WEBVTT - Ep 52 Rinderpest: Moo Cows, Moo Problems 0:00:01.320 --> 0:00:03.720 But a far more general plague than the smallpox, and 0:00:03.760 --> 0:00:06.480 a much more general scourge than the locusts, suddenly made 0:00:06.519 --> 0:00:10.360 its appearance and dogged our steps. This was the renderpest. 0:00:10.960 --> 0:00:13.039 No one who has not lived in Africa can form 0:00:13.119 --> 0:00:16.560 the least idea of this awful calamity. It mowed down 0:00:16.600 --> 0:00:20.239 the whole bovine race in its passage. Hundreds of carcasses 0:00:20.320 --> 0:00:22.560 lay here and there on the road side, or piled 0:00:22.600 --> 0:00:26.280 up in the fields in vain. Did legions of vultures 0:00:26.280 --> 0:00:29.160 and beasts of prey gather to devour them. They could 0:00:29.160 --> 0:00:33.560 not overtake the quantity, and the carrion lay there putrefying everywhere. 0:00:34.240 --> 0:00:37.920 More than nine hundred wagons loaded with merchandise, without teams 0:00:38.000 --> 0:00:42.040 or drivers, stood abandoned along the Bulawayo road in a 0:00:42.040 --> 0:00:45.120 few weeks a few months, let us say, I am 0:00:45.120 --> 0:00:48.080 assured that eight hundred thousand head of cattle, some say 0:00:48.159 --> 0:00:52.880 nine hundred thousand perished in Comma's tribe alone. Never within 0:00:52.920 --> 0:00:55.000 the memory of man had such a thing been seen. 0:00:55.360 --> 0:00:58.440 The government grasped the situation from the beginning. But in 0:00:58.480 --> 0:01:01.040 spite of all the sanitary corps, Bordans and the severest 0:01:01.080 --> 0:01:04.600 preventative measures, the scourge pursued its course relentlessly. 0:01:48.240 --> 0:01:53.680 Whoa, yeah, eight hundred to nine hundred thousand. 0:01:54.160 --> 0:01:57.559 Oh that's like in one one area, like in one 0:01:57.600 --> 0:01:58.760 person's herd. 0:01:58.880 --> 0:01:59.800 Yeah, oh my. 0:02:01.720 --> 0:02:06.880 Yeah. It was very challenging to pick just one first 0:02:06.880 --> 0:02:09.880 hand account. There are so many, oh my gosh. And 0:02:09.919 --> 0:02:12.040 I managed to sprinkle a few more in there. So 0:02:12.160 --> 0:02:17.320 that was from someone named Francois Colliard in eighteen ninety 0:02:17.320 --> 0:02:20.280 seven about the arrival of renderpest in South Africa. 0:02:21.320 --> 0:02:21.840 Wow. 0:02:22.520 --> 0:02:24.880 Hi, I'm Aaron Welsh. 0:02:24.280 --> 0:02:26.160 And I'm Erin alman Updyke. 0:02:25.960 --> 0:02:28.160 And this is this podcast will kill you. 0:02:28.800 --> 0:02:35.560 And today we're talking about one of the most serious 0:02:35.680 --> 0:02:38.760 and intense diseases that you may have never heard of. 0:02:39.639 --> 0:02:45.040 It's amazing how much more devastating it is than I 0:02:45.080 --> 0:02:46.840 thought it was going to be. Like I knew it 0:02:46.880 --> 0:02:50.680 was a big deal, yeah, but holy cow, the sheer 0:02:50.840 --> 0:02:55.640 devastation and loss of life and the impact through history 0:02:55.880 --> 0:02:59.040 is like, yeah. 0:02:58.760 --> 0:03:01.919 I really I always try so hard to not get 0:03:01.960 --> 0:03:04.360 any of the history in my readings, but it was 0:03:04.440 --> 0:03:08.799 kind of hard to not see little glimpses and oh 0:03:08.840 --> 0:03:13.280 my god, oh yea, I can't oh oh yeah, so 0:03:13.360 --> 0:03:14.120 what disease is it? 0:03:14.280 --> 0:03:17.959 Erin we're talking about today, We're talking about render pest, 0:03:18.480 --> 0:03:22.480 which is the German for cattle plague. So it's a 0:03:22.560 --> 0:03:26.160 disease of cattle. Surprise the rise, but. 0:03:26.240 --> 0:03:30.160 Really it's it's as intense as anything you would ever want. Like, 0:03:30.280 --> 0:03:33.040 if you're like I don't care about cows, you're gonna 0:03:33.040 --> 0:03:34.480 care about these cows. 0:03:35.440 --> 0:03:38.960 So Erin, what are we drinking for a render pest? 0:03:39.360 --> 0:03:47.120 We are drinking utter delight, goodness. 