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Speaker 4: Hey, Daniel, I have an explosive question for you.

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Speaker 1: Uh oh, are you gonna ask me about how to

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Speaker 1: blow things up?

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Speaker 4: Isn't that what you do every day anyways at the

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Speaker 4: Particle Collider? I mean, like, on a more every day basis.

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Speaker 4: How do you feel about summer fireworks?

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Speaker 1: M I used to love fireworks as a kid.

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Speaker 4: You used to love them. You don't like them anymore.

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Speaker 1: I guess I just used to have a more sparkling personality.

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Speaker 4: Well, you can be a real firecracker, trust me.

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Speaker 1: Well, I'm hoping one day that all blows over.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, very bright and popping's personality. Also, you seem to

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Speaker 4: make a lot of noise.

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Speaker 1: So far, I've never been fired from work for setting

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Speaker 1: off fireworks.

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Speaker 4: I am Hooreham, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I really do love blowing things up.

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Speaker 4: Oh yeah, do you do that as a hobby, not

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Speaker 4: just in your work.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I'm pitching a new reality show called will It Explode?

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Speaker 4: Interesting? I guess if you don't like your fingers or hands,

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Speaker 4: that sounds like a great show to join.

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Speaker 1: I think everybody would want to tune in and see

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Speaker 1: how much T and T does it take to blow

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Speaker 1: up this or that, a banana, a watermelon, a coconut.

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Speaker 4: You remind me of my cousin when we were little

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Speaker 4: that can love to blow things up with far correctly.

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Speaker 1: And how'd that work out for your cousin?

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Speaker 4: All right, he's still alive, still has all his fingers,

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Speaker 4: He managed to survive.

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Speaker 1: Success, and I hope his job lets him blow things

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Speaker 1: up on a regular basis like.

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Speaker 4: Mine actually fixes planes now, so I hope it doesn't

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Speaker 4: blow things open.

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Speaker 1: His job is the opposite now of his childhood passion.

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Speaker 4: That's right, keep things are blowing up, please Gus. But anyways,

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Speaker 4: welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of Iurheart Radio.

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Speaker 1: We're the only thing we want to blow up is

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Speaker 1: your mind. As we delve into the secrets of the

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Speaker 1: universe and try to understand how it all works. We

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Speaker 1: take apart the very fabric of space and time and

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Speaker 1: reality and seek to understand it at the smallest level.

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Speaker 1: How does the universe really work? What are its most

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Speaker 1: fundamental bits, and how do those weave themselves together to

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Speaker 1: make this incredible, exciting and explosive universe that we enjoy

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Speaker 1: every summer.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it is an exploding universe. As we know. Dark

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Speaker 4: energy is making the universe accelerate and expand faster and

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Speaker 4: faster each day. Literally, it is sort of exploding, and

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Speaker 4: it's also full of sparkly, amazing and colorful things for

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Speaker 4: us to wonder about.

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Speaker 1: That's right, Although thinking about the Big Bang and the

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Speaker 1: expansion of the universe as an explosion does tend to

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Speaker 1: lead people to thinking about things the wrong way. A

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Speaker 1: lot of people think about the Big Bang is like

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Speaker 1: this tiny dot of matter which then blew up into

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Speaker 1: space which already existed. Though these days our vision of

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Speaker 1: the early universe isn't as much like a firecracker as

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Speaker 1: it is like a big rubber sheet getting stretched everywhere.

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Speaker 4: Maybe you shouldn't have called it the Big Bang. I

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Speaker 4: mean it's in the name Da Hill. The Big Bang

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Speaker 4: sounds like an explosion.

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Speaker 1: It does, indeed sound like an explosion, and so we'll

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Speaker 1: added to the list of horribly named astronomical concepts.

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Speaker 4: I mean, you just misnamed the entire universe. I mean

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Speaker 4: just a small error there.

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Speaker 1: We should have called it the Big Stretch.

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Speaker 4: But it is interesting. Do you see your job as

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Speaker 4: blowing things up? You said earlier you like blowing things up,

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Speaker 4: and you're a particle physicist, which means you collide things.

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Speaker 4: But does that is also the same thing as blowing

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Speaker 4: things up?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Well, the reason we collide things is to blow

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Speaker 1: them up. Like you want to know what's inside a proton,

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Speaker 1: you can't like put it on the table and tease

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Speaker 1: it apart with plyers. What you got to do is

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Speaker 1: smash two of them together, blow them up, and see

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Speaker 1: what comes out from that explosion. So every collision inside

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Speaker 1: the Large Hadron Collider is like a mini explosion, and

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Speaker 1: we do millions of them per.

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Speaker 4: Second, although it's more like a smashing. I don't know

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Speaker 4: if it's exploding.

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Speaker 1: Really, Well, what happens if you smash two watermelons together?

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Speaker 1: They explode, don't they.

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Speaker 4: They just smash. If you put a grenade inside of

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Speaker 4: a watermelon, that's an explosion.

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Speaker 1: Well, if I could put a grenade inside of proton.

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Speaker 1: I would totally do it, But what would.

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Speaker 4: The grenade be made out of?

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Speaker 1: Danium? Grenadons obviously a delicious dessert. Explosions, but I'm also

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Speaker 1: a big fan of aerial explosions, though maybe more so

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Speaker 1: as a kid.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, you mentioned that before, So you don't like fireworks anymore?

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Speaker 4: Like you go to display and what do you do?

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Speaker 4: You close your ears or you close your eyes.

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Speaker 1: I used to be really amazed by them. I thought

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Speaker 1: they were fantastic when I was a kid, And now

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Speaker 1: I don't know if I've just gotten old and grumpy,

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Speaker 1: but they're just sort of less impressive.

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Speaker 4: They're beautiful now, and they're they're getting more complicated now,

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Speaker 4: right Like now they can you know, like sync them

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Speaker 4: up with music and do all kinds of things like

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Speaker 4: multiple explosions that make different formations up there in the sky.

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Speaker 1: Mm hmm. And as we come up on July fourth,

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Speaker 1: it reminds me that the best fireworks display I ever

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Speaker 1: saw for July fourth, for American Independence Day was actually

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Speaker 1: in Switzerland.

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Speaker 4: Oh yeah, they make everything better out there, more precise.

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Speaker 1: There's a huge American population in Switzerland, and so in

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Speaker 1: Geneva they have an incredible July fourth fireworks display in Geneva.

