1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,720 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:17,720 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Biebelson and I'm Holly Frying. Hey, it's time 4 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:23,919 Speaker 1: for Unearthed. Ye hey this spring. In our previous installment 5 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:28,480 Speaker 1: of Unearthed, we speculated on whether the COVID Night Team 6 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:32,040 Speaker 1: pandemic would thwart our plans to do Unearthed in July. 7 00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:35,920 Speaker 1: If you have just started listening to the podcast. Between 8 00:00:36,800 --> 00:00:39,479 Speaker 1: I guess April ish and now, this is when we 9 00:00:39,520 --> 00:00:43,400 Speaker 1: periodically talk about things that have been literally and figuratively unearthed, 10 00:00:44,040 --> 00:00:46,760 Speaker 1: and we kind of wondered whether the there would be 11 00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:51,160 Speaker 1: a pause on unearthing because of the pandemic. There has 12 00:00:51,240 --> 00:00:55,360 Speaker 1: not been. I actually saved about as many articles over April, 13 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: May and June as I did in the first three 14 00:00:57,400 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 1: months of the year, but a lot of what I 15 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:02,280 Speaker 1: call did was a little bit repetitive or sounded really 16 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:05,399 Speaker 1: similar to a find that we just talked about recently, 17 00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:08,320 Speaker 1: um things like that. So we just have a one 18 00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:11,080 Speaker 1: part Unearthed this time around instead of two parts. Also, 19 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:14,320 Speaker 1: just a note, there's a little thunder happening off at 20 00:01:14,360 --> 00:01:16,280 Speaker 1: the distance at my house. I don't know if the 21 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:18,120 Speaker 1: microphone is going to pick any of it up. But 22 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:20,240 Speaker 1: if you're listening or like, what was that, it was 23 00:01:20,319 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: probably rumbling. Those girls should eat lunch. I mean that 24 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:31,720 Speaker 1: happens sometimes too. In un Earth seventeen, we talked about 25 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:34,720 Speaker 1: arts and crafts retail chain Hobby Lobby agreeing to pay 26 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:38,640 Speaker 1: a three million dollar fine and forfeit thousands of artifacts 27 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:41,760 Speaker 1: that have been smuggled into the United States. Then in 28 00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:46,280 Speaker 1: Unearthed in July, we discussed the repatriation of those artifacts. 29 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:51,880 Speaker 1: Well back. Hobby Lobby also purchased a tablet known as 30 00:01:51,920 --> 00:01:55,240 Speaker 1: the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet for more than one point six 31 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:59,800 Speaker 1: million dollars. That tablet is three thousand, six hundred years old. 32 00:02:00,080 --> 00:02:02,800 Speaker 1: As its name suggests, it contains a portion of the 33 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:06,880 Speaker 1: epic of Gilgamesh. After this purchase, the tablet went on 34 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:10,079 Speaker 1: display at the Museum of the Bible, which was funded 35 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:13,760 Speaker 1: by Hobby Lobby founder Steve Green. Officials from the Department 36 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:16,840 Speaker 1: of Homeland Security seized the tablet from the museum in 37 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:21,679 Speaker 1: twenty nineteen, and this May, federal authorities started formally pursuing 38 00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:24,600 Speaker 1: a forfeiture order to return the tablet to a rock. 39 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:29,000 Speaker 1: According to authorities, Hobby Lobby representatives did ask about the 40 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:33,079 Speaker 1: tablets providence before making the purchase, but a major auction house, 41 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:38,480 Speaker 1: which remains nameless in the paperwork, obfuscated its origins. However, 42 00:02:38,680 --> 00:02:42,600 Speaker 1: Hobby Lobby also filed a lawsuit against the auction house, Christie's, 43 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:46,280 Speaker 1: which accused the auction house of quote deceitful and fraudulent 44 00:02:46,360 --> 00:02:50,959 Speaker 1: conduct in connection to a Gilgamesh tablet. Seems likely it 45 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:55,960 Speaker 1: might be the same one. Probably Also, we did not 46 00:02:56,120 --> 00:03:00,800 Speaker 1: include this little tidbit in our springtime Unearthed addition, which 47 00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:02,720 Speaker 1: is when it happened. But back in March, it was 48 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:06,080 Speaker 1: also reported that none of the Dead Sea scrolls in 49 00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:09,600 Speaker 1: the Museum of the Bible's collection are actually authentic. Vindor 50 00:03:09,639 --> 00:03:12,279 Speaker 1: Landa has come up on a couple of previous installments 51 00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 1: of an Earth that's a Roman fort just south of 52 00:03:14,840 --> 00:03:19,000 Speaker 1: Hadrian's Wall. This time, curators at the vindor Landa Museum 53 00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:21,920 Speaker 1: have found a toy mouse cut from leather in a 54 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 1: bag of scraps, and it dates back to somewhere between 55 00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:28,240 Speaker 1: the years one oh five and one thirty. This mouse 56 00:03:28,360 --> 00:03:31,839 Speaker 1: is flat, about twelve point two centimeters or four point 57 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 1: eight inches long. It's cut from a single piece of leather, 58 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:37,080 Speaker 1: and it has little marks on it that seemed to 59 00:03:37,080 --> 00:03:39,840 Speaker 1: indicate hair on the mouse's body and the tail, as 60 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:43,120 Speaker 1: well as marks for the eyes. This discovery came as 61 00:03:43,160 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 1: a result of the COVID nineteen pandemic. Excavations at Vindolanda 62 00:03:47,320 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: had to be postponed, so the curatorial staff at the 63 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 1: museum spent their time, among other things, going through all 64 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:57,160 Speaker 1: of the leather pieces in the museum's collection. This collection 65 00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:00,400 Speaker 1: contains more than seven thousand objects, some of them things 66 00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:03,560 Speaker 1: like shoes, boots, and horse gear, but there are also 67 00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:06,760 Speaker 1: lots and lots of patches and scraps and off cuts. 68 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:09,440 Speaker 1: I kind of love the idea of somebody being like, well, 69 00:04:09,720 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 1: we can't have visitors, we can't do that. Dig I'm 70 00:04:12,880 --> 00:04:17,440 Speaker 1: gonna go through this bag of scraps, see what's in here. Um. 71 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:21,160 Speaker 1: This mouse may have been made specifically as a child's toy. 72 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:24,320 Speaker 1: There is plenty of evidence that there were children at 73 00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: vendor Landa, or somebody may have made it as a 74 00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:31,280 Speaker 1: practical joke or just because they were bored. The plan 75 00:04:31,480 --> 00:04:33,719 Speaker 1: is to put this mouse on display at the vendor 76 00:04:33,800 --> 00:04:37,440 Speaker 1: Landa museum. Maybe someone was trying to entertain a cat. 77 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: Maybe so it does seem like a good kick toy 78 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:45,640 Speaker 1: for a cat. Right in our Springtime on Earth this year, 79 00:04:45,680 --> 00:04:47,919 Speaker 1: we talked about the theft of a painting by Vincent 80 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:51,919 Speaker 1: van Gogh from the Singer Laren Museum, which is in Laren, Netherlands, 81 00:04:51,960 --> 00:04:55,200 Speaker 1: not in the Hague, as we said in the episode earlier. 82 00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:58,520 Speaker 1: This spring, art detective Arthur Brand received proof of life 83 00:04:58,520 --> 00:05:02,599 Speaker 1: photos of the painting. He released those on June. The 84 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:06,039 Speaker 1: photo shows the painting a copy of the international edition 85 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:10,240 Speaker 1: of the May New York Times and the book Master Thief. 