0:03:46.760 --> 0:03:49.920 Excellent, another milky one erin. 0:03:50.480 --> 0:03:53.680 It's like milky, but not milky milky, you know. 0:03:54.560 --> 0:03:58.480 Sure, so it's milk emy okay exactly. 0:04:00.440 --> 0:04:06.520 This is basically a pinacolada, but we've used coconut ice 0:04:06.560 --> 0:04:11.040 cream instead of coconut cream of coconut. Yeah, so you 0:04:11.080 --> 0:04:12.640 could make it how you want it. 0:04:13.120 --> 0:04:16.120 Yeah, I mean, if you are lactose in tolerant, like 0:04:16.120 --> 0:04:21.080 our friend Katie, you can use something else besides coconut ice. 0:04:20.880 --> 0:04:25.800 Cream, like those coconut cream ice creams that they have. 0:04:26.120 --> 0:04:29.279 Yeah, exactly, exactly. Yeah, those are good, They're very good. 0:04:29.440 --> 0:04:32.040 And we'll post the full recipe for this quarantini as 0:04:32.080 --> 0:04:35.760 well as our non alcoholic plus e Brita on our website, 0:04:35.760 --> 0:04:38.760 this podcast will kill you, dot com YEP, and our 0:04:38.800 --> 0:04:40.680 social media of course, of. 0:04:40.680 --> 0:04:44.400 Course, Aaron, do we have any business to take care of? 0:04:44.960 --> 0:04:51.120 I really don't think so. Fifty two episodes fifty keep counting. 0:04:53.279 --> 0:04:54.839 We're starting to keep track again. 0:04:54.880 --> 0:04:57.600 Yeah, for like another episode until I forget. 0:04:59.040 --> 0:05:01.960 Awesome? Aaron. Can we just dive in because I really 0:05:02.040 --> 0:05:03.640 want to know how this virus works. 0:05:03.800 --> 0:05:06.359 Oh, I'm really excited to tell you about it. Okay, 0:05:07.279 --> 0:05:40.080 let's take a quick break first. So this might be 0:05:40.800 --> 0:05:44.000 a new disease that we're talking about, I mean not new. 0:05:44.040 --> 0:05:48.160 It's really old. You'll tell us that. But it's also 0:05:49.000 --> 0:05:55.760 not going to be too new for some longtime listeners. Okay, Okay, 0:05:56.040 --> 0:05:58.000 I think I know why you do know why you 0:05:58.040 --> 0:06:02.560 are so so. Render pest is the disease caused by 0:06:02.760 --> 0:06:08.640 render pest virus RPV, which is in the genus morbili virus, 0:06:09.480 --> 0:06:12.720 which happens to be the same family of viruses as 0:06:12.800 --> 0:06:18.720 one of our favorite human pathogens, measles. Don't know, so 0:06:19.000 --> 0:06:22.080 I'm gonna likely throughout the biology and especially in the 0:06:22.080 --> 0:06:25.159 current section, do some compare contrast with what we already 0:06:25.160 --> 0:06:27.960 know about measles? When we talk about this disease and 0:06:28.040 --> 0:06:31.640 its effects. Okay, Yeah, and it turns out there's actually 0:06:31.640 --> 0:06:34.279 a lot of viruses in this family that are worthy 0:06:34.360 --> 0:06:38.320 of our concern. Measles we've talked about, but there are 0:06:38.360 --> 0:06:43.640 also a couple of other important Morbili viruses. PPR or 0:06:43.960 --> 0:06:48.680 pest de pity ruminant virus is that means the plague 0:06:48.720 --> 0:06:54.640 of small ruminants that affects sheeps and goats. There's also 0:06:54.760 --> 0:06:57.600 canine distemper virus, which if you have a dog, your 0:06:57.600 --> 0:07:01.000 dog has had to be vaccinated against canine distemps. And 0:07:01.040 --> 0:07:04.080 then there are also a lot of marine Morbila viruses 0:07:04.120 --> 0:07:06.880 that cause illness in dolphins and whales and seals, which 0:07:06.920 --> 0:07:08.560 is super sad. 0:07:08.960 --> 0:07:12.280 It's also really fascinating. Is it direct contact transmission? 0:07:12.480 --> 0:07:15.320 That's a really good question. I don't actually know. One 0:07:15.360 --> 0:07:17.680 of the papers or one of the books that I 0:07:17.720 --> 0:07:20.120 read had a section on them, but I had too 0:07:20.200 --> 0:07:22.080 much reading to do, so I skipped over it. So 0:07:22.120 --> 0:07:24.000 I don't actually know how they're transmitted, but I had 0:07:24.000 --> 0:07:24.640 that same thought. 