1>the late seventeen hundreds where he basically described creating bifocals

0:36:15.600 --> 0:36:19.680
<v Speaker 1>but by having a glassmaker cut his two different sets

0:36:19.680 --> 0:36:21.839
<v Speaker 1>of glasses in half. Right.

0:36:22.320 --> 0:36:26.040
<v Speaker 2>Did the letter say, for instance, I'm reading what I'm writing,

0:36:26.120 --> 0:36:27.719
<v Speaker 2>and now I'm looking across the room, And now I'm

0:36:27.760 --> 0:36:29.960
<v Speaker 2>reading what I'm writing, and now I'm looking across the room.

0:36:30.120 --> 0:36:30.359
<v Speaker 3>Right.

0:36:30.640 --> 0:36:33.439
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it had a lot of that, a couple of paragraphs.

0:36:34.239 --> 0:36:36.640
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, but you know, it seems like he did. He

0:36:36.680 --> 0:36:38.640
<v Speaker 2>said that he could, you know, see his food and

0:36:38.719 --> 0:36:40.760
<v Speaker 2>look at people at the dinner party. At the same time,

0:36:42.320 --> 0:36:45.640
<v Speaker 2>progressive lenses came along. This sort of shocks me. I

0:36:45.680 --> 0:36:47.600
<v Speaker 2>thought they were newer too, but they came along in

0:36:47.680 --> 0:36:51.439
<v Speaker 2>nineteen fifty nine. And isn't the idea there that it's

0:36:51.480 --> 0:36:53.759
<v Speaker 2>sort of like a bifocal that's just sort of blended

0:36:53.840 --> 0:36:55.160
<v Speaker 2>in and less harsh.

0:36:55.760 --> 0:37:00.720
<v Speaker 1>It's actually a trifocal. There's distant, mid, and near all

0:37:00.760 --> 0:37:03.640
<v Speaker 1>mixed together, and it just depends, I guess, on where

0:37:03.680 --> 0:37:08.160
<v Speaker 1>your eye focuses. I think it's magic. Basically. They're also

0:37:08.200 --> 0:37:09.680
<v Speaker 1>called multifocal lenses.

0:37:10.320 --> 0:37:12.880
<v Speaker 2>Yeah. I think they offered me those just so I

0:37:12.880 --> 0:37:15.520
<v Speaker 2>could wear glasses all the time. Yeah, And I was like,

0:37:15.560 --> 0:37:17.319
<v Speaker 2>I don't want to wear glasses all the time. If

0:37:17.400 --> 0:37:19.520
<v Speaker 2>I don't have to, I don't putting them on to read.

0:37:20.000 --> 0:37:24.200
<v Speaker 1>There's a theory that you should use glasses as little

0:37:24.200 --> 0:37:28.080
<v Speaker 1>as possible and use the lowest power, say, contacts as

0:37:28.120 --> 0:37:32.120
<v Speaker 1>possible because your eyes can get dependent on the stronger

0:37:32.200 --> 0:37:35.040
<v Speaker 1>prescription or wearing them all the time. I don't know

0:37:35.080 --> 0:37:37.520
<v Speaker 1>if that's a folk tale or something, but it definitely

0:37:37.600 --> 0:37:38.960
<v Speaker 1>intuitively makes sense.

0:37:39.560 --> 0:37:40.959
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I think it totally makes sense.

0:37:41.320 --> 0:37:44.000
<v Speaker 1>Okay, well, then you made the right choice.

0:37:44.360 --> 0:37:45.560
<v Speaker 2>Can we talk about monocles?

0:37:45.840 --> 0:37:48.120
<v Speaker 1>Yes, let's please. I think this is the high point

0:37:48.160 --> 0:37:48.960
<v Speaker 1>of this episode.

0:37:49.480 --> 0:37:51.880
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, monocles are kind of fun. If you don't know

0:37:51.880 --> 0:37:53.840
<v Speaker 2>what a monocle is, I guess I'm assuming is the

0:37:54.320 --> 0:37:57.719
<v Speaker 2>single round lens that would you would just sort of

0:37:58.560 --> 0:38:00.839
<v Speaker 2>made to fit your eye as you were wealthy if

0:38:00.840 --> 0:38:02.839
<v Speaker 2>you had one, and you would just sort of stick

0:38:02.880 --> 0:38:05.120
<v Speaker 2>it in there and sort of squint around it a

0:38:05.120 --> 0:38:08.360
<v Speaker 2>bit to hold it in. But from the very beginning,

0:38:08.400 --> 0:38:11.640
<v Speaker 2>it seems like the monocle was it kind of just

0:38:11.640 --> 0:38:14.719
<v Speaker 2>said one thing, which is, look at me, I'm a pompous,

0:38:14.840 --> 0:38:17.360
<v Speaker 2>rich person who wants you to know that I'm pompous

0:38:17.360 --> 0:38:17.719
<v Speaker 2>and rich.

