1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,040 Speaker 1: Hey, everyone. Technically you're getting two days in history today 2 00:00:03,080 --> 00:00:05,680 Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault. 3 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:10,840 Speaker 1: I hope you enjoy. Greetings everyone, Welcome to this day 4 00:00:10,840 --> 00:00:14,360 Speaker 1: in History class, where we learn a smidgen of history 5 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:25,960 Speaker 1: every day. The day was March one, two, and Limburgh, 6 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:30,240 Speaker 1: the wife of famed aviator Charles Lindbergh, was at home 7 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:34,200 Speaker 1: with twenty month old Charles Lindbergh Jr. And the baby's nurse, 8 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:39,280 Speaker 1: Betty Gal. Charles Lindbergh Senior was in New York away 9 00:00:39,280 --> 00:00:43,599 Speaker 1: on business. Normally, the family would spend weekends at their 10 00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:47,440 Speaker 1: country home near Hopewell, New Jersey, and week days at 11 00:00:47,479 --> 00:00:52,200 Speaker 1: Anne's parents home in Inglewood, New Jersey, but Anne did 12 00:00:52,240 --> 00:00:54,840 Speaker 1: not want to have to travel with little Charles, who 13 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 1: was sick. So on this Tuesday, Charles Jr. Was at 14 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:03,480 Speaker 1: home being nursed back to health and the baby was 15 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:07,640 Speaker 1: getting better. But by the end of the night things 16 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,639 Speaker 1: had taken a turn for the worse, and and Betty 17 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:16,160 Speaker 1: put Charles Jr. To sleep, But when Betty went to 18 00:01:16,240 --> 00:01:21,120 Speaker 1: check on him after dinner, he wasn't there. Charles Jr. 19 00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:26,399 Speaker 1: Had been kidnapped. The events that followed would make for 20 00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:30,400 Speaker 1: a tragic story that captivated the public for years to come. 21 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:36,520 Speaker 1: Charles Lindbergh became famous for making the first solo NonStop 22 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:40,040 Speaker 1: flight across the Atlantic when he flew from New York 23 00:01:40,120 --> 00:01:43,400 Speaker 1: to Paris on a plane called the Spirit of St. Louis. 24 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: The flight took thirty three and a half hours from 25 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 1: May one nine, but once he landed he was quite 26 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:59,160 Speaker 1: literally an overnight celebrity. Before the trip, Lindbergh had been 27 00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:03,080 Speaker 1: a US Air a male pilot. He had just wanted 28 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:06,840 Speaker 1: the twenty five thousand dollar prize that was offered to 29 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:10,919 Speaker 1: anybody who could make the transatlantic flight. But after that 30 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:15,640 Speaker 1: famous trip, Lindbergh, just five years old, was in the 31 00:02:15,760 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 1: international spotlight. He wasn't completely comfortable with the newfound attention, 32 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:27,400 Speaker 1: but his life was changing regardless. He started getting endorsements 33 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:31,800 Speaker 1: and traveling for speaking engagements, and eventually he met his 34 00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:36,120 Speaker 1: future wife and Morrow in Mexico, where her father was 35 00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:41,240 Speaker 1: serving as the US ambassador. Anne and Charles married in 36 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:45,720 Speaker 1: nineteen nine, and Anne gave birth to their first child, 37 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:52,360 Speaker 1: Charles Augustus Lindberg Jr. On June nine, thirty, but the 38 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:56,120 Speaker 1: media still didn't give the family a break. The couple 39 00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:59,640 Speaker 1: valued their privacy, and they built a big house on 40 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:03,520 Speaker 1: a night chunk of land and Hopewell, New Jersey. They 41 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:06,959 Speaker 1: raised the child New Jersey, spending time at their rural 42 00:03:07,040 --> 00:03:10,640 Speaker 1: home in Hopewell on the weekends and Anne's parents house 43 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:15,520 Speaker 1: in Inglewood during the week But when that fateful day came, 44 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:19,360 Speaker 1: the family had decided to switch up their routine to 45 00:03:19,480 --> 00:03:24,040 Speaker 1: make sure baby Charles was taken care of. Charles Jr. 46 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 