0:07:25.720 --> 0:07:30.040 It's really interesting to think about, like aquatic cor marine 0:07:30.120 --> 0:07:31.920 transmission of infectious disease. 0:07:32.440 --> 0:07:39.760 Yeah, okay, so speaking of transmission, much like measles. Rinderpest 0:07:39.880 --> 0:07:45.840 virus is a highly infectious virus. It's spread I saw 0:07:45.960 --> 0:07:48.920 reports that it spread via the respiratory route, which is 0:07:48.960 --> 0:07:52.240 how measles virus of course is spread. But really what 0:07:52.280 --> 0:07:54.000 it boils down to is that this is a virus 0:07:54.040 --> 0:07:57.920 that's spread by close contact with sick animals. So once 0:07:57.920 --> 0:08:01.480 a sick animal enters like a herd, close contact with 0:08:01.520 --> 0:08:04.480 that animal is how that virus will spread. So it's 0:08:04.520 --> 0:08:07.040 not just through airborne transmission. 0:08:07.400 --> 0:08:10.120 And can it also be transmitted by let's say, a 0:08:10.160 --> 0:08:14.280 person traveling from herd to herd or farm to farm. 0:08:14.840 --> 0:08:17.840 Potentially, Yeah, Because this virus is contained in a lot 0:08:17.840 --> 0:08:21.480 of the bodily fluids from animals, then if that person 0:08:21.600 --> 0:08:24.880 had that fluid, then potentially it doesn't live for very 0:08:24.960 --> 0:08:27.520 long outside of the body though, so it would have 0:08:27.560 --> 0:08:30.800 to be pretty like immediate contact I think, like maybe 0:08:31.360 --> 0:08:35.040 a veterinarian or someone moving from a sick animal directly 0:08:35.040 --> 0:08:36.480 to another herd or something like that. 0:08:36.720 --> 0:08:38.000 Yeah, okay, that makes sense. 0:08:38.480 --> 0:08:44.080 Yeah all right. So importantly, while we talked about cows, 0:08:44.200 --> 0:08:47.640 and this is often called cattle plague, this is a 0:08:47.720 --> 0:08:52.400 virus that infects a huge range of animal species, not 0:08:52.600 --> 0:08:57.559 just cows. Essentially, it can affect pretty much the entire 0:08:57.760 --> 0:09:04.040 order of Ardiodactyla, which is the even toed ungulates. I 0:09:04.080 --> 0:09:06.679 had to google a lot about ungulates Aaron just to 0:09:06.760 --> 0:09:07.600 do this episode. 0:09:08.120 --> 0:09:09.160 I love ungulates. 0:09:09.600 --> 0:09:14.400 I had no idea that there was even toad ungulates 0:09:14.440 --> 0:09:17.000 and odd toed ungulates. Didn't know that was a thing. 0:09:17.440 --> 0:09:19.360 Oh yeah, you knew that already. 0:09:19.440 --> 0:09:22.000 Well, just kept from camera trapping and having to do all. 0:09:21.920 --> 0:09:25.680 The that makes sense. Yeah. So, for those of you 0:09:25.720 --> 0:09:29.680 who don't aren't familiar with the even toed ungulates, this 0:09:29.760 --> 0:09:35.720 includes water buffalo, wildebeest, yak zebu, hippos, gazelle's impalas, the 0:09:35.760 --> 0:09:41.160 greater kudoo, or rix or reebe wart, hogs, pigs, goats, sheep, 0:09:41.640 --> 0:09:45.280 pretty much all of the ungulates except the odd toad ones, 0:09:45.360 --> 0:09:51.800 which are horses, zebras, rhinoceroses, and tape heirs. Okay, cool, 0:09:52.200 --> 0:09:56.000 all right, But one thing that's really important is that 0:09:56.040 --> 0:09:59.040 although render pest virus can infect all these different species, 0:09:59.200 --> 0:10:01.959 there are a lot of different strains of renderpest virus 0:10:02.240 --> 0:10:05.839 that differ greatly in their virulence, so how sick they 0:10:05.880 --> 0:10:09.160 make the animal as well as their ability to actually 0:10:09.160 --> 0:10:12.960 infect these different species. So it's very possible to have 0:10:13.040 --> 0:10:16.880 an outbreak in, for example, a herd of water buffalo 0:10:17.240 --> 0:10:20.320 that seems like it doesn't infect the giraffes that are 0:10:20.360 --> 0:10:23.600 sharing the watering hole, even though giraffes in general are 0:10:23.640 --> 0:10:25.840 highly susceptible to render pest virus. 