0:38:18.000 --> 0:38:21.160
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, which is that's the reason why Eustace Tilly, the

0:38:21.320 --> 0:38:24.880
<v Speaker 1>mascot for the New Yorker has a monocle, right, yeah,

0:38:25.040 --> 0:38:29.520
<v Speaker 1>or the Monopoly Man, Yeah, has a monocle. It can

0:38:29.600 --> 0:38:34.040
<v Speaker 1>also be exotic, like the count from Sesame Street. Where's

0:38:34.320 --> 0:38:36.799
<v Speaker 1>a monocle? Yeah? I looked this up. By the way,

0:38:36.840 --> 0:38:39.719
<v Speaker 1>this isn't off the top of my head. The Penguin,

0:38:39.920 --> 0:38:44.080
<v Speaker 1>the Burgess Meredith Penguin from the k sixties, Batman monocle,

0:38:44.600 --> 0:38:48.640
<v Speaker 1>Colonel Clink. Yeah, Actually, what the point was of his monocle?

0:38:49.760 --> 0:38:49.960
<v Speaker 3>Oh?

0:38:49.960 --> 0:38:51.200
<v Speaker 2>Maybe it's sort of evil villain.

0:38:51.440 --> 0:38:53.880
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. It made him eat more evil, didn't it. I

0:38:53.880 --> 0:38:56.480
<v Speaker 1>think so, But I'm not quite sure how. But there's

0:38:56.520 --> 0:38:59.480
<v Speaker 1>a long history of people wearing monocles. But one thing

0:38:59.520 --> 0:39:02.160
<v Speaker 1>that I had noticed before that I never really kind

0:39:02.200 --> 0:39:04.600
<v Speaker 1>of sat down and put together is that they were

0:39:04.640 --> 0:39:07.680
<v Speaker 1>also used in the early twentieth century by women who

0:39:07.719 --> 0:39:10.600
<v Speaker 1>were eschewing traditional gender roles.

0:39:11.360 --> 0:39:12.080
<v Speaker 2>I didn't know that.

0:39:12.719 --> 0:39:15.480
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, think so. Have you ever seen Madonna wearing like

0:39:15.880 --> 0:39:19.840
<v Speaker 1>a tuxedo and a monocle. She's basically making a nod

0:39:19.920 --> 0:39:24.799
<v Speaker 1>to like Weimar Republic German women, probably lesbians of the era,

0:39:25.280 --> 0:39:28.440
<v Speaker 1>who were basically dressing like men in One of the

0:39:29.120 --> 0:39:32.440
<v Speaker 1>big fashion accessories for that was the monocle.

0:39:33.040 --> 0:39:34.319
<v Speaker 2>Oh, okay, that makes sense.

0:39:34.480 --> 0:39:35.600
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I think it's pretty cool.

0:39:36.320 --> 0:39:42.120
<v Speaker 2>Dietrich Intomaggio exactly what a great song. God so good?

0:39:42.760 --> 0:39:45.479
<v Speaker 2>All right. Should we talk a little bit about sunglasses, yes,

0:39:45.760 --> 0:39:49.160
<v Speaker 2>take it away. Yeah, this is I mean, sunglasses have

0:39:49.200 --> 0:39:51.200
<v Speaker 2>been around a long time as far as something to

0:39:51.239 --> 0:39:54.120
<v Speaker 2>wear on your face to shield your eyes from the sun,

0:39:54.480 --> 0:39:58.160
<v Speaker 2>not necessarily like darker lenses, but or dark lenses. But

0:39:58.480 --> 0:40:01.600
<v Speaker 2>Inuit people, you know, one thousand years ago, were wearing

0:40:01.719 --> 0:40:04.960
<v Speaker 2>sun goggles, which essentially, you know, because of the bright

0:40:05.000 --> 0:40:08.080
<v Speaker 2>sun and the snow was either like wood or ivory

0:40:08.200 --> 0:40:12.160
<v Speaker 2>or something that fit around your eyes and had a

0:40:12.200 --> 0:40:15.440
<v Speaker 2>little little slits cut almost almost like sort of the

0:40:15.440 --> 0:40:20.000
<v Speaker 2>old tanning bed goggles that you would wear exactly if

0:40:20.000 --> 0:40:21.280
<v Speaker 2>you were into that in the eighties.

