1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,720 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:16,880 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly fry Kid. Is 4 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:22,400 Speaker 1: time We're unearthed. If you're new to this show, this 5 00:00:22,480 --> 00:00:24,159 Speaker 1: is the time when we talk about things that have 6 00:00:24,239 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months. 7 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:32,240 Speaker 1: Back when the pandemic started, I really wasn't sure how 8 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:35,120 Speaker 1: it was going to affect these episodes because a lot 9 00:00:35,120 --> 00:00:37,479 Speaker 1: of the things that we talked about come from archaeological 10 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:41,040 Speaker 1: digs and on site work at historical sites and museums, 11 00:00:41,080 --> 00:00:42,920 Speaker 1: and a lot of that and a lot of the 12 00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:46,600 Speaker 1: world has either been suspended or cut way back for 13 00:00:46,680 --> 00:00:51,360 Speaker 1: at least part of the last year, but there's still 14 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:55,000 Speaker 1: been plenty of stuff to talk about, enough stuff in 15 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:56,800 Speaker 1: the first three months of this year that we have 16 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:00,560 Speaker 1: two parts to this episode. Today we will have the 17 00:01:00,680 --> 00:01:03,840 Speaker 1: updates two previous episodes of the show. We will have 18 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:08,320 Speaker 1: cute animals and their pictures um which I was kind 19 00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:11,320 Speaker 1: of delighted by finding enough stuff to categorize that way, 20 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:14,839 Speaker 1: also edibles and potables and shipwrecks, and the next time 21 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:17,920 Speaker 1: we will have the exhumations and the books and letters 22 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:22,520 Speaker 1: and some other favorites. In part two in May ofen, 23 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: we talked about pirate Henry every who ambush of the 24 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:31,240 Speaker 1: Mughal ship Ganji So Why caused an international incident and 25 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:34,839 Speaker 1: led to a worldwide man hunt. Every was last seen 26 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:39,440 Speaker 1: in Ireland in sixteen six but then he vanished. So 27 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:44,000 Speaker 1: for the first of these updates, and a metal detectorist 28 00:01:44,080 --> 00:01:47,320 Speaker 1: found a coin with Arabic writing at Sweetberry Farm in 29 00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:50,720 Speaker 1: Rhode Island. It has since been confirmed that this coin 30 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:54,800 Speaker 1: was minted in Yemen in sixte and there aren't really 31 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:58,800 Speaker 1: any records of contact between the Arabian peninsula and this 32 00:01:58,960 --> 00:02:02,800 Speaker 1: part of New England quite that early, so one conclusion 33 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,640 Speaker 1: is that this coin belonged to the escaped pirate or 34 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:08,960 Speaker 1: one of his crew, and that it was part of 35 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:14,000 Speaker 1: the plunder from the Ganji Suai. Since that discovery, fifteen 36 00:02:14,240 --> 00:02:18,320 Speaker 1: similar coins have been found across Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. 37 00:02:18,520 --> 00:02:20,920 Speaker 1: There was also one found in North Carolina, where some 38 00:02:20,960 --> 00:02:24,639 Speaker 1: of Every's men are documented as arriving. Jim Bailey, who 39 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:27,960 Speaker 1: unearthed that coin at the Berry Farm, published his research 40 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:32,919 Speaker 1: into all of this in the American Numismatic Society's Colonial newsletter, 41 00:02:33,320 --> 00:02:36,600 Speaker 1: which is now known as the Journal of Early American Numismatics. 42 00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:40,640 Speaker 1: In Seen, Bailey suggests that every and some of his 43 00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:44,000 Speaker 1: crew left the Bahamas aboard the Sea Flower, which arrived 44 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:48,400 Speaker 1: in Newport, Rhode Island, on May six six. The Sea 45 00:02:48,400 --> 00:02:52,680 Speaker 1: Flower was carrying forty seven enslaved Africans and is often 46 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:56,040 Speaker 1: described as the first slave ship to arrive in Newport, 47 00:02:56,240 --> 00:03:00,000 Speaker 1: which later became one of North America's primary slave trading ports. 48 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:03,760 Speaker 1: The crew of the Sea Flower sold fourteen of the 49 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:08,040 Speaker 1: enslaved people aboard before departing for Ireland, arriving there in 50 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:11,640 Speaker 1: late June. So there are historical accounts of the Sea Flower. 51 00:03:12,080 --> 00:03:15,080 Speaker 1: Some of them are from members of every pirate crew, 52 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:18,839 Speaker 1: some of them are from officials, and the physical descriptions 53 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:21,760 Speaker 1: of the ship don't match up. Among these different accounts, 54 00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:26,519 Speaker 1: Bailey concludes that they really are all describing the same ship, 55 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: that they're not different ships that happened to be named 56 00:03:29,040 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: the Sea Flower, and that these inconsistencies in the description 57 00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:35,880 Speaker 1: are the result of inaccurate record keeping and just the 58 00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: passage of time between when the ship arrived and when 59 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:42,920 Speaker 1: John Cranston, who was the Governor of Rhode Island described 60 00:03:42,920 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 1: it in a report about the slave trade in the colony. 