0:10:26.200 --> 0:10:30.439 Okay, that explains a lot about some of the reports 0:10:30.640 --> 0:10:33.960 and like first hand accounts of that, yeah, that I'll 0:10:34.040 --> 0:10:34.800 i'll talk about. 0:10:35.400 --> 0:10:38.240 Yeah, yeah, So there's definitely times where there's outbreaks that 0:10:38.320 --> 0:10:40.760 seem like they're only in a certain group of animal, 0:10:41.040 --> 0:10:43.160 and it's likely just because of the strain of that 0:10:43.200 --> 0:10:48.920 particular virus. Gotcha, all right, So, since this is a virus, 0:10:49.040 --> 0:10:51.800 we know that it has to infect host cells in 0:10:51.920 --> 0:10:55.520 order to multiply, and in the case of renderpest virus, 0:10:55.800 --> 0:10:59.160 there are two different types of cells that this virus infects, 0:10:59.640 --> 0:11:03.080 and you'll see that the cell types that this virus 0:11:03.080 --> 0:11:08.280 infects result in these symptoms of disease that we see. So, first, 0:11:08.360 --> 0:11:11.560 it infects the epithelial cells, which we've talked about a 0:11:11.559 --> 0:11:14.480 lot on this podcast. Epithelial cells are those that line 0:11:14.720 --> 0:11:20.480 the tubes of your body and ungulate bodies also so 0:11:20.559 --> 0:11:23.840 like your mouth, your respiratory tract, your digestive tract, and 0:11:23.880 --> 0:11:28.880 then also the lymphoid tissue, so that's like tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen. 0:11:30.280 --> 0:11:34.960 The intestine also has lymph tissue that are called Pyre's patches. 0:11:35.240 --> 0:11:39.840 Those are really important in this infection. And lymphoid tissue 0:11:39.920 --> 0:11:44.840 is where basically mammalian bodies fight off infection. That's where 0:11:44.840 --> 0:11:47.520 our white blood cells congregate, and so that's how animals 0:11:47.559 --> 0:11:48.560 fight off infection. 0:11:49.880 --> 0:11:51.320 Gotcha, Yeah, all. 0:11:51.280 --> 0:11:55.600 Right, So in this case, the damage that we see 0:11:55.640 --> 0:11:59.000 and the symptoms that we see from this infection are 0:11:59.080 --> 0:12:02.360 from direct viral damage to these cells. A lot of 0:12:02.400 --> 0:12:06.080 times when we talk about virus infections, we are like, 0:12:06.160 --> 0:12:08.199 are the symptoms because of the virus or are they 0:12:08.240 --> 0:12:10.800 because of your body's reaction to the virus, And so 0:12:10.840 --> 0:12:13.880 in this case, it really is a ton of damage 0:12:14.240 --> 0:12:18.800 from the virus that are causing these symptoms. Okay, gotcha, yep, 0:12:19.160 --> 0:12:21.000 all right, let's talk about the symptoms. 0:12:22.400 --> 0:12:28.679 Yeah, it's bad, it's gnarly, it's really gnarly. Okay. 0:12:29.559 --> 0:12:32.720 There are four or five stages of disease depending on 0:12:32.800 --> 0:12:37.480 which textbook you read, but they're really similar, so they 0:12:37.520 --> 0:12:44.440 are incubation prodrome, mucosal phase which is sometimes combined with 0:12:44.720 --> 0:12:50.679 the diarrheal phase, and then the convalescent phase parentheses. 0:12:50.240 --> 0:12:53.440 Or death which the or death is. 0:12:55.320 --> 0:12:55.720 Not getting. 0:12:55.760 --> 0:12:57.960 If you get to the convalescent phase, you are an 0:12:58.000 --> 0:13:00.880 extremely lucky ungulate. 0:13:01.080 --> 0:13:06.280 Or you had a very you know, a non virulent strain, fair, yes, yeah, yes, okay, 0:13:06.840 --> 0:13:10.120 So let's go through these phases. The incubation period we 0:13:10.280 --> 0:13:12.760 know is the time from when you first get infected 0:13:12.840 --> 0:13:15.400 until you start to show symptoms. So in the case 0:13:15.440 --> 0:13:19.439 of renderpest virus, most reports say this is between three 0:13:19.559 --> 0:13:23.520 to nine days, but it really depends on the strain, 0:13:23.640 --> 0:13:26.280 so it can be as great as eleven or even 0:13:26.360 --> 0:13:30.560 fifteen days if it's a less virulent strain, but in 0:13:30.600 --> 0:13:31.960 general three to nine days. 0:13:32.679 --> 0:13:36.360 Do these strains have any pattern in geographical distribution? Render 0:13:36.360 --> 0:13:40.760 press virus comes from Asia, so are strains less virulent 0:13:40.840 --> 0:13:41.320 there is? 0:13:41.360 --> 0:13:41.480 That? 0:13:41.600 --> 0:13:42.680 Is that one of the drivers? 