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Speaker 1: It's like outside the US, but they go all out

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Speaker 1: and have a live orchestra which plays music and coordination

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Speaker 1: with the fireworks. It really was pretty impressive.

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Speaker 4: Well, so you do like fireworks then.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, occasionally I've been known to enjoy them.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, occasionally. I mean, who doesn't like fireworks, Daniel? Maybe dogs?

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Speaker 4: Dogs and physicists, dogs and jaded physicists.

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Speaker 1: Dan. Well, when you blow things up for a living,

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Speaker 1: you know you expect the higher standard.

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Speaker 4: I guess right, right, when you smash things for a living?

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Speaker 4: You mean I you said you got the big name

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Speaker 4: for the origin of the universe. Wrong, Maybe you should be.

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Speaker 1: A little more careful yep, point taking.

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Speaker 4: But anyways, fireworks are pretty amazing and incredible and part

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Speaker 4: of our tradition and part of how the world celebrates

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Speaker 4: big events like independence and New Year's But it's kind

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Speaker 4: of interesting to think about how that actually works.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's an example of how we have put our

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Speaker 1: knowledge of how the universe works to work for us.

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Speaker 1: We manipulate these things and take advantage of them to

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Speaker 1: create these incredible, bright displays. But to do so, you

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Speaker 1: have to know some physics and some chemistry.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, so today on the program we'll be tackling the

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Speaker 4: question how do fireworks work, or I guess more technically,

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Speaker 4: how the fire works fire and work?

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Speaker 1: And can you set off fireworks at work without getting fired?

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Speaker 4: It is a bit of an oxymorn, isn't it. In

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Speaker 4: one word, you have firing, you can fire someone and

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Speaker 4: they can also work exactly fire works.

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Speaker 1: It's like we works, but we don't work.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, fire crashed. Yeah, it's pretty interesting to think about

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Speaker 4: how fireworks work. But I think you sort of said

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Speaker 4: earlier that it's the result of our knowledge of the universe,

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Speaker 4: But really sort of fireworks weren't you know? It didn't

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Speaker 4: come from us understanding anything about the universe, right, I

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Speaker 4: think it was mostly just people playing around with and

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Speaker 4: maybe figuring out that some things blow up.

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Speaker 1: You're absolutely right that fireworks have been with us for

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Speaker 1: a lot longer than like our understanding of the chemistry

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Speaker 1: and the physics of them, that's for sure. In fact,

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Speaker 1: I think they're invented in China like more than a

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Speaker 1: thousand years ago. So firework has been a part of

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Speaker 1: a human existence for a very very long time, longer

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Speaker 1: than we've had modern chemistry, that's for sure.

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Speaker 4: How they were invented. Do you think someone would just

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Speaker 4: foolling around with things and then that blew up on

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Speaker 4: them and then the person next to them was like, oh,

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Speaker 4: that's interesting.

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Speaker 1: I love thinking about how people stumbled into understanding of

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Speaker 1: how things work. You think, like, think about like the

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Speaker 1: metallurgy of swords. People have really refined techniques for exactly

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Speaker 1: how to make very hard steal well before we had

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Speaker 1: any understanding of the chemistry of it. And I think

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Speaker 1: that must have just been accidentally discovered people making mistakes

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Speaker 1: and then discovering, oh wow, look this is pretty awesome.

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Speaker 1: So yeah, I think gunpowder probably discovered accidentally.

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Speaker 4: Interesting. Well, we'll get into how it works and how

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Speaker 4: it was discovered, but as you said, the history of

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Speaker 4: it is that it was invented in China about a

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Speaker 4: thousand years ago. People are not sure. I guess there

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Speaker 4: are no records of it.

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Speaker 1: There are some records of it, and you can look

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Speaker 1: at like Chinese historical drawings and visitors who went to

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Speaker 1: China of course to see evidence of it for more

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Speaker 1: than a thousand years. It's pretty cool.

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Speaker 4: Do you think they were they invented as a like

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Speaker 4: a celebration display or more for warfare.

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Speaker 1: They were initially invented for celebration, they think, and then

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Speaker 1: later applied for war like everything.

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Speaker 4: No, it's usually the other way around these days.

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Speaker 5: Right.

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Speaker 4: The Internet was started for the military darpnet. Yeah, it

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Speaker 4: was originally darpnet, and then it became you know, cat

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Speaker 4: videos and podcasts.

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Speaker 1: I see. So you're saying fireworks eventually would just turn

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Speaker 1: into cat videos.

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Speaker 4: That would be super impressive. If they can do a

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Speaker 4: cat video with explosives.

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Speaker 1: Engineers can get to it. That is the goal. The

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Speaker 1: way every life form eventually evolves into a crab, every

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Speaker 1: form of weapon eventually evolves into a cat video.

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Speaker 4: Well, and then eventually it came to Europe, but not

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Speaker 4: till much later.

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Speaker 1: That's right. In the fourteenth century is when Europe started

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Speaker 1: to use fireworks and developed the same sort of technology.

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Speaker 4: And then somehow it made it to America and it

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Speaker 4: became part ofly fourth our celebrations.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but blowing things up have been part of how

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Speaker 1: people celebrate things for a long long time. Watermelons, fireworks,

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Speaker 1: hopefully not cats.

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Speaker 4: The beginning of the universe with a big bang. Well,

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Speaker 4: it's interesting because it's something that's in our everyday lives

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Speaker 4: almost least once or twice a year, but a bit

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Speaker 4: not a lot of people know how it works, and

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Speaker 4: so as usual we were wondering what would happen if

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Speaker 4: you ask people on the street or on the internet

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Speaker 4: how fireworks work.

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Speaker 1: So thanks very much to everybody out there who answers

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Speaker 1: random questions about the Big Bang, the origin of the universe,

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Speaker 1: and how fireworks work without any chance to prepare. We

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Speaker 1: really love you participating. And if you're out there and

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Speaker 1: you've never joined in, please don't be shy right to

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Speaker 1: us two questions at Danielandjorge dot com. We want to

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Speaker 1: hear from you, So.

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Speaker 4: Think about it for a second. How do you think

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Speaker 4: fireworks work? Here's a people had to say.

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Speaker 6: There's some small amount of gunpowder in a tube that

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Speaker 6: two explodes, creating a big old pressure wave in a tiny,

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Speaker 6: little enclosed area, so that exerts a force on something

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Speaker 6: that's gonna get shot into the air or or I

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Speaker 6: guess whichever way you point it at a friend or

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Speaker 6: a building or a car, And if it's one of

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Speaker 6: those big fireworks, it probably has a second charge in it.