61 00:03:46,200 --> 00:03:49,160 Speaker 1: There have been a lot of recent headlines about this 62 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:52,600 Speaker 1: find maybe solving the mystery of what happened to Henry 63 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:56,240 Speaker 1: every And it definitely seems possible that these coins are 64 00:03:56,320 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: part of the plunder from the Guanji so why, But 65 00:03:59,120 --> 00:04:02,400 Speaker 1: if so, it's still doesn't really solve the mystery. Every 66 00:04:02,600 --> 00:04:07,160 Speaker 1: reported arrival in Ireland was after this. Yeah. Also, all 67 00:04:07,160 --> 00:04:12,240 Speaker 1: the additional detail about this paper came about because the 68 00:04:12,320 --> 00:04:16,680 Speaker 1: latest article to circulate about this was dated April one. 69 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:19,720 Speaker 1: It's the only April unearthing that we have in this 70 00:04:19,760 --> 00:04:23,559 Speaker 1: episode that raised some questions in my minds about whether 71 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:29,039 Speaker 1: it was legitimate. We talked about the ancient Greek astronomical 72 00:04:29,080 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 1: calculator that I adore, known as the anti kid through 73 00:04:32,360 --> 00:04:36,880 Speaker 1: mechanism on the show in July, and it and the 74 00:04:36,880 --> 00:04:39,160 Speaker 1: shipwreck it was found in have come up on on 75 00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: Earth since then. That device was discovered in nineteen o one, 76 00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:46,599 Speaker 1: and researchers have figured out a lot about it since then, 77 00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:51,840 Speaker 1: including developing working replicas hand cranked devices that demonstrate the 78 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:56,680 Speaker 1: motion of planetary bodies, but researchers only have about a 79 00:04:56,839 --> 00:05:00,320 Speaker 1: third of the actual mechanism to go on, so even 80 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:03,840 Speaker 1: these replicas have had to incorporate some guesswork. You can 81 00:05:03,880 --> 00:05:06,400 Speaker 1: turn a crank and the hands on the face move 82 00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:09,599 Speaker 1: to show positions for the Sun, the Moon, and five 83 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:12,520 Speaker 1: planets that were known to antiquity. So in that sense 84 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,719 Speaker 1: these replicas work, but the motion and the positions of 85 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:19,919 Speaker 1: the hands that hasn't completely matched up with all the 86 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:22,560 Speaker 1: data that can be gleaned from the surviving pieces of 87 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:26,480 Speaker 1: the device. According to research published in the journal Scientific 88 00:05:26,520 --> 00:05:30,320 Speaker 1: Reports in March, researchers have closed some of that gap 89 00:05:30,400 --> 00:05:33,560 Speaker 1: between a working device and a working device that matches 90 00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:36,760 Speaker 1: all the data. In the words of lead author Professor 91 00:05:36,839 --> 00:05:40,320 Speaker 1: Tony Freeth, quote, ours is the first model that conforms 92 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:43,400 Speaker 1: to all the physical evidence and matches the descriptions in 93 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:48,800 Speaker 1: the scientific inscriptions engraved on the mechanism itself. The Sun, Moon, 94 00:05:48,920 --> 00:05:52,000 Speaker 1: and planets are displayed in an impressive tour to force 95 00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:56,920 Speaker 1: of ancient Greek brilliance, and to quote from the actual paper, quote, 96 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,839 Speaker 1: we wanted to determine the cycles for all the planets 97 00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:03,640 Speaker 1: in this cosmos, not just the cycles discovered for Venus 98 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:08,280 Speaker 1: and Saturn. To incorporate these cycles into highly compact mechanisms 99 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:11,400 Speaker 1: conforming to the physical evidence, and to enter leave them 100 00:06:11,440 --> 00:06:16,520 Speaker 1: so their outputs corresponds to the customary cosmological order or CCO. 101 00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:20,719 Speaker 1: Here we show how we have created gearing and a 102 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:25,040 Speaker 1: display that respects the inscriptional evidence. A ring system with 103 00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:30,160 Speaker 1: nine outputs moon nodes, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, 104 00:06:30,240 --> 00:06:35,360 Speaker 1: and date carried by nested tubes with arms supporting the rings. 105 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 1: The result is a radical new model that matches all 106 00:06:39,080 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 1: the data and culminates in an elegant display of the 107 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:49,320 Speaker 1: ancient Greek cosmos. Sounds so poetic for a paper well written. 108 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:54,440 Speaker 1: Bravo um Switching gears. Attorney David Whitcomb bought an old 109 00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:57,560 Speaker 1: building in Geneva, New York, to expand his law practice. 110 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:01,520 Speaker 1: It discovered an addict s base totally by surprise. From 111 00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:03,960 Speaker 1: the outside, the building didn't look like it had an attic, 112 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:06,320 Speaker 1: and there hadn't been an attic noted on the floor 113 00:07:06,320 --> 00:07:10,000 Speaker 1: plans or known to the previous owner, dun dune done. 114 00:07:11,560 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 1: When he got inside that space, it turned out to 115 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:19,240 Speaker 1: contain dropcloths, portrait stools, Kodak paper, developing chemicals and portraits 116 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:22,240 Speaker 1: and some of the portraits include people that we have 117 00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 1: talked about in several prior episodes of the show. One 118 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:29,800 Speaker 1: is a framed portrait of Susan B. Anthony, another maybe 119 00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:33,840 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Katie Stanton. It turned out that this building had 120 00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:38,960 Speaker 1: previously housed the studio of photographer James ellery Hale, and 121 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 1: it makes a lot of sense that there would be 122 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:44,280 Speaker 1: pictures of Anthony and Stanton in that studio. Geneva is 123 00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:47,320 Speaker 1: really not far from Seneca Falls, New York. We actually 124 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:50,040 Speaker 1: stayed in Geneva for one of the live shows that 125 00:07:50,080 --> 00:07:52,880 Speaker 1: we did in Seneca Falls. Uh, and that of course 126 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:56,400 Speaker 1: is home to the Seneca Falls Convention. Susan B. Anthony 127 00:07:56,440 --> 00:07:58,880 Speaker 1: also lived in Rochester, which is also not that far 128 00:07:58,880 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 1: away from Geneva. What isn't clear is why this space 129 00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:04,800 Speaker 1: got sealed up with all kinds of portraits and equipment 130 00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:08,920 Speaker 1: still inside of it. According to news reports, Whitcomb plans 131 00:08:08,960 --> 00:08:12,160 Speaker 1: to