1 00:00:01,360 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,480 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:17,920 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. This is part two of 4 00:00:17,960 --> 00:00:21,160 Speaker 1: our regular installment of our Unearthed series, where we talk 5 00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:24,880 Speaker 1: about things that have been literally and figuratively unearthed over 6 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:28,560 Speaker 1: the last few months. Today's episode is going to have 7 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:32,440 Speaker 1: the books and letters, a lot of fashion and cosmetics 8 00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:36,360 Speaker 1: related stuff, whole out of medical finds, some shipwrecks, and 9 00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:40,160 Speaker 1: of course we are going to start where we often 10 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:43,560 Speaker 1: start in part two, which is stuff that doesn't really 11 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:47,479 Speaker 1: go into a good category, which I call potpoury. So 12 00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:51,000 Speaker 1: back in October, police in northern Ireland were notified of 13 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:53,720 Speaker 1: a body that appeared to be that of a teenage boy. 14 00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:58,440 Speaker 1: This has turned out to be not a recent murder victim, 15 00:00:58,800 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 1: but a bog body. It's roughly two thousand to two thousand, 16 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:06,319 Speaker 1: five hundred years old, now nicknamed the Balachi Boy. His 17 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:09,920 Speaker 1: cause of death is unknown, but officials were reportedly astonished 18 00:01:09,959 --> 00:01:13,400 Speaker 1: that this wasn't the victim of a recent crime. Some 19 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:17,120 Speaker 1: of the skin was intact and described as pink, not 20 00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:20,680 Speaker 1: as the leathery brown look that folks often associate with 21 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:24,440 Speaker 1: bog bodies. This body was found on land owned by 22 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: the Department of Agriculture and it was sent to National 23 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:31,360 Speaker 1: Museums Northern Ireland for further study. The whole area was 24 00:01:31,440 --> 00:01:33,960 Speaker 1: treated as a crime scene and then they were like, oh, 25 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,200 Speaker 1: it's this is not a crime though at least not 26 00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 1: a crime that happens the statute of limitation and this 27 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:44,279 Speaker 1: is over for bog bodies. If it was a crime, 28 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:46,720 Speaker 1: the person that did this crime is long gone. Yes. 29 00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: So next in January, a crew dredging the Vistilla River 30 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:56,560 Speaker 1: in Poland pulled up a medieval era sword. This has 31 00:01:56,600 --> 00:01:59,560 Speaker 1: a very long blade and a pommel that shaped sort 32 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:02,840 Speaker 1: of like an and there's an inscription along the blade 33 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:06,480 Speaker 1: that looks like the name Albert. There have been at 34 00:02:06,520 --> 00:02:09,800 Speaker 1: least one hundred and seventy other swords discovered that have 35 00:02:09,960 --> 00:02:12,680 Speaker 1: this inscription, so you know, it's believed to maybe be 36 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:16,080 Speaker 1: the name of the sword maker or some other identifying mark. 37 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:19,720 Speaker 1: This is a Frankish name, and these swords were made 38 00:02:19,720 --> 00:02:23,239 Speaker 1: in Western Europe in what's now northern France, but most 39 00:02:23,280 --> 00:02:27,919 Speaker 1: of them have been found in Scandinavia, so a lot 40 00:02:27,919 --> 00:02:31,680 Speaker 1: of sources are describing this as a Viking sword. A 41 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:34,800 Speaker 1: tsunami may have struck part of northern Europe eight thousand 42 00:02:34,880 --> 00:02:38,120 Speaker 1: years ago. Based on research done through the University of York, 43 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:42,400 Speaker 1: this tsunami would have followed an underwater landslide known as 44 00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:46,040 Speaker 1: the Stroga, which happened near Norway, with the resulting tsunami 45 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:50,120 Speaker 1: striking the coast of what's now Northumberland. There was already 46 00:02:50,240 --> 00:02:54,400 Speaker 1: archaeological evidence suggesting that the population of this region declined 47 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:58,280 Speaker 1: sharply around this time, and this could provide an explanation 48 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:01,480 Speaker 1: of why the population of the island of Great Britain 49 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:04,560 Speaker 1: was very small, and most people in this area were 50 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:08,040 Speaker 1: living along the coast, so the death toll and impact 51 00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:12,639 Speaker 1: on settlements would have been severe. Moving on, a metal 52 00:03:12,720 --> 00:03:16,240 Speaker 1: detectorist found a three hundred year old thimble under a 53 00:03:16,280 --> 00:03:19,680 Speaker 1: tree in Pembrokeshire, Wales, back in November of twenty twenty, 54 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: and that thimble has now been declared a treasure. The 55 00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:27,320 Speaker 1: thimble is highly decorated, It was made in two pieces 56 00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:30,760 Speaker 1: and it's covered in a zigzag pattern with an inscription 57 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 1: that reads like still and Love Ever around the bottom. 58 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:38,120 Speaker 1: I love that sentiment and I also love how it 59 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:43,160 Speaker 1: is spelled because like is lyke and still only has 60 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:46,720 Speaker 1: one L on it. I love it. The UK's Treasure 61 00:03:46,760 --> 00:03:50,040 Speaker 1: Act of nineteen ninety six requires items declared to be 62 00:03:50,120 --> 00:03:54,240 Speaker 1: treasures to be offered for sale to museums. The fate 63 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:56,920 Speaker 1: of this thimble was not certain when we recorded this, 64 00:03:57,080 --> 00:03:59,840 Speaker 1: but the Tenbee Museum and Art Gallery, which is not 65 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:03,120 Speaker 1: far from where the thimble was found, has expressed interest 66 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 1: in it. And lastly, a Roman dodecahedron has been found 67 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:11,080 Speaker 1: in England during a dig at the Lincolnshire village of 68 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:15,760 Speaker 1: Norton Disney. About one hundred of these twelve sided objects, 69 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:18,159 Speaker 1: most of them with little knobs on the corners, have 70 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: been found across Europe, with more than thirty of those 71 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:27,400 Speaker 1: in Britain. These Roman dodecahedrons have been the subject of 72 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:30,559 Speaker 1: a number of viral videos claiming that they were used 73 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:34,520 Speaker 1: to knit gloves and that dummy dumbhead historians would know 74 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:38,080 Speaker 1: that if they just talked to some knitters. Uh. However, 75 00:04:38,440 --> 00:04:42,040 Speaker 1: only some of these have the holes that are involved 76 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:44,760 Speaker 1: in using them to knit gloves, and a lot of 77 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:49,360 Speaker 1: them just aren't the right size for that purpose. Plus, 78 00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:52,520 Speaker 1: these dodecahedrons date back to between the first and third 79 00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:56,720 Speaker 1: century CE, and the oldest knitted objects found so far 80 00:04:56,880 --> 00:05:01,120 Speaker 1: come from Egypt around the eleventh century CE. This is 81 00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:04,440 Speaker 1: a bit tricky since items made from natural fibers decay 82 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:08,279 Speaker 1: and they aren't often preserved in the archaeological record. But 83 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:11,279 Speaker 1: we're talking about as long as one thousand years between 84 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:14,799 Speaker 1: when these dotecahedrons were made and when knitting is believed 85 00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:17,320 Speaker 1: to have developed. We do, by the way, have a 86 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:19,600 Speaker 1: whole episode on the history of knitting for folks who 87 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:22,279 Speaker 1: would like to know more. That was a Saturday Classic 88 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:26,400 Speaker 1: in January twenty twenty one. Anyway, this one is about 89 00:05:26,440 --> 00:05:30,000 Speaker 1: the size of a grapefruit, and like the others, it's 90 00:05:30,040 --> 00:05:33,680 Speaker 1: not conclusively known exactly what it was for. There aren't 91 00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:37,880 Speaker 1: any references to these objects in surviving Roman texts, and 92 00:05:37,960 --> 00:05:41,839 Speaker 1: some of the possibilities that have been proposed include that 93 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:44,400 Speaker 1: they were toys or were used for some kind of 94 00:05:44,440 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 1: a game, or that they had a religious purpose, or 95 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:51,960 Speaker 1: that they were ammunition for weapons like slings, basically anything 96 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:54,960 Speaker 1: you can think of that something shaped like this could 97 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:58,200 Speaker 1: be used for. Someone has suggested that could have been 98 00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:02,279 Speaker 1: the use a giant game. They are really cool looking. 