1: Was recovering from his sickness on March first, but nurse 47 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:33,720 Speaker 1: Betty and Anne were still tending to him. Around seven 48 00:03:33,840 --> 00:03:36,520 Speaker 1: thirty pm, the two women rubbed a lotion on the 49 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:40,840 Speaker 1: baby's chest, then tucked him into bed, and when Betty 50 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:43,600 Speaker 1: came back to check on him around thirty minutes later, 51 00:03:44,040 --> 00:03:48,360 Speaker 1: nothing was wrong. Charles Sr. Came back home around eight 52 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:52,760 Speaker 1: and soon after eate dinner with his wife, but when 53 00:03:52,800 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 1: Betty went to check on the baby again around ten pm, 54 00:03:56,680 --> 00:03:59,840 Speaker 1: little Charles was not in his crib and nowhere to 55 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:04,240 Speaker 1: be seen. Betty checked to make sure neither Charles Sor 56 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:09,200 Speaker 1: nor Anne had him, but they didn't, so they went 57 00:04:09,200 --> 00:04:13,960 Speaker 1: into panic mode. Charles Sor rushed to the child's room, 58 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:17,719 Speaker 1: where he found a ransom note demanding fifty dollars on 59 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:21,720 Speaker 1: the window sill. He then went outside with his gun 60 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:25,600 Speaker 1: and found a broken ladder beneath the child's window, as 61 00:04:25,640 --> 00:04:28,960 Speaker 1: well as a baby blanket. So they called the police, 62 00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:32,560 Speaker 1: and when the police came, they found evidence of the 63 00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:37,320 Speaker 1: kidnappers presence. There was mud on the nursery floor, footprints 64 00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:40,599 Speaker 1: beneath the window, a chisel that was probably used to 65 00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:45,839 Speaker 1: open the window, and then the ransom note. Because of 66 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:49,000 Speaker 1: the way the note was written, including the fact that 67 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:53,000 Speaker 1: the dollar signs were after the monetary amounts, police thought 68 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:55,880 Speaker 1: the note had to have been written by somebody European. 69 00:04:56,760 --> 00:04:59,480 Speaker 1: But there was no blood our fingerprints at the scene 70 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 1: of the crime, and the hunt for a perpetrator had 71 00:05:03,279 --> 00:05:07,200 Speaker 1: a long way to go. The public already had its 72 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:10,640 Speaker 1: eye on the Lenberg's, but the kidnapping just took that 73 00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:14,200 Speaker 1: to the next level. The search for baby Charles was 74 00:05:14,320 --> 00:05:17,560 Speaker 1: on and the family was getting a ton of press. 75 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:21,440 Speaker 1: They were getting so much attention that the kidnapper sent 76 00:05:21,560 --> 00:05:24,920 Speaker 1: two more ransom notes, one of which raised the stakes 77 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:30,640 Speaker 1: to seventy thousand dollars. Communicating and negotiating with the kidnapper 78 00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:35,560 Speaker 1: proved difficult, but in a lucky break, a Bronx resident 79 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:39,240 Speaker 1: named doctor John Condon stepped up to say he would 80 00:05:39,279 --> 00:05:42,800 Speaker 1: act as an intermediary between the kidnapper and the Lenberg's, 81 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:48,000 Speaker 1: protecting identities in the process. The two parties agreed, and 82 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:52,560 Speaker 1: Condon met with the kidnapper twice, both times at a cemetery. 83 00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:56,920 Speaker 1: After getting the baby's pajamas in the mail on March sixteenth, 84 00:05:57,520 --> 00:06:00,479 Speaker 1: he believed he had sufficient proof that the baby was 85 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: alive to hand over the rents of money, and on 86 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: April two, Condent handed fifty thou dollars over to the kidnapper, 87 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: though a lot of that money was goal certificates. In return, 88 00:06:14,279 --> 00:06:17,600 Speaker 1: the kidnapper gave Condon a note that said the baby 89 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:21,880 Speaker 1: was on a boat off the coast of Massachusetts, but 90 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: baby Charles wasn't found on a boat. On May twelve, 91 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:30,839 Speaker 1: a man found the body of a child about four 92 00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:35,560 Speaker 1: miles away from the Lindbergh House. The skull was fractured 93 