donate some of the fines while auctioning others off 132 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:16,720 Speaker 1: next up. According to research published in the journal Antiquity, 133 00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:20,560 Speaker 1: it's possible that some of the bluestones at Stonehenge were 134 00:08:20,640 --> 00:08:24,360 Speaker 1: relocated from a different stone circle that had been dismantled 135 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:28,840 Speaker 1: that other stone circle being in Whales. The bluestones are 136 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:32,680 Speaker 1: the smaller stones at Stonehenge, and it was already known 137 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:35,320 Speaker 1: that they had come from Whales, but it was not 138 00:08:35,600 --> 00:08:38,440 Speaker 1: clear why they had been moved roughly a hundred and 139 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:41,840 Speaker 1: fifty miles away from where they were quarried to build 140 00:08:41,880 --> 00:08:46,640 Speaker 1: this stone circle. This paper's hypothesis is that Stonehenges bluestones 141 00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:49,880 Speaker 1: used to form a stone circle at Wine Mound, where 142 00:08:49,880 --> 00:08:53,440 Speaker 1: there are only four blue stones remaining today. Both the 143 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:56,720 Speaker 1: former Wine Mound circle and Stonehenge are aligned on the 144 00:08:56,760 --> 00:09:00,359 Speaker 1: Midsummer solstice sunrise, and one of the stones at Stonehenge 145 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:03,360 Speaker 1: has an unusual shape that matches one of the holes 146 00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:06,160 Speaker 1: where a stone used to be at Wine Mound. There 147 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:09,520 Speaker 1: are still some unknowns here if the stones really did 148 00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:12,920 Speaker 1: used to be in this other circle, but one possibility 149 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:15,440 Speaker 1: is that the people who built the circle at Wine 150 00:09:15,440 --> 00:09:19,760 Speaker 1: Mound or their descendants eventually relocated to the area around 151 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:23,760 Speaker 1: Stonehenge and they dismantled their stone circle and they brought 152 00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:27,160 Speaker 1: it with them. We did a whole unearthed edition of 153 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:32,480 Speaker 1: Stonehenge on show in fourteen so in previous installments of 154 00:09:32,559 --> 00:09:34,720 Speaker 1: Unearthed and in prior episodes of the show that have 155 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:38,440 Speaker 1: involved colors and dies. We have talked about blue and 156 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:42,520 Speaker 1: purple dyes made from marine animals from the Mediterranean Sea. 157 00:09:42,840 --> 00:09:46,040 Speaker 1: There are written descriptions of the dyes themselves and have 158 00:09:46,160 --> 00:09:49,959 Speaker 1: dyed textiles, and we've talked about various fines related to 159 00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:53,839 Speaker 1: die making, like pots containing residues of blue or purple dye, 160 00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:57,640 Speaker 1: or places where an abundance of snail shells suggests that 161 00:09:57,840 --> 00:10:01,360 Speaker 1: there was a dye factory there. Now a team in 162 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: the Timna Valley has found wolf fibers dating back to 163 00:10:05,040 --> 00:10:09,360 Speaker 1: one thousand b C. Which have been dyed tier in purple, 164 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:11,400 Speaker 1: so one of these dyes that we've been talking about. 165 00:10:11,880 --> 00:10:15,640 Speaker 1: This is the first time that a textile died with 166 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:19,280 Speaker 1: this specific color has been found in the Southern Levant, 167 00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:22,319 Speaker 1: and it dates back to the same time as biblical 168 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:25,760 Speaker 1: accounts of this die. We have talked about new find 169 00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:28,800 Speaker 1: to the Sakara Necropolis in Egypt in our two previous 170 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:33,480 Speaker 1: installments of Unearthed, and those fines still ongoing. Recent finds 171 00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:37,520 Speaker 1: include fifty New Kingdom sarcophagi made of wood found in 172 00:10:37,559 --> 00:10:41,840 Speaker 1: a burial shaft, a stone sarcophagus, a papyrus containing the 173 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:45,439 Speaker 1: seventeenth chapter of the Book of the Dead, and some games, 174 00:10:45,480 --> 00:10:48,360 Speaker 1: including a Senate set. So it's the last of this 175 00:10:48,520 --> 00:10:51,120 Speaker 1: update section. We do have some other things that will 176 00:10:51,160 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: come up later that relate to earlier episodes, but we 177 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: have them in other categories, and for now we're going 178 00:10:57,480 --> 00:11:08,520 Speaker 1: to take a quick sponsor break. When I was going 179 00:11:08,559 --> 00:11:11,160 Speaker 1: through all kinds of articles to put this together, I 180 00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:16,440 Speaker 1: found a whole lot of depictions of animals. I have 181 00:11:16,559 --> 00:11:20,680 Speaker 1: grouped them together as cute animal pictures because it feels 182 00:11:20,679 --> 00:11:23,560 Speaker 1: like after a time of pandemic for a year, we 183 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:27,240 Speaker 1: could all use more cute animal pictures in our lives. 184 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:32,200 Speaker 1: First up, archaeologists in Indonesia have found what they have 185 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:37,160 Speaker 1: described as the world's oldest known cave painting of an animal. 186 00:11:37,880 --> 00:11:41,480 Speaker 1: It is a pig and it is about forty five thousand, 187 00:11:41,679 --> 00:11:46,120 Speaker 1: five hundred years old. A doctoral student named Bostar and 188 00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:50,280 Speaker 1: Burhun actually found this painting back in but the findings 189 00:11:50,320 --> 00:11:52,679 Speaker 1: from the survey were not published until this year in 190 00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:57,320 Speaker 1: the journal Scientific Advances. The Sulawesi warty pig is a 191 00:11:57,360 --> 00:12:00,400 Speaker 1: popular subject for cave art in this region. Before this 192 00:12:00,440 --> 00:12:03,559 Speaker 1: particular discovery, the oldest dated rock art there was a 193 00:12:03,640 --> 00:12:07,680 Speaker 1: different Suluisi wardy pig, and the paper detailing this particular 194 00:12:07,720 --> 00:12:11,559 Speaker 1: find also goes into another Suluesi wardy pig depicted in 195 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:16,320 Speaker 1: the same area. I have thoughts about the pig. Are 196 00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:20,160 Speaker 1: you going to save them from behind the scene? Okay? 197 00:12:21,679 --> 00:12:25,240 Speaker 1: Next up, a team in Catalonia has found a stone 198 00:12:25,320 --> 