99 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:05,039 Speaker 1: I understand why people are fascinated with them, but the 100 00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:08,880 Speaker 1: videos implying that historians are stupid for not knowing they 101 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 1: were used for knitting glove they irritate me. We're going 102 00:06:13,839 --> 00:06:16,400 Speaker 1: to move on to books and letters, and this first 103 00:06:16,440 --> 00:06:18,560 Speaker 1: one came from a tip from a listener, and our 104 00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:23,080 Speaker 1: apologies because we didn't note which listener. Fragments of an 105 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:26,680 Speaker 1: eleventh century Latin psalter have been found within the bindings 106 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:31,120 Speaker 1: of other books. This psalter also contained old English glosses 107 00:06:31,360 --> 00:06:35,360 Speaker 1: or word for word translations. Pieces of this salter were 108 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:39,720 Speaker 1: used as reinforcing materials sometime around sixteen hundred, and a 109 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:43,520 Speaker 1: number of other pieces of it have been found before. Yeah, 110 00:06:43,520 --> 00:06:47,680 Speaker 1: the materials needed to bind books were very expensive, so 111 00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:51,680 Speaker 1: repurposing books and the materials from the books into other 112 00:06:51,720 --> 00:06:56,119 Speaker 1: books super common. A newly published paper on this looks 113 00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:59,240 Speaker 1: that multiple pieces of this psalter that have been found, 114 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:03,760 Speaker 1: including eight and leaf guards and thirteen strips that were 115 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:07,480 Speaker 1: used to line the spines of other books, so twenty 116 00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:13,160 Speaker 1: one total fragments of this psalter. It's possible, but not definite, 117 00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,440 Speaker 1: that this was assalter that belonged to an English princess 118 00:07:16,520 --> 00:07:20,200 Speaker 1: named Gunhild who fled to Bruges after the Norman conquest 119 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:23,200 Speaker 1: of ten sixty six. She is known to have had 120 00:07:23,240 --> 00:07:26,200 Speaker 1: a psalter which she donated to a church, and it 121 00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:28,640 Speaker 1: would have made sense for this psalter to have been 122 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:32,880 Speaker 1: in Latin with old English glosses. Next, a group of 123 00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 1: students has used AI to try to translate scrolls that 124 00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:39,880 Speaker 1: were carbonized during the eruption of Vesuvius in the year 125 00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 1: seventy nine CE, scrolls that are much too fragile to 126 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 1: try to unroll and read by any other means. This 127 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: was part of a competition called the Vesuvius Challenge at 128 00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:54,600 Speaker 1: the University of Kentucky, and these students won the competition's 129 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:59,280 Speaker 1: grand prize after deciphering several passages from a three dimensional 130 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:03,440 Speaker 1: CT scan that had recently been made of one scroll. 131 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:06,320 Speaker 1: This added up to about five percent of the total 132 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:09,120 Speaker 1: text in that scroll, which maybe doesn't sound like much, 133 00:08:09,520 --> 00:08:11,160 Speaker 1: but this was meant to be more of a proof 134 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:14,680 Speaker 1: of concept than an attempt to decipher the whole thing. Also, 135 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:17,960 Speaker 1: that's more than we had before. Yeah. One of the 136 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:22,320 Speaker 1: students was also part of another similar project last year. Yeah, 137 00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:25,080 Speaker 1: before we knew zero because if we tried to unroll it, 138 00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: it would fall apart. So this kind of work might 139 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,560 Speaker 1: be able to allow researchers to read scrolls that really 140 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:35,320 Speaker 1: could not be read otherwise and thus preserve knowledge that 141 00:08:35,360 --> 00:08:39,400 Speaker 1: would otherwise be lost. But there are some concerns about 142 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:43,160 Speaker 1: this kind of work, aside from debates about AI, which, 143 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:46,719 Speaker 1: as I understand that, AI was more about like recognizing 144 00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:51,320 Speaker 1: what's text and what's not not on coming up with 145 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:55,000 Speaker 1: what the words were like. It wasn't a predictive model 146 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: of the text as I understand it. Anyway, many of 147 00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:02,040 Speaker 1: these scrolls were found under the remains of Herculaneum, which 148 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:07,599 Speaker 1: is surrounded by populated neighborhoods today, So if additional excavations 149 00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:09,960 Speaker 1: were done to look for more scrolls like these, they 150 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:14,000 Speaker 1: would probably go underneath houses that are currently occupied, and 151 00:09:14,080 --> 00:09:16,520 Speaker 1: some of the residents of these homes worry about whether 152 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:21,559 Speaker 1: that kind of work could destabilize the foundations of the neighborhood. Next, 153 00:09:21,840 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: it's possible that researchers have found the oldest known runs 154 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:28,120 Speaker 1: in Denmark on the blade of a two thousand year 155 00:09:28,160 --> 00:09:31,400 Speaker 1: old iron knife, which were only visible after the blade 156 00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:35,240 Speaker 1: was cleaned and conserved. Engraved into the blade is the 157 00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:39,720 Speaker 1: word hirilla, which means small world. These runes are about 158 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:42,800 Speaker 1: eight hundred years older than the Yelling runestones which we 159 00:09:42,840 --> 00:09:47,200 Speaker 1: have covered on the show before next. New radiocarbon dating 160 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:50,360 Speaker 1: suggests that the rongorongo script used on the island of 161 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:54,880 Speaker 1: Rapanui was developed before the arrival of Europeans on the island. 162 00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:58,040 Speaker 1: This came from a tablet currently held in a collection 163 00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:01,280 Speaker 1: in Rome that was dated to between fourteen ninety three 164 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 1: and fifteen oh nine, which was more than two hundred 165 00:10:04,679 --> 00:10:08,679 Speaker 1: years before the first European arrivals on the island. While 166 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:12,199 Speaker 1: it is possible that this script could have been engraved 167 00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:16,520 Speaker 1: into a very old piece of wood later, it doesn't 168 00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:19,200 Speaker 1: necessarily seem likely that there would have just been an 169 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:22,839 Speaker 1: ancient piece of wood to have this engraved on it. 170 00:10:23,480 --> 00:10:28,000 Speaker 1: Even though Rango rongo doesn't resemble European written languages at all, 171 00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:30,880 Speaker 1: there has been an argument that it was developed because 172 00:10:30,920 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: of the influence of Europeans, partly because Europeans didn't notice 173 00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:39,080 Speaker 1: it was being used there until eighteen sixty four. Also, 174 00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:42,319 Speaker 1: as a note, there aren't many examples of this script today, 175 00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:45,320 Speaker 1: and none of them are on Rapanui. They're all in 176 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:49,440 Speaker 1: collections elsewhere. Moving on, A thirty three hundred year old 177 00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:52,880 