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Speaker 6: You can put a bunch of different metals in there

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Speaker 6: that are gonna burn at different colors, and that would

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Speaker 6: be what makes all the pretty colors in the sky

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Speaker 6: after that second charge goes off.

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Speaker 5: It's my understanding that you have a shell that is

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Speaker 5: made up of black powder or gunpowder or something explosive,

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Speaker 5: surrounded by little things, little balls of something that is

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Speaker 5: dipped in a salt, like a strontium or you know,

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Speaker 5: some sort of metal that when it heats up, it

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Speaker 5: glows in a specific color.

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Speaker 7: Fireworks show differently because I think there are chemicals within

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Speaker 7: each display that, once exploded, will reflect light differently, and

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Speaker 7: that's what produces all of the beautiful colors.

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Speaker 8: Fireworks are like an amazing confluence of chemistry and physics.

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Speaker 8: There's all of this energy that you have stored in

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Speaker 8: the propellant and the explosive that you're using, and then

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Speaker 8: once you get it up there, you're using different chemicals

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Speaker 8: to create all the wild colors. In effect, it's early

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Speaker 8: rockets and payloads of joy.

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Speaker 9: Oh, I'm so excited if you are talking about fireworks.

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Speaker 9: I love them, and yet I am not sure how

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Speaker 9: they work. There's something explosive and different elements create different colors.

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Speaker 9: I think, though I have no idea how they make

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Speaker 9: those really cool ones with the different sparkles and sounds

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Speaker 9: that sound like they're crackling. I love those.

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Speaker 10: I think fireworks work by firing stuff at the back

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Speaker 10: of them, and due to one of Neuter's laws, which

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Speaker 10: I can't remember, that means that due to the opposite reaction,

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Speaker 10: the firework will go up and then I guess some

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Speaker 10: dynamite explodes and makes a nice color in shape.

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Speaker 11: Well.

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Speaker 1: I always imagine fireworks as like a tiny, little colorful

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Speaker 1: controlled bomb that exploded only once you reach the sky.

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Speaker 1: But maybe works differently.

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Speaker 12: Fireworks work by oxidizing flammables with a specific chemical that

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Speaker 12: emits light at a certain frequency, creating the different colors

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Speaker 12: we see.

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Speaker 4: All right, some pretty technical sounding answers. I like this

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Speaker 4: one that said the confluence of chemistry and physics. That

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Speaker 4: sounds almost poetic. Little do they know chemists and physicists

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Speaker 4: never confluence exactly.

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Speaker 1: I was like, that's so naive, man, They're like all

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Speaker 1: the way in fluence together. They're on the other side

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Speaker 1: of campus, man, Like they do totally different physics from us.

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Speaker 1: Chemistry might as well be sociology from our perspective.

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Speaker 4: Is there a stereotype of like a chemists and physicists.

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Speaker 4: Like one of them will were sandals, the other ones

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Speaker 4: were were's socks and slippers.

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Speaker 1: I don't know eye protection. Chemistr are always wearing eye

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Speaker 1: protection when I see them around the building. I see

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Speaker 1: interesting the chemistry, you see, I have these huge labs

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Speaker 1: of like thirty grad students pumping out different synthesis of

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Speaker 1: this and that and the other thing. It's really amazing

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Speaker 1: and impressive, though I don't understand most of it.

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Speaker 4: You sound little jealous there, Well, the chemistry do you

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Speaker 4: have like thirty grad students yourself?

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Speaker 1: I only have eight grad students right now, thank you.

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Speaker 1: But the uichemistry department is top notch. Somebody who graduated

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Speaker 1: from here won the Nobel Prize in chemistry last year.

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Speaker 4: I think always an opportunity to plug you, ciz. But yeah,

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Speaker 4: it's pretty interesting. Everyone seems to have an idea that

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Speaker 4: it's about exploding things, which sort of makes sense and

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Speaker 4: maybe a little obvious. There's an explosion involved and gunpowder.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but fireworks are much more than just an explosion. Right.

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Speaker 1: If you've been to a recent fireworks display, you've seen

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Speaker 1: that they can do incredible stuff. They're sparkly, they're shimmery,

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Speaker 1: they have different colors, they can make smiley faces. I've

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Speaker 1: seen butterflies, I've seen palm trees. It's really amazing and

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Speaker 1: what they can do up there in the sky.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, Well for today, let's break it down maybe a

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Speaker 4: little bit further, right, because when we think about fireworks

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Speaker 4: and you know, celebrations like New Year's or July fourth,

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Speaker 4: there's really sort of three things that people think about.

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Speaker 13: Right.

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Speaker 4: There is the firecrackers that kind of just explode and

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Speaker 4: make noise that usually the kind of people throughout in

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Speaker 4: the middle of the street. There are sparklers, which are

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Speaker 4: the you know sticks that you hold and they to

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Speaker 4: pr out a lot of sparkles. And then there is

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Speaker 4: a big fireworks display that go up in the sky

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Speaker 4: and give us all these amazing colors.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and those things are actually all connected. So that's

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Speaker 1: a great order to tackle them in.

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Speaker 4: Right. Well, we'll start with the firecrackers, Daniel, How what

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Speaker 4: is that? What are the basics of a fire cracker?

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Speaker 1: Firecracker is really pretty simple stuff. It's essentially just gunpowder

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Speaker 1: in a little tube with a fuse, so it's just

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Speaker 1: like a mini bomb, right, And All it does is

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Speaker 1: rapidly burn the gunpowder, the black powder, and explode and

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Speaker 1: give you a loud noise and a little bit of smoke.

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Speaker 4: Now, but I guess the question is what is gunpowder?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I've wondered this for a long time. Actually gunpowder

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Speaker 1: is this weird mixture of stuff. So it's got some

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Speaker 1: charcoal in it, like fifteen percent, ten percent of it

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Speaker 1: is sulfur, and then seventy five percent of it is

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Speaker 1: this stuff called saltpeter, which I always thought was really weird,

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Speaker 1: like who is Peter and why is he so salty?

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Speaker 1: But it's basically just like a funny historical name for

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Speaker 1: a chemical potassium nitrate.

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Speaker 4: Interesting, maybe salt Peter is the cousin of Sweet John.

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Speaker 1: I think they're both blues singers. Sounds like, you know,

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Speaker 1: Mississippi saltpeter or something.