00:12:28,640 Speaker 1: plaque carved with images of at least six animals. There's 199 00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:32,400 Speaker 1: a doe, a stag, to goat like animals, and two 200 00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:35,480 Speaker 1: other animals that were not yet identified as of when 201 00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:39,520 Speaker 1: this article came out. This slab is between eleven thousand 202 00:12:39,559 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 1: and fifteen thousand years old, and the team found it 203 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:47,520 Speaker 1: after flood's actually damaged an archaeological site. It eroded some 204 00:12:47,679 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: of the layers the soil layers at the dig. Unfortunately, though, 205 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:55,679 Speaker 1: that flood damage also makes it harder to date the plaque, 206 00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:59,120 Speaker 1: because without the strata around it to use as a reference, 207 00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:02,120 Speaker 1: it's exact age is a little unclear. A pair of 208 00:13:02,200 --> 00:13:06,400 Speaker 1: Tang dynasty tombs have been discovered in Shangshi Province in China, 209 00:13:06,480 --> 00:13:09,559 Speaker 1: and they are decorated with murals, including some that show 210 00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:14,240 Speaker 1: people training horses and leading camels. The tombs belonged to 211 00:13:14,280 --> 00:13:16,920 Speaker 1: an official who was in charge of horses, so it's 212 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:20,000 Speaker 1: possible that the murals are in fact related to his 213 00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:23,600 Speaker 1: life in some way. Next up, researchers have used radio 214 00:13:23,679 --> 00:13:27,920 Speaker 1: carbon dating on twenty seven mud wasp nests to figure 215 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:30,600 Speaker 1: out that are rock painting of a kangaroo in Western 216 00:13:30,679 --> 00:13:34,480 Speaker 1: Australia is the oldest intact rock painting uh known so 217 00:13:34,559 --> 00:13:38,000 Speaker 1: far on the continent. The wasp nests were both under 218 00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:41,240 Speaker 1: and on top of this and similar paintings, and based 219 00:13:41,240 --> 00:13:43,760 Speaker 1: on all this research they determined that this painting is 220 00:13:43,760 --> 00:13:47,960 Speaker 1: somewhere between seventeen thousand, one hundred and seventeen thousand, five 221 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:52,120 Speaker 1: hundred years old. This work dating this particular painting is 222 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:55,800 Speaker 1: part of a much bigger project to date rock paintings 223 00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:59,640 Speaker 1: in Australia, and it's a team effort among universities, the 224 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:05,719 Speaker 1: Australian National Science and Technology Organization, and aboriginal organizations. Next up, 225 00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:09,439 Speaker 1: a two five hundred year old bronze bull idle was 226 00:14:09,559 --> 00:14:13,160 Speaker 1: unearthed in Olympia, Greece after a heavy rain storm thanks 227 00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:16,880 Speaker 1: to an archaeologist noticing one of its horns sticking out 228 00:14:16,880 --> 00:14:19,720 Speaker 1: of the soil. It most likely dates back to roughly 229 00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:23,680 Speaker 1: UH one thousand fifty to seven d b c E, 230 00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:26,440 Speaker 1: and it was probably left as an offering to Zeus. 231 00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:30,480 Speaker 1: This figurine is quite small. There are pictures of someone 232 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:33,480 Speaker 1: holding it in their fingertips while cleaning it, and it 233 00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:36,320 Speaker 1: has slightly splayed legs. So even though it depicts a 234 00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:39,480 Speaker 1: bowl with fully developed horns, it looks kind of like 235 00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:42,920 Speaker 1: a calf that's still a little unsteady on its hoobs. Yeah, 236 00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:48,880 Speaker 1: it's uh, it's more adorable than you might think. It's 237 00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:50,680 Speaker 1: one of those things that when I looked at the picture, 238 00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:53,800 Speaker 1: I was like, he just noticed this sticking out of 239 00:14:53,840 --> 00:14:57,200 Speaker 1: the story because it's tiny. It's really small. It's like going, oh, 240 00:14:57,240 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 1: I did see a grain of rice in that field 241 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:02,960 Speaker 1: back there, Like it's it's so little. So moving on 242 00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:08,160 Speaker 1: from depictions of animals to actual animals, research at Durham 243 00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,920 Speaker 1: University suggests that people making their way from Asia to 244 00:15:11,960 --> 00:15:16,720 Speaker 1: the America's roughly fifteen thousand years ago, brought domesticated dogs 245 00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:20,960 Speaker 1: with them. We already knew that domesticated dogs were present 246 00:15:21,040 --> 00:15:24,360 Speaker 1: in parts of northern North America and some Pacific islands 247 00:15:24,360 --> 00:15:28,000 Speaker 1: at least ten thousand years ago, but this genetic research 248 00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:31,640 Speaker 1: gives them a common origin somewhere in Siberia more like 249 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:35,680 Speaker 1: twenty three thousand years ago. Similar research involving a bone 250 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:39,320 Speaker 1: fragment found in southeast Alaska suggested it belonged to a 251 00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:42,160 Speaker 1: dog that lived there around ten thousand, one hundred fifty 252 00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:46,400 Speaker 1: years ago, but whose ancestry also stretched back to Siberia, 253 00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:49,640 Speaker 1: to a genetic line that branched off from Siberian dogs 254 00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:54,080 Speaker 1: roughly sixteen thousand, seven hundred years ago. This particular team 255 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:57,680 Speaker 1: did not set out to study dogs, though, before analyzing 256 00:15:57,680 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: the DNA of the bone fragment, the team at xt 257 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:02,920 Speaker 1: He thought it belonged to a bear. Next up, back 258 00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:07,000 Speaker 1: in ten a couple living outside of Provo, Utah, found 259 00:16:07,080 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: a nearly complete horse skeleton in their backyard. These bones 260 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:15,400 Speaker 1: were nicknamed the Lehigh Horse, and at first it seemed 