Speaker 1: tablet was found in central Turkey last year, and it 178 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:56,080 Speaker 1: has now been deciphered. This tablet is about the size 179 00:10:56,080 --> 00:10:58,480 Speaker 1: of a person's palm, and the writing on it is 180 00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:02,800 Speaker 1: in Cuneiform. This seems to describe an invasion during a 181 00:11:02,880 --> 00:11:06,160 Speaker 1: Hittite civil war, with the invaders being one of the 182 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:11,440 Speaker 1: warring factions of Hittites. Next, back in the late eighteenth century, 183 00:11:11,840 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 1: bricklayers working at the Shakespeare House in Stratford upon Avon 184 00:11:15,640 --> 00:11:19,280 Speaker 1: found a religious tract hidden in the rafters. It contained 185 00:11:19,280 --> 00:11:22,680 Speaker 1: the name J. Shakespeare and has long been believed to 186 00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:27,199 Speaker 1: have belonged to William Shakespeare's father John. It's a translation 187 00:11:27,400 --> 00:11:30,360 Speaker 1: of an Italian text called The Last Will and Testament 188 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,040 Speaker 1: of the Soul. It's sort of a religious pledge that 189 00:11:33,120 --> 00:11:36,960 Speaker 1: a person could sign their name to. Research into lots 190 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:40,600 Speaker 1: of different surviving copies and translations of this text has 191 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:43,520 Speaker 1: led to the conclusion that it was actually written after 192 00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:48,600 Speaker 1: John Shakespeare died. The only other J. Shakespeare it could 193 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: have belonged to is William Shakespeare's younger sister Joan, about 194 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:57,160 Speaker 1: whom we know very little. This document contains references to 195 00:11:57,320 --> 00:12:00,880 Speaker 1: dying a good Catholic death, which is notable since at 196 00:12:00,880 --> 00:12:04,280 Speaker 1: that point England had become a Protestant nation where Catholics 197 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:09,160 Speaker 1: weren't allowed to openly practice their faith. And lastly, researchers 198 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:13,640 Speaker 1: have found a potential solution to preserving ancient papyrie that 199 00:12:13,679 --> 00:12:17,640 Speaker 1: are contaminated with fungus, and that is exposing them to 200 00:12:17,720 --> 00:12:23,160 Speaker 1: wassabi vapors. Researchers created mock copies of painted and unpainted 201 00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:27,880 Speaker 1: papyrus and then expose them to fungi. Exposure to wasabi 202 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:31,520 Speaker 1: vapor completely eliminated the fungus in the painted and unpainted 203 00:12:31,559 --> 00:12:36,320 Speaker 1: copies without damaging the papyrus. So you're preserving all of 204 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:39,240 Speaker 1: your stuff and clearing out things when you eat a 205 00:12:39,240 --> 00:12:44,320 Speaker 1: lot of wasabi. Is my uh, I don't know. I 206 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:46,600 Speaker 1: did not look far enough into it to know what 207 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:49,320 Speaker 1: led them to say maybe if we expose this to 208 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:53,000 Speaker 1: wasabi vapors, but I love it. We are going to 209 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:54,800 Speaker 1: take a quick sponsor break and then we're going to 210 00:12:54,880 --> 00:13:08,640 Speaker 1: talk about some stuff related to fashion and cosmetics. Okay, 211 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:11,320 Speaker 1: Next we have a bunch of fines that are related 212 00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:16,560 Speaker 1: to the overalled ideas of beauty, fashion and cosmetics. First 213 00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:21,760 Speaker 1: in Wales, one discovery is a Roman ligula. This is 214 00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:25,520 Speaker 1: a silver spoon with a tiny, tiny bowl and a long, 215 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:30,040 Speaker 1: thin handle that was used to remove things like perfume, makeup, 216 00:13:30,160 --> 00:13:34,959 Speaker 1: or other similar substances from long necked bottles. Most sources 217 00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:39,360 Speaker 1: describe this as a toilet spoon, with toilet meaning the 218 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,760 Speaker 1: act of grooming, not the thing in the bathroom where 219 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:47,040 Speaker 1: someone empties their bladder or bowels. The first article I 220 00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:49,480 Speaker 1: read about this fine did not explain that about the 221 00:13:49,559 --> 00:13:52,080 Speaker 1: name until very far down in the text, and I 222 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 1: was very confused. Normally, these little spoons had straight handles, 223 00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:01,200 Speaker 1: but this one has become bent at so point it 224 00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:04,240 Speaker 1: measures about two point five inches or six point three 225 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:07,760 Speaker 1: centimeters long, with the bowl having a diameter of only 226 00:14:07,880 --> 00:14:12,000 Speaker 1: point two inches or five millimeters. These spoons were more 227 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:15,080 Speaker 1: commonly made out of copper alloy, and it's possible that 228 00:14:15,120 --> 00:14:18,359 Speaker 1: the ones made from silver were used for medical purposes 229 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:23,800 Speaker 1: because of silver's natural antimicrobial property, so removing medical preparations 230 00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:28,160 Speaker 1: from jars rather than cosmetics. A vial of what was 231 00:14:28,280 --> 00:14:32,480 Speaker 1: most likely lip pigment was found in southeastern Iran back 232 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:35,760 Speaker 1: in two thousand and one after flooding unearthed a number 233 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:39,400 Speaker 1: of objects from ancient burial sites, and this has now 234 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:42,080 Speaker 1: been described in a paper that was in the journal 235 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:47,360 Speaker 1: Scientific Reports. This vial was about four thousand years old 236 00:14:47,520 --> 00:14:49,960 Speaker 1: and the pigment in it is a very deep red 237 00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:54,200 Speaker 1: and it was made primarily from metererals like haematite, manganite 238 00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:57,760 Speaker 1: and braunite, along with some traces of other materials, all 239 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:01,520 Speaker 1: in a base of wax and other organic substances. This 240 00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:04,080 Speaker 1: is one of the oldest discoveries of its kind, but 241 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:08,800 Speaker 1: it has a pretty similar formulation to modern mineral based makeup. 242 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:13,000 Speaker 1: The container holding the pigment is also very finely crafted, 243 00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:18,480 Speaker 1: made from a greenish chlorite and decorated with patterned incisions. Next, 244 00:15:18,560 --> 00:15:21,400 Speaker 1: a three thousand year old dress fastener was found by 245 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:25,280 Speaker 1: a metal detectorist in Staffordshire, England, one of only seven 246 00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:29,440 Speaker 1: such fasteners ever found in England and Wales. It's shaped 247 00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:32,800 Speaker 1: almost like a set of finger symbols connected by a string, 248 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:35,480 Speaker 1: although the whole thing is made of gold, so you 249 00:15:35,480 --> 00:15:39,600 Speaker 1: couldn't clap those two ends together without bending or breaking it. 250 00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:41,800 Speaker 1: It would have been used to hold a person's cloak, 251 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:46,680 Speaker 1: skirt or dressed together. This item was probably made in Ireland. 252 00:15:46,920 --> 00:15:50,160 Speaker 1: Irish metalsmiths of this era were known for their gold work. 253 00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:54,440 Speaker 1: Another fastener that made news in recent months was a 254 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:58,080 Speaker 1: medieval belt loop found in Poland. This would have been 255 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:01,560 Speaker 1: used to hang someone's keys or a pouch from their belts, 256 00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,280 Speaker 1: and it was found by a metal detectorist, and it 257 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:09,040 Speaker 1: depicts a stylized human figure attached to a rectangular mount, 258 00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: and that mount is what would have been used to 259 00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:17,560 Speaker 1: slide the loop onto a person's belt. Next, we have 260 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,240 Speaker 1: a couple of garments that were just sort of found 261 00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: in boxes. One is a ceremonial robe that would have 262 00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:25,760 Speaker 1: been used by the Emperor of China in the early 263 00:16:25,880 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: nineteenth century. It was in a cardboard box tucked in 264 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:32,080 Speaker 1: the back of a drawer after being purchased by Eric 265 00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:35,600 Speaker 1: Hyde Villiers as a gift for his father in nineteen thirteen. 