0:13:42.880 --> 0:13:45.520 Good question. I'm not sure if strains are less virulent 0:13:45.760 --> 0:13:49.240 in Asia as compared to like Africa, for example, but 0:13:49.320 --> 0:13:54.679 they definitely do vary geographically, and really it's about like 0:13:55.160 --> 0:13:57.960 the species which they infect, so a strain might be 0:13:58.000 --> 0:14:01.880 really virulent in wildebeast, but then le virulent in a giraffe. 0:14:01.960 --> 0:14:06.240 If they even can get infected at all? Why, Oh, 0:14:06.360 --> 0:14:11.440 great question. It's such a good question. And I don't 0:14:11.440 --> 0:14:14.559 also know, like how many different strains are there? Are 0:14:14.559 --> 0:14:18.560 there dozens? Are there hundreds? I don't know, but there's 0:14:18.600 --> 0:14:21.400 a lot. There's more than like a couple. 0:14:22.000 --> 0:14:24.520 Interesting. Yeah, I knew that there were a bunch of strains, 0:14:24.560 --> 0:14:26.320 but now I have so many questions. 0:14:29.080 --> 0:14:31.960 Well, we'll see if I answer any of them, all right, 0:14:32.880 --> 0:14:37.880 then you'll begin the prodromal phase. The prodrome we've talked 0:14:37.880 --> 0:14:40.280 about a lot on this podcast, but it's basically non 0:14:40.320 --> 0:14:44.120 specific symptoms before you get to the real symptoms of disease. 0:14:45.400 --> 0:14:49.360 And so this prodromal phase usually lasts about three days, 0:14:50.560 --> 0:14:55.160 and the symptoms start with wait for it, a fever. 0:14:59.040 --> 0:15:01.640 I love it, and generally, I mean I don't love it. 0:15:02.520 --> 0:15:05.920 Generally it's a very sudden onset of fever which can 0:15:05.960 --> 0:15:10.440 get as high as forty one point five C, which 0:15:10.480 --> 0:15:13.560 is one hundred and six point seven fahrenheit. 0:15:14.560 --> 0:15:18.640 What is the normal body temperature for Oh, I'm. 0:15:18.200 --> 0:15:23.200 So glad that you ask, because I looked it up. 0:15:23.760 --> 0:15:27.040 I found one paper. This was looking at Gemsbock and 0:15:27.080 --> 0:15:30.680 will Deebeast. So for them, the average body temperature varied 0:15:30.760 --> 0:15:35.040 depending on environmental conditions between thirty seven point five and 0:15:35.120 --> 0:15:38.120 thirty nine C. So that's ninety nine point five fahrenheit 0:15:38.160 --> 0:15:39.960 and one oh two point two fahrenheit. 0:15:40.320 --> 0:15:42.520 Okay, so it's really not that I mean, it's a 0:15:42.560 --> 0:15:45.200 high fever, but it's not like in humans. It's not 0:15:45.280 --> 0:15:48.600 as concerning as that temperature would be in humans, right, so, 0:15:48.680 --> 0:15:50.200 I mean, but still it's render pest. 0:15:50.280 --> 0:15:52.840 So it's been really high I think no matter what. 0:15:52.960 --> 0:15:55.920 Like in humans, that fever could kill you easily. But 0:15:56.120 --> 0:16:00.560 even for an ungulate, even at their high end temperature 0:16:00.640 --> 0:16:03.000 range of one hundred and two one hundred and six 0:16:03.080 --> 0:16:06.320 is four full fahrenheit degrees higher than that, that's pretty 0:16:06.880 --> 0:16:07.520 that's high. 0:16:07.760 --> 0:16:09.760 Yeah, no, it's it's definitely a high fever. 