261 00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:18,880 Speaker 1: like they were about ten thousand years old, but subsequent 262 00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:23,280 Speaker 1: radiocarbon dating suggests it's actually a much younger find That 263 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:27,400 Speaker 1: radiocarbon dating combined with other analysis to suggest that this 264 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:30,440 Speaker 1: was really a female horse who was about twelve years 265 00:16:30,440 --> 00:16:33,160 Speaker 1: old when she died, and that happened sometime in the 266 00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:38,960 Speaker 1: seventeenth century, so not nearly ten thousand years Not my 267 00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:42,720 Speaker 1: long shot. Based on analysis of the bones, this was 268 00:16:42,760 --> 00:16:46,240 Speaker 1: a domesticated horse that people rode, which had arthritis and 269 00:16:46,280 --> 00:16:48,240 Speaker 1: many of her joints by the time of her death, 270 00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:51,640 Speaker 1: so it seems likely that someone intentionally cared for her, 271 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:55,040 Speaker 1: possibly breeding her with other horses when she couldn't carry 272 00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:58,840 Speaker 1: riders any longer, and then after her death she seems 273 00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:01,960 Speaker 1: to have been intensely buried in sand at the edge 274 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,200 Speaker 1: of a lake, which is why at first it had 275 00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:06,960 Speaker 1: seemed like this was a much older skeleton than it 276 00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,520 Speaker 1: really turned out to be. The papers lead author William 277 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:14,199 Speaker 1: Taylor even speculated that there might be other remains of 278 00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,520 Speaker 1: horses that were similarly intentionally buried, and because of that 279 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:22,280 Speaker 1: have been miscategorized as ice age finds rather than things 280 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:24,959 Speaker 1: that are a lot more recent. The team is hoping 281 00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:28,480 Speaker 1: these findings will combine with indigenous oral history to shed 282 00:17:28,560 --> 00:17:31,600 Speaker 1: new light into how indigenous peoples in the area cared 283 00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:35,280 Speaker 1: for their horses. In the words of co author Carlton Shield, 284 00:17:35,359 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 1: chief gover quote, there was a lot going on that 285 00:17:38,359 --> 00:17:41,560 Speaker 1: Europeans didn't see. There was a two hundred year period 286 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,240 Speaker 1: where populations in the Great Plains and the West were 287 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:48,359 Speaker 1: adapting their cultures to the horse and our last cute animal. 288 00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:53,199 Speaker 1: Burrowing rabbits on Schockholm Island in Wales have unearthed some 289 00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:57,720 Speaker 1: prehistoric artifacts while digging their little burrows. One is a 290 00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,960 Speaker 1: small tool known as a beveled peb which is about 291 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:03,800 Speaker 1: nine thousand years old and was probably used for processing 292 00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:06,840 Speaker 1: things like shellfish and seal hides, and the other is 293 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:10,080 Speaker 1: a burial urn that's about three thousand, seven hundred fifty 294 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:13,800 Speaker 1: years old. When wardens stopped by the area after making 295 00:18:13,840 --> 00:18:15,880 Speaker 1: these discoveries, they came back the next day they saw 296 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:18,240 Speaker 1: that the rabbits had kicked out some other stuff, including 297 00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:22,679 Speaker 1: another pebble and a piece of pottery. I feel like 298 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:26,639 Speaker 1: these rabbits should get paid. Uh. There were travel restrictions 299 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:29,440 Speaker 1: in place, of course, due to COVID when these fine surfaced, 300 00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,480 Speaker 1: But once those restrictions are lifted, it is expected that 301 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:35,320 Speaker 1: archaeologists will come in and look at all of this 302 00:18:35,359 --> 00:18:37,760 Speaker 1: more thoroughly. We'll get to some other things after a 303 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 1: quick ad break. Often in these episodes, I have a 304 00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:51,679 Speaker 1: section that I call edibles and potables, and it's all 305 00:18:51,680 --> 00:18:54,760 Speaker 1: the food and drink. But this time there were several 306 00:18:54,840 --> 00:19:02,720 Speaker 1: fines that were specifically about intoxicating substances, whether alcohols or 307 00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:06,560 Speaker 1: like other mind and mood altering substances, So I just 308 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:11,439 Speaker 1: looped those all together. Previously, historians of Edo Japan have 309 00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:15,600 Speaker 1: generally concluded that during the Edo period, wine was only 310 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:19,679 Speaker 1: produced for about four years, and the reason that wine 311 00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:23,000 Speaker 1: production was ended was that wine was closely associated with 312 00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:29,200 Speaker 1: Christianity and Christianity was prohibited in Japan during the Edo period. Now, 313 00:19:29,359 --> 00:19:33,400 Speaker 1: researchers from Kumamoda University have found an Edo period document 314 00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:37,040 Speaker 1: that adds a little more specificity to this general understanding. 