266 00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:39,560 Speaker 1: The Villiers family is an aristocratic family with roots that 267 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:43,000 Speaker 1: stretch back to Barbara Villiers, who had five children with 268 00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:46,800 Speaker 1: King Charles the first. Because this robe was in a 269 00:16:46,840 --> 00:16:49,880 Speaker 1: box that was protected and unopened for so long, it's 270 00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:53,680 Speaker 1: very well preserved. It's made from gold and blue silk, 271 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:58,840 Speaker 1: decorated with twelve astronomical symbols and dragon imagery. This is 272 00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:01,040 Speaker 1: the type of robe that would have been worn for 273 00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:04,600 Speaker 1: twice yearly festivals at the Temple of Heaven, and it 274 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:08,600 Speaker 1: is planned to be auctioned off in May. The other 275 00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:11,080 Speaker 1: item is a sweater that was found in a parcel 276 00:17:11,119 --> 00:17:13,800 Speaker 1: that was shipped from Tourjon in the Faroe Islands to 277 00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:16,919 Speaker 1: a recipient in Copenhagen, but it was seized by the 278 00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: British Navy during the Second Battle of Copenhagen and never 279 00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:23,560 Speaker 1: made its way to its destination. The ship's captain was 280 00:17:23,600 --> 00:17:26,760 Speaker 1: unaware that a war had started when setting sail from port. 281 00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:30,320 Speaker 1: The sweater was made from very bright red wool. It 282 00:17:30,359 --> 00:17:33,080 Speaker 1: is still very bright and it has a black and 283 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:36,600 Speaker 1: red floral pattern. This was accompanied by a letter in 284 00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:40,159 Speaker 1: Danish which read, in part quote, my wife sends her regards, 285 00:17:40,320 --> 00:17:43,440 Speaker 1: thank you for the pudding rice. She sends your fiance 286 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:46,600 Speaker 1: this sweater in the hopes that it is not displeasing 287 00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:50,199 Speaker 1: to her. This charming discovery was part of the Prize 288 00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,479 Speaker 1: Papers project, which is an effort to catalog and study 289 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:55,879 Speaker 1: an enormous amount of mail that was seized by the 290 00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:59,439 Speaker 1: British Royal Navy over a period of almost two hundred years. 291 00:18:00,119 --> 00:18:04,439 Speaker 1: There's so much unopened mail, just that as part of 292 00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:08,320 Speaker 1: this project. All the rest of our fashion findes are 293 00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:12,720 Speaker 1: about some kind of jewelry. First, a medieval love badge 294 00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:16,879 Speaker 1: has been found in Dankst, Poland during restoration work at 295 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:22,119 Speaker 1: a fifteenth century port. This restoration work involved foundation work 296 00:18:22,160 --> 00:18:25,080 Speaker 1: at the port's crane, and that crane is the oldest 297 00:18:25,119 --> 00:18:29,159 Speaker 1: surviving port crane in Europe. This badge is shaped like 298 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:32,000 Speaker 1: a turtle dove and it's carrying a banner that reads 299 00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:37,120 Speaker 1: emmor vincit omnia or love conquers All. Back in twenty twenty, 300 00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:40,040 Speaker 1: a fifteen hundred year old ring was found in Emerly 301 00:18:40,119 --> 00:18:43,879 Speaker 1: in southern Denmark, but the find wasn't announced until now 302 00:18:43,920 --> 00:18:46,760 Speaker 1: to allow for additional metal detecting work to take place 303 00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:49,600 Speaker 1: at the site where it was discovered. This ring is 304 00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:52,960 Speaker 1: made from gold with an oval garnet with four spirals 305 00:18:53,040 --> 00:18:56,320 Speaker 1: underneath the mount. Like the sword that we mentioned earlier, 306 00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,879 Speaker 1: this was probably Frankish in origin and worn by someone 307 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:04,000 Speaker 1: high up in the Maravingian dynasty. This find seemed to 308 00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:08,280 Speaker 1: surprise researchers because this kind of ring typically would have 309 00:19:08,359 --> 00:19:11,720 Speaker 1: belonged to somebody of very high rank, and gold was 310 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:15,560 Speaker 1: often used as a diplomatic gift, but nobody of the 311 00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:18,639 Speaker 1: rank who would be likely to have this ring is 312 00:19:18,760 --> 00:19:21,840 Speaker 1: known to have lived in the area at the right time. 313 00:19:22,680 --> 00:19:26,440 Speaker 1: An easy explanation would be that some important person lost 314 00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:29,800 Speaker 1: it while they were traveling, but there are other objects 315 00:19:29,840 --> 00:19:32,960 Speaker 1: found in the area that suggest that somebody very powerful 316 00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:35,920 Speaker 1: might have actually been living there, we just don't currently 317 00:19:35,960 --> 00:19:40,680 Speaker 1: know who. And Lastly, archaeologists in Turkia have found more 318 00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:44,760 Speaker 1: than one hundred ornamental objects dating back to about eleven 319 00:19:44,840 --> 00:19:47,840 Speaker 1: thousand years ago that were likely worn as jewelry in 320 00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:51,800 Speaker 1: body piercings. These were made of a range of materials 321 00:19:51,840 --> 00:19:55,920 Speaker 1: including limestone, obsidian, and river pedals, and about eighty five 322 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,600 Speaker 1: of the objects are complete. Based on their designs, it's 323 00:19:59,680 --> 00:20:03,040 Speaker 1: likely that they were worn in ear or lower lip piercings. 324 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:06,240 Speaker 1: There have also been human remains found in the area 325 00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:09,040 Speaker 1: with wear on their lower teeth that would likely have 326 00:20:09,160 --> 00:20:13,560 Speaker 1: happened while wearing lip jewelry. These offer the earliest documentation 327 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:18,160 Speaker 1: of this kind of body modification in Southwest Asia. Next, 328 00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:21,520 Speaker 1: we are moving on to another subject, which is medicine, 329 00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:25,240 Speaker 1: and there are so many medical finds. First, there was 330 00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:29,600 Speaker 1: a lot of coverage of studies documenting ancient people with 331 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:33,800 Speaker 1: a number of different genetic differences. The first of these 332 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:37,880 Speaker 1: came through work with the thousand Ancient British Genomes Project. 333 00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:41,880 Speaker 1: Researchers in the UK found evidence of someone with Mosaic 334 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:45,000 Speaker 1: Turner syndrome who lived about twenty five hundred years ago, 335 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:48,000 Speaker 1: as well as someone with Jacob syndrome who lived in 336 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:51,880 Speaker 1: the early medieval period, and three people with Kleinfelter syndrome 337 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 1: who each lived in different years. So in Mosaic Turner syndrome, 338 00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,240 Speaker 1: someone has one X chromosome without a second X or 339 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:05,720 Speaker 1: Y chromosome. Jacob's syndrome involves having an additional Y chromosome 340 00:21:05,880 --> 00:21:10,000 Speaker 1: or x y Y, and Kleinfelter syndrome involves having an 341 00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:14,920 Speaker 1: additional X chromosome or xx Y. This work followed development 342 00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:19,200 Speaker 1: of new computational methods meant to pick up more variation 343 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:23,679 Speaker 1: in the X and Y chromosomes in ancient DNA. We 344 00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:26,280 Speaker 1: don't really know much about the lives of the five 345 00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 1: total people discussed in this research, who lived over a 346 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:32,560 Speaker 1: span of time about twenty five hundred to two hundred 347 00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:35,439 Speaker 1: fifty years ago, but it does seem as though they 348 00:21:35,440 --> 00:21:38,720 Speaker 1: were buried according to the typical customs of the society 349 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:42,719 Speaker 1: they were living in. Rick Schulton, Professor of Scientific and 350 00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:46,600 Speaker 1: Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of Oxford, also noted this 351 00:21:46,680 --> 00:21:49,639 Speaker 1: in a press release quote, the results of this study 352 00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:52,840 Speaker 1: open up exciting new possibilities for the study of sex 353 00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:56,760 Speaker 1: in the past, moving beyond binary categories in a way 354 00:21:56,800 --> 00:22:00,119 Speaker 1: that would be impossible without the advances being made an 355 00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:05,280 Speaker 1: ancient DNA analysis. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute have 356 00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:08,960 Speaker 1: also been working with ancient DNA and have identified six 357 00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:12,920 Speaker 1: people who likely had Down syndrome. Five of them lived 358 00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:16,320 Speaker 1: between five thousand and two thousand, five hundred years ago, 359 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:19,800 Speaker 1: and the six lived in the seventeenth or eighteenth century. 360 00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:23,400 Speaker 1: This conclusion is based on the fact that these six 361 00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:27,320 Speaker 1: people had an unusually large number of genetic sequences connected 362 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:31,040 Speaker 1: to chromosome twenty one, which could really only be explained 363 00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:35,000 Speaker 1: by their having an additional copy of that chromosome. One 364 00:22:35,119 --> 00:22:38,199 Speaker 1: type of Down syndrome is called trisomy twenty one and 365 00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:42,120 Speaker 1: occurs when someone has three of that chromosome rather than two. 366 00:22:43,040 --> 00:22:46,320 Speaker 1: These researchers also found evidence of one person with Edward 367 00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:52,040 Speaker 1: syndrome or trisomy eighteen. Similarly to the previous study, we 368 00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:54,679 Speaker 1: don't really know much about the lives of these people, 369 00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:58,200 Speaker 1: and in the case of these they were sadly very brief. 370 00:22:58,760 --> 00:23:01,280 Speaker 1: One of the people with DOWNCAE lived to be about 371 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:04,240 Speaker 1: a year old, and the rest died before that point. 372 00:23:04,640 --> 00:23:07,680 Speaker 1: Down syndrome is connected to some heart problems and other 373 00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:11,679 Speaker 1: issues that typically would have been fatal without access to 374 00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:14,520 Speaker 1: modern medicine and surgery, but in a lot of cases 375 00:23:14,520 --> 00:23:18,119 Speaker 1: are very treatable today. But all of these people were 376 00:23:18,160 --> 00:23:21,680 Speaker 1: also buried with care in accordance with their people's traditions 377 00:23:21,680 --> 00:23:26,520 Speaker 1: and burial practices, sometimes with some special items with their graves, 378 00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:31,800 Speaker 1: such as bead necklaces or seashells. Another ancient DNA study 379 00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:36,600 Speaker 1: has suggested an origin point for the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. 380 00:23:37,160 --> 00:23:40,880 Speaker 1: According to research published in the journal Nature, herders who 381 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:44,840 Speaker 1: migrated to Europe from Western Eurasia carried a genetic variant 382 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:49,040 Speaker 1: that is connected to MS. This migration happened roughly five 383 00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:52,960 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, and according to this research, these variants 384 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:57,120 Speaker 1: became more prevalent over time, leading to an increased disease 385 00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:01,199 Speaker 1: risk today. Three other papers published in Nature took a 386 00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:05,280 Speaker 1: similar look at evidence for diabetes and Alzheimer's in ancient 387 00:24:05,359 --> 00:24:09,920 Speaker 1: hunter gatherer populations. If you're thinking, wasn't there also researched 388 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,880 Speaker 1: about the Black Death increasing the prevalence of MS. Yes, 389 00:24:13,960 --> 00:24:17,080 Speaker 1: that was different work a couple of years ago, which 390 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:21,160 Speaker 1: we covered on Unearthed back when it happened in yet 391 00:24:21,359 --> 00:24:24,000 Speaker 1: more DNA research, because there was a lot this time. 392 00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:28,400 Speaker 1: It seems as though a genetic resistance to malaria developed 393 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:33,840 Speaker 1: in eastern Arabia around the same time that agriculture developed there, 394 00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:37,520 Speaker 1: and agriculture would have helped create an environment that would 395 00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:40,280 Speaker 1: have been home to a lot of mosquitoes, which of 396 00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:44,480 Speaker 1: course spread malaria. This research involved the remains of four 397 00:24:44,520 --> 00:24:47,720 Speaker 1: people who lived in what's now Bahrain somewhere between three 398 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:53,520 Speaker 1: hundred BCE and six hundred CE. Analysis of prehistoric bone 399 00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:57,800 Speaker 1: has revealed what may be the oldest known incidence of tuberculosis, 400 00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:01,160 Speaker 1: which in this case was in Neanderthals. This is also 401 00:25:01,240 --> 00:25:05,320 Speaker 1: the first time tuberculosis has been discovered in Neanderthals. This 402 00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:08,680 Speaker 1: discovery came from bones dating back to about thirty five 403 00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: thousand years ago in Central Europe. In addition to what 404 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:15,840 Speaker 1: this adds to the body of knowledge, about tuberculosis. It 405 00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:20,439 Speaker 1: has also raised speculation about whether tuberculosis infections might have 406 00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:25,919 Speaker 1: contributed to the extinction of the Neanderthals. Next, research on 407 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:29,840 Speaker 1: a skeleton dating to about two thousand years ago has 408 00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:33,119 Speaker 1: added a piece of data to the ongoing questions about 409 00:25:33,119 --> 00:25:38,120 Speaker 1: the origins of syphilis. One widely held belief has been 410 00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:43,200 Speaker 1: that sexually transmitted syphilis was introduced to Europe after Columbus' 411 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:47,199 Speaker 1: voyages to the Americas and other journeys to the Americas 412 00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:51,080 Speaker 1: by Europeans, but there's also some data to suggest that 413 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:56,280 Speaker 1: a similar illness was already circulating in Europe before that point. 414 00:25:56,680 --> 00:26:00,159 Speaker 1: This research involved a skeleton that had been found in 415 00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: Brazil two thousand years old. It did show evidence of 416 00:26:04,480 --> 00:26:08,800 Speaker 1: a syphilis infection. This is the oldest conclusive evidence of 417 00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:12,399 Speaker 1: syphilis so far, but it is not a strain of 418 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:17,880 Speaker 1: syphilis that would have been transmissible through sexual contact. Researchers 419 00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:21,000 Speaker 1: in Canada have developed a method to test for anemia 420 00:26:21,040 --> 00:26:24,679 Speaker 1: in ancient remains, something that hasn't really been possible before 421 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:28,760 Speaker 1: since there's typically no blood to analyze. This work came 422 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:33,119 Speaker 1: from anthropologists at McMaster University in the University of Montreal, 423 00:26:33,560 --> 00:26:38,000 Speaker 1: working with a hematologist. They found that living anemia patients 424 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,480 Speaker 1: had microscopic gaps in their sternum and that those could 425 00:26:41,480 --> 00:26:45,880 Speaker 1: be detected in bones from archaeological sites. This discovery should 426 00:26:45,920 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: allow researchers to determine how prevalent anemia was in the past, 427 00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:55,240 Speaker 1: which could contribute to the understanding of anemia today. And lastly, 428 00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:58,720 Speaker 1: archaeologists have found a hollow piece of bone in the 429 00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:02,120 Speaker 1: Netherlands that dates back to the Roman era about two 430 00:27:02,119 --> 00:27:05,440 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, which was used as a container for seeds, 431 00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:10,399 Speaker 1: specifically black henmane seeds, which are poisonous but were also 432 00:27:10,520 --> 00:27:14,639 Speaker 1: used for medicinal and ceremonial purposes. Seeds like these have 433 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:17,359 Speaker 1: been found at archaeological sites before, but this is the 434 00:27:17,480 --> 00:27:20,960 Speaker 1: earliest example of a time that they've been found in 435 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:24,560 Speaker 1: a container, suggesting that they were being kept for some 436 