86 00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:13,200 Speaker 1: Brand received a photo of the back of the painting 87 00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:16,840 Speaker 1: as well. At this point, there's some speculation that this 88 00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: theft is a copycat crime. There's also like security footage, 89 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:23,800 Speaker 1: the footage that became available after we recorded that earlier 90 00:05:23,800 --> 00:05:26,480 Speaker 1: episode that shows being like a pretty much fast paced 91 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:29,599 Speaker 1: smash and grab. The book that is shown in that 92 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:32,440 Speaker 1: proof of life picture is about the two thousand two 93 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:35,320 Speaker 1: theft of two different Vincent van go works from an 94 00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:39,280 Speaker 1: Amsterdam museum. The newspaper that's shown in the picture has 95 00:05:39,279 --> 00:05:42,160 Speaker 1: a story on the front page titled notes on an 96 00:05:42,279 --> 00:05:44,680 Speaker 1: Art Heist from one who has done it, and it's 97 00:05:44,680 --> 00:05:48,520 Speaker 1: about the Singer Lare and theft, but it quotes extensively 98 00:05:48,640 --> 00:05:50,840 Speaker 1: one of the men who was convicted of that earlier 99 00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:53,359 Speaker 1: two thousand and two heist. This sounds like such a 100 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: good movie. It's like the way that serial killers in 101 00:05:56,520 --> 00:06:00,520 Speaker 1: fiction movies are portrayed as taunting the police and the 102 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: except this one would be about art theft. M hmm, 103 00:06:03,320 --> 00:06:08,440 Speaker 1: I'd go to that movie. A veterinarian in England stumbled 104 00:06:08,480 --> 00:06:12,400 Speaker 1: across a stone memorializing a previous outbreak of render Pest. 105 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:15,360 Speaker 1: An image of the stone was posted on the Nantwitch 106 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:18,760 Speaker 1: Farm Vets facebook page in May, and that stone read 107 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:22,680 Speaker 1: quote near this place were buried forty three cows, seven 108 00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:27,960 Speaker 1: calving heifers, five yearling heifers, one bowl, twenty calves that 109 00:06:28,040 --> 00:06:31,000 Speaker 1: died in the months of February and March eighteen sixty 110 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,680 Speaker 1: six of the render pest then raging in Cheshire, belonging 111 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:38,440 Speaker 1: to John Sutton of Most in Manner. Our episode on 112 00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:41,080 Speaker 1: the eradication of Render Pest came out in April of 113 00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:43,920 Speaker 1: this year, So that's just another piece of that puzzle. Yeah. 114 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:46,800 Speaker 1: I think all of those numbers that highly just read 115 00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:49,359 Speaker 1: are correct. I was reading them off of a picture 116 00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:54,520 Speaker 1: of you know, a stone dating back to the nineteenth century. 117 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:56,240 Speaker 1: There were a couple where I was like, is that 118 00:06:56,279 --> 00:06:59,720 Speaker 1: a seven or a one? Uh? In a different update, 119 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:04,320 Speaker 1: just related to multiple past episodes, including Red Summer and 120 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:07,600 Speaker 1: our one on IBB Wells Barnet. According to a new 121 00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: report that was issued by the Equal Justice Initiative in June, 122 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 1: more than six thousand, five hundred Black Americans were lynched 123 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:20,000 Speaker 1: between eighteen sixty five and nineteen fifty. This report included 124 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:24,760 Speaker 1: two thousands that took place during reconstruction, but we're not 125 00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:28,520 Speaker 1: included in the organization's earlier reports. So whenever we have 126 00:07:28,600 --> 00:07:31,520 Speaker 1: talked about numbers of lynchings that have taken to place 127 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:34,120 Speaker 1: in the past, like these numbers are much larger than that. 128 00:07:34,440 --> 00:07:37,080 Speaker 1: In our previous installment of On Earth, we talked about 129 00:07:37,080 --> 00:07:39,560 Speaker 1: a decision by the U S Secretary of the Interior, 130 00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 1: David Bernhardt, ruling that the mashp Wampanog's three hundred acres 131 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:46,600 Speaker 1: of reservation land on Cape Cod would be taken out 132 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:50,800 Speaker 1: of trust and the reservation disestablished. We noted in that 133 00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:53,840 Speaker 1: discussion that the tribe had a previously filed lawsuit that 134 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: was still pending when that decision was announced. That lawsuit 135 00:07:57,680 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: was related to a Department of the Interior decision that 136 00:08:01,240 --> 00:08:04,640 Speaker 1: the tribe had not been under federal jurisdiction in nineteen 137 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:08,680 Speaker 1: thirty four. Yeah, that decision about nineteen thirty four jurisdiction 138 00:08:08,760 --> 00:08:12,840 Speaker 1: ties back into this whole disestablishment question. So a forty 139 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:16,080 Speaker 1: five day halt was placed on the order to disestablish 140 00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: the reservation, and on the last day of that order, 141 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:22,920 Speaker 1: Federal Judge Paul L. Freedman issued a ruling in that 142 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:27,200 Speaker 1: earlier lawsuit. Freedman ruled that the Department of the Interiors 143 00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 1: twenty eighteen decision was faulty, calling it quote arbitrary, capricious, 144 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:36,280 Speaker 1: an abuse of discretion, and contrary to law. The overall 145 00:08:36,400 --> 00:08:39,400 Speaker 1: issue is still a little unsettled at this point, though, 146 00:08:39,440 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: because now the Department of the Interior has to go 147 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:45,800 Speaker 1: back and reevaluate that twenty eighteen decision. This isn't an 148 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 1: update exactly, but it is on a similar theme and 149 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:52,720 Speaker 1: it happened literally as Tracy was writing this paragraph. On 150 00:08:52,840 --> 00:08:55,600 Speaker 1: July nine, the U. S. Supreme Court issued a decision 151 00:08:55,640 --> 00:08:59,400 Speaker 1: in mcgart versus Oklahoma, which also applies to another case, 152 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:03,240 Speaker 1: Sharp versus Murphy, that the eastern half of Oklahoma is 153 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:06,440 Speaker 1: Native American land for the purpose of federal criminal law. 154 00:09:07,240 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 1: This is a way bigger story than we can get 155 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:12,079 Speaker 1: into here, but the podcast This Land, which is hosted 156 00:09:12,080 --> 00:09:15,000 Speaker 1: by Rebecca Nagle, is an excellent resource on it if 157 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:17,680 Speaker 1: you want to follow up and get some more details. Yes, 158 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:22,319 Speaker 1: I mean in general, even before the ruling was announced, 159 00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:26,640 Speaker 1: like it had already formed an extensive body of very 160 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,840 Speaker 1: useful work on the context for that. There is an 161 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:32,200 Speaker 1: episode that I think will be out by the time 162 00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: this episode of On Earth comes out, but it doesn't 163 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:37,480 Speaker 1: exist as of when we are recording it. That it 164 00:09:37,559 --> 00:09:40,640 Speaker 1: is specifically about the decision and the impact that it 165 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:47,080 Speaker 1: is going to have. Um moving on, bones have been 166 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:50,920 Speaker 1: found in the walls of the Chapelle Expertoire in Paris. 167 00:09:51,559 --> 00:09:53,559 Speaker 1: This is a memorial chapel that was built in the 168 00:09:53,640 --> 00:09:57,479 Speaker 1: nineteenth century on the site of the former Madeline Cemetery. 169 00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:00,640 Speaker 1: That cemetery is where Louis the sixteenth and Marie Antoinette 170 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: were buried after being executed during the French Revolution. When 171 00:10:04,960 --> 00:10:08,720 Speaker 1: this chapel was built, there remains, or at least the remains. 172 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: People were pretty sure we're there's had been exhumed and reinterred. 173 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:16,360 Speaker 1: At the Basilica of Sandinis. Madeline Cemetery was one of 174 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:18,880 Speaker 1: the ones established to hold the remains of people who 175 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:21,880 Speaker 1: were guillotine during the French Revolution in the Reign of Terror. 176 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:25,679 Speaker 1: It closed in seventeen ninety four, and before the bones 177 00:10:25,720 --> 00:10:28,400 Speaker 1: were discovered in the chapel walls, it was believed that 178 00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:31,680 Speaker 1: all the remains had been removed and ultimately placed in 179 00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:35,600 Speaker 1: the ossuary in the Paris Catacombs. We covered the Catacombs 180 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:39,320 Speaker 1: on the show in October, but it turns out there 181 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 1: actually four ossuaries in the walls of the lower chapel. 182 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:46,640 Speaker 1: They may contain the remains of as many as five 183 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:50,000 Speaker 1: hundred people. Some of them are among the most prominent 184 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:54,360 Speaker 1: people to be guillotined, including Madame DuBarry and Olimpe de Gouge. 185 00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: As a super quick note and changing gears quite a bit. 186 00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:01,400 Speaker 1: In June, NASA announced that its head quarters building in Washington, 187 00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:04,880 Speaker 1: d C. Would be named after engineer Mary Winston Jackson, 188 00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:07,760 Speaker 1: who we covered on the show in February of nineteen 189 00:11:08,559 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 1: and in our last update for this edition of On Earth, 190 00:11:12,480 --> 00:11:15,600 Speaker 1: here's the headline from the art newspaper that has dated 191 00:11:15,679 --> 00:11:21,640 Speaker 1: June eighteen, uote has Yale's mysterious voyage manuscript finally been deciphered. 