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Speaker 1: Hey everyone, it's Eaves. Just wanted to let you know

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Speaker 1: that you'll be hearing an episode from me and an

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Speaker 1: episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you enjoyed

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Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to This Day in History Class from

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Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk of

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Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show where

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Speaker 1: we explore the past one day at a time with

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Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson, and

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Speaker 1: it's November. Major General William To comes to Sherman's March

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Speaker 1: to the Sea began on this day in eighteen sixty four.

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Speaker 1: This happened during the US Civil War, and it's more

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Speaker 1: formally known as the Georgia and Carolina's Campaign. The Union

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Speaker 1: Army had captured Atlanta in September and had removed its

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Speaker 1: civilian population with the intent of keeping Atlanta as a

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Speaker 1: strictly military base. It had also, though, destroyed factories and

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Speaker 1: railroads and buildings, basically anything that might be useful to

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Speaker 1: the Confederacy. Many homes in Atlanta were also burned, although

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Speaker 1: it wasn't the wholesale destruction of the entire city, as

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Speaker 1: it's often popularly imagined. The march from Atlanta started on November,

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Speaker 1: and Sherman's force was divided into two approximately equal wings.

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Speaker 1: They continued southeast towards Savannah, Georgia, where they would arrive

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Speaker 1: on December. This was not though a straight, unbroken line.

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Speaker 1: The two wings progressed in four columns, with the right

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Speaker 1: wing shifting south toward make In, Georgia, and the left

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Speaker 1: wing shifting north toward Augusta, Georgia. This was to make

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Speaker 1: it seem as though maybe those cities were the real objective,

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Speaker 1: but both columns shifted once again and bypassed both cities.

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Speaker 1: This march was incredibly destructive. The intent was to rob

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Speaker 1: the Confederacy of anything it could possibly make use of,

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Speaker 1: and to terrify the civilian population and try to encourage

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Speaker 1: a faster Southern surrender. So the Union army took anything

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Speaker 1: that was edible or valuable from plantations and from farms

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Speaker 1: that they passed. Sherman had promised to make Georgia howell,

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Speaker 1: so they burned outbuildings and farms and sometimes homes. They

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Speaker 1: kept destroying railroads and cutting telegraph lines, and burning stores

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Speaker 1: and supplies. They were as they went also emancipating people

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Speaker 1: who were enslaved on these properties. So, in theory, this destruction,

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Speaker 1: and it was definitely destructive, was supposed to have some limits.

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Speaker 1: Sherman gave orders not to enter people's homes, and when

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Speaker 1: seizing livestock, they were supposed to focus on things that

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Speaker 1: were owned by rich people rather than what was owned

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Speaker 1: by the poor. The people who weren't resisting were supposed

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Speaker 1: to be left alone as much as possible. The intent,

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Speaker 1: after all, was to deprive the Confederacy of any think

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Speaker 1: that could be useful and to terrify people into surrendering.

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Speaker 1: It wasn't to punish the poorest civilians and the freed

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Speaker 1: people who really had nothing else. But in practice, these

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Speaker 1: orders that were supposed to sort of temper this whole

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Speaker 1: process were often not followed at all. Soldiers carried away

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Speaker 1: as much as they could and destroyed what they couldn't,

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Speaker 1: and a lot of people who were left in the

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Speaker 1: path of all of this destruction were women and children,

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Speaker 1: because a lot of the men were away fighting. This

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Speaker 1: also meant that the people they were liberating from enslavement

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Speaker 1: were liberated now, but they were left with nothing to

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Speaker 1: support themselves no way even necessarily to have shelter or food,

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Speaker 1: and Sherman and his army were taking no responsibility for

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Speaker 1: them or for making sure that they were going to

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Speaker 1: be able to survive. Once they had moved on, the

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Speaker 1: two wings of Sherman's march reconnected in December. They took

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Speaker 1: Fort McAlister before bombarding the city of Savannah, and then

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Speaker 1: after capturing Savannah, Sherman sent this telegram, his Excellency, President Lincoln,

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Speaker 1: I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the

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Speaker 1: city of Savannah with a hundred and fifty heavy guns

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Speaker 1: and plenty of ammunition, and also about twenty five thousand

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Speaker 1: bales of cotton. W. T. Sherman, Major General. The destruction

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Speaker 1: in all of this was massive. The Union army lost

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Speaker 1: fewer than two thousand of the sixty thousand men that

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Speaker 1: it left Atlanta with over this more than a month

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Speaker 1: of the campaign, and it was also disastrous for southern

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Speaker 1: morale as it was intended to be, especially for the

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Speaker 1: civilians who had thought that the Confederate Army would protect

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Speaker 1: them and instead had no protection. Sherman estimated that the

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Speaker 1: march through Georgia caused about one hundred million dollars worth

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Speaker 1: of destruction, and then the following year they turned north

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Speaker 1: toward the Carolinas, and that march probably also did an

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Speaker 1: equal amount of damage through the Carolinas. After the war,

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Speaker 1: Sherman March became part of the Lost Cause propaganda that

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Speaker 1: reframed the Confederacy's role in the war as a noble

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Speaker 1: and heroic but doomed struggle to preserve a genteel way

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Speaker 1: of life. It even appeared in the nineteen Birth of

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Speaker 1: a Nation and then was later part of Nazi propaganda.