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:31,480 Speaker 1: kind of medical or ceremonial use. Everybody loves shipwrecks. Coming back, 437 00:27:32,240 --> 00:27:34,400 Speaker 1: We're going to take a quick sponsor break and then 438 00:27:34,440 --> 00:27:47,840 Speaker 1: we will get into shipwrecks. Time for some shipwrecks. We 439 00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:51,560 Speaker 1: have talked about the shipwrecks from the Franklin Expedition a 440 00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:53,600 Speaker 1: few times on the show, and there is a whole 441 00:27:53,680 --> 00:27:59,199 Speaker 1: episode on Franklin's Lost Expedition. The most recent dives to 442 00:27:59,280 --> 00:28:02,240 Speaker 1: the Rex of the Arabis and this Terror took place 443 00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:05,080 Speaker 1: in September of twenty twenty three, and then reports on 444 00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:09,000 Speaker 1: those latest dives were released earlier this year. The team 445 00:28:09,080 --> 00:28:12,400 Speaker 1: was able to make sixty eight dives while wearing heated 446 00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:16,199 Speaker 1: diving suits. During these dives, the team was able to 447 00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:19,359 Speaker 1: access a seaman's chest that they had been hoping to 448 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:22,440 Speaker 1: be able to get to for years. They also brought 449 00:28:22,520 --> 00:28:26,080 Speaker 1: up a lot of tools, coins, and personal items. But 450 00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:28,679 Speaker 1: crews also noted that the condition of the Rex is 451 00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:33,200 Speaker 1: changing dramatically because of climate change. The Arabis in particular 452 00:28:33,359 --> 00:28:36,520 Speaker 1: is in much shallower water and faces greater threats from 453 00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:39,920 Speaker 1: changes in the currents and stronger storms that are connected 454 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:44,680 Speaker 1: to the shifting climate. Also in Canada, a shipwreck washed 455 00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:47,520 Speaker 1: up on the shore of JT. Cheeseman Provincial Park in 456 00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:52,640 Speaker 1: Newfoundland in February, possibly after being dislodged from the ocean 457 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:56,280 Speaker 1: floor by Hurricane Fiona. This was a thirty meter or 458 00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:58,840 Speaker 1: one hundred foot long ship believed to date back to 459 00:28:58,880 --> 00:29:02,120 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century. This wreck was really not in a 460 00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:05,520 Speaker 1: spot that was suitable for research the sea can really 461 00:29:05,640 --> 00:29:08,760 Speaker 1: just pound on that area, and this led to a 462 00:29:08,840 --> 00:29:12,040 Speaker 1: scramble to document as much as possible before the wreck 463 00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:15,160 Speaker 1: was damaged or pulled back out to sea by the tides. 464 00:29:15,760 --> 00:29:18,200 Speaker 1: A team was able to retrieve some pieces of this 465 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:20,720 Speaker 1: treck to be analyzed in a lab so we may 466 00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:24,280 Speaker 1: know more about it later. We've got a couple of 467 00:29:24,360 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: World War One shipwreck discoveries. Divers have recovered the bell 468 00:29:28,760 --> 00:29:31,720 Speaker 1: from the USS Jacob Jones, which was sunk off of 469 00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:35,440 Speaker 1: Sicily after being torpedoed by a U boat on December sixth, 470 00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:39,040 Speaker 1: nineteen seventeen. It was brought to the surface due to 471 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:42,880 Speaker 1: the threat of looting at the site. Also, a team 472 00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:46,920 Speaker 1: with the Unpathed Waters Project has identified the location of 473 00:29:46,960 --> 00:29:51,520 Speaker 1: the SS Heartdale, which was torpedoed on March thirteenth, nineteen fifteen. 474 00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:55,760 Speaker 1: The Heartdale had been carrying cargo from Scotland to Egypt. 475 00:29:56,480 --> 00:30:00,440 Speaker 1: There was some information available about the possible lane location 476 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:03,960 Speaker 1: of this wreck from both surviving crew members and the 477 00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:07,280 Speaker 1: log of the U boat that had sunk it. Making 478 00:30:07,320 --> 00:30:12,240 Speaker 1: the id required sonar work combined with documentary evidence. A 479 00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,480 Speaker 1: wreck discovered in twenty twenty two has been identified as 480 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:19,400 Speaker 1: the SS Nemesis, an iron hulled steamship that was lost 481 00:30:19,440 --> 00:30:22,440 Speaker 1: at sea off the coast of New South Wales, Australia 482 00:30:22,520 --> 00:30:25,440 Speaker 1: in nineteen oh four while carrying a load of coal. 483 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:28,680 Speaker 1: There were thirty two people on board who lost their 484 00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:32,160 Speaker 1: lives when the ship went down in a storm. Marine 485 00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:36,720 Speaker 1: Survey Company subse professional had originally spotted this wreck, and 486 00:30:36,840 --> 00:30:40,600 Speaker 1: the identification came after an inspection with a remotely operated 487 00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:44,640 Speaker 1: vehicle and some detailed mapping of the seafloor there. The 488 00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:47,800 Speaker 1: whole length of this wreck has also now been surveyed 489 00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:52,160 Speaker 1: with a drop camera. Last year, the Michigan Shipwreck Research 490 00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:56,040 Speaker 1: Association discovered the wreckage of a steamship in Lake Michigan, 491 00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:58,480 Speaker 1: and earlier this year they announced that it was the 492 00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:02,440 Speaker 1: wreck of the Milwaukee. The Milwaukee collided with another ship, 493 00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:05,720 Speaker 1: the Hiccocks, on July ninth, eighteen eighty six, due to 494 00:31:05,760 --> 00:31:09,880 Speaker 1: poor visibility from dense fog and smoke. The only person 495 00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:12,320 Speaker 1: killed in this wreck was the Hiccock's lookout, who was 496 00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:16,400 Speaker 1: thrown overboard. The team used a combination of written records 497 00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,840 Speaker 1: from the time, historical weather data, and remote sensing to 498 00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:22,600 Speaker 1: find the wreckage and then followed up with a remote 499 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:27,040 Speaker 1: operated vehicle to document the site, and then another listener 500 00:31:27,040 --> 00:31:30,560 Speaker 1: tip which I again forgot to put down. Who sent it? 501 00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:34,560 Speaker 1: Part of the schooner eight A Kade Damon was uncovered 502 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,400 Speaker 1: on steep Hill Beach at the Crane Estate in Ipswich, Massachusetts, 503 00:31:38,880 --> 00:31:43,080 Speaker 1: possibly by a dramatic high tide that's colloquially known as 504 00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:46,360 Speaker 1: a King tide. This wreck is one hundred and fifteen 505 00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:49,600 Speaker 1: years old, and it sank in the Great Christmas Snowstorm 506 00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:53,280 Speaker 1: in nineteen oh nine. The Crane Estate is managed by 507 00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:57,040 Speaker 1: an organization called the Trustees of Reservations, which invited the 508 00:31:57,040 --> 00:32:01,680 Speaker 1: public to a Shipwrecked Scholars program in March and April, 509 00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:05,760 Speaker 1: something I would have gone to had I realized it 510 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:09,520 Speaker 1: was happening before recording this, at which point it was 511 00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:13,840 Speaker 1: too late. Moving on, research published in the journal plus 512 00:32:13,960 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 1: one has documented five dugout canoes built between fifty seven 513 00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:22,160 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty one hundred BCE, found northwest of Rome 514 00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:25,440 Speaker 1: at a site called La Marmata. These represent some of 515 00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:28,520 Speaker 1: the oldest boats in the Mediterranean and provide evidence of 516 00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:32,080 Speaker 1: trade over water this far back in history. The five 517 00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:35,200 Speaker 1: canoes were built from four different types of wood and 518 00:32:35,280 --> 00:32:38,360 Speaker 1: some of their features are described as advanced, such as 519 00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:42,560 Speaker 1: transverse reinforcements and possibly the ability to be outfitted with 520 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:47,040 Speaker 1: sales or support floats. And lastly, a wreck off the 521 00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:50,880 Speaker 1: Florida Keys has been identified as the HMS Tiger, which 522 00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:53,960 Speaker 1: was a British warship that had to be abandoned after 523 00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:57,640 Speaker 1: it ran aground in seventeen forty two, leaving its crew 524 00:32:57,720 --> 00:33:02,240 Speaker 1: temporarily stranded. Was found in nineteen ninety three and dry 525 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:06,200 Speaker 1: Trotugus National Park, and the identification comes from an old 526 00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:10,040 Speaker 1: log book one that described how the sailors aboard had 527 00:33:10,080 --> 00:33:13,120 Speaker 1: tried to lighten the ship's load after it ran aground. 