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Speaker 4: All Right, So to make gunpowder, you just need charcoal, sulfur,

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Speaker 4: and potassium nitrate. Now, what's potassium nitrate? It's like p

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Speaker 4: K can N something.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, So the chemical formula is k no three. So

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Speaker 1: it's got potassium, it's got nitrogen, it's got oxygen, and

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Speaker 1: it occurs in nature as a mineral and it's a

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Speaker 1: useful source of nitrogen, and it's used in fertilizers and

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Speaker 1: also for like obviously rocket propellants and fireworks, and they

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Speaker 1: also put some of it in processed meats.

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Speaker 4: Wait what, Oh, that's right, let's get curing agent.

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Speaker 1: And like the reason that like red hot dogs are

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Speaker 1: red is because the potassium nitrate?

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Speaker 4: Well does that mean hot dogs are flammable? And they

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Speaker 4: will explode if you light them up? Is that why

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Speaker 4: they're called hot dogs?

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Speaker 1: I don't know. But the first thing I would do

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Speaker 1: is take two hot dogs and accelerate them together. See

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Speaker 1: if that can general a nice hot dog smash.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, that sounds like a great use of a billion

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Speaker 4: dollar facility in Geneva. Maybe for July fourth parties smash

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Speaker 4: hot dogs and sell them too little kids. Okay, so

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Speaker 4: that's gunpowder, charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nit rate. Now why

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Speaker 4: does that light up? Why does that explode?

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Speaker 1: Mm hm? And so what's happening anytime you have an

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Speaker 1: explosion is just a rapid release of energy, and like

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Speaker 1: one shell of exploding material then sets off the next one.

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Speaker 1: It's sort of just like a fire in the sense

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Speaker 1: of like the way one piece of wood ignites the

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Speaker 1: next piece. But here it happens very very rapidly, so

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Speaker 1: you have a rapid emission of energy, usually faster than

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Speaker 1: the speed of sound. That's what an explosive is. It's

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Speaker 1: usually supersonic. So that's the basics of an explosion. The

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Speaker 1: details depend on exactly what you have in there, how

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Speaker 1: rapidly it oxidizes, how rapidly it releases that energy.

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Speaker 4: Wait, so maybe take us through that process then, like

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Speaker 4: what's what's going on? What does oxidizing mean? What do

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Speaker 4: you need like a flame to get it started?

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Speaker 1: Right? So fundamental process. What's happening here chemically is something

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Speaker 1: called combustion, right, which technically is just like high temperature exothermic,

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Speaker 1: which means it's releasing energy. So you're doing some chemical

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Speaker 1: change to what's going on inside. You're changing the molecules

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Speaker 1: and their bonds in a way that releases some stored energy,

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Speaker 1: the same way like when you burn gasoline, right, it

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Speaker 1: releases energy that used to be stored inside the fuel.

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Speaker 1: So here it's an exothermic reaction, and it's called a

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Speaker 1: redox reaction because it reacts with some oxidant, often that's

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Speaker 1: atmospheric oxygen, like fire. Needs oxygen, right, it's part of

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Speaker 1: the chemical process to release the energy that's bound inside

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Speaker 1: the wood. Here, you also need some source of oxygen

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Speaker 1: because there's not enough oxygen in the atmosphere to get

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Speaker 1: this reaction going and to have it happen so fast.

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Speaker 1: You want it to start in the center and then

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Speaker 1: explode outwards, and you know they can't access enough oxygen

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Speaker 1: to just take that from the air, so you have

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Speaker 1: to provide a source of oxygen to make this whole

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Speaker 1: explosion happen.

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Speaker 4: But I guess you know, like what's the actual reaction?

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Speaker 4: Like why do you need potassium, nitrogen, charcoal, carbon, and sulfur?

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Speaker 4: Like what's going on? Is something transforming into something else

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Speaker 4: or something breaking apart? Why do you need those three ingredients?

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Speaker 1: You start with potassium nitrate and carbon and sulfur, and

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Speaker 1: then you get out the same bits but arrange it

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Speaker 1: in a different pattern, So you get carbon dioxide, you

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Speaker 1: get atmospheric nitrogen, which is end two, and then you

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Speaker 1: get potassium sulfide. So you end up with the same

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Speaker 1: bits but just rearranged in different molecules in a way

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Speaker 1: that takes less energy. So you've released some of the energy.

439
00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:35,800
Speaker 4: Whoa that's that sounds like a pretty complicated reaction there,

440
00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:37,840
Speaker 4: Like you put in three things and then three other

441
00:21:37,880 --> 00:21:40,719
Speaker 4: things come out, but they're totally different. The fire somehow

442
00:21:41,160 --> 00:21:41,760
Speaker 4: trigger set.

443
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's actually a complicated multi stage reaction. Doesn't all

444
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:47,960
Speaker 1: happen at once, and it's something people are still sort

445
00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:50,639
Speaker 1: of studying and trying to optimize, and they've come up

446
00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:53,840
Speaker 1: recently with more fancy versions of gunpowder that like don't

447
00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:57,240
Speaker 1: release any smoke. So it's a complicated multi stage reaction.

448
00:21:57,480 --> 00:21:59,520
Speaker 4: Well, what do you mean multi stage? Like the first

449
00:21:59,560 --> 00:22:02,920
Speaker 4: the potassium nitrate reacts with this, and then something else

450
00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:05,200
Speaker 4: and then the charcoal comes in or what exactly.

451
00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:07,639
Speaker 1: It's multi steps. You don't have all three things happening

452
00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:10,160
Speaker 1: at the same time. First you have the potassium nitrate,

453
00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:12,679
Speaker 1: which it breaks down and releases the oxygen, and then

454
00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:15,800
Speaker 1: that oxygen's crucial for the next stages of the reaction.

455
00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:18,720
Speaker 4: But I guess you need something to start it, right,

456
00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:20,880
Speaker 4: like you need that spark, and so when you light

457
00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:24,040
Speaker 4: up a match, you're burning the stuff in the match,

458
00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:28,640
Speaker 4: which is creating temperature I guess heat, right, then high

459
00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:31,040
Speaker 4: kinetic energy things that are moving really fast. And then

460
00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:33,480
Speaker 4: when you put it close to the gunpowder that somehow

461
00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:34,600
Speaker 4: triggers the reaction.

462
00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:37,280
Speaker 1: Well, these things are in a stable state as is, right.