0:40:21.880 --> 0:40:25.120
<v Speaker 1>And again like those big frames that kind of blocked

0:40:25.160 --> 0:40:27.640
<v Speaker 1>some light. They did that, but the slits also narrowed

0:40:27.680 --> 0:40:30.520
<v Speaker 1>your vision too, so it actually focused further away too.

0:40:30.680 --> 0:40:33.560
<v Speaker 2>It's pretty But what about lenses. They started darkening those

0:40:33.640 --> 0:40:34.759
<v Speaker 2>a while ago, too, didn't they.

0:40:35.239 --> 0:40:39.480
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I think as far back as Samuel Peeps in

0:40:39.520 --> 0:40:44.000
<v Speaker 1>the seventeenth century, the famous diarist whose name I finally

0:40:44.040 --> 0:40:49.080
<v Speaker 1>pronounced correctly. He tended I think his class is green

0:40:49.840 --> 0:40:52.520
<v Speaker 1>to protect his eyes from candle light when he was

0:40:52.600 --> 0:40:55.000
<v Speaker 1>riding late at night. So they've been around a really

0:40:55.000 --> 0:40:57.839
<v Speaker 1>long time, and even before that, Like, I think there's

0:40:57.880 --> 0:41:04.240
<v Speaker 1>a legend that Emperor Nero used ground emeralds as basically

0:41:04.280 --> 0:41:06.520
<v Speaker 1>sunglasses when he hung out at the coliseum.

0:41:07.600 --> 0:41:10.080
<v Speaker 2>You know, this is not a look that looks good

0:41:10.120 --> 0:41:12.680
<v Speaker 2>on me at all. But when I was just in

0:41:12.880 --> 0:41:16.560
<v Speaker 2>La I went to dinner with friends of the show,

0:41:17.080 --> 0:41:20.759
<v Speaker 2>David Reese, oh cool, and Paula Tompkins and his great

0:41:20.800 --> 0:41:23.239
<v Speaker 2>wife Janey. They all say hello, by the way, nice hello,

0:41:23.840 --> 0:41:29.759
<v Speaker 2>paul You know, mister fashion wore vision glasses that were

0:41:29.840 --> 0:41:33.040
<v Speaker 2>tinted blue, and they looked really really sharp on him.

0:41:33.200 --> 0:41:35.160
<v Speaker 2>I could never pull it off, but they looked really good.

0:41:35.760 --> 0:41:39.040
<v Speaker 1>Paula Tompkins can pull off basically anything. He knows exactly

0:41:39.120 --> 0:41:41.320
<v Speaker 1>what he can wear, and if there's a wide range

0:41:41.360 --> 0:41:42.560
<v Speaker 1>and he does it really well.

0:41:42.920 --> 0:41:44.279
<v Speaker 2>Guess what color shirt was.

0:41:46.600 --> 0:41:49.160
<v Speaker 1>I'm gonna guess a different shade of blue.

0:41:49.680 --> 0:41:51.120
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it went perfectly.

0:41:51.719 --> 0:41:54.680
<v Speaker 1>Did he wear a thick plaid like not The coat

0:41:54.760 --> 0:41:57.560
<v Speaker 1>was thick, but the plaid was thick. The pattern of

0:41:57.560 --> 0:42:01.000
<v Speaker 1>the plaid was a very thick, prominent plaid blue out jacket.

0:42:01.120 --> 0:42:04.880
<v Speaker 2>It was actually a white suit with white Chuka boots

0:42:04.920 --> 0:42:08.360
<v Speaker 2>and a solid blue shirt with the blue glasses. Very

0:42:08.520 --> 0:42:09.000
<v Speaker 2>very sharp.

0:42:09.400 --> 0:42:11.759
<v Speaker 1>I very rarely say the word wow, but that run

0:42:12.000 --> 0:42:12.560
<v Speaker 1>was well learned.