192 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:25,280 Speaker 1: Every time someone writes that headline, I just want to 193 00:11:25,280 --> 00:11:30,319 Speaker 1: call their office and go, no, baby no. What follows 194 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,880 Speaker 1: reads pretty much like every other voyage manuscript update we 195 00:11:33,960 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 1: have talked about over the years, of which there have 196 00:11:36,679 --> 00:11:38,840 Speaker 1: been many, which is why I say that we could 197 00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:42,320 Speaker 1: say that so it seems safe to say it is 198 00:11:42,360 --> 00:11:46,720 Speaker 1: not no, baby no. To answer your question. This one 199 00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:49,200 Speaker 1: also seems to get a lot less traction than a 200 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:53,440 Speaker 1: lot of the previous You know, outsider says that they 201 00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:57,800 Speaker 1: have cracked the code based on apparently specious reasoning. Yeah, 202 00:11:57,880 --> 00:12:01,320 Speaker 1: I I my very favorite to the ones like board 203 00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:05,480 Speaker 1: hobbyist cracks Voytage manuscript in ten days, and I'm always like, 204 00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:09,240 Speaker 1: this reads like a quick weight loss ad. Like it's 205 00:12:09,280 --> 00:12:15,920 Speaker 1: just no, no, no, Yeah. Do you want to take 206 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:18,720 Speaker 1: a quick break before we get into some scientific stuff. 207 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:30,800 Speaker 1: Let's do next. That's Holly alluded to. Before the break, 208 00:12:30,840 --> 00:12:33,160 Speaker 1: we have a few things that sit at the intersection 209 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:39,120 Speaker 1: between science and history. First, according to various headlines, you 210 00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:43,199 Speaker 1: can see the twelfth century murder of Thomas Beckett, Archbishop 211 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,679 Speaker 1: of Canterbury, in a seventy two meter long ice core 212 00:12:46,880 --> 00:12:50,000 Speaker 1: from this s with Italian Alps. That sentence, it might 213 00:12:50,040 --> 00:12:55,160 Speaker 1: seem like kind of a stretch sensational. Yeah, that does 214 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,400 Speaker 1: kind of skip a step. Um Beckett was killed by 215 00:12:58,440 --> 00:13:01,360 Speaker 1: four of King Henry the Seconds nine in eleven seventy 216 00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:04,240 Speaker 1: after a long dispute between the archbishop and the monarch 217 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:08,720 Speaker 1: over the interplay between ecclesiastical and secular law. The king 218 00:13:08,840 --> 00:13:11,800 Speaker 1: later performed an act of public penance for his role 219 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:14,720 Speaker 1: in all of this, and he also arranged and funded 220 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:19,560 Speaker 1: the construction of several monasteries. Those monasteries are really where 221 00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,920 Speaker 1: this ice core comes in. The ice core shows an 222 00:13:22,960 --> 00:13:26,360 Speaker 1: increase in lead pollution towards the end of the twelfth century, 223 00:13:26,840 --> 00:13:29,800 Speaker 1: and then tax records from that same period show an 224 00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:34,240 Speaker 1: uptick in English lead and silver production. So the conclusion 225 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:38,240 Speaker 1: here as that both the production and the pollution traced 226 00:13:38,320 --> 00:13:41,120 Speaker 1: back to the materials that were needed for the roofs 227 00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:44,000 Speaker 1: of those monasteries that were built after the murder of 228 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:48,480 Speaker 1: Thomas Beckett. These researchers also traced correlations between lead production, 229 00:13:48,679 --> 00:13:53,200 Speaker 1: atmospheric lead, and other political events, wars and crusades between 230 00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:56,760 Speaker 1: eleven seventy and twelve twenty. They concluded that Britain was 231 00:13:56,800 --> 00:13:59,760 Speaker 1: the major source of lead pollution during this period and 232 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:02,560 Speaker 1: other Thomas Beckett news There is now a three D 233 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:06,079 Speaker 1: rendering of the original shrine of Thomas Beckett, which was 234 00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:10,800 Speaker 1: destroyed during the Protestant Reformation. This recreates what the shrine 235 00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:13,920 Speaker 1: would have looked like in the year fourteen o eight, 236 00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:17,559 Speaker 1: and it was released to the public for the anniversary 237 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:20,640 Speaker 1: of the translation of Beckett's remains from the crypt in 238 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:25,360 Speaker 1: Canterbury Cathedral to this shrine. Jumping tracks once again. In 239 00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:28,200 Speaker 1: what has been described as a real breakthrough, a team 240 00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:30,960 Speaker 1: publishing in the journal Nature has developed a new way 241 00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:35,000 Speaker 1: to determine the age of pottery. Radio carbon dating only 242 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:39,080 Speaker 1: works on organic material but pottery is mostly inorganic, and 243 00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:41,240 Speaker 1: this means that a lot of the time people have 244 00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:43,720 Speaker 1: to figure out the age of pottery by comparing it 245 00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:46,920 Speaker 1: to organic materials from the same site, rather than being 246 00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:50,000 Speaker 1: able to test the pottery itself. In the words of 247 00:14:50,040 --> 00:14:53,360 Speaker 1: Professor Richard Evershed from the University of Bristol, who led 248 00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: the research team, quote, being able to directly date archaeological 249 00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:01,000 Speaker 1: pots is one of the holy grails of our geology. 250 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:05,600 Speaker 1: The method described in the paper accurate compounds. Specific fourteen 251 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:10,360 Speaker 1: seed dating of archaeological pottery vessels doesn't exactly date the 252 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:14,600 Speaker 1: pottery itself. It tests the lipid residues left behind when 253 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:17,800 Speaker 1: the pottery was used in food preparation. To do this, 254 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:23,080 Speaker 1: researchers have to use high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 255 00:15:23,080 --> 00:15:26,800 Speaker 1: and mass spectrometry to pinpoint the residues and thence to 256 00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:30,440 Speaker 1: confirm that they are pure enough to provide an accurate date. 257 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:33,640 Speaker 1: The team used their method on pottery fragments that had 258 00:15:33,640 --> 00:15:36,800 Speaker 1: already been precisely dated through other methods, and they found 259 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: that it was extremely accurate. It's possible that this method 260 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:42,920 Speaker 1: could narrow the date range for a piece of pottery 261 00:15:42,960 --> 00:15:46,480 Speaker 1: down to a human lifespan. This is something that was 262 00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:51,800 Speaker 1: um It was actually announced before our most recent unearthed 263 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:56,160 Speaker 1: installment came out, but it was more heavily promoted just afterward, 264 00:15:56,760 --> 00:15:59,360 Speaker 1: and a lot of very excited people tagged us into 265 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:01,880 Speaker 1: things on Twitter that we're like, here's something you can 266 00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:05,840 Speaker 1: talk about on the next on Earth Moving on forestry 267 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:09,840 Speaker 1: and land, Scotland has been using drone surveys conducted by 268 00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:14,280 Speaker 1: a company called Skyscape Survey to create three D models 269 00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:17,040 Speaker 1: of terrain, and in May they announced that they had 270 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:20,360 Speaker 1: completed a survey of an earthen rampart that's known as 271 00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:25,040 Speaker 1: Wallace's House. The resulting contour model roughly matches a survey 272 00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:27,760 Speaker 1: map of that same area that was published in eighteen 273 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 1: fifty seven. Headlines about this work read along the lines 274 00:16:31,560 --> 00:16:35,800 Speaker 1: of William Wallace's Hill Fort discovered. But this was really 275 00:16:35,840 --> 00:16:38,520 Speaker 1: an aerial survey and modeling of an area that was 276 00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:41,800 Speaker 1: already known and previously mapped. And though it's long been 277 00:16:41,840 --> 00:16:45,200 Speaker 1: associated with William Wallace, he died in thirteen oh five, 278 00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:49,200 Speaker 1: so centuries passed between his death in the creation of 279 00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,560 Speaker 1: that eighteen fifty seven survey map. In the words of 280 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:56,280 Speaker 1: Forestry and Land Scotland archaeologist Matt Ritchie quote, could the 281 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:59,080 Speaker 1: fort really have been built by William Wallace and his men? 282 00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:02,440 Speaker 1: I'd like to think so. And either way, the survey 283 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,480 Speaker 1: has added a new chapter to an old story. Yeah, 284 00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:08,280 Speaker 1: it's sort of the popular lures that it was Wallace's, 285 00:17:08,359 --> 00:17:11,439 Speaker 1: but like I haven't quite substantiated that at this point. 