463
00:22:37,280 --> 00:22:40,199
Speaker 1: Gunpowder just sitting on the table doesn't give off the

464
00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:43,200
Speaker 1: energy that's stored in it the same way gasoline doesn't

465
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,000
Speaker 1: or wood doesn't. But if you can trigger this reaction,

466
00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:48,359
Speaker 1: if you can get it hot enough to trigger this reaction,

467
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:50,800
Speaker 1: it will release some of its internal energy. So it's

468
00:22:50,840 --> 00:22:53,119
Speaker 1: sort of like a ball trapped on a shelf. You

469
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:54,880
Speaker 1: got to give it a little push so it'll fall

470
00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:57,399
Speaker 1: off and release all of that potential energy. And so

471
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:00,320
Speaker 1: this is all trapped stored inside these chemicals, and if

472
00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:02,879
Speaker 1: you provide some heat to kick it off, then it

473
00:23:02,920 --> 00:23:05,560
Speaker 1: will release a lot of that internal stored energy, and

474
00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:09,119
Speaker 1: that release will then trigger more release from the adjacent molecules,

475
00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:11,880
Speaker 1: so it builds on itself. It's a chain reaction that way.

476
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:14,280
Speaker 4: Right, And I imagine it's also you need like a

477
00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:17,439
Speaker 4: certain amount of heat, right, Like, I'm sure if it's

478
00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:19,960
Speaker 4: sitting there out there in the open, there are air

479
00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:22,520
Speaker 4: molecules hitting it, and some of them are partly hitting

480
00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:25,040
Speaker 4: it pretty fast and it is maybe causing some reactions,

481
00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,119
Speaker 4: but maybe not enough to really get that snowball.

482
00:23:27,760 --> 00:23:31,040
Speaker 1: Rolling exactly, although you can have that happen naturally from

483
00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:34,000
Speaker 1: like lightning strikes. Fires can start in the woods from

484
00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:36,720
Speaker 1: lightning strikes. But you're right, air molecules don't trigger this

485
00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:39,679
Speaker 1: because they don't deposit enough energy to get over that hump.

486
00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:41,879
Speaker 1: It's in a stable state, which means, like you perturb

487
00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:43,360
Speaker 1: it a little bit, it's just going to go back

488
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:45,560
Speaker 1: to hanging out in the molecules it was in. It

489
00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:47,640
Speaker 1: needs a big push to get it out of its

490
00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:51,040
Speaker 1: little local stable equilibrium and over the hump, to release

491
00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:53,200
Speaker 1: a lot of that energy and fall into a different

492
00:23:53,240 --> 00:23:56,280
Speaker 1: stable equilibrium of these products of the chemical reaction.

493
00:23:56,520 --> 00:23:58,960
Speaker 4: All right, well, those are the basics of gunpowder. Let's

494
00:23:58,960 --> 00:24:03,240
Speaker 4: get into how they figure into fire crackers, sparklers, and fireworks.

495
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:18,679
Speaker 4: But first let's take a quick break. All right, we

496
00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:22,679
Speaker 4: are lighting up the podcast guy I guess, and celebrating

497
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:25,919
Speaker 4: July fourth here in the US and or whenever you

498
00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:29,240
Speaker 4: want listen to this episode, and we're talking about fireworks

499
00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:32,199
Speaker 4: and gunpowder and how that all works for me, I

500
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:36,440
Speaker 4: guess physico chemists perspective, Are we forcing you to be

501
00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:37,840
Speaker 4: a chemist in this episode, Daniel?

502
00:24:38,640 --> 00:24:41,159
Speaker 1: As much as I can possibly be. You know, my

503
00:24:41,280 --> 00:24:44,720
Speaker 1: natural state is thinking about like one fundamental particle maybe

504
00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:47,199
Speaker 1: interacting with another one. And one of the reasons I

505
00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:49,560
Speaker 1: didn't end up in chemistry is that it's so many

506
00:24:49,640 --> 00:24:52,240
Speaker 1: particles to keep track of all at once. It seems

507
00:24:52,280 --> 00:24:55,199
Speaker 1: to be like impossible to really ever understand what's going on.

508
00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:57,959
Speaker 1: You always have to zoom out and think about things statistically,

509
00:24:58,000 --> 00:24:58,960
Speaker 1: which makes me less.

510
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,360
Speaker 4: Comfortable one thing at a time kind of guy.

511
00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:03,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, like drill down to the fundamental nature and look

512
00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:04,520
Speaker 1: at it, you know.

513
00:25:05,119 --> 00:25:08,040
Speaker 4: All right, Well we talked about gunpowder. It's a mixture

514
00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:11,320
Speaker 4: of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, and that's somehow when

515
00:25:11,359 --> 00:25:13,360
Speaker 4: you put a flame to it, it starts a chain

516
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:18,320
Speaker 4: reaction that transforms the elements and also, I guess releases energy. Now,

517
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,320
Speaker 4: how is this energy released just kinetic energy or photons

518
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:23,040
Speaker 4: or what's going on?

519
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,200
Speaker 1: Well, the energy is released both as heat, right, because

520
00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:29,760
Speaker 1: one shell of exploding gunpowder heats up the next one

521
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:30,520
Speaker 1: and sets it off.

522
00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:32,760
Speaker 4: And by heat you mean just like kinetic energy of

523
00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:34,800
Speaker 4: the particles. Right, Like a mole, like it breaks apart

524
00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:38,480
Speaker 4: and the pieces fly off in different directions.

525
00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:41,000
Speaker 1: And they're flying off with higher speeds exactly. That's a

526
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:44,000
Speaker 1: good rough idea for what temperature is, what heat is.

527
00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:46,639
Speaker 1: It's the sphadometer of the particles that are inside it.

528
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:50,000
Speaker 1: So you release this energy, meaning that instead of being

529
00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:53,000
Speaker 1: bound into some molecule where you have like springs that

530
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:56,360
Speaker 1: are compressed and tightly wound. Now you release those particles

531
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:58,959
Speaker 1: and they're flying out. The springs have released their energy

532
00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:01,960
Speaker 1: and they're zooming out and hitting other particles, and that

533
00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:05,160
Speaker 1: creates a shock wave, right, because you're hitting other particles

534
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:08,000
Speaker 1: which then hit other particles. And that's what sound is.

535
00:26:08,240 --> 00:26:12,440
Speaker 1: Sound is a traveling compression wave. So as this explodes,

536
00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:15,880
Speaker 1: it creates pressure in the air, and that pressure hits

537
00:26:15,880 --> 00:26:18,320
Speaker 1: your ear and you hear it. So the reason a

538
00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:21,600
Speaker 1: fire cracker sounds like a boom is because it's a

539
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:24,520
Speaker 1: little bomb. It's created this little pressure wave which travels

540
00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:25,720
Speaker 1: out and hits your.