0:42:13.640 --> 0:42:16.560
<v Speaker 2>But you found I think, as we're just blue blue,

0:42:16.560 --> 0:42:21.600
<v Speaker 2>but you found some good information on to me magic

0:42:22.080 --> 0:42:25.200
<v Speaker 2>that happens when you were inside with clear glasses and

0:42:25.239 --> 0:42:27.640
<v Speaker 2>you walk outside and they turn into sunglasses.

0:42:28.200 --> 0:42:32.240
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, transition lenses, which it turns out transitions is a

0:42:32.280 --> 0:42:36.880
<v Speaker 1>proprietary eponym basically like Kleenex. Because it's so successful, everybody

0:42:36.920 --> 0:42:42.080
<v Speaker 1>calls any what are called photochromic lenses transition lenses. So

0:42:42.280 --> 0:42:45.279
<v Speaker 1>transition lenses are photochromic, but not all photochromic lenses are

0:42:45.320 --> 0:42:48.160
<v Speaker 1>transition essentially, is what I'm saying. Yeah, the thing that

0:42:48.239 --> 0:42:50.440
<v Speaker 1>strikes me, Chuck, is like they've been around since the

0:42:50.520 --> 0:42:54.840
<v Speaker 1>nineteen sixties, because I definitely identify them with late eighties,

0:42:54.880 --> 0:42:55.840
<v Speaker 1>early nineties.

0:42:56.480 --> 0:42:59.680
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, but I mean you found the stuff on how

0:42:59.719 --> 0:43:02.879
<v Speaker 2>it were, and I still don't understand how that's not

0:43:02.960 --> 0:43:03.720
<v Speaker 2>just black magic.

0:43:04.000 --> 0:43:07.640
<v Speaker 1>Well, there's basically there's certain kinds of dyes called photochromic dyes,

0:43:08.160 --> 0:43:10.880
<v Speaker 1>and the more they're exposed to UV light, the darker

0:43:10.920 --> 0:43:13.400
<v Speaker 1>they get because the more light they absorb. And so

0:43:13.480 --> 0:43:17.600
<v Speaker 1>they've actually figured out how to include these in the lenses.

0:43:18.239 --> 0:43:21.759
<v Speaker 1>So when there's not UV light, say you're inside the

0:43:23.239 --> 0:43:27.799
<v Speaker 1>photochromic dyes are arranged as certain kinds of molecules, and

0:43:27.840 --> 0:43:30.799
<v Speaker 1>that's they're transparent. But when they're exposed to UV they

0:43:30.840 --> 0:43:34.600
<v Speaker 1>break apart and form different molecules which absorb light much more,

0:43:35.040 --> 0:43:37.839
<v Speaker 1>which darkens them. And since there's a bunch of them

0:43:37.880 --> 0:43:40.960
<v Speaker 1>in the lenses, the lenses turn dark and you effectively

0:43:41.000 --> 0:43:43.440
<v Speaker 1>have sunglasses. And then when you go back out of

0:43:43.440 --> 0:43:46.600
<v Speaker 1>the UV light exposure, they go back to their normal

0:43:47.080 --> 0:43:48.399
<v Speaker 1>molecular configuration.

0:43:49.320 --> 0:43:51.120
<v Speaker 2>Just incredible, I thought so too.

0:43:51.360 --> 0:43:53.840
<v Speaker 1>Hats off to Warby Parker by the way, for explaining

0:43:53.880 --> 0:43:55.040
<v Speaker 1>that understandably.

0:43:55.120 --> 0:43:57.360
<v Speaker 2>I think, thank you, mister Warby.

0:43:58.360 --> 0:44:00.799
<v Speaker 1>What about scratch resistant lenses? Ca these to me are

0:44:01.200 --> 0:44:03.600
<v Speaker 1>this is the story of the show.

0:44:04.120 --> 0:44:05.759
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I mean there's a lot of great facts of

0:44:05.800 --> 0:44:09.720
<v Speaker 2>the show in here. The proprietary eponym of progressive certainly

0:44:09.760 --> 0:44:14.040
<v Speaker 2>one of them. But you know, ground Lindsay you said,

0:44:14.080 --> 0:44:16.040
<v Speaker 2>you know, in nineteen seventy two, this one the FDA

0:44:16.160 --> 0:44:19.600
<v Speaker 2>said you can't have glass breaking right in front of

0:44:19.640 --> 0:44:24.040
<v Speaker 2>your eyeball. So the plastics came around and they were