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:40,960 Speaker 1: and the body was decomposed. That child was Charles Jr. 94 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:46,320 Speaker 1: Who had likely died the night he was kidnapped. In June, 95 00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:51,839 Speaker 1: Congress passed the Federal Kidnapping Act, which made kidnapping across 96 00:06:51,880 --> 00:06:56,400 Speaker 1: state boarders a federal crime punishable by death, and in 97 00:06:56,480 --> 00:07:02,040 Speaker 1: September nineteen thirty four, police arrest an undocumented German carpenter 98 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:06,640 Speaker 1: named Bruno Helptman, who had thousands of dollars worth of 99 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:12,119 Speaker 1: the gold ransom certificates among other incriminating items. His child 100 00:07:12,400 --> 00:07:16,480 Speaker 1: lasted for more than five weeks in early nineteen and 101 00:07:16,520 --> 00:07:20,960 Speaker 1: he was found guilty, sentenced to death, and later executed, 102 00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:26,080 Speaker 1: but he never confessed to the kidnapping. Some people have 103 00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:30,080 Speaker 1: claimed that it was a conspiracy. Others have said that 104 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:34,440 Speaker 1: Helptmann was innocent and that someone else, maybe even Charles 105 00:07:34,480 --> 00:07:39,920 Speaker 1: Windberg himself, was the true culprit. I'm Eves Jeff Cote, 106 00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:43,160 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 107 00:07:43,240 --> 00:07:46,680 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. If you'd like to know more 108 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:49,840 Speaker 1: about the kidnapping, listened to the episode of Stuff you 109 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:54,360 Speaker 1: missed in history class called the Disappearance of the Lindbergh Baby. 110 00:07:55,440 --> 00:07:58,120 Speaker 1: We started this month off with a pretty sad story, 111 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:02,280 Speaker 1: but the whole month will be that way. Throughout the 112 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:06,240 Speaker 1: month of March. On Sundays, we'll be recognizing Women's History 113 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:09,400 Speaker 1: Month by bringing on special guests to talk about women 114 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 1: in history and the contributions that they've made to society. 115 00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:17,080 Speaker 1: If there's something that I missed in an episode, you 116 00:08:17,120 --> 00:08:20,120 Speaker 1: can share it with everybody else on Twitter, Instagram or 117 00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:26,960 Speaker 1: Facebook at T d i HC podcast. Come back tomorrow 118 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:32,120 Speaker 1: for another tipt from History. Hey y'all, I'm Eves and 119 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:35,439 Speaker 1: welcome to this Day in History class, where we uncover 120 00:08:35,600 --> 00:08:44,560 Speaker 1: a new layer of history every day. The day was 121 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:50,360 Speaker 1: March one. Congress authorized the first census of the entire 122 00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:55,520 Speaker 1: United States. Among other provisions, Article one, Section two of 123 00:08:55,559 --> 00:08:59,360 Speaker 1: the U. S Constitution required the federal government to conduct 124 00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 1: a survey of the U S population every ten years. 125 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:06,559 Speaker 1: That way, Congress could determine how many representatives would come 126 00:09:06,600 --> 00:09:09,920 Speaker 1: from each state and how federal resources would be divided 127 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:14,640 Speaker 1: among states. The Census Act passed during the second session 128 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:17,640 Speaker 1: of the First Congress and was signed by President George 129 00:09:17,679 --> 00:09:21,720 Speaker 1: Washington on March one, seventeen ninety The Act called for 130 00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:25,160 Speaker 1: the omission of Native Americans who were not taxed. It 131 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:28,720 Speaker 1: called for marshals to distinguish free people from everyone else, 132 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:32,120 Speaker 1: and to distinguish the sex and color of free people. 