0:16:10.200 --> 0:16:16.000 So anyways, so then this pro drummal phase also has 0:16:16.040 --> 0:16:21.480 some other non specific symptoms restlessness, anorexia, so the animal 0:16:21.560 --> 0:16:25.800 might stop eating always. I've seen the descriptions. Their muzzle 0:16:25.880 --> 0:16:30.200 gets dry, so the hairs around their muzzle get really dry. 0:16:30.280 --> 0:16:34.400 If they are lactating, their milk yield will drop, their 0:16:34.440 --> 0:16:38.680 breathing will become fast, it will becomes shallow and more rapid, 0:16:39.120 --> 0:16:43.160 and then their mucous membranes start to get congested with secretions, 0:16:43.160 --> 0:16:46.880 so their mouth, their nose, their eyes start having purulent 0:16:47.440 --> 0:16:51.320 secretions coming out of them. Sounds pretty terrible, pretty terrible. 0:16:51.640 --> 0:16:53.040 And that's just the pro drum stage. 0:16:53.200 --> 0:16:57.240 Just stage two, Just stage two. Then you enter the 0:16:57.320 --> 0:17:01.800 mucosal phase. This starts about two to five days after 0:17:01.840 --> 0:17:07.040 the first onset of fever, and it starts with tiny 0:17:07.119 --> 0:17:12.880 little pin head spots of necrosis, so tissue death in 0:17:12.920 --> 0:17:16.560 those epithelial cells in the mucous membrane, which looks like 0:17:16.720 --> 0:17:21.199 little pinpoint gray or white spots in the mouth of 0:17:21.280 --> 0:17:25.320 the animal. Does that sound familiar to you, because it should. 0:17:25.720 --> 0:17:27.280 It sounds like measles. 0:17:27.680 --> 0:17:31.280 It sounds like coplic spots, which are pathandomonic for measles 0:17:31.560 --> 0:17:32.240 in humans. 0:17:32.480 --> 0:17:35.160 It's exactly what I was gonna say. I totally had 0:17:35.240 --> 0:17:38.760 those those words right there. I haven't forgotten that at all. 0:17:39.640 --> 0:17:41.520 You did, remember, though, mesos. 0:17:41.560 --> 0:17:45.879 That's pretty cool, only because they're like very similar. I 0:17:46.160 --> 0:17:47.800 like diazels those spots. 0:17:47.720 --> 0:17:51.520 I know. Oh, but isn't that so interesting? Oh? I 0:17:51.520 --> 0:17:52.520 think that's so interesting. 0:17:52.920 --> 0:17:55.080 It's interesting, and all I can think of is like, 0:17:55.800 --> 0:17:59.000 you know, I picture owning cattle and then doing a 0:17:59.119 --> 0:18:01.600 check and see those spots and being like. 0:18:01.800 --> 0:18:03.480 Oh God, God terrified. 0:18:03.600 --> 0:18:07.280 Yeah, knowing what's ahead of you is horrible, not good. 0:18:07.400 --> 0:18:11.560 It just gets worse. Let's keep going. So in the 0:18:11.600 --> 0:18:15.240 affected animals, the spots appear in the mouth and then 0:18:15.920 --> 0:18:19.480 they tend to extend, so whereas in measles they just 0:18:20.080 --> 0:18:22.800 tend to be those pinpoint spots. Here they're going to 0:18:22.800 --> 0:18:26.800 start to enlarge. They're going to involve larger and larger 0:18:26.840 --> 0:18:31.159 areas of epithelium, the tongue, the pharynx, and these spots 0:18:31.200 --> 0:18:35.480 are not only contained in the mouth. These mucosal erosions 0:18:35.520 --> 0:18:41.320 are happening throughout the entire digestive system as well. Okay, 0:18:41.840 --> 0:18:45.320 So that leads into the next phase, which is sometimes 0:18:45.400 --> 0:18:47.960 combined with this, and that is the diarrheal phase. 0:18:48.200 --> 0:18:52.400 That makes sense, your body just basically can't digest anything exactly. 0:18:52.680 --> 0:18:56.200 Yeah. So this diarrheal phase, if you separate it out, 0:18:56.280 --> 0:18:58.359 tends to start about four to five days after the 0:18:58.359 --> 0:19:02.439 onset of fever, three days after the first spots appear 0:19:02.480 --> 0:19:09.000 in the mouth, and it's basically uncontrolled, profuse diarrhea, liquid 0:19:09.400 --> 0:19:14.359 explosive green yellow gray at first, and then with a 0:19:14.400 --> 0:19:18.120 lot of mucus and blood. And that's because those erosions 0:19:18.160 --> 0:19:22.960 have extended to most of the digestive tract. Oh my gosh, 0:19:23.160 --> 0:19:28.480 I know, it's horrific. Yeah, And that's kind of the 0:19:28.520 --> 0:19:33.320 biggest Like animals