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Speaker 1: Thanks to Christo Frosciotis for his research work on Today's podcast,

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Speaker 1: and thanks to Casey Pigram and Tandler Mayze for their

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Speaker 1: audio work on the show. You can subscribe to This

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Speaker 1: Day in History Class on Apple Podcast, Google podcast and

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Speaker 1: where a World you get your podcasts, and you can

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Speaker 1: tune in tomorrow for a battle that led to the

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Speaker 1: end of an empire. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and you're

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Speaker 1: listening to This Day in History Class, a podcast where

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Speaker 1: we build at the time machine and all you have

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Speaker 1: to do is hop in. The day was November fifteenth,

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty nine. Pedro the second, Brazil's second and last

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Speaker 1: emperor was deposed after reigning for half a century. Pedro

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Speaker 1: the Second was the son of Pedro the First, the

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Speaker 1: first Emperor of Brazil, who had also reigned briefly as

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Speaker 1: the King of Portugal in eighteen thirty one. After his

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Speaker 1: autocratic rules spoke a lot of opposition and uprisings, Pedro

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Speaker 1: the First abdicated in favor of his son, but the

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Speaker 1: younger Pedro was only five years old at the time.

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Speaker 1: He had the title to the throne, but Brazil would

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Speaker 1: be ruled by a regency until he turned eighteen. But

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Speaker 1: as the younger Pedro dove into his education, Brazil was

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Speaker 1: crumbling under an unstable regency. When Pedro was just fourteen

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Speaker 1: years old, Parliament declared that he was of age and

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Speaker 1: that he accepted the oath that made him Emperor Pedro

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Speaker 1: the Second, so he was still young. His coronation brought

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Speaker 1: more stability to Brazil, since people saw him as agitimate authority.

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Speaker 1: The next several years were a period of learning for Pedro,

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Speaker 1: who was prepared to rule by a group of experienced politicians.

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Speaker 1: Many of the people who lived in Brazil were enslaved,

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Speaker 1: and the plantations produced sugar cocao hides coffee and salted

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Speaker 1: meat for export. Pedro the Second changed the economy so

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Speaker 1: that coffee replaced sugar as Brazil's biggest export. The agricultural

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Speaker 1: industry was expanded, and development was extensive in the mining,

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Speaker 1: ship building, and railroad industries. Telegraph lines and sewers were installed.

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Speaker 1: Improvements were also made to the education system. All these

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Speaker 1: changes brought in more foreign investment. Pedro the Second also

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Speaker 1: moved to abolished slavery in Brazil, to the opposition of

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Speaker 1: Brazil's planters. The Carol's Law of eighteen fifty wasn't act

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Speaker 1: by the Brazilian Parliament to make the slave trade illegal.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy one, he declared that all children born

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Speaker 1: to blaged people would be freed after a period of servitude.

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Speaker 1: Slavery in Brazil, though, was not abolished until eighteen eighty eight,

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Speaker 1: a year before Pedro's deposition. Economic growth and progress toward

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Speaker 1: abolition brought a lot of European immigrants to Brazil. The

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Speaker 1: abolition of slavery did not cause a civil war, as

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Speaker 1: Pedro the Second had feared, but it did transform the

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Speaker 1: economy and upset the people and provinces who relied on

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Speaker 1: the labor of enslaved people for their economic prosperity. Another

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Speaker 1: conflict of Brazil became embroiled in in the mid to

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Speaker 1: late eighteen hundreds was a Paraguay and War, which lasted

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Speaker 1: from eighteen sixty four to eighteen seventy and Pittot Paraguay

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Speaker 1: against the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The

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Speaker 1: Paraguay was defeated in the war. It cost Brazil a

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Speaker 1: lot of money, resulted in thousands of deaths, and put

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Speaker 1: many reforms on hold. Still, Brazilian nationalism was high and

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Speaker 1: Pedro was popular, but rising number of European immigrants were

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Speaker 1: not happy with the monarchy itself. Republicanism began gaining steam

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Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy, and the movement grew as the free

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Speaker 1: press continued to criticize the regime. Military officers, immigrants, and

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Speaker 1: capitalist farmers became disenchanted with the emperor and began to

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Speaker 1: view the monarchy as an outdated hindrance to progress. Pedro

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Speaker 1: also had strained relations with the Catholic Church, which had

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Speaker 1: great influence in Brazil, as Catholicism was the state religion

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Speaker 1: and Pedro's health was declining, affecting his participation in the

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Speaker 1: government affairs. Princess Isabel, Pedro's only child and his legally

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Speaker 1: acknowledged successor, was not thrilled about taking the throne, and

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Speaker 1: Pedro did not see her as fit for the job.

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Speaker 1: As Pedro alienated segments of the military and growing middle

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Speaker 1: class discontentment with the emperor group, and he lacked a

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Speaker 1: serious dedication to his role as emperor person more passionately

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Speaker 1: his intellectual activities. He even confessed that he had an

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Speaker 1: inclination for republicanism and appeared apathetic towards the survival of

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Speaker 1: the monarchy. Pedro the Second was overthrown in the Bloodless

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Speaker 1: Coup on November nine, and the next day the republic

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Speaker 1: was proclaimed one. The royal family was exiled. Pedro died

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Speaker 1: in Paris two years later. The Republican regime that followed

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Speaker 1: the fall of Pedro the Second was marked by dictatorships

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Speaker 1: and social and economic instability. I'm Eve Jeffcote and hopefully

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Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you

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Speaker 1: did yesterday. You can find us on Twitter, Facebook, and

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Speaker 1: Instagram at t d I h C Podcast, and you

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Speaker 1: can email us at this Day at I heart media

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Speaker 1: dot com. Thanks for listening. I hope to see you

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Speaker 1: here again tomorrow