0:44:24.080 --> 0:44:26.880
<v Speaker 2>great for not shattering, but they were very scratchy or

0:44:26.920 --> 0:44:32.120
<v Speaker 2>scratch a bole, I guess, And NASA actually developed technology

0:44:32.560 --> 0:44:37.279
<v Speaker 2>to try and make you know, astronaut helmet face advisors

0:44:37.840 --> 0:44:40.760
<v Speaker 2>not scratchy. And so this is one of those NASA

0:44:40.800 --> 0:44:44.000
<v Speaker 2>inventions that made it to the regular world. When Foster

0:44:44.080 --> 0:44:46.279
<v Speaker 2>Grant in nineteen eighty three, who I don't think we

0:44:46.360 --> 0:44:50.640
<v Speaker 2>mentioned they were sort of the first big sunglasses company.

0:44:50.680 --> 0:44:53.240
<v Speaker 2>They weren't the biggest in the eighties, just because they had,

0:44:53.440 --> 0:44:55.640
<v Speaker 2>you know, the coolest commercials. They had been around since

0:44:56.080 --> 0:45:00.480
<v Speaker 2>the nineteen twenties selling sunglasses. So they said, hey, NASA,

0:45:00.520 --> 0:45:03.840
<v Speaker 2>we want to license that technology to make our lenses

0:45:03.880 --> 0:45:07.400
<v Speaker 2>scratch resistant. And you know, all of a sudden, that's

0:45:07.440 --> 0:45:10.359
<v Speaker 2>just sort of the I mean, I think you can't

0:45:10.360 --> 0:45:12.319
<v Speaker 2>even get them that aren't scratch resistant these days.

0:45:12.360 --> 0:45:14.640
<v Speaker 1>Right, No, there's no point you would go through glasses

0:45:14.640 --> 0:45:17.200
<v Speaker 1>every couple months. Basically, why would you do that save

0:45:17.239 --> 0:45:21.120
<v Speaker 1>a couple of bucks? Yeah, basically yeah, and you'd end

0:45:21.200 --> 0:45:24.200
<v Speaker 1>up buying way more glasses and spending way more money probably,

0:45:24.400 --> 0:45:27.200
<v Speaker 1>But those scratch resistant lenses just out of the gate.

0:45:27.280 --> 0:45:30.560
<v Speaker 1>They made glasses last ten times longer, which even went

0:45:30.560 --> 0:45:35.000
<v Speaker 1>beyond glass, like how good glass lenses could last too.

0:45:35.120 --> 0:45:37.479
<v Speaker 1>So yeah, that was a huge advancement as well.

0:45:38.760 --> 0:45:40.920
<v Speaker 2>All right, well if you want to look at today,

0:45:40.960 --> 0:45:43.520
<v Speaker 2>I mean, we're not going to talk about context too much.

0:45:43.760 --> 0:45:45.880
<v Speaker 2>That may be its own episode at some point.

0:45:46.040 --> 0:45:46.399
<v Speaker 3>Oh yeah.

0:45:46.680 --> 0:45:50.120
<v Speaker 2>But they did debut in eighteen eighty seven, which to

0:45:50.200 --> 0:45:54.560
<v Speaker 2>me is a startling thing that people were inserting a

0:45:54.640 --> 0:45:57.759
<v Speaker 2>glass lens from eighteen eighty seven onto their eyeball because

0:45:57.760 --> 0:45:58.520
<v Speaker 2>that's what it had to be.

0:45:58.800 --> 0:46:01.760
<v Speaker 1>Even in nineteen sixty when they were like the soft

0:46:01.800 --> 0:46:06.240
<v Speaker 1>contacts were invented, Uh huh, they were still pretty hard

0:46:06.280 --> 0:46:08.399
<v Speaker 1>and you would not want to have worn them.

0:46:08.960 --> 0:46:10.479
<v Speaker 2>Do you do the disposable ones?

0:46:10.840 --> 0:46:12.120
<v Speaker 1>Yeah? Multifocal?

0:46:13.120 --> 0:46:13.879
<v Speaker 2>So what does that mean?

0:46:14.680 --> 0:46:17.319
<v Speaker 1>It means that I can see far away in the

0:46:17.360 --> 0:46:21.560
<v Speaker 1>middle ground and nearby basically how based on how my

0:46:22.200 --> 0:46:23.400
<v Speaker 1>iris focuses.