286 00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:16,439 Speaker 1: Researchers from UC Davis have concluded that Neanderthals preferred to 287 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:20,320 Speaker 1: use the bones of specific animals when making leather working 288 00:17:20,359 --> 00:17:24,680 Speaker 1: tools known as lessoire. According to the analysis, the tools 289 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:28,840 Speaker 1: were mostly made from bovine bones, so things like bison 290 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:32,679 Speaker 1: and rox, but based on the other bones that were 291 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:35,840 Speaker 1: part of the same deposit, reindeer were actually the ones 292 00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:38,400 Speaker 1: that were more commonly used as a food source, so 293 00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,040 Speaker 1: the use of bovine bones seems to have been intentional. 294 00:17:41,640 --> 00:17:44,000 Speaker 1: Reindeer bone would have been a lot more plentiful and 295 00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:47,520 Speaker 1: easy to come by, but bovine bones, specifically the ribs, 296 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:50,760 Speaker 1: would have been larger and more rigid for making these tools. 297 00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:54,119 Speaker 1: Maybe the coolest part of all of this, the team 298 00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:57,640 Speaker 1: didn't want to damage the bones to collect samples to analyze, 299 00:17:57,760 --> 00:18:01,240 Speaker 1: so they used residues from inside of the plastic containers 300 00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:03,920 Speaker 1: where the bones had been stored, and that was enough 301 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:07,960 Speaker 1: material to analyze through a mass spectrometer. Now we're gonna 302 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:11,919 Speaker 1: move on to a few unearth things related to books 303 00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:16,639 Speaker 1: and letters. Four fragments of the Dead Sea scrolls that 304 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:20,240 Speaker 1: were believed until now to be blank have been discovered 305 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 1: to actually contain text, just not texts that's visible to 306 00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:27,320 Speaker 1: the naked eye. The government of Jordan's had given these 307 00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:30,440 Speaker 1: fragments to a leather expert back in the nineteen fifties 308 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:33,600 Speaker 1: to study their composition. It seemed like good candidates to 309 00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:36,359 Speaker 1: do that work because everyone thought they were blank. After 310 00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:39,440 Speaker 1: that work was complete, the fragments were placed in storage, 311 00:18:39,480 --> 00:18:41,720 Speaker 1: and then they eventually made their way to the University 312 00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:45,520 Speaker 1: of Manchester. Professor Joan Taylor was looking through the collection 313 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:48,760 Speaker 1: for items that might warrant for their study and discovered 314 00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: a mark that looked like a possible letter. That fine 315 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:55,000 Speaker 1: led a team to image fifty one scroll fragments using 316 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:58,399 Speaker 1: multi spectral imaging. Based on that work, four of the 317 00:18:58,480 --> 00:19:02,800 Speaker 1: fragments do contain readable text. The largest of them contains 318 00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:07,120 Speaker 1: fifteen or sixteen letters, including the word Shabat or sabbath. 319 00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,760 Speaker 1: In other Dead Sea scroll news, After the scrolls were 320 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,240 Speaker 1: first discovered in caves in ninety six, they weren't really 321 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:17,600 Speaker 1: excavated in a methodical way, and many of them passed 322 00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,800 Speaker 1: through an assortment of traders and dealers before being gathered 323 00:19:20,840 --> 00:19:24,800 Speaker 1: for studying. Plus, the scrolls have disintegrated over the last 324 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:27,840 Speaker 1: two thousand years, meaning that what we describe as the 325 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:32,000 Speaker 1: Dead Sea Scrolls is really about twenty five thou fragments 326 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:35,480 Speaker 1: that don't necessarily carry any indication of which pieces go 327 00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:39,400 Speaker 1: together or what order they were written in. Sometimes there 328 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:41,600 Speaker 1: are newer copies of a text that can serve as 329 00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:44,600 Speaker 1: a guide, but that is not always the case. So 330 00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:47,200 Speaker 1: one team is trying to resolve some of this by 331 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:51,439 Speaker 1: using DNA fingerprinting to match up fragments that were written 332 00:19:51,480 --> 00:19:55,080 Speaker 1: on skins that all came from the same animal. Logically, 333 00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:59,200 Speaker 1: they probably go together, and it's also possible that fragments 334 00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:02,480 Speaker 1: that came from close sleeve related animals, like say two 335 00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 1: different cows from the same herd, they might be connected 336 00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:09,720 Speaker 1: as well. The team has made some surprising discoveries, one 337 00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:13,560 Speaker 1: being that fragments, including the Biblical Book of Jeremiah, actually 338 00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:16,879 Speaker 1: came from two completely different animals, when a sheep and 339 00:20:16,920 --> 00:20:20,120 Speaker 1: one a cow, suggesting that these might actually be two 340 00:20:20,160 --> 00:20:22,639 Speaker 1: different copies of the same book that have been merged 341 00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:25,879 Speaker 1: together during the research process. And now we'll move on 342 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:30,520 Speaker 1: to something that's sort of book adjacent. Archaeologists in London 343 00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:33,320 Speaker 1: may have found the remains of the Red Lion Theater, 344 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:36,240 Speaker 1: which was the first known purpose built theater of the 345 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:40,399 Speaker 1: Elizabethan era. The theater was built around fifteen sixty seven, 346 00:20:40,560 --> 00:20:43,959 Speaker 1: although its exact location has been the subject of debate. 347 00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:47,919 Speaker 1: This excavation took place in advance of construction work, and 348 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:50,879 Speaker 1: it unearthed a building that roughly matches the dimensions of 349 00:20:50,880 --> 00:20:53,480 Speaker 1: the Red Lion, which we know because of its being 350 00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:57,160 Speaker 1: mentioned in two lawsuits in fifteen sixty seven. In fifteen 351 00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:00,680 Speaker 1: sixty nine, the excavation also found the remains of other 352 00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:04,399 Speaker 1: buildings built over the century or so that followed, including 353 00:21:04,480 --> 00:21:07,840 Speaker 1: what may have been the Red Lion. In that find 354 00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:12,560 Speaker 1: included two beer sellers, complete with bottles and tankards. I know, 355 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:15,320 Speaker 1: I love the fact that we know the dimensions of 356 00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:21,199 Speaker 1: this theater because of lawsuits. It makes me um feel 357 00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:25,200 Speaker 1: less crabby about litigious people. I'm like, well, they're creating 358 00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:28,600 Speaker 1: a historical record. I also didn't go down the rabbit 359 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,439 Speaker 1: hole of figuring out exactly what the lawsuits were about, 360 00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:34,639 Speaker 1: but I'm imagining it was the neighbors being crabby about 361 00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:37,520 Speaker 1: the theater noise. And now we can just on that note, 362 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:48,199 Speaker 1: take a little quick break for a sponsor. Whenever I 363 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:51,720 Speaker 1: work on these unearthed episodes, I always wind up with 364 00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: some random discoveries that seem pretty cool, but they don't 365 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:57,640 Speaker 1: really fit together into a category, and I just throw 366 00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:01,760 Speaker 1: them into a pile that I call potpourri like on Jeopardy. 