541
00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:27,600
Speaker 4: Ear, all right, So that's the band that we hear

542
00:26:27,640 --> 00:26:30,480
Speaker 4: when a firecracker goes off. And what about the flash,

543
00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:31,760
Speaker 4: Like where does that light come from?

544
00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:33,919
Speaker 1: That's again just from the energy that's released. Some of

545
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:36,240
Speaker 1: it gets converted into sound, some of it gets converted

546
00:26:36,280 --> 00:26:39,560
Speaker 1: into heat, and some of it is released as photons, right,

547
00:26:39,560 --> 00:26:41,679
Speaker 1: And so just like when you're looking at a fire,

548
00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:44,800
Speaker 1: it's releasing heat, but it's also releasing visible light. You're

549
00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:47,119
Speaker 1: going to see some of that with your eyes. Remember,

550
00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:49,800
Speaker 1: anything that gets hot is going to release photons. It's

551
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,680
Speaker 1: impossible to warm up without glowing. Everything in physics we

552
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:56,480
Speaker 1: think of as a black body radiator, meaning that the

553
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,840
Speaker 1: temperature you are determines the frequency in which you glow.

554
00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:02,200
Speaker 1: So things that get hot enough are going to glow

555
00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:03,000
Speaker 1: in the visible light.

556
00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:03,399
Speaker 9: Right.

557
00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:05,840
Speaker 4: I think we covered this in a previous episode. Like

558
00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:09,159
Speaker 4: when things are hot, the molecules are moving really fast,

559
00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:13,360
Speaker 4: and somehow that causes the electrons to drop down levels, right,

560
00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:15,320
Speaker 4: and then that's what releases the photons.

561
00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:18,160
Speaker 1: The universe doesn't like to have high energy density, likes

562
00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:20,639
Speaker 1: to spread that energy out. So if a bunch of

563
00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:24,239
Speaker 1: molecules with energy, either because those electrons have energy, or

564
00:27:24,240 --> 00:27:27,000
Speaker 1: because the molecules themselves have high kinetic energy, or maybe

565
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,320
Speaker 1: they have vibrational energy in their bonds, that likes to

566
00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:34,000
Speaker 1: spread out. So anything that's excited will release that energy

567
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:36,760
Speaker 1: in terms of photons, and that's how things are basically glowing.

568
00:27:37,920 --> 00:27:42,919
Speaker 4: I see when things are excited, they release photons and

569
00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:44,520
Speaker 4: an explosion. Things are super.

570
00:27:44,280 --> 00:27:47,120
Speaker 1: Exciting, the way kids get excited in holidays and their

571
00:27:47,119 --> 00:27:47,879
Speaker 1: faces glow.

572
00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:51,280
Speaker 4: All right, well, I guess one question I had was

573
00:27:51,720 --> 00:27:55,280
Speaker 4: how does gunpowder relate to batpoop? Because I remember thinking

574
00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:58,359
Speaker 4: or hearing about how, you know, originally or maybe to

575
00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:01,879
Speaker 4: make fireworks or gunpower, you just need like bat poop,

576
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:04,720
Speaker 4: guano or maybe seagull poop. I think I've heard that too.

577
00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:05,720
Speaker 4: It requires poop.

578
00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:10,040
Speaker 1: People used to mine guano because guano has exceptionally high

579
00:28:10,080 --> 00:28:14,440
Speaker 1: amounts of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium, and so you need

580
00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:18,119
Speaker 1: that potassium and that nitrogen to make gunpowder. So I

581
00:28:18,119 --> 00:28:20,760
Speaker 1: mean gunpowder is not like something you find underground. You

582
00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:24,000
Speaker 1: don't like mine gunpowder the way you mind. You know, salt,

583
00:28:24,080 --> 00:28:25,920
Speaker 1: for example, You have to put it together. It's a

584
00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:28,720
Speaker 1: chemical mixture of other various elements. You need to find

585
00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:33,000
Speaker 1: those ingredients to manufacture gunpowder. The bats basically have concentrated

586
00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:35,280
Speaker 1: a lot of these things for you and delivered it

587
00:28:35,280 --> 00:28:36,639
Speaker 1: to you in the form of poop.

588
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:39,920
Speaker 4: That's super interesting, right, isn't it Like it's a biological

589
00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:43,280
Speaker 4: process that actually kind of makes gunpowder, right, I meaning

590
00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:45,400
Speaker 4: like their poop is kind of explosive.

591
00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:48,600
Speaker 1: Well, they're essential ingredients in gunpowder. It's not like they

592
00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:50,760
Speaker 1: have really you know, explosive arts or something like that.

593
00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:55,880
Speaker 4: Well, you don't know the bats that I do, but.

594
00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:57,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, these are essential ingredients. And you know, we rely

595
00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:01,720
Speaker 1: on biological processes all the time to capture energy to

596
00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:05,560
Speaker 1: produce chemicals that we find important. You know, basically everybody

597
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:09,000
Speaker 1: on the planet is eating the results of biological processes

598
00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:11,520
Speaker 1: that have stripped out energy from the sun and taken

599
00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:15,640
Speaker 1: carbon dioxide and do this essential chemical processing for us. So, yeah,

600
00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:18,640
Speaker 1: we're all building on top of this huge pyramid of

601
00:29:18,680 --> 00:29:21,320
Speaker 1: photosynthesis and bapoop production.

602
00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:23,960
Speaker 4: Yeah, that's interesting. Yeah, I guess when you eat a solid,

603
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:28,280
Speaker 4: you're kind of ingesting you know, pre packed energy packets, right,

604
00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:29,960
Speaker 4: prepacked by another biological being.

605
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:33,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's this like pyramid of energy processing and

606
00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:36,520
Speaker 1: chemical conservation to take that energy and store it in

607
00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:39,320
Speaker 1: a useful way. And it's much more economically feasible and

608
00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:42,880
Speaker 1: easier to just gather this from biological processes than to

609
00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:45,760
Speaker 1: synthesize this in the laboratory in a pure way. That

610
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:47,440
Speaker 1: could be done, but then you have to do the

611
00:29:47,440 --> 00:29:48,600
Speaker 1: bat's job for them.

612
00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:53,880
Speaker 4: Yeah, No, thanks. I wouldn't want to be, you know,

613
00:29:53,960 --> 00:29:54,640
Speaker 4: poop for a living.