0:46:24.120 --> 0:46:26.640
<v Speaker 2>And then you use those for a day and then

0:46:26.680 --> 0:46:28.120
<v Speaker 2>they go away and then you use another.

0:46:28.640 --> 0:46:30.400
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, you're supposed to use them for a day, but

0:46:30.480 --> 0:46:33.520
<v Speaker 1>I use them for three to five days until they

0:46:33.520 --> 0:46:34.480
<v Speaker 1>get uncomfortable.

0:46:34.640 --> 0:46:35.800
<v Speaker 3>It's just set the waste.

0:46:36.480 --> 0:46:37.719
<v Speaker 2>Can you can you sleep in those?

0:46:38.120 --> 0:46:40.440
<v Speaker 1>No, you're not supposed to. I used to all the

0:46:40.520 --> 0:46:43.200
<v Speaker 1>time because I hated taking them out and putting them in,

0:46:43.920 --> 0:46:46.080
<v Speaker 1>And then I grew up and I'm like, yeah, I

0:46:46.080 --> 0:46:48.680
<v Speaker 1>should not do that because it's really bad for your eyes.

0:46:49.200 --> 0:46:52.440
<v Speaker 2>Yeah. It just seems like a lost sort of time

0:46:52.560 --> 0:46:56.680
<v Speaker 2>when hey, don't anyone move, I'd lost a contact, right,

0:46:57.320 --> 0:46:59.879
<v Speaker 2>or the little the little cases and washing them out

0:47:00.239 --> 0:47:01.080
<v Speaker 2>night and that kind of thing.

0:47:01.280 --> 0:47:04.480
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, yeah, because there weren't disposables. It was all of

0:47:04.480 --> 0:47:06.960
<v Speaker 1>those contexts. It was basically like your retainer, You do

0:47:07.080 --> 0:47:09.759
<v Speaker 1>not lose your retainer, right, you know, same thing with

0:47:09.840 --> 0:47:10.719
<v Speaker 1>your contacts.

0:47:11.800 --> 0:47:14.239
<v Speaker 2>Oh goodness, we lift through a great era, I think.

0:47:16.000 --> 0:47:18.160
<v Speaker 2>All right, So today, if you look at some stats,

0:47:19.040 --> 0:47:23.719
<v Speaker 2>the one hundred and sixty six US adults where prescription eyeglasses.

0:47:24.280 --> 0:47:28.160
<v Speaker 2>That's about sixty four percent of people, Like you mentioned earlier,

0:47:28.280 --> 0:47:31.160
<v Speaker 2>thirty four and a half million people where the over

0:47:31.160 --> 0:47:35.439
<v Speaker 2>the counter readers. About forty five million wear contacts, and

0:47:35.680 --> 0:47:38.480
<v Speaker 2>that is that's a lot of people with That feels

0:47:38.480 --> 0:47:42.080
<v Speaker 2>like most adults have some sort of eye correction going on.

0:47:42.520 --> 0:47:44.520
<v Speaker 1>Because all of us went through school and had to

0:47:44.520 --> 0:47:45.760
<v Speaker 1>read books all the time.

0:47:46.120 --> 0:47:47.920
<v Speaker 2>I guess so, it's not many people that are in

0:47:47.960 --> 0:47:50.560
<v Speaker 2>their fifties and up that don't need any sort of

0:47:50.560 --> 0:47:51.879
<v Speaker 2>glasses or lenses at all.

0:47:52.120 --> 0:47:56.359
<v Speaker 1>Right, you can thank your public school for that. I guess,

0:47:56.360 --> 0:47:59.400
<v Speaker 1>so you got anything else about glasses?

0:48:00.800 --> 0:48:02.880
<v Speaker 2>No, that was a fun one. I like these histories,

0:48:02.920 --> 0:48:04.680
<v Speaker 2>like the dentistry when these are fun for me.

0:48:04.800 --> 0:48:06.680
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I thought of the dentistry one when I was

0:48:06.719 --> 0:48:10.160
<v Speaker 1>researching this too. Well, thanks again Olivia for helping us

0:48:10.239 --> 0:48:13.000
<v Speaker 1>with this one, and thank you for listening. And since

0:48:13.080 --> 0:48:15.480
<v Speaker 1>Chuck said he doesn't have anything else right now, it's

0:48:15.520 --> 0:48:16.560
<v Speaker 1>time for listener mail.