367 00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:06,360 Speaker 1: This is where we are. Researchers have tried to resolve 368 00:22:06,520 --> 00:22:10,679 Speaker 1: the question of whether bronze swords that have been found 369 00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:13,560 Speaker 1: in various parts of Europe were made for decorative or 370 00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:18,800 Speaker 1: ceremonial purposes or if they were used as weapons, and 371 00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:21,920 Speaker 1: they did this by making replicas of them and fighting 372 00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:25,120 Speaker 1: with them. This is part of a bigger project known 373 00:22:25,119 --> 00:22:28,560 Speaker 1: as the Bronze Age Combat Project. I feel like this 374 00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 1: is the dream for so many people. It's not the 375 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:35,920 Speaker 1: first time we've talked about doing stuff with replica weapons, 376 00:22:35,960 --> 00:22:38,440 Speaker 1: Like there was one where there were javelin throwers that 377 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:41,800 Speaker 1: were throwing, But this one, to me is more delightful 378 00:22:41,920 --> 00:22:45,800 Speaker 1: to fighting with the bronze swords. Oh yeah. For this research, 379 00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:49,720 Speaker 1: Raphael Herman of the University of Goodeen commissioned seven cast 380 00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: bronze swords and then struck them against one another in 381 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:57,160 Speaker 1: a methodical way and recorded the results. Since that's not 382 00:22:57,320 --> 00:23:00,119 Speaker 1: actually like combat, he also worked with some medieval that 383 00:23:00,359 --> 00:23:04,000 Speaker 1: enthusiasts who dueled with the replicas while being recorded with 384 00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:07,520 Speaker 1: high speed cameras, and then the team compared the wear 385 00:23:07,560 --> 00:23:10,240 Speaker 1: marks from these duels to more than two thousand, five 386 00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:13,360 Speaker 1: hundred wear marks found on one hundred and ten actual 387 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:17,120 Speaker 1: bronze age swords. So what they found was that, yes, 388 00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:20,760 Speaker 1: it appears that even though bronze is a pretty soft 389 00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:25,600 Speaker 1: material that doesn't necessarily seem ideal for making swords out 390 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:29,440 Speaker 1: of these swords were actually used for fighting. The team 391 00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:32,520 Speaker 1: also found that the wear patterns on those hundred and 392 00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:36,040 Speaker 1: ten bronze age swords were connected to the swords age 393 00:23:36,119 --> 00:23:38,119 Speaker 1: and where it was found, so that suggests that there 394 00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:42,320 Speaker 1: were very specific and precise fighting techniques that arose in 395 00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:46,160 Speaker 1: different areas and evolved over time. The team used similar 396 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:49,600 Speaker 1: methods to study bronze age spears and shields as well. 397 00:23:50,119 --> 00:23:53,000 Speaker 1: They published their results in the Journal of Archaeological method 398 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:56,800 Speaker 1: and Theory in April under the title Bronze Age Swordsmanship 399 00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:01,600 Speaker 1: New Insights from Experiments and Wear Analysis Moving on. A 400 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:06,159 Speaker 1: clay pipe found by an amateur bottle hunter in Tasmania 401 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:09,000 Speaker 1: in twenty sixteen has turned out to be one of 402 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:13,000 Speaker 1: the oldest known depictions of the now extinct thil A 403 00:24:13,080 --> 00:24:17,280 Speaker 1: sign also called the Tasmanian Tiger. It is also the 404 00:24:17,359 --> 00:24:21,920 Speaker 1: first clay pipe known to have been made locally in Tasmania. 405 00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:25,159 Speaker 1: Rather than imported to the island from somewhere else. The 406 00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:27,879 Speaker 1: pipes age and origins are a bit of a mystery, 407 00:24:27,920 --> 00:24:30,840 Speaker 1: though the bottles it was found with date back to 408 00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:34,480 Speaker 1: about eighteen thirty, suggesting it's almost two hundred years old, 409 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:37,400 Speaker 1: but the pipe stem is decorated with a kuka burra, 410 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:41,359 Speaker 1: and cuka burras were not introduced into Tasmania until nineteen 411 00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:44,919 Speaker 1: oh three. It is possible that whoever made the pipe 412 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:48,080 Speaker 1: had lived in Australia or New Guinea, or that it 413 00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:51,560 Speaker 1: actually depicts some other bird. I learned as I was 414 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:56,200 Speaker 1: reading about this there's a whole organization that's specifically dedicated 415 00:24:56,240 --> 00:25:01,760 Speaker 1: to tracking down depictions and other evidence of um of thil, 416 00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:05,120 Speaker 1: a sign which I just was like, that's great, it's 417 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:08,719 Speaker 1: great interest for somebody to have and pursue so excitedly. 418 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:14,800 Speaker 1: Archaeologist near Verona, Italy, have been unearthing the floor mosaics 419 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:17,760 Speaker 1: and foundations of a Roman villa dating back to the 420 00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,480 Speaker 1: third century. This is not actually a new discovery. The 421 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 1: villa was first found back in the nineteen twenties, but 422 00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:27,880 Speaker 1: it wasn't excavated at that time. Um it did take 423 00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:30,840 Speaker 1: some hunting to find it again in more recent years, though. 424 00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:34,640 Speaker 1: Excavation work started in October of nineteen and it continued 425 00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:37,359 Speaker 1: to tell February, and then that had to be suspended 426 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:40,879 Speaker 1: until May because of the pandemic. A lot of people 427 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:44,520 Speaker 1: tagged us into a Twitter thread about uh that that 428 00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:48,280 Speaker 1: described it as what could be the year's biggest discovery. 429 00:25:48,320 --> 00:25:50,639 Speaker 1: But really, all the information that there is to share 430 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:53,280 Speaker 1: about it at this point is what we just said. 431 00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:56,960 Speaker 1: And then like a handful of pictures. That's like five pictures. 432 00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,919 Speaker 1: I think they are really pretty. I don't want to 433 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:01,520 Speaker 1: take away from the fact that it does look like 434 00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:04,600 Speaker 1: a very beautiful floor mosaic, but like, at this point, 435 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:07,000 Speaker 1: it's it's not clear if there's something that's clearly setting 436 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:10,240 Speaker 1: it apart from the many other Roman era floor mosaics 437 00:26:10,240 --> 00:26:12,280 Speaker 1: that have survived until the day. I don't really know yet, 438 00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:17,560 Speaker 1: all very preliminary. In other news, archaeologists excavating a Song 439 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:21,520 Speaker 1: dynasty tomb and China's Hunan Province have unearthed a burial 440 00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:24,159 Speaker 1: side of a married couple. It was pretty common for 441 00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:26,760 Speaker 1: spouses to be buried together, but what makes this to 442 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,719 Speaker 1: more unique is an element that was described as a 443 00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: fairy bridge is a small window connecting the two sections 444 00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,480 Speaker 1: of the tomb, which is an indicator that this couple 445 00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:39,800 Speaker 1: would continue their marriage in the afterlife. I love this 446 00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:43,399 Speaker 1: story so much, too so sweet. I want a fairy bridge, 447 00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:46,240 Speaker 1: except that I don't want to be buried. Uh we have. 448 00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:51,160 Speaker 1: We've only got one Edibles and Potables discovery to talk 449 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,680 Speaker 1: about this time around, so we're putting that one here. 450 00:26:54,520 --> 00:26:58,399 Speaker 1: Research at three sites in eastern Ethiopia has revealed that 451 00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:02,840 Speaker 1: halal butchering practices and Islamic dietary standards pre date the 452 00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:06,280 Speaker 1: first major mosques and Muslim burial sites that are there 453 00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:10,120 Speaker 1: by four hundred years. Those major religious sites were built 454 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:12,800 Speaker 1: around the twelfth century, although it is possible that there 455 00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:15,720 Speaker 1: were smaller mosques built earlier than that which have not 456 00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:19,080 Speaker 1: yet been discovered. In addition to that find, they found 457 00:27:19,119 --> 00:27:21,639 Speaker 1: evidence at Harlaw, which is one of the three sites 458 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:24,560 Speaker 1: that was studied, of imported fish that had been brought 459 00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:27,439 Speaker 1: in from the Red Sea. Since they did not find 460 00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:30,480 Speaker 1: the fish heads, this suggests that the fish were being 461 00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:34,320 Speaker 1: processed and preserved when they were caught before being transported 462 00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:41,680 Speaker 1: into the region. Came from Canary Row. Uh. Switching gears again, 463 00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:44,320 Speaker 1: we have got a couple of studies related to the Amazon. 464 00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:48,080 Speaker 1: According to a paper published in the journal Nature, people 465 00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,600 Speaker 1: in southwest Amazonia about ten thousand years ago created what 466 00:27:51,720 --> 00:27:56,960 Speaker 1: is described as artificial forest islands. Today the area is 467 00:27:57,040 --> 00:28:00,879 Speaker 1: covered by forested areas surrounded by savannah, and the savannah 468 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:05,000 Speaker 1: is flooded from December through March, but people built mounds 469 00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: that would have stayed above the water level during the 470 00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:11,600 Speaker 1: rainy season, allowing trees to grow, thus the forest islands. 