528 00:33:13,960 --> 00:33:17,000 Speaker 1: Britain and Spain were at war when this ship ran aground. 529 00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:19,560 Speaker 1: The ship had been stationed in the Keys during the 530 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:22,760 Speaker 1: War of Jenkins's Ear, something that Tracy swears we've talked 531 00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:24,800 Speaker 1: about on the show before but that she could not 532 00:33:24,880 --> 00:33:27,400 Speaker 1: find in her outlines. Doesn't ring any bells for me, 533 00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: so I'm like shrug. This war was interconnected with the 534 00:33:32,080 --> 00:33:35,680 Speaker 1: War of the Austrian Succession. And now we are going 535 00:33:35,720 --> 00:33:39,000 Speaker 1: to end this installment of uneartheds with three stories that 536 00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:41,560 Speaker 1: I have looped together in a category that I'm just 537 00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:45,480 Speaker 1: calling that's wild because they're not really related to each other, 538 00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:49,920 Speaker 1: but they sure are in my opinion. Off the Wall first. 539 00:33:50,320 --> 00:33:54,120 Speaker 1: A paper was published in the journal Archaeological Prospection last 540 00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:57,760 Speaker 1: year in which an Indonesian geologist and several co authors 541 00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:01,720 Speaker 1: concluded that the site known as Gunong Padang had been 542 00:34:01,760 --> 00:34:04,720 Speaker 1: built as a pyramid as long as twenty five thousand 543 00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:08,640 Speaker 1: years ago. That would make it older than the Pyramid 544 00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:11,840 Speaker 1: of Joser. We've talked about the Pyramid of Joser on 545 00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:14,480 Speaker 1: the show before, and it is believed to be the 546 00:34:14,520 --> 00:34:18,359 Speaker 1: oldest pyramid in the world. So if correct, we would 547 00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:23,400 Speaker 1: have a new oldest pyramid. This paper was immediately controversial, 548 00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:28,799 Speaker 1: with critics arguing that its completely groundbreaking conclusions were flatly incorrect, 549 00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:31,960 Speaker 1: and that instead the site was built on natural rock 550 00:34:32,040 --> 00:34:35,600 Speaker 1: formations that have an appearance similar to a step pyramid. 551 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:40,120 Speaker 1: One rebuttal posted at the website Southeast Asian Archaeology read, 552 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:43,360 Speaker 1: in part quote, a good analogy is saying scientists have 553 00:34:43,480 --> 00:34:46,880 Speaker 1: dated the soil underneath the Eiffel Tower and concluded that 554 00:34:46,920 --> 00:34:50,640 Speaker 1: the tower is twenty thousand years old. This led to 555 00:34:50,680 --> 00:34:52,640 Speaker 1: a whole lot of back and forth and a lot 556 00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:55,720 Speaker 1: of doubling down by the lead author until this paper 557 00:34:55,800 --> 00:35:00,120 Speaker 1: was finally retracted in March, with the journal saying quote. 558 00:35:00,239 --> 00:35:03,920 Speaker 1: Following publication of this article, concerns were raised by third 559 00:35:03,920 --> 00:35:09,160 Speaker 1: parties with expertise in geophysics, archaeology and radiocarbon dating about 560 00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:12,920 Speaker 1: the conclusions drawn by the authors based on the evidence reported. 561 00:35:13,680 --> 00:35:17,040 Speaker 1: This whole thing was messy and public enough that it 562 00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:20,160 Speaker 1: wound up on TikTok in a series by TikTok user 563 00:35:20,239 --> 00:35:23,640 Speaker 1: Erith Girl in her series Niche Tea, in which she 564 00:35:23,680 --> 00:35:26,920 Speaker 1: talks about drama happening in communities that you may not 565 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:32,440 Speaker 1: be a part of. Next. Last year, the Vang Museum 566 00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:38,000 Speaker 1: in Amsterdam and the Pokemon Company launched a collaborative exhibit 567 00:35:38,239 --> 00:35:44,960 Speaker 1: bringing together Van Go and Pokemon. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this descended 568 00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:49,320 Speaker 1: into chaos, with tickets selling out instantly and visitors mobbing 569 00:35:49,360 --> 00:35:53,520 Speaker 1: the gift shop. In particular demand was a limited edition 570 00:35:53,680 --> 00:35:58,520 Speaker 1: Pokemon card called Pikachu with Gray Felt Hat, showing Pikachu 571 00:35:59,040 --> 00:36:01,319 Speaker 1: in the style of a Van Go painting wearing a 572 00:36:01,360 --> 00:36:05,000 Speaker 1: gray felt hat. It surprises me not at all that 573 00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:11,680 Speaker 1: people were relentlessly aggressive about getting this card. The exhibition 574 00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:15,600 Speaker 1: launched in September and by October the museum had stopped 575 00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:19,759 Speaker 1: offering the limited edition card because things had become so unmanageable. 576 00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:25,359 Speaker 1: It's called underestimating the impact of your collaboration. In January, 577 00:36:25,520 --> 00:36:28,840 Speaker 1: it was announced that four museum employees who had previously 578 00:36:28,880 --> 00:36:31,920 Speaker 1: been placed on leave had lost their jobs due to 579 00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:35,759 Speaker 1: their conduct during the exhibition. This included someone who had 580 00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:39,120 Speaker 1: worked for the museum for twenty five years, who, according 581 00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,120 Speaker 1: to reports, told visitors where they could get the cards, 582 00:36:42,360 --> 00:36:44,560 Speaker 1: which was against the rules of the event and the 583 00:36:44,640 --> 00:36:49,160 Speaker 1: museum's code of conduct. Another employee allegedly stole a box 584 00:36:49,239 --> 00:36:52,720 Speaker 1: of these limited edition cards. Yeah, it was, as I understand, 585 00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:55,120 Speaker 1: it's supposed to be like a scavenger hunt, and so 586 00:36:55,960 --> 00:37:01,000 Speaker 1: having an employee tell people where to go, people thought 587 00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:03,440 Speaker 1: was running a foul of the rules. I have so 588 00:37:03,520 --> 00:37:06,160 Speaker 1: many questions. I bet I have some of the same 589 00:37:06,239 --> 00:37:11,000 Speaker 1: ques talk about and behind the scenes. Finally, back in 590 00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:14,200 Speaker 1: two thousand and five, one of the original pairs of 591 00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:17,200 Speaker 1: ruby slippers from the nineteen thirty nine movie The Wizard 592 00:37:17,239 --> 00:37:20,200 Speaker 1: of Oz was stolen from the Judy Garland Museum in 593 00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:24,319 Speaker 1: Grand Rapids, Michigan, in a smash and grab robbery. There 594 00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:26,879 Speaker 1: was a huge search for the ruby slippers and an 595 00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:30,280 Speaker 1: offer of a million dollar reward, and the Grand Rapids 596 00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:34,840 Speaker 1: Police Department recovered them in twenty eighteen. None of that 597 00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:38,680 Speaker 1: seemed all that weird at the time. We've talked a 598 00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:43,279 Speaker 1: lot on Unearthed about various stuff being stolen and later recovered, 599 00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:49,600 Speaker 1: and sometimes people steal movie memorabilia, but then things got weird. 600 00:37:49,680 --> 00:37:52,600 Speaker 1: In the court proceedings of seventy six year old Terry 601 00:37:52,680 --> 00:37:57,080 Speaker 1: John Martin, who pleaded guilty to stealing the slippers, news 602 00:37:57,080 --> 00:38:00,360 Speaker 1: coverage has described him as a reformed mobster with a 603 00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:04,359 Speaker 1: difficult pass, doing one last score after ten years away 604 00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:08,400 Speaker 1: from his former life of crime. In January, his defense 605 00:38:08,440 --> 00:38:11,640 Speaker 1: attorney filed a statement contending that Martin had stolen the 606 00:38:11,680 --> 00:38:15,600 Speaker 1: slippers because he thought the rubies were real. He had 607 00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:18,839 Speaker 1: planned to remove the rubies and sell them off individually 608 00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:21,440 Speaker 1: so no one would be the wiser about where they 609 00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:24,800 Speaker 1: had come from. He abandoned this plan when a fence 610 00:38:24,840 --> 00:38:26,600 Speaker 1: brought him up to speed on the fact that the 611 00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:32,239 Speaker 1: ruby slippers were decorated with sequins and glass. Uh. I 612 00:38:32,320 --> 00:38:37,440 Speaker 1: have questions about this so many. It does not appear 613 00:38:37,680 --> 00:38:40,880 Speaker 1: that anyone tried to make any argument that he was 614 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:45,960 Speaker 1: not able to comprehend the crime, but it seems like 615 00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:49,560 Speaker 1: a person should be able to see that those are 616 00:38:49,640 --> 00:38:55,480 Speaker 1: sequins on the shoes. Yeah. Martin, who was in hospice 617 00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:59,160 Speaker 1: at the time, was ultimately sentenced to time served and 618 00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:02,120 Speaker 1: a year of super release. And there's a plan to 619 00:39:02,160 --> 00:39:04,640 Speaker 1: take these shoes on kind of a world tour before 620 00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:07,080 Speaker 1: eventually auctioning them off at the end of this year. 621 00:39:07,440 --> 00:39:09,200 Speaker 1: Ha ha. That is not the end of the weirdness. 