315 00:19:37,520 --> 00:19:41,159 Speaker 1: It's an order for wine placed in September sixty two 316 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:44,520 Speaker 1: with notes about the order written on it. One of 317 00:19:44,560 --> 00:19:47,119 Speaker 1: the notes being that the wild grapes to the wine 318 00:19:47,160 --> 00:19:49,320 Speaker 1: had been provided to the vessel who was going to 319 00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:52,560 Speaker 1: make it. This actually pushes out the date for the 320 00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:56,159 Speaker 1: end of wine making in Japan to sixteen thirty two 321 00:19:56,359 --> 00:20:02,159 Speaker 1: from previously understood sixteen thirty one. The Hossakawa clan was 322 00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:06,440 Speaker 1: also ordered to move to another domain in January of 323 00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:09,320 Speaker 1: the following year. Was that clan that had been making 324 00:20:09,359 --> 00:20:12,399 Speaker 1: the wine, and there's no evidence at all of any 325 00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:16,399 Speaker 1: winemaking in the new location after they moved. Moving on 326 00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:21,280 Speaker 1: Researchers at Washington State University have analyzed fourteen miniature ancient 327 00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:25,919 Speaker 1: Maya flasks, and when we say miniature, they measure about 328 00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:30,160 Speaker 1: four centimeters across. For the first time, they found residues 329 00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:33,760 Speaker 1: from something other than tobacco. In addition to two different 330 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:38,399 Speaker 1: types of tobacco, these small containers also held Mexican marigold, 331 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:41,920 Speaker 1: something that may have been added to make the experience 332 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:45,680 Speaker 1: of smoking the tobacco more pleasant. And on the other 333 00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:50,080 Speaker 1: end of the size spectrum, archaeologists in Egypt found eight 334 00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:54,200 Speaker 1: very large units at an ancient burial ground known as 335 00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:56,960 Speaker 1: a Beatos, and when we say very large, they were 336 00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,480 Speaker 1: about twenty meters or sixty five ft long and two 337 00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:02,760 Speaker 1: and a half meters or eight feed y. Each of 338 00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:07,200 Speaker 1: these units contained two rows of pottery basins with forty 339 00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:10,120 Speaker 1: basins in each row and that would have been used 340 00:21:10,119 --> 00:21:13,440 Speaker 1: to heat up water and grains to make beer. These 341 00:21:13,560 --> 00:21:16,000 Speaker 1: date back to some time between thirty one fifty b 342 00:21:16,160 --> 00:21:21,600 Speaker 1: c and C. And this may be the oldest beer 343 00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 1: factory in the area. So now we're going to move 344 00:21:25,119 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 1: on to food research at bronze age mining sites in 345 00:21:29,359 --> 00:21:32,600 Speaker 1: the Eastern Alps in Austria has examined how workers at 346 00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:36,000 Speaker 1: the mines procured and prepared their food. From about the 347 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:39,240 Speaker 1: eleventh to the ninth century b C. Mining at these 348 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:42,480 Speaker 1: sites became highly specialized, meaning that the people at the 349 00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:46,280 Speaker 1: mines were probably focused on the mining and not doing 350 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:48,919 Speaker 1: other work, and there weren't many people living in the 351 00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:52,480 Speaker 1: mines who would not have been mining. Earlier research has 352 00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:55,960 Speaker 1: suggested that the miners preferred meat to eat was pork, 353 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:59,840 Speaker 1: and while the pigs were raised somewhere else. The mines 354 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:02,879 Speaker 1: had facilities on site to cure the meat that they got, 355 00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 1: but there wasn't as much investigation into any plant based 356 00:22:06,880 --> 00:22:10,240 Speaker 1: foods that they might be eating until more recently. According 357 00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:12,920 Speaker 1: to research that was published in March, the miners were 358 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:17,040 Speaker 1: eating cereals, but they were not processing the cereals themselves, 359 00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:20,120 Speaker 1: so the grains were being holed and milled somewhere else, 360 00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:22,639 Speaker 1: and then the ready to cook grain was being delivered 361 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:25,480 Speaker 1: to the miners. It's also possible that they were being 362 00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:28,399 Speaker 1: delivered ready to eat bread as well, which I am 363 00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:31,119 Speaker 1: definitely on board with, so that means at least some 364 00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:34,400 Speaker 1: of their cooking was also being done elsewhere. I would 365 00:22:34,440 --> 00:22:41,280 Speaker 1: like bread delivery in our next subject, According to research 366 00:22:41,320 --> 00:22:45,440 Speaker 1: published in the journal Antiquity, there's evidence of prehistoric salt 367 00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:49,560 Speaker 1: production in northeast England dating back to hundred to thirty 368 00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:54,440 Speaker 1: seven b C. Prior to this discovery, the earliest conclusively 369 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:57,800 Speaker 1: known salt processing in England was from centuries after that. 370 00:22:58,560 --> 00:23:01,520 Speaker 1: This conclusion came from the discovery of a chamber filled 371 00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:04,679 Speaker 1: with flint tools and pieces of pottery, along with what 372 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:07,360 Speaker 1: appears to be hearts that were used to heat vessels 373 00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:10,720 Speaker 1: containing brine. This may be one of the oldest salt 374 00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:15,840 Speaker 1: processing sites in Western Europe and another Salt News. Researchers 375 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:19,280 Speaker 1: at collect Mule, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 376 00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:23,320 Speaker 1: have been documenting the use of salt as a commodity 377 00:23:23,359 --> 00:23:27,560 Speaker 1: among the Maya. The oldest depiction of salt there is 378 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:31,800 Speaker 1: from a mural that somewhere around years old. It shows 379 00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,680 Speaker 1: a vendor holding what looks like a salt cake wrapped 380 00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:38,320 Speaker 1: in leaves, while someone across from them holds a spoon 381 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:41,840 Speaker 1: above a basket of what's interpreted as like a granular salt. 382 00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:47,080 Speaker 1: Archaeologists have also unearthed what has been dubbed the Pains 383 00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:51,200 Speaker 1: Creek Salt Works, which is a massive salt processing facility 384 00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:54,840 Speaker 1: on the coast of what's now believes, in the words 385 00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:58,359 Speaker 1: of