614
00:29:54,680 --> 00:29:56,800
Speaker 1: I guess I think bats eat a lot of fruit, right,

615
00:29:56,880 --> 00:29:58,040
Speaker 1: so that doesn't sound too bad.

616
00:29:58,280 --> 00:30:01,200
Speaker 4: Oh, there you go, I guess I wouldn you know,

617
00:30:01,240 --> 00:30:07,440
Speaker 4: go to that fireworks display featuring fireworks made only from

618
00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:08,920
Speaker 4: a cartoonist poop.

619
00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:12,160
Speaker 1: No bats or cartoonists were hurt in the making of this.

620
00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:16,200
Speaker 4: Fires But anyways, one thing that's interesting here that you

621
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:20,240
Speaker 4: wrote down is that gunpowder and firecrackers and fireworks in

622
00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:23,120
Speaker 4: general are slow explosives. What does that mean?

623
00:30:23,360 --> 00:30:26,520
Speaker 1: So the speed at which the explosion happens determines a

624
00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:28,360
Speaker 1: lot about how useful it is and what it can

625
00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:30,800
Speaker 1: be used for. HE and T and other related chemicals.

626
00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:34,760
Speaker 1: Those are actually more explosive, and so the speed at

627
00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:37,200
Speaker 1: which this thing blows up determines whether you're getting like

628
00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:41,240
Speaker 1: a big shock wave or a bang. And it's interesting

629
00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:44,480
Speaker 1: that black powder is better for fireworks because it blows

630
00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:47,400
Speaker 1: up more slowly than dynamite.

631
00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:49,520
Speaker 4: Yeah by a lot, right, Yeah, black.

632
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:51,960
Speaker 1: Powder blows up at like one hundred yards per second,

633
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:55,240
Speaker 1: that's the detonation velocity, and dynamite has a velocity of

634
00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:58,520
Speaker 1: detonation more than a thousand yards. Per second, so ten

635
00:30:58,640 --> 00:30:59,880
Speaker 1: times as strong.

636
00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:02,320
Speaker 4: Yeah, it's super interesting because you know, I think to

637
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:05,680
Speaker 4: us as humans with our limited kind of capacity to

638
00:31:06,240 --> 00:31:08,840
Speaker 4: see things and perceive things, you know, to us, they're

639
00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:11,040
Speaker 4: both just explosions. But I guess if you had like

640
00:31:11,080 --> 00:31:14,440
Speaker 4: a super duper fast camera, you would see the difference

641
00:31:14,480 --> 00:31:18,000
Speaker 4: between a T and T explosion and a fireworks explosion, right, Like,

642
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,320
Speaker 4: one of them would be ten times lower. So does

643
00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:23,520
Speaker 4: that mean that then firecracker explosions are less dangerous, but

644
00:31:23,560 --> 00:31:25,840
Speaker 4: they they'll still blow up your fingers, or if you

645
00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:27,880
Speaker 4: put enough of them, they'll still blow up a tank

646
00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:28,400
Speaker 4: for example.

647
00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:30,880
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, they're both explosives, and you definitely don't want

648
00:31:30,920 --> 00:31:33,760
Speaker 1: to mess around with either of them. They're both definitely dangerous,

649
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:36,840
Speaker 1: but they produce a different sort of character of explosion.

650
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:39,240
Speaker 1: So you get like a longer duration of the explosion,

651
00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:41,520
Speaker 1: and I think you get a different mixture of light

652
00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:44,120
Speaker 1: and sound because the explosion is slower, so I think

653
00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:45,840
Speaker 1: there's more time for the stuff to heat up.

654
00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:48,920
Speaker 4: And I guess if it's faster too, it's also more destructive,

655
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:52,000
Speaker 4: right Like, you're concentrating more energy in a smaller place,

656
00:31:52,040 --> 00:31:55,560
Speaker 4: which is probably better for you know, destroying things.

657
00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:57,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, when you want to like crack open a rock,

658
00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:59,800
Speaker 1: then you want to convert most of the energy into

659
00:31:59,840 --> 00:32:02,840
Speaker 1: high pressure waves, whereas with a firework, you don't want

660
00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:04,600
Speaker 1: to produce as much pressure because you don't want to

661
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:06,560
Speaker 1: pop people's ear drums. So you want more of the

662
00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:09,800
Speaker 1: energy to produce bright flashes of light, which requires heating

663
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,320
Speaker 1: this stuff up. So you actually want a lower explosion

664
00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:15,000
Speaker 1: velocity so that the stuff actually gets hotter.

665
00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:18,320
Speaker 4: Interesting. And so that's what a gunpowder is, and that's

666
00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:20,720
Speaker 4: what a firecracker is. You just take a bunch of gunpowder,

667
00:32:20,800 --> 00:32:22,560
Speaker 4: put it in a little package, and I guess have

668
00:32:22,640 --> 00:32:25,040
Speaker 4: an attach of fuse to it, right, which is really

669
00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:26,920
Speaker 4: just a string, And so when you light up the string,

670
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,640
Speaker 4: the fire kind of travels along the string and then

671
00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:31,480
Speaker 4: eventually it hits the gunpowder.

672
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:34,760
Speaker 1: And one nice thing about black powder and gunpowder is

673
00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:37,640
Speaker 1: that it's sort of insensitive to friction. Like if you

674
00:32:37,720 --> 00:32:39,680
Speaker 1: have a pile of it and it rubs against itself,

675
00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:42,160
Speaker 1: it doesn't just set itself off, which is good. You

676
00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:44,400
Speaker 1: want it to only blow when you want it to blow.

677
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:46,560
Speaker 1: And so what that's what the fuse does, is it

678
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:49,640
Speaker 1: delivers that first spark of energy to get the reaction going.

679
00:32:50,040 --> 00:32:52,400
Speaker 4: Right. Oh, I see, well, bifrictionating. I think you mean

680
00:32:52,480 --> 00:32:54,560
Speaker 4: like dropping it, Like you don't want to drop a

681
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:57,479
Speaker 4: firecracker and have it explode. But like I think if

682
00:32:57,480 --> 00:33:00,000
Speaker 4: you drop a stick of TNT, it could blow up.

683
00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:02,600
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, TNT is much less stable gunpowder if it

684
00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:05,160
Speaker 1: rubs against itself, won't blow up. You can blow up

685
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:08,040
Speaker 1: gunpowder without a spark, right, you can just use percussion.