often die from dehydration from just the massive, 0:19:33.520 --> 0:19:39.600 massive amount of diarrhea. You can also see a maculo 0:19:39.760 --> 0:19:42.480 popular rash, which is the same type of rash that 0:19:42.520 --> 0:19:46.320 we see in human measles on areas of soft skin 0:19:46.400 --> 0:19:48.000 of the animal that don't have a lot of hair 0:19:48.040 --> 0:19:50.520 covering them, so like the utters or in the groin 0:19:50.840 --> 0:19:55.280 or the axilla, the armpits and leg pits, and then 0:19:55.320 --> 0:19:58.439 you'll still have the discharges from the eyes and the nose. 0:19:59.359 --> 0:20:03.359 These animals are very, very sick, even though the fever 0:20:03.480 --> 0:20:06.919 tends to subside by this time. They're just I mean, 0:20:06.920 --> 0:20:10.040 they're wasting away, right. They're not eating because these erosions 0:20:10.040 --> 0:20:13.199 are likely also they're throughout the pharynx. They can be 0:20:13.280 --> 0:20:17.399 in the respiratory tract as well, so they're not eating 0:20:17.520 --> 0:20:21.720 a lot, they're salivating a lot, they're not moving. They 0:20:21.760 --> 0:20:26.159 often have coughing and grunting with exhalation suggesting that breathing 0:20:26.240 --> 0:20:31.880 is painful or difficult. They become severely dehydrated, and they 0:20:31.920 --> 0:20:36.240 often adopt this characteristic stance that's called milk fever posture, 0:20:36.760 --> 0:20:39.719 which I looked up what it looks like. This is 0:20:39.760 --> 0:20:42.520 not milk fever, that's something entirely different, but it's basically 0:20:42.560 --> 0:20:46.760 where they put their sternam onto the ground and then 0:20:46.880 --> 0:20:49.680 they kind of flop onto their side and their head 0:20:49.680 --> 0:20:52.760 turns to one side and their legs are kind of 0:20:52.880 --> 0:20:57.320 slumped underneath them, and most often they'll die within five 0:20:57.359 --> 0:21:00.239 to fourteen days after the first onset of illness. This 0:21:00.320 --> 0:21:02.840 is so sad, it's really really sad. 0:21:03.160 --> 0:21:05.640 When are they first infectious? 0:21:05.920 --> 0:21:10.160 Great question. They're most infectious after the onset of symptoms. 0:21:10.840 --> 0:21:15.440 So there have been like in a lot of experimental studies, 0:21:15.560 --> 0:21:19.960 you can like swab an animal and then infect another 0:21:20.040 --> 0:21:23.120 animal before those symptoms first start, but really it's once 0:21:23.160 --> 0:21:27.120 the symptoms start, once those spots appear and they're symptomatic, 0:21:27.440 --> 0:21:29.520 that's ok their most infectious. 0:21:29.680 --> 0:21:32.320 Okay, So in the mucosal phase, the. 0:21:32.320 --> 0:21:37.199 Mucosal and diarrheal phase, Yeah, and that diarrhea full of virus. 0:21:37.480 --> 0:21:39.720 I was gonna say, yeah, well, I was just imagining 0:21:39.800 --> 0:21:42.760 being a vet before you knew what renderpest was and 0:21:42.760 --> 0:21:46.040 how it was transmitted, and walking and your boots in 0:21:46.080 --> 0:21:48.359 one farm and going to the next farm, lokin on 0:21:48.400 --> 0:21:50.679 your boots like it's so easy. 0:21:50.960 --> 0:21:52.800 The good thing is it doesn't live for very long 0:21:52.840 --> 0:21:53.600 in the environment. 0:21:54.040 --> 0:21:55.000 Do you know how long? 0:21:55.800 --> 0:21:58.520 Most of the things I saw were like forty eight 0:21:58.560 --> 0:21:59.240 hours max. 0:22:00.000 --> 0:22:01.640 Okay, yeah, that's long enough. 0:22:03.040 --> 0:22:05.080 I mean it is, But you know, it's also like 0:22:05.359 --> 0:22:08.520 I think that you need. They mostly were suggesting that 0:22:08.920 --> 0:22:12.000 you would need really high concentrations of the virus in 0:22:12.040 --> 0:22:14.639 the environment for an animal to get infected just from 0:22:14.800 --> 0:22:20.240 environmental exposure. M hmm, okay, so yeah, if the animal 0:22:20.280 --> 0:22:23.800 doesn't die, so if they had kind of a less 0:22:23.880 --> 0:22:27.040 virulent strain, for example, or if they somehow happen to 0:22:27.080 --> 0:22:30.879 survive this infection. The convalescent phase is the last phase. 