133 00:09:33,320 --> 00:09:36,400 Speaker 1: The Act provided for the census, or enumeration as it 134 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:39,520 Speaker 1: called it, to begin on the first Monday in August 135 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:43,760 Speaker 1: and end within nine calendar months. As planned, the first 136 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: census began on August second, seventeen ninety. The census was 137 00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: conducted in the original thirteen states, as well as the 138 00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:56,160 Speaker 1: districts of Kentucky, Maine, Vermont, and the Southwest Territory or 139 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:59,760 Speaker 1: present day Tennessee. Because Vermont was not admitted to the 140 00:09:59,840 --> 00:10:03,880 Speaker 1: un in until March of seventeen, the census didn't take 141 00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:06,400 Speaker 1: place there until after it became a state that year. 142 00:10:07,480 --> 00:10:11,400 Speaker 1: The process was supervised by the marshals of the judicial districts, 143 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:15,040 Speaker 1: and they hired assistant marshals to act as census takers. 144 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:18,959 Speaker 1: There were seventeen marshals in an estimated six and fifty 145 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 1: assistant marshals. The assistant marshals made two copies of the 146 00:10:23,040 --> 00:10:26,720 Speaker 1: returned survey, one to post in the neighborhood for public 147 00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:30,000 Speaker 1: knowledge and another given to the marshal to be forwarded 148 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:34,720 Speaker 1: to the president. The census included six questions, the name 149 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:36,880 Speaker 1: of the head of the household, as well as the 150 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:40,679 Speaker 1: number of people in each household who fit into five categories. 151 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:44,720 Speaker 1: Those categories were free white males aged sixteen and older, 152 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:49,240 Speaker 1: free white males under age sixteen, free white females, all 153 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:53,160 Speaker 1: other free people and slaves. According to the U. S. 154 00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:56,520 Speaker 1: Census Bureau, the distinction of the age of free white 155 00:10:56,520 --> 00:11:01,160 Speaker 1: males was to quote assess the country's industrial and military potential. 156 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 1: Census takers determined the race of the people they counted. 157 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:08,040 Speaker 1: They did that by considering how people were viewed in 158 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:12,040 Speaker 1: their community or based on ideas about so called black blood. 159 00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:15,960 Speaker 1: Enslaved people were counted as three fifths of a person, 160 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:20,520 Speaker 1: and Native Americans weren't counted until eighteen seventy. The category 161 00:11:20,559 --> 00:11:23,760 Speaker 1: of mulatta was added in eighteen fifty, and other multi 162 00:11:23,880 --> 00:11:27,720 Speaker 1: racial categories were added in later years. People could choose 163 00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:32,199 Speaker 1: their own race starting in nineteen sixty. The total population 164 00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:35,920 Speaker 1: based on the seventeen nineties senses was counted as three 165 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:40,160 Speaker 1: point nine million non Native American people. That number included 166 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: around seven hundred thousand enslaved people. Secretary of State Thomas 167 00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:49,560 Speaker 1: Jefferson and other officials believed that number was too low. 168 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:54,040 Speaker 1: There were people who opposed the senses for religious reasons 169 00:11:54,160 --> 00:11:57,160 Speaker 1: or because they thought it was related to increasing taxation. 170 00:11:57,800 --> 00:12:00,520 Speaker 1: The cost of the entire senses came in at forty 171 00:12:00,559 --> 00:12:06,200 Speaker 1: four thousand and seventy seven dollars. Records from several states 172 00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:09,920 Speaker 1: have since been lost, possibly destroyed, when the British burned 173 00:12:09,960 --> 00:12:13,160 Speaker 1: the capitol in Washington during the War of eighteen twelve. 174 00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:16,880 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Code. Hopefully you know a little more 175 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:21,480 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. If there's something 176 00:12:21,480 --> 00:12:23,559 Speaker 1: I missed in the show today, you can let us 177 00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:29,800 Speaker 1: know at t d i h C Podcast on Twitter, Facebook, 178 00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:34,120 Speaker 1: or Instagram. You can also email us at this day 179 00:12:34,160 --> 00:12:37,920 Speaker 1: at I heart media dot com. I truly hope you 180 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:42,840 Speaker 1: enjoyed today's show. We'll be back tomorrow with another episode. 181 00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:46,680 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 182 00:12:46,760 --> 00:12:49,320 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.