622 00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:15,240 Speaker 1: In March, Martin's alleged accomplice, Jerry Hall Saliterman, was charged 623 00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:18,319 Speaker 1: in conjunction with the crime. It is alleged that he 624 00:39:18,560 --> 00:39:21,520 Speaker 1: received the slippers and took possession of them, knowing that 625 00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:25,080 Speaker 1: they were stolen. He has also been charged with witness 626 00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:28,319 Speaker 1: tampering after threatening to release a sex tape of a 627 00:39:28,360 --> 00:39:31,000 Speaker 1: woman who had knowledge of the case if she did 628 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,680 Speaker 1: not keep quiet. This just happened in mid March. It 629 00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,560 Speaker 1: is a wild ride and it is still ongoing. Yeah. 630 00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:40,440 Speaker 1: I feel like having just seen this sort of revenge 631 00:39:40,480 --> 00:39:44,320 Speaker 1: porn aspect of it a couple of days ago means 632 00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:47,239 Speaker 1: probably something else is going to happen between today when 633 00:39:47,239 --> 00:39:49,719 Speaker 1: we're recording this and when the episode comes out. To 634 00:39:49,760 --> 00:39:54,160 Speaker 1: one hundred percent, so that's unearthed for the first three 635 00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,000 Speaker 1: months of twenty twenty four. I have so many thoughts. 636 00:39:57,640 --> 00:40:00,680 Speaker 1: We'll talk about them Friday. Do you have a listener mail. Yes. 637 00:40:01,160 --> 00:40:05,640 Speaker 1: We've gotten some extremely delightful emails about a number of 638 00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:08,279 Speaker 1: different subjects. This particular one is going to be about 639 00:40:08,360 --> 00:40:12,880 Speaker 1: Robert rules of Order. It is from Lisa. Lisa wrote 640 00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:15,960 Speaker 1: and said, I listened to your episode about Henry Martin 641 00:40:16,040 --> 00:40:18,920 Speaker 1: Roberts rules of Order. I also learned about these rules 642 00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:22,319 Speaker 1: in a horse four h club. I've also been on fairboards, 643 00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:25,760 Speaker 1: horse club board, and church councils and all used these rules, 644 00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:29,640 Speaker 1: some loosely and some formally. One of these clubs have 645 00:40:29,719 --> 00:40:32,239 Speaker 1: a story you might find amusing. This club had in 646 00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:35,920 Speaker 1: its rule book that all club meetings will follow Robert's 647 00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,239 Speaker 1: rules of order. Some members had their own agenda and 648 00:40:39,320 --> 00:40:42,799 Speaker 1: started to bend these rules to manage this. My friend 649 00:40:42,880 --> 00:40:44,880 Speaker 1: on this board and I did not agree with what 650 00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:47,400 Speaker 1: they were trying to accomplish, and used Robert's rules to 651 00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:50,120 Speaker 1: write this ship. She worked as a court clerk and 652 00:40:50,200 --> 00:40:52,719 Speaker 1: let me know that hanging out with lawyers had taught 653 00:40:52,719 --> 00:40:55,120 Speaker 1: her a few things. She went to the library and 654 00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:58,280 Speaker 1: checked out the biggest Robert's Rules books she could find. 655 00:40:58,440 --> 00:41:02,320 Speaker 1: Then she used two colored and marked pages. One color 656 00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:04,480 Speaker 1: was for the rules they were breaking, and the other 657 00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:07,799 Speaker 1: just made the book researched. When we went to the 658 00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:10,360 Speaker 1: next meeting, after checking to make sure we knew for 659 00:41:10,560 --> 00:41:13,880 Speaker 1: sure wording and the rules we understood were correct, we 660 00:41:13,920 --> 00:41:18,080 Speaker 1: attended well armed. As the meeting started incorrectly, she made 661 00:41:18,080 --> 00:41:20,000 Speaker 1: a point of order and let them know that according 662 00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:22,759 Speaker 1: to Robert's rules while tapping the book. Let everybody know 663 00:41:22,840 --> 00:41:25,160 Speaker 1: the error. When it came to the topic we had 664 00:41:25,239 --> 00:41:27,400 Speaker 1: issue with, and once again she tapped the book and 665 00:41:27,520 --> 00:41:30,200 Speaker 1: let them know the problem. When she was told it 666 00:41:30,280 --> 00:41:32,720 Speaker 1: was not a problem. I read from the club rules 667 00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:35,439 Speaker 1: how we were to follow Robert's rules, and she read 668 00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:37,919 Speaker 1: the rule they were breaking. I'm sure by the time 669 00:41:37,960 --> 00:41:40,920 Speaker 1: the meeting was over everyone was tired of her tapping 670 00:41:40,960 --> 00:41:44,640 Speaker 1: that very important book. Eventually they got the changes made, 671 00:41:44,680 --> 00:41:48,279 Speaker 1: but they were made correctly. Attached for pet tax I 672 00:41:48,360 --> 00:41:50,600 Speaker 1: have a pick of my black barn cat who showed 673 00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:53,200 Speaker 1: up one day six years ago and has not left. 674 00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:56,200 Speaker 1: She just moved in my house. Cat is black and 675 00:41:56,239 --> 00:41:59,000 Speaker 1: white with a big personality. My husband and I are 676 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:01,440 Speaker 1: both Ham radio ops and one day when I was 677 00:42:01,520 --> 00:42:03,920 Speaker 1: using the mic for one radio, I looked over and 678 00:42:03,960 --> 00:42:07,200 Speaker 1: saw my cat with a different mic and captured this 679 00:42:07,320 --> 00:42:09,880 Speaker 1: cute pick. I thought you both might enjoy. Thanks for 680 00:42:09,920 --> 00:42:12,319 Speaker 1: doing what you do. Your podcast is one of the 681 00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:16,200 Speaker 1: few my husband enjoys listening to with me. Lisa, thank 682 00:42:16,239 --> 00:42:20,960 Speaker 1: you Lisa for this email. I did enjoy the Roberts 683 00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:25,000 Speaker 1: Rules story. We may also have other Roberts Rules stories 684 00:42:25,120 --> 00:42:27,080 Speaker 1: later because some of them are quite fun. And I 685 00:42:27,120 --> 00:42:31,040 Speaker 1: also love the picture of this little it looks like 686 00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:34,359 Speaker 1: a textedo cat looking at the microphone. I have some 687 00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:39,840 Speaker 1: similar pictures of my cats sitting in the little podcast studio. Also, 688 00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:43,840 Speaker 1: I think I've mentioned before Opal likes to pull the 689 00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:47,120 Speaker 1: noise dampening foam off of the wall and make a 690 00:42:47,160 --> 00:42:50,680 Speaker 1: little bed out of it, so I have cute pictures 691 00:42:50,719 --> 00:42:52,880 Speaker 1: of her next to the microphone as though she is 692 00:42:52,880 --> 00:42:55,120 Speaker 1: a podcast host. But I also have pictures of her 693 00:42:56,160 --> 00:42:58,359 Speaker 1: in a bed made of work for me to have 694 00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:01,120 Speaker 1: to do later putting it back together. And this is 695 00:43:01,160 --> 00:43:03,400 Speaker 1: why I record in a closet with a door that 696 00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:08,000 Speaker 1: shuts yep, yep uh. She does it while I'm sitting 697 00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:10,879 Speaker 1: right next to her. She has no respect, So thank 698 00:43:10,960 --> 00:43:12,759 Speaker 1: you so much for that email. If you would like 699 00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:15,120 Speaker 1: to send us a note about this or any other 700 00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:19,120 Speaker 1: podcast or a history podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. We're 701 00:43:19,160 --> 00:43:22,600 Speaker 1: on some social media with the username miss in History, 702 00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:26,600 Speaker 1: like Facebook and Twitter and Instagram. Twitter is called x 703 00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:30,160 Speaker 1: now I guess I keep saying Twitter. You can subscribe 704 00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:33,200 Speaker 1: to our show on iHeartRadio app or wherever else you 705 00:43:33,320 --> 00:43:41,040 Speaker 1: like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History 706 00:43:41,080 --> 00:43:45,439 Speaker 1: Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 707 00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:49,200 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 708 00:43:49,239 --> 00:43:50,480 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.