471 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:16,639 Speaker 1: This conclusion followed remote sensing of sixty one archaeological sites 472 00:28:16,680 --> 00:28:20,600 Speaker 1: in northern Bolivia. This adds to just a growing body 473 00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:24,560 Speaker 1: of knowledge about how much people influenced the forest itself 474 00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:30,720 Speaker 1: before Europeans arrived there. Um research in the same area 475 00:28:30,960 --> 00:28:35,760 Speaker 1: also suggests that people in the Amazon started started domesticating 476 00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:40,080 Speaker 1: maniac about eleven thousand years ago, meaning that this region 477 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:43,200 Speaker 1: is one of the places on Earth where people started 478 00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:47,280 Speaker 1: domesticating plants all at roughly the same time. It lines 479 00:28:47,360 --> 00:28:51,360 Speaker 1: up with rice domestication in what's now China, grain domestication 480 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:55,640 Speaker 1: in the Middle East, mean and squashed domestication in Mesoamerica, 481 00:28:55,720 --> 00:28:59,600 Speaker 1: and potato and keen wad domestication in the Andes. According 482 00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:04,080 Speaker 1: to a study published in the journal Global Ecology and Biogeography, 483 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:08,000 Speaker 1: soil enrichment techniques used in eastern and southern Amazonia before 484 00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:14,520 Speaker 1: the arrival of Europeans continues to influence the region's biodiversity today. Specifically, 485 00:29:14,560 --> 00:29:18,840 Speaker 1: they compared flora growing in Amazonian dark earth that's usually 486 00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:21,920 Speaker 1: uh shortened as a D E, and they compared it 487 00:29:21,960 --> 00:29:25,520 Speaker 1: with flora in non a D soil. The dark earth 488 00:29:25,640 --> 00:29:28,960 Speaker 1: was created as the region's early inhabitants used charcoal and 489 00:29:29,080 --> 00:29:32,320 Speaker 1: food waste to enrich the soil, so the researchers found 490 00:29:32,320 --> 00:29:36,080 Speaker 1: that these areas with dark earth still have richer plant 491 00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:40,040 Speaker 1: diversity than areas without it. Areas with dark earth also 492 00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:43,680 Speaker 1: had a higher pH and more nutrients present in the soil. 493 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:47,520 Speaker 1: There are definitely some dark earth areas that are still 494 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:51,600 Speaker 1: being used by local and indigenous populations, but the soil 495 00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:55,200 Speaker 1: also continued to be richer, with more diverse plant life 496 00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:58,800 Speaker 1: and places where it hasn't been actively used in centuries. 497 00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:02,760 Speaker 1: Shipwrecked time, which will make some of our listeners happy. 498 00:30:03,360 --> 00:30:05,720 Speaker 1: The remains of a shipwreck in York, Maine have been 499 00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:09,520 Speaker 1: tentatively identified as the Defiance, which was originally built in 500 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:13,120 Speaker 1: seventeen fifty four. Studying this wreck has been pretty tricky. 501 00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:16,280 Speaker 1: It's position on the beach means that it's continually being 502 00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:20,880 Speaker 1: uncovered and reburied by the sea, especially after storms. Its 503 00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:24,560 Speaker 1: first documented appearance was in nineteen fifty eight. After that 504 00:30:24,640 --> 00:30:27,960 Speaker 1: it vanished again before re emerging in nineteen seventy eight, 505 00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:32,960 Speaker 1: two thousand, seven, thirteen, and twenty eighteen. Marine archaeologist Stephen 506 00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:35,760 Speaker 1: Clayson worked to i d the find by sending a 507 00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,840 Speaker 1: sample of one of the timbers to the Cornell University 508 00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:42,200 Speaker 1: Tree Ring Laboratory, which suggested that it came from a 509 00:30:42,240 --> 00:30:45,480 Speaker 1: tree that had been cut down in seventeen fifty three. 510 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:49,680 Speaker 1: With that starting point, Clayson dug through notary records for 511 00:30:49,720 --> 00:30:52,920 Speaker 1: a match. The Defiance wrecked on York Beach in a 512 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:56,440 Speaker 1: storm in seventeen sixty nine, and it had initially been 513 00:30:56,440 --> 00:31:00,360 Speaker 1: built in Massachusetts in seventeen fifty four. All four of 514 00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:03,360 Speaker 1: the crew that were aboard survived the wreck and interviews 515 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:05,760 Speaker 1: plays and stressed the need to try to conserve what 516 00:31:05,920 --> 00:31:08,680 Speaker 1: is left of this wreckage because every time it re 517 00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:11,360 Speaker 1: emerges from the sand, people flocked to the area to 518 00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:13,400 Speaker 1: look at it and take pictures, and some of them 519 00:31:13,480 --> 00:31:15,480 Speaker 1: go home with pieces of the wreck that they have 520 00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:20,520 Speaker 1: taken as souvenirs. That happens all the time for various things. 521 00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:24,640 Speaker 1: In another piece of news, a two thousand year old 522 00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:27,840 Speaker 1: boat has been found under the waterfront in Porridge, Croatia. 523 00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:30,719 Speaker 1: This is one of three similar boats that have been 524 00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,520 Speaker 1: found on land in Croatia rather than as part of 525 00:31:33,560 --> 00:31:37,080 Speaker 1: an underwater survey. So this find has been described as 526 00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:41,840 Speaker 1: a particularly well preserved example of a sown ship. The 527 00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:45,040 Speaker 1: wood itself has been preserved, as well as the wooden 528 00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:47,800 Speaker 1: nails and the rope that was used to actually sow 529 00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:52,040 Speaker 1: the vessel together. Although this seems to be a Roman ship, 530 00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:55,240 Speaker 1: the sewing technique that was used to build it as older. 531 00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:59,680 Speaker 1: The battleship USS Nevada was struck when Japanese forces attacked 532 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:05,200 Speaker 1: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December seven. The vessel managed to 533 00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:07,840 Speaker 1: get under way before being hit again, and its crew 534 00:32:07,880 --> 00:32:11,040 Speaker 1: had to beach it After it was repaired. It survived 535 00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:13,520 Speaker 1: the Battle of Attu, the d D Invasion, and the 536 00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:17,320 Speaker 1: invasion of Iwajima and Okinawa before serving as a target 537 00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,680 Speaker 1: during atomic bomb tests after the war was over. It 538 00:32:20,840 --> 00:32:24,840 Speaker 1: survived nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll, and although it was 539 00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:27,480 Speaker 1: radioactive At that point, it was towed to a point 540 00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:30,360 Speaker 1: off the Hawaiian Islands, where it continued to be used 541 00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:34,520 Speaker 1: for target practice, which it continued to survive before being 542 00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:38,880 Speaker 1: scuttled by an aerial torpedo in The Navy knew its 543 00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:43,520 Speaker 1: approximate location, but teams from private firms Search Incorporated and 544 00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:47,560 Speaker 1: Ocean Infinity discovered the actual wreckage in May of this year. 545 00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:51,600 Speaker 1: Their ships had stayed at sea due to the coronavirus pandemic, 546 00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:53,920 Speaker 1: which also put a pause on some of their other 547 00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:57,280 Speaker 1: commercial work. Yeah. I interpreted their statements about it. It's 548 00:32:57,320 --> 00:33:00,240 Speaker 1: basically saying, well, we're out here on the ocean. Let's 549 00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:02,760 Speaker 1: look around, y'all want to go look for a shipwreck. 550 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:07,560 Speaker 1: We have one repatriation to talk about this time around. 551 00:33:07,920 --> 00:33:11,160 Speaker 1: The Exeter City Council in England has voted to return 552 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:14,760 Speaker 1: a collection of items that belonged to six SCA First 553 00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:19,560 Speaker 1: Nation Chief Crowfoot to the six SA First Nation in Alberta, Canada. 554 00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:23,480 Speaker 1: These items had been at the Royal albert Memorial Museum. 555 00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:26,240 Speaker 1: That acquisition had dated back to the signing of Treaty 556 00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:29,880 Speaker 1: seven between the Government of Canada and five First Nations, 557 00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:33,120 Speaker 1: one of those first Nations being the Six Sica, who 558 00:33:33,160 --> 00:33:36,640 Speaker 1: are also known as the Blackfoot. Formal negotiations for the 559 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:40,160 Speaker 1: return of the items started back in with visits from 560 00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:45,600 Speaker 1: six Sicca Nation to Exeter and vice versa in but 561 00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:50,080 Speaker 1: then the negotiations stalled for years. A climate controlled room 562 00:33:50,120 --> 00:33:53,120 Speaker 1: had already been prepared to house the regalia at Blackfoot 563 00:33:53,120 --> 00:33:57,040 Speaker 1: Crossing Historical Park, but the actual return has been delayed, 564 00:33:57,200 --> 00:33:59,280 Speaker 1: like so many things we've talked about on this on Earth, 565 00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:03,400 Speaker 1: due to COVID nineteen travel restrictions. As of when we 566 00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:06,320 Speaker 1: are recording this, it is uncertain when this may happen. 