archaeologist Heather McKillop quote, I think the ancient Maya 386 00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,080 Speaker 1: who worked here were producer enders, and they would take 387 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:03,920 Speaker 1: the salt by canoe up the river. They were making 388 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:06,679 Speaker 1: large quantities of salt, much more than they needed for 389 00:24:06,680 --> 00:24:11,119 Speaker 1: their immediate families. This was their living. Her paper salt 390 00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:14,000 Speaker 1: as a commodity or money in the Classic Maya Economy 391 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:16,800 Speaker 1: is being published in the June issue of the Journal 392 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:20,760 Speaker 1: of Anthropological Archaeology. Now we are going to move on 393 00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:25,040 Speaker 1: to an ongoing favorite, which is the shipwrecks. First up, 394 00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:28,679 Speaker 1: the Greek Culture Ministry has announced the discovery of a 395 00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:33,520 Speaker 1: Roman era shipwreck, along with evidence of several other shipwrecks, 396 00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:36,800 Speaker 1: off the coast of the island of Kasos. The Roman 397 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:39,800 Speaker 1: ship was loaded with m for ay, and those were 398 00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,320 Speaker 1: made in what's now Spain and Tunisia, and some of 399 00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:46,399 Speaker 1: them contained oil. The other three ancient ships discovered in 400 00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:51,240 Speaker 1: the survey, we're also carrying amphora, a popular thing to 401 00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:55,680 Speaker 1: carry across the waterways around Greece. These discoveries came from 402 00:24:55,680 --> 00:24:58,480 Speaker 1: more than one hundred group dives carried out by a 403 00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:01,440 Speaker 1: team of more than twenty special lists and it's part 404 00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:03,760 Speaker 1: of a three year research project in the area that 405 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:06,040 Speaker 1: is finishing this year, so there could be more to 406 00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:09,639 Speaker 1: come from all of this. Divers have also returned to 407 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 1: the wreck of the Mentor, which is the ship that 408 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,240 Speaker 1: sank off the coast of Greece while carrying marbles that 409 00:25:15,320 --> 00:25:18,359 Speaker 1: Lord Elgin had removed from the Parthenon. We have a 410 00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:21,160 Speaker 1: whole episode about those marbles and how they went down 411 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:24,800 Speaker 1: in a shipwreck. Dives to this ship have been ongoing 412 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:28,280 Speaker 1: since two thousand nine, and the most recent finds they're 413 00:25:28,359 --> 00:25:31,199 Speaker 1: connected to basically everyday life aboard the ship. So the 414 00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:35,800 Speaker 1: team recovered and intact shoe sole, items of clothing, of 415 00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:39,479 Speaker 1: belt buckle, and several pieces of the ship's rigging. They 416 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:43,200 Speaker 1: also found some chess pieces which are probably part of 417 00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:45,879 Speaker 1: the same set as some other chess pieces that have 418 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:49,119 Speaker 1: already been brought up and in our last find for 419 00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:51,879 Speaker 1: this episode. It's a little bit tricky to call this 420 00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:54,720 Speaker 1: a discovery, since the folks who had it knew it 421 00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:58,399 Speaker 1: was there the whole time. But archaeologists have recently become 422 00:25:58,480 --> 00:26:01,439 Speaker 1: aware of a one a thirty six year old wooden 423 00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: lifeboat that was being stored in the rafters of a 424 00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:09,000 Speaker 1: Haitian in Western Australia. This lifeboat belonged to the Maid 425 00:26:09,119 --> 00:26:14,119 Speaker 1: of Lincoln, which sank in while carrying a load of guano. 426 00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:18,080 Speaker 1: The captain, several members of the crew, and a stowaway 427 00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:20,879 Speaker 1: we're all able to escape the wreck in the lifeboat. 428 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:24,600 Speaker 1: The captain then gave the boat to the Grigson family, 429 00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:27,600 Speaker 1: who helped them when they got to shore. For a 430 00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:31,040 Speaker 1: time this family used the boat for fishing, but eventually 431 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:33,080 Speaker 1: they put it up in the rafters of the Haitian, 432 00:26:33,720 --> 00:26:35,440 Speaker 1: basically to get it out of the way. They weren't 433 00:26:35,520 --> 00:26:39,240 Speaker 1: using it anymore. Stick it up in the rafters. Decades later, 434 00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:42,439 Speaker 1: archaeologist Bob Shephard was shown around this property when one 435 00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:45,200 Speaker 1: of the Grigson said, come have a look at this, Bob, 436 00:26:46,720 --> 00:26:50,400 Speaker 1: who love that. For now this lifeboat is being safely 437 00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 1: stored so that it can be restored and preserved and 438 00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:56,800 Speaker 1: then house somewhere in the community. The family was pretty 439 00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,280 Speaker 1: clear that they wanted it to stay in the general area. 440 00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:02,399 Speaker 1: So that is it for Unearth this time, but there's 441 00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:04,960 Speaker 1: plenty more to come next time. We'll have more on 442 00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:08,760 Speaker 1: Wednesday in the meantime, Tracy, do you have a spot 443 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:11,679 Speaker 1: of listener mail? I do. This is from Robin, and 444 00:27:11,760 --> 00:27:14,320 Speaker 1: Robin says, Hello, Holly and Tracy. I want to start 445 00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:16,240 Speaker 1: off by saying that I love listening to stuff you 446 00:27:16,280 --> 00:27:18,560 Speaker 1: miss in history class and the personal touches you both 447 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:21,040 Speaker 1: bring to the stories you tell. I've been wanting to 448 00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:23,480 Speaker 1: email you about a subject that's close to my heart, 449 00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:26,720 Speaker 1: especially when I heard you mentioned Ella Reef Bloor also 450 00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:30,480 Speaker 1: known as Mother Bloor in your Italian Hall disaster episode 451 00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:33,800 Speaker 1: and her involvement in the labor movement. With this very 452 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:36,800 Speaker 1: brief mention, I saw my opening to right. But then 453 00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:42,000 Speaker 1: I get it, and nobody's gonna fault you here, that's 454 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:46,680 Speaker 1: for sure. On Monday, when I saw that your episode 455 00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:48,960 Speaker 1: was about Esperanto, I knew it was a sign that 456 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,040 Speaker 1: I had to write. You may be asking what Esperanto 457 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:56,399 Speaker 1: and Mother Bloor have in common. While that would be Arden, Delaware. 