0:48:19.280 --> 0:48:22.279
<v Speaker 2>I'm gonna call this just a little shout out, you know,

0:48:22.320 --> 0:48:24.279
<v Speaker 2>when it comes to talking about stuff on the show,

0:48:24.400 --> 0:48:28.960
<v Speaker 2>like any sort of you know, the latest words that

0:48:29.040 --> 0:48:33.319
<v Speaker 2>people should use in terms of like gender and things

0:48:33.320 --> 0:48:34.879
<v Speaker 2>like that. Like we always try and stay on top

0:48:34.920 --> 0:48:38.360
<v Speaker 2>of things, while we always also try and speak to

0:48:38.480 --> 0:48:40.520
<v Speaker 2>like a wide audience and make sure things are super

0:48:40.560 --> 0:48:43.480
<v Speaker 2>clear to everybody. And it's a delicate balance for us,

0:48:43.520 --> 0:48:45.920
<v Speaker 2>so we try. And this was just a letter of

0:48:45.960 --> 0:48:50.040
<v Speaker 2>thanks from someone from Canada. Hey, guys, just listening to

0:48:50.040 --> 0:48:52.000
<v Speaker 2>the Share episode and I wanted to stop and say

0:48:52.000 --> 0:48:54.080
<v Speaker 2>thank you the way you talked about her son, Chaz,

0:48:54.080 --> 0:48:57.520
<v Speaker 2>who is transgender, was perfect. You gendered him correctly, even

0:48:57.520 --> 0:49:01.560
<v Speaker 2>in referring to him pre trans when you mentioned when

0:49:01.560 --> 0:49:03.799
<v Speaker 2>he was born. I know it might sound silly, but

0:49:03.880 --> 0:49:06.920
<v Speaker 2>it made me glassy eyed to hear. As a trans person.

0:49:06.920 --> 0:49:08.160
<v Speaker 2>It was so hard to be in a world that

0:49:08.200 --> 0:49:10.719
<v Speaker 2>seems determined to hate us or make it harder for

0:49:10.800 --> 0:49:13.080
<v Speaker 2>us to exist as the normal humans that we are.

0:49:13.680 --> 0:49:15.560
<v Speaker 2>So hearing you talk about Chaz and not make his

0:49:15.719 --> 0:49:18.680
<v Speaker 2>transness a bigger deal than it needed to be. And

0:49:18.719 --> 0:49:20.760
<v Speaker 2>here you talk about him in a way we trans

0:49:20.800 --> 0:49:23.799
<v Speaker 2>people advocate that we should be talked about. Really move me.

0:49:24.520 --> 0:49:26.040
<v Speaker 2>Thank you for working so hard to get it right.

0:49:26.080 --> 0:49:28.480
<v Speaker 2>I know it hasn't always gone perfectly, but I know

0:49:28.560 --> 0:49:30.080
<v Speaker 2>you care a lot and want to get it right

0:49:30.120 --> 0:49:33.200
<v Speaker 2>every time. This is part of why after fifteen years,

0:49:33.239 --> 0:49:35.759
<v Speaker 2>I've been listening every week. Thanks for all you do

0:49:35.840 --> 0:49:39.319
<v Speaker 2>and for keeping me learning new things, making me laugh

0:49:39.400 --> 0:49:42.960
<v Speaker 2>while I do. I hope you have an amazing weekend, friends,

0:49:43.000 --> 0:49:45.239
<v Speaker 2>And that is Lucy from Canada.

0:49:45.400 --> 0:49:48.360
<v Speaker 1>Awesome. Thanks Lucy. We appreciate that big time. That was

0:49:48.360 --> 0:49:49.960
<v Speaker 1>a good one, Chuck, thanks for picking that.

0:49:50.600 --> 0:49:52.359
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, we do our best folks.

0:49:52.800 --> 0:49:55.440
<v Speaker 1>If you want to do a hat tip to us

0:49:55.480 --> 0:49:57.799
<v Speaker 1>like Lucy did, we'd love those. We'll take those any

0:49:57.880 --> 0:49:59.840
<v Speaker 1>day of the week, and you can send them to

0:50:00.160 --> 0:50:07.400
<v Speaker 1>us via email at stuff podcast at iHeartRadio dot com.

0:50:07.520 --> 0:50:10.400
<v Speaker 2>Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

0:50:10.480 --> 0:50:14.680
<v Speaker 2>more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

0:50:14.800 --> 0:50:16.640
<v Speaker 2>or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.