567 00:34:06,720 --> 00:34:08,960 Speaker 1: The Sixa First Nation is in the middle of a 568 00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:13,319 Speaker 1: spike in COVID cases. Yea, Like so many indigenous and 569 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:17,960 Speaker 1: First Nations communities, like things seem treacherous. Yeah. At this 570 00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 1: moment um, we have two exhimations to talk about, both 571 00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:26,080 Speaker 1: of which also could have been updates. We have talked 572 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:29,600 Speaker 1: about the extimation of Salvador Deli for praternity testing and 573 00:34:29,760 --> 00:34:34,800 Speaker 1: previous installments of Unearthed. In May, a Spanish court ordered 574 00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:38,600 Speaker 1: pillar Abell, who had requested the exlimation in order to 575 00:34:38,680 --> 00:34:42,279 Speaker 1: prove whether she was Salvador Dolly's daughter, to pay all 576 00:34:42,320 --> 00:34:46,400 Speaker 1: the costs associated with it. It's an estimated seven thousand euros. 577 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:50,560 Speaker 1: Our previous updates included the fact that the DNA tests 578 00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:54,000 Speaker 1: revealed that Dolly was not her father, but not that 579 00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:57,480 Speaker 1: polar Abell had been filed an additional suit contending that 580 00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:00,760 Speaker 1: the chain of custody had been interrupted when the remains 581 00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:04,640 Speaker 1: were gathered and analyzed. So she's contesting that whole thing. Yeah, 582 00:35:04,719 --> 00:35:10,000 Speaker 1: the judge did not find that to be substantiated. In April, 583 00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:14,120 Speaker 1: the Texas Historical Commission approved a plan to exhume four 584 00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:17,800 Speaker 1: sets of remains from the Alamo to allow for ongoing 585 00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:22,440 Speaker 1: preservation work there. The plan was to temporarily keep the 586 00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:25,479 Speaker 1: remains in a collection's fault and then, once the work 587 00:35:25,560 --> 00:35:29,680 Speaker 1: is complete, to re enter them on Alamo grounds. There 588 00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:33,480 Speaker 1: have been several controversies connected to this exhimation, as different 589 00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:36,640 Speaker 1: groups of people whose ancestors are buried at the Alamo 590 00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:41,320 Speaker 1: have disagreed on how to proceed. One issue is DNA testing. 591 00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:44,920 Speaker 1: The committee that established a protocol for how human remains 592 00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:48,600 Speaker 1: should be handled at the Alamo included representatives from several 593 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:52,880 Speaker 1: federally recognized Indigenous peoples, many of whom do not agree 594 00:35:52,920 --> 00:35:57,880 Speaker 1: with conducting DNA testing of remains for religious or cultural reasons, 595 00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:01,240 Speaker 1: but those representatives do not in lude the tap Peelam 596 00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:05,120 Speaker 1: quae tech In nation, which is not federally recognized, and 597 00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:07,200 Speaker 1: it is possible that a third or more of the 598 00:36:07,239 --> 00:36:10,320 Speaker 1: people buried at the Alamo were quae tech In speaking 599 00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:14,279 Speaker 1: people's Unlike many of the other nations involved, tap pe 600 00:36:14,440 --> 00:36:18,480 Speaker 1: lam is in favor of DNA testing. In June, the 601 00:36:18,560 --> 00:36:22,320 Speaker 1: Texas Historical Commission also recognized the Alamo's church as a 602 00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:26,880 Speaker 1: verified cemetery, but denied request to have the area surrounding 603 00:36:26,920 --> 00:36:31,360 Speaker 1: the church recognized as an unverified cemetery that would have 604 00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:35,640 Speaker 1: affected ongoing work at the Alamo Plaza. That work is 605 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:39,960 Speaker 1: also highly controversial. I learned that there is a whole 606 00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:43,800 Speaker 1: world of controversy about the Alamo and the restoration projects 607 00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:46,879 Speaker 1: and the plaza projects that is all going on right now. Uh. 608 00:36:46,880 --> 00:36:51,839 Speaker 1: And then our final thing, this, according to Tracy, gets 609 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:54,360 Speaker 1: the best headline award. It wouldn't for me because of 610 00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:58,440 Speaker 1: subject matter, but it is the origin of feces copro 611 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:02,160 Speaker 1: I d reliably predict sources of ancient poop. So we 612 00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,919 Speaker 1: have talked about various discoveries that have been made through 613 00:37:04,960 --> 00:37:09,080 Speaker 1: analyzing copper lights or fossilized feces on a show before. 614 00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:12,080 Speaker 1: One of the challenges in this work is figuring out 615 00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:15,800 Speaker 1: exactly which species the feces came from. This can be 616 00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:19,440 Speaker 1: especially challenging for researchers when they're trying to distinguish human 617 00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:22,239 Speaker 1: feces from dog feces because they tend to have a 618 00:37:22,280 --> 00:37:27,160 Speaker 1: similar size and composition. Prehistoric humans and dogs also often 619 00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:30,080 Speaker 1: lived in the same place in eight similar food. They 620 00:37:30,080 --> 00:37:33,520 Speaker 1: can even be tricky to tell them apart using DNA analysis, 621 00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:36,960 Speaker 1: because some ancient cultures used dogs as a food source, 622 00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:40,839 Speaker 1: and dogs current dogs would still do this. I'm sure 623 00:37:40,960 --> 00:37:44,399 Speaker 1: have also scavenged human feces for food. Current dogs will 624 00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:51,200 Speaker 1: scavenge any animals feces for any any feces. Yeah. Copro 625 00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:54,560 Speaker 1: I d tackles this problem, combining analysis of the host 626 00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:58,400 Speaker 1: DNA with machine learning predictions based on analysis of modern 627 00:37:58,440 --> 00:38:03,000 Speaker 1: gut microbiomes to accurately determine the source of the feces. 628 00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:06,040 Speaker 1: In the words of Christina we're In, her senior author 629 00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:09,320 Speaker 1: of the study, quote, one unexpected finding of our study 630 00:38:09,440 --> 00:38:12,600 Speaker 1: is the realization that the archaeological record is full of 631 00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:15,560 Speaker 1: dog poop. I just felt like that was I could 632 00:38:15,560 --> 00:38:20,200 Speaker 1: not end on any other story than that one. Although 633 00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:22,600 Speaker 1: you know, as an animal person, that just does not 634 00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:28,839 Speaker 1: surprise me. Of course I interpreted that as meaning there 635 00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:30,800 Speaker 1: is poop that we thought was human that it's not, 636 00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:37,880 Speaker 1: which is hilarious. Yeah. Um uh, Tracy, you had mentioned 637 00:38:37,880 --> 00:38:40,480 Speaker 1: to me before we started that we're not doing listener 638 00:38:40,520 --> 00:38:43,840 Speaker 1: mail for this one, not exactly. Rather than trying to 639 00:38:43,880 --> 00:38:48,000 Speaker 1: read any one particular email, we have gotten several emails 640 00:38:48,040 --> 00:38:50,239 Speaker 1: and notes on Facebook and tweets and whatnot over the 641 00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:55,520 Speaker 1: last few weeks um asking about our website. Uh. And 642 00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:58,239 Speaker 1: we've talked about it previously on the show, but since 643 00:38:58,239 --> 00:39:00,839 Speaker 1: it's been a while and since clearly folks are still like, hey, 644 00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:03,640 Speaker 1: what happened to your website, I thought we would recap 645 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:08,400 Speaker 1: it again and also give folks some tips for finding 646 00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:12,520 Speaker 1: stuff like finding on episodes of the show. So basically 647 00:39:13,040 --> 00:39:17,120 Speaker 1: our old website, which was full of pictures and tags 648 00:39:17,239 --> 00:39:21,879 Speaker 1: and show notes and whatnot that was custom made when 649 00:39:21,920 --> 00:39:26,360 Speaker 1: we were part of a website called how Stuff Works. UM. 650 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:28,960 Speaker 1: It had a bunch of features that had been cobbled 651 00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:32,400 Speaker 1: together over many many years from a bunch of sources. 652 00:39:32,440 --> 00:39:35,560 Speaker 1: Like the tags were a carryover from when our podcast 653 00:39:35,560 --> 00:39:38,600 Speaker 1: website used to be on WordPress, and when we stopped 654 00:39:38,680 --> 00:39:42,440 Speaker 1: using WordPress, the how stuff Works team like custom made 655 00:39:42,520 --> 00:39:47,360 Speaker 1: a tag feature to carry all that over. So in 656 00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:51,360 Speaker 1: the How Stuff Works podcasts spun off into our own business, 657 00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:54,920 Speaker 1: and then I Heart Radio bought that business in September, 658 00:39:55,920 --> 00:39:58,040 Speaker 1: and then for more than a year after that, the 659 00:39:58,120 --> 00:40:02,160 Speaker 1: remaining how Stuff Works team kept maintaining the old website 660 00:40:02,760 --> 00:40:05,799 Speaker 1: that just could not continue forever. At some point we 661 00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:08,840 Speaker 1: had to move on to the infrastructure of the company 662 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:13,280 Speaker 1: that actually owns our podcast. Uh And so that happened. 