458 00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:00,240 Speaker 1: Mother Bloor lived in Arden, Delaware, which is locate did 459 00:28:00,280 --> 00:28:03,520 Speaker 1: in northern Delaware, less than an hour away from Philadelphia. 460 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:07,359 Speaker 1: Arden is one of four remaining single tax communities in 461 00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:11,360 Speaker 1: the US. The other three are Ardentown, Arden Croft, and 462 00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:15,920 Speaker 1: fair Hope, Alabama. Both Ardentown and arden Croft, along with Arden, 463 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:20,200 Speaker 1: makeup the Ardens in northern Delaware. These single tax communities 464 00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:23,520 Speaker 1: are based on the Henry George principle of tax land 465 00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:27,240 Speaker 1: not labor or single tax. Mother Blor lived in Arden 466 00:28:27,359 --> 00:28:30,639 Speaker 1: almost from the very beginning of its founding in nineteen hundred. 467 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:34,200 Speaker 1: Was founded in nineteen hundred by Philadelphia artist Frank Stevens. 468 00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:38,040 Speaker 1: Arden was originally a summer artists colony for local artists 469 00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,520 Speaker 1: to live in community to inspire each other, sell their wares, 470 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:43,640 Speaker 1: and get out of the city for the summer, which 471 00:28:43,640 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: was marked by an end of season fair slash market. 472 00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,280 Speaker 1: This fair slash market is still held today on the 473 00:28:49,320 --> 00:28:52,560 Speaker 1: Saturday of Labor Day weekend. Within a few years, many 474 00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:56,000 Speaker 1: of the summertime residents turned into year long residents, including 475 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,960 Speaker 1: Mother Bloor and her family. Her son Hamilton's d Book 476 00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:02,360 Speaker 1: is Where was one of the well known artists to 477 00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:06,480 Speaker 1: come out of Warden with his warehouse gallery located in Ardenttown. 478 00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:11,520 Speaker 1: One of the founding tenants of Arden was equality. All 479 00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:14,400 Speaker 1: were welcome, no matter race a religion. Part of this 480 00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:18,160 Speaker 1: equality was the use of Esperanto as a common language. 481 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:21,080 Speaker 1: In fact, the founder, Frank Stevens was often called Patro, 482 00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:25,400 Speaker 1: which is father in Esperanto. Today, Esperanto is not often spoken, 483 00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:27,360 Speaker 1: but it is a big part of the founding of 484 00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,000 Speaker 1: the village of Arden. Today, the Ardens are still part 485 00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,920 Speaker 1: of the Single Tax movement and many artists and artisans 486 00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:36,400 Speaker 1: still call this place home. Pottery, painting, jewelry, and sculpture 487 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:39,160 Speaker 1: are just some of the crafts still practiced here today. 488 00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:42,040 Speaker 1: We even still hold an annual end of summer fair 489 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,960 Speaker 1: to sell local artisans wears on Labor Day weekend when 490 00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:51,920 Speaker 1: not in a pandemic UH. Robin then has some suggestions 491 00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:55,120 Speaker 1: for episode topics that are connected to all of this 492 00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:58,160 Speaker 1: UH and says thanks, Robin, thank you so much Robin 493 00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:01,880 Speaker 1: for this email. I I had no idea of any 494 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:06,760 Speaker 1: of the not uh, not this whole connection UM to 495 00:30:07,080 --> 00:30:10,480 Speaker 1: Arden and UH and the other Ardens, or the Single 496 00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:12,520 Speaker 1: Tax movement, any of that, So thank you so much 497 00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:17,880 Speaker 1: for sending us an email full of so much interesting information. UM. 498 00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:20,800 Speaker 1: We'll see, We'll see whether any of these suggestions eventually 499 00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:24,680 Speaker 1: become episodes. We love getting suggestions. The list is just 500 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:26,560 Speaker 1: really long, so it can be really hard to predict 501 00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:29,800 Speaker 1: when something might make an appearance on the show. Um So, 502 00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:31,400 Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us about this 503 00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:34,160 Speaker 1: or any other podcast, where History podcast at I heart 504 00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:37,760 Speaker 1: radio dot com and we're all over social media admiss 505 00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:40,680 Speaker 1: in History. That's where we'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, 506 00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:44,440 Speaker 1: and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show at 507 00:30:44,440 --> 00:30:47,480 Speaker 1: Apple podcasts and I heart radio app and wherever you 508 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:55,280 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is 509 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:58,520 Speaker 1: a production of I heart Radio. 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