0:22:31.160 --> 0:22:35.720 It's quite prolonged. While the lesions, those mucosal lesions tend 0:22:35.720 --> 0:22:38.840 to heal within a week or so, there's often secondary 0:22:38.920 --> 0:22:43.399 bacterial infections on top of those, and the diarrhea takes 0:22:43.400 --> 0:22:46.119 a really long time to resolve, like four to five weeks. 0:22:47.560 --> 0:22:49.800 Yeah, I can imagine it would have to come with 0:22:49.920 --> 0:22:51.240 long term health. 0:22:51.040 --> 0:22:57.400 Eff absolutely absolutely. Speaking of long term effects, you remember 0:22:57.800 --> 0:23:01.840 in our measles episode, we talked about how much measles 0:23:01.960 --> 0:23:03.520 rex our immune system. 0:23:03.960 --> 0:23:06.560 Uh huh, immune amnesia m hm. 0:23:06.880 --> 0:23:12.440 Measles causes immunosuppression immediately after the infection that can persist 0:23:12.480 --> 0:23:15.199 for a long time, as well as causing like that 0:23:15.320 --> 0:23:19.040 immune amnesia that you mentioned where we can no longer 0:23:19.080 --> 0:23:23.320 fight off infections we had previously been exposed to. Render 0:23:23.320 --> 0:23:27.600 pest also absolutely reaks havoc on the immune system of 0:23:27.640 --> 0:23:31.119 these animals. So it's very common that even if an 0:23:31.119 --> 0:23:37.160 animal survives render pest infection, latent infections can become activated 0:23:37.280 --> 0:23:40.840 after so things that they maybe had some bacteria kind 0:23:40.840 --> 0:23:45.320 of growing somewhere, or a parasite or something that kind 0:23:45.359 --> 0:23:48.280 of their body was just low level taking care of 0:23:48.720 --> 0:23:52.480 now can become reactivated, and they can become more ill 0:23:52.560 --> 0:23:58.920 from a second infection afterwards. And it's because remember that 0:23:59.080 --> 0:24:02.639 this virus in affects your lymph tissue, right, so it's 0:24:02.840 --> 0:24:06.600 actively causing depletion of your immune cells. That's one of 0:24:06.640 --> 0:24:10.560 the hallmark kind of lab signs that you would see 0:24:10.560 --> 0:24:13.280 if you were to draw a cow's blood while it's infected, 0:24:13.280 --> 0:24:15.119 they'd have almost no white blood cells. 0:24:15.359 --> 0:24:17.080 Yeah, makes sense. 0:24:17.600 --> 0:24:23.040 Yeah, it's it's really really depressing. Overall mortality rates are 0:24:23.119 --> 0:24:26.560 often over ninety percent, approaching one hundred percent. 0:24:27.240 --> 0:24:30.640 It's unreal. Yeah, I mean, it's very real, but it's 0:24:30.800 --> 0:24:31.520 hard to believe. 0:24:31.880 --> 0:24:38.879 I know, it's absolutely horrific. That's I mean, that's the 0:24:38.960 --> 0:24:40.160 disease in a nutshell. 0:24:41.280 --> 0:24:43.119 It's a really bad one. 0:24:43.240 --> 0:24:48.360 It is a really bad one. So should I say 0:24:48.359 --> 0:24:51.359 the good news right now, just so that people don't 0:24:51.359 --> 0:24:53.240 get too depressed before we start on the history? 0:24:53.760 --> 0:24:54.119 Sure? 0:24:54.760 --> 0:24:56.280 Uh, we eradicated it. 0:24:56.760 --> 0:25:00.879 Yeah, it's the second disease to be eradicated ever in 0:25:00.920 --> 0:25:03.480 the history of diseases. It's so cool. 0:25:03.720 --> 0:25:06.639 It's very cool, very cool. So this disease no longer 0:25:06.720 --> 0:25:12.160 exists in the wild, in domestic animals, it doesn't exist 0:25:12.760 --> 0:25:14.800 except in laboratory vials. 0:25:15.480 --> 0:25:18.160 Yeah, and a lot of labs, not all, but some 0:25:18.320 --> 0:25:19.360 have destroyed their. 0:25:20.880 --> 0:25:26.639 Which is thrilling. So yeah, So Aaron, what the heck? 0:25:28.800 --> 0:25:29.800 I can't wait to tell you. 0:25:30.080 --> 0:25:31.960