663 00:40:13,320 --> 00:40:15,200 Speaker 1: I think that was that was at the beginning of 664 00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:17,440 Speaker 1: this year at this point. Does that sound right? No? 665 00:40:17,719 --> 00:40:20,440 Speaker 1: I think it was earlier than that, But maybe I'm wrong. 666 00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:22,920 Speaker 1: I think I feel like it was at the beginning 667 00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:24,960 Speaker 1: of this year because I have a spreadsheet that has 668 00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:27,360 Speaker 1: all the old tags on it and it ends December. 669 00:40:29,840 --> 00:40:33,319 Speaker 1: I mean that who knows, though it's it's all kind 670 00:40:33,360 --> 00:40:35,920 Speaker 1: of blurring together. Things that happened in January of this 671 00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:38,600 Speaker 1: year feel like they happened before I was born. At 672 00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:43,720 Speaker 1: this point. Uh, So, we were working on a solution 673 00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:46,480 Speaker 1: at least for the show notes, because we both feel 674 00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:48,399 Speaker 1: like the show notes are really important to show people 675 00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:50,239 Speaker 1: what the sources are for all of our episode and 676 00:40:50,280 --> 00:40:52,600 Speaker 1: to give credit to everybody who has worked on those 677 00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:55,480 Speaker 1: sources for doing their work. Um, we were working on 678 00:40:55,560 --> 00:40:59,239 Speaker 1: a solution for that, and then a pandemic happened and 679 00:40:59,320 --> 00:41:04,520 Speaker 1: that just totally upended both the like the logistical and 680 00:41:04,560 --> 00:41:09,279 Speaker 1: the working like the people and the financial resources, like 681 00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:13,080 Speaker 1: all of that just got like somebody just just just 682 00:41:13,160 --> 00:41:17,919 Speaker 1: shook the picnic blanket with all of that stuff on it. Um, 683 00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:20,600 Speaker 1: So I don't we don't know at this point when 684 00:41:20,680 --> 00:41:23,200 Speaker 1: we will have a show note resources so are a 685 00:41:23,239 --> 00:41:27,120 Speaker 1: show note thing that people can access. So easiest way 686 00:41:27,120 --> 00:41:29,800 Speaker 1: to find old episodes of the show on the internet 687 00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:33,920 Speaker 1: is to google the topic you're looking for and the 688 00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:36,520 Speaker 1: words missed in history, all as part of the same search. 689 00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:39,239 Speaker 1: Um that's actually how I was doing it with the 690 00:41:39,239 --> 00:41:43,760 Speaker 1: old website. Yea all the time. Yeah, it works ninety 691 00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:48,920 Speaker 1: tocent of the time. There's a tiny number of episodes 692 00:41:48,960 --> 00:41:52,200 Speaker 1: that for some reason Google just hasn't indexed, and there 693 00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:54,360 Speaker 1: are a few things that are named weirdly that don't 694 00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,600 Speaker 1: come up. But of the time that will work. The 695 00:41:57,640 --> 00:42:01,040 Speaker 1: easiest way to scroll through a whole list of the episodes. 696 00:42:01,160 --> 00:42:04,800 Speaker 1: Is actually to just use an app like for example, 697 00:42:05,280 --> 00:42:09,520 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts. UM like that that if you are subscribed 698 00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:11,400 Speaker 1: to the show, will show you the entire archive that 699 00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:15,040 Speaker 1: you can just scroll on through if you need specific 700 00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:17,760 Speaker 1: show notes for something. UM Like let's say you're working 701 00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:19,759 Speaker 1: on a school project and it would really help you 702 00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:22,680 Speaker 1: out to be able to see the sources for an episode. UH, 703 00:42:22,880 --> 00:42:26,360 Speaker 1: email us within reason, we will try to help you out. UM. 704 00:42:26,440 --> 00:42:29,560 Speaker 1: We did not have transcripts of all the old episodes, 705 00:42:30,160 --> 00:42:32,080 Speaker 1: which is something that like we we have really wanted 706 00:42:32,080 --> 00:42:33,719 Speaker 1: to have for a long time, and we don't for 707 00:42:33,760 --> 00:42:36,719 Speaker 1: a lot of reasons that are outside of our control individually. 708 00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:39,880 Speaker 1: But for this the episodes that we did have transcripts of, 709 00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:43,560 Speaker 1: I still have those transcripts. So if you need one, 710 00:42:43,680 --> 00:42:45,839 Speaker 1: email and and if we have it, I will send 711 00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:50,040 Speaker 1: it to you. UM. Our email address is History Podcast 712 00:42:50,120 --> 00:42:53,400 Speaker 1: at I Heart radio dot com. Our previous how Stuff 713 00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:56,640 Speaker 1: Works email address is now officially finally no longer delivering 714 00:42:56,680 --> 00:42:59,960 Speaker 1: emails to us anymore. UM that continued to work for 715 00:43:00,120 --> 00:43:02,319 Speaker 1: many months, So if you want to email us, that's 716 00:43:02,360 --> 00:43:04,440 Speaker 1: the the one to use it as History Podcast at 717 00:43:04,440 --> 00:43:07,880 Speaker 1: I Heart radio dot com. Uh, I don't do you 718 00:43:07,880 --> 00:43:10,200 Speaker 1: have anything to add to all of the Well, I 719 00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,319 Speaker 1: had a question for you because I thought Apple only 720 00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:17,560 Speaker 1: had three hundred episodes. Apple only has three hundred episodes 721 00:43:17,719 --> 00:43:23,400 Speaker 1: in the store. So if you're in the Apple podcast store, uh, 722 00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:27,440 Speaker 1: pretty much any podcast that doesn't have a lower limit 723 00:43:27,520 --> 00:43:31,480 Speaker 1: manually set. It's a maximum of three hundred episodes. But 724 00:43:31,560 --> 00:43:33,959 Speaker 1: if you are subscribed to the show and you look 725 00:43:34,040 --> 00:43:36,719 Speaker 1: in your library, it should have all of it. Do 726 00:43:36,719 --> 00:43:38,880 Speaker 1: you like how I staged that question so that we 727 00:43:38,920 --> 00:43:40,839 Speaker 1: would know, because I know it comes up all the time. 728 00:43:41,080 --> 00:43:45,600 Speaker 1: It does come up all of the uh. And I 729 00:43:45,640 --> 00:43:48,320 Speaker 1: mean that I I can't speak to how every single 730 00:43:48,360 --> 00:43:51,120 Speaker 1: podcast app works because there's so many of them, and 731 00:43:51,480 --> 00:43:53,560 Speaker 1: most of them are free, and you can try as 732 00:43:53,640 --> 00:43:55,600 Speaker 1: many as you want to find one that that suits 733 00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:57,640 Speaker 1: your needs. But that also means that, like we usually 734 00:43:57,719 --> 00:44:01,920 Speaker 1: usually can't answer individual questions about how anything besides Apple 735 00:44:01,920 --> 00:44:05,120 Speaker 1: podcast works because that's the one that's like been around 736 00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:08,279 Speaker 1: the longest, um and as you know, that's the that's 737 00:44:08,280 --> 00:44:12,000 Speaker 1: the app that's on my phone. Although I listen to 738 00:44:12,040 --> 00:44:16,880 Speaker 1: podcasts like a caveman by manually sinking a click wheel 739 00:44:16,960 --> 00:44:21,720 Speaker 1: iPod to a computer, I'm still somewhat befuddled by this practice. 740 00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:26,120 Speaker 1: But it's not even that, it's just that I've been 741 00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:29,960 Speaker 1: doing it for so long, and I especially because because 742 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:33,319 Speaker 1: of the pandemic, I'm no longer walking to go on 743 00:44:33,520 --> 00:44:37,000 Speaker 1: errands nearly as much. Also, to be frank, I'm not 744 00:44:37,080 --> 00:44:39,560 Speaker 1: cleaning as much, and those are the times that I 745 00:44:39,680 --> 00:44:43,480 Speaker 1: usually listen to podcasts. So I have this giant backlog 746 00:44:43,600 --> 00:44:48,399 Speaker 1: of podcasts and like trying to recreate that on my 747 00:44:48,440 --> 00:44:50,959 Speaker 1: phone to listen to like a more up to date 748 00:44:51,040 --> 00:44:53,879 Speaker 1: human person is just like it's one thing I don't 749 00:44:53,920 --> 00:44:56,640 Speaker 1: have time. I have plenty of time, I don't have 750 00:44:56,680 --> 00:45:00,480 Speaker 1: the mental space to do it right now. Fair, uh 751 00:45:00,640 --> 00:45:02,399 Speaker 1: don't have the middle space for a lot of things. 752 00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:05,160 Speaker 1: I'm sure that's like everyone. Again. We hope everyone is 753 00:45:05,440 --> 00:45:08,680 Speaker 1: uh being able to take as as good a care 754 00:45:08,719 --> 00:45:11,399 Speaker 1: of themselves as possible. I know things are incredibly hard 755 00:45:11,480 --> 00:45:14,160 Speaker 1: right now for most people in a lot of ways. 756 00:45:14,360 --> 00:45:18,640 Speaker 1: So anyway, if you'd like to write to us about 757 00:45:18,640 --> 00:45:20,920 Speaker 1: this or any other podcast or history podcasts at I 758 00:45:21,160 --> 00:45:24,000 Speaker 1: heart radio dot com and then you'll also find us 759 00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:27,880 Speaker 1: on social media at miss in history real like for example, 760 00:45:27,880 --> 00:45:30,840 Speaker 1: that's our Twitter name as miss in History our website, 761 00:45:30,840 --> 00:45:32,720 Speaker 1: as we have said, is missed in History dot com, 762 00:45:32,760 --> 00:45:34,480 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on the I 763 00:45:34,560 --> 00:45:37,400 Speaker 1: heart radio app and Apple podcasts and anywhere else you 764 00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:44,759 Speaker 1: get a podcast. Stuff you Missed in History Class is 765 00:45:44,760 --> 00:45:47,960 Speaker 1: a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from 766 00:45:47,960 --> 00:45:51,319 Speaker 1: I heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 767 00:45:51,440 --> 00:45:53,480 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.