686
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,320
Speaker 1: That's how gun works, right, black powder. Gunpowder is in

687
00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:13,320
Speaker 1: the back of the bullet, and then the hammer comes

688
00:33:13,320 --> 00:33:15,080
Speaker 1: back and hits the back of the bullet and that

689
00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:18,120
Speaker 1: actually sets off the gunpowder. So you can set off

690
00:33:18,120 --> 00:33:19,560
Speaker 1: gunpowder without a spark.

691
00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:22,400
Speaker 4: Oh. Interesting, Well, I think these days in bullets they

692
00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:25,000
Speaker 4: use a little like the back of the bullet has

693
00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:27,120
Speaker 4: something that causes a spark. But I think maybe you're

694
00:33:27,160 --> 00:33:29,880
Speaker 4: thinking like way before when they would use like they

695
00:33:29,920 --> 00:33:33,120
Speaker 4: would literally pour gunpowder into the gun. Then just hitting it,

696
00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:34,640
Speaker 4: hitting gunpowder makes it agnight.

697
00:33:34,840 --> 00:33:37,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, sunfire and guns just have a hammer, right, there's

698
00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:39,600
Speaker 1: no spark in a lot of those guns. There's a

699
00:33:39,680 --> 00:33:41,160
Speaker 1: huge range of technologies though.

700
00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:43,959
Speaker 4: All right, Well, those are firecrackers that kind of go

701
00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:47,360
Speaker 4: pop up up. But now let's talk about sparklers. I

702
00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:49,520
Speaker 4: think these are my favorite from when I was a kid.

703
00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:51,200
Speaker 4: I'm still a fan of sparklers.

704
00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:53,960
Speaker 1: Sparklers are super fun because you can hold them right.

705
00:33:54,120 --> 00:33:56,280
Speaker 1: It makes them feel much more immediate. Like a firecracker,

706
00:33:56,280 --> 00:33:58,080
Speaker 1: you set it and you run, it goes bang. But

707
00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:00,120
Speaker 1: a sparkleer you can hold it. You could wave it

708
00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:02,800
Speaker 1: around and you can like draw in the air with

709
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:04,880
Speaker 1: a light. Because the impression stays in you're retina for

710
00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,000
Speaker 1: a while, and it also lasts for a while. You know,

711
00:34:07,040 --> 00:34:09,280
Speaker 1: it can burn for like thirty seconds or a minute.

712
00:34:09,360 --> 00:34:11,560
Speaker 1: So this is definitely one of my favorite childhood memories.

713
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:14,200
Speaker 4: Also, yeah, they're pretty cool. And if you're not familiar,

714
00:34:14,239 --> 00:34:16,120
Speaker 4: I guess they're like a stick. There's usually like a

715
00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:18,800
Speaker 4: metal stick and the top half of it is covered

716
00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:22,399
Speaker 4: in some sort of gray stuff that makes it sort

717
00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:25,279
Speaker 4: of look like a corn dog. I guess, right, like

718
00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:27,920
Speaker 4: a great long corn dog. Although you don't know what

719
00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:29,919
Speaker 4: a sparkle looks like, you probably know what a corn

720
00:34:29,960 --> 00:34:30,600
Speaker 4: dog looks like.

721
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:33,640
Speaker 1: Either, it looks really gross. It does not look like

722
00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:36,839
Speaker 1: a corn dog. It's like totally gray and metallic. It's

723
00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:38,520
Speaker 1: completely unappetizing.

724
00:34:38,680 --> 00:34:42,080
Speaker 4: Oh boy, did I just in salt corn dogs? Are

725
00:34:42,120 --> 00:34:43,320
Speaker 4: you a big fan of corn dogs?

726
00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:44,960
Speaker 1: It doesn't matter how much must did you put on

727
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:46,560
Speaker 1: that thing, It's not gonna taste good.

728
00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:50,759
Speaker 4: It's gonna it's kinda sparkle though in your mouth. So

729
00:34:50,840 --> 00:34:53,240
Speaker 4: the way these works is that you take a sparkler

730
00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:54,920
Speaker 4: and then you light up one end, but it takes

731
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:57,000
Speaker 4: it's sometimes it takes a while to light up, right Like,

732
00:34:57,040 --> 00:34:58,600
Speaker 4: It's not like you put the flame to it and

733
00:34:58,640 --> 00:35:00,640
Speaker 4: it immediately starts sparking and you kind of have to

734
00:35:00,680 --> 00:35:01,399
Speaker 4: wait a little bit.

735
00:35:01,719 --> 00:35:04,600
Speaker 1: It's not like a fuse that immediately goes. You got

736
00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:06,920
Speaker 1: to get it like hot enough to really start. And

737
00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,920
Speaker 1: a sparkler is sort of like a slow motion firecracker.

738
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:13,920
Speaker 1: Like it's got the same basic material inside of it. Again,

739
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:17,280
Speaker 1: it's black powder doing a lot of the work, releasing energy.

740
00:35:17,440 --> 00:35:20,040
Speaker 1: That's like the fuel that powers the sparkler. But then

741
00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:22,920
Speaker 1: it's got stuff inside of it which sparkles, and also

742
00:35:22,920 --> 00:35:25,840
Speaker 1: stuff that slows down the reaction, so it doesn't just

743
00:35:25,880 --> 00:35:27,120
Speaker 1: like blow your hand off.

744
00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:29,960
Speaker 4: Right, it's sort of diluted in a way, right, Like

745
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,080
Speaker 4: that's the idea to slow it down. You mix it

746
00:35:32,120 --> 00:35:34,160
Speaker 4: with other things that don't explode exactly.

747
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:37,960
Speaker 1: You modify this mixture of like potassium nitrate and sulfur

748
00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:41,520
Speaker 1: and charcoal so that you get a slower explosion. Sometimes

749
00:35:41,600 --> 00:35:45,080
Speaker 1: adding more sulfur or more charcoal reduces how fast the

750
00:35:45,120 --> 00:35:47,680
Speaker 1: oxygen is released, and so you can tinker with those

751
00:35:47,719 --> 00:35:50,600
Speaker 1: mixtures to get a different speed of the reaction essentially.

752
00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:54,120
Speaker 4: And then for the sparkler, you actually mix it with sugar, right,

753
00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:55,279
Speaker 4: Like there's sugar on that thing.

754
00:35:55,480 --> 00:35:57,600
Speaker 1: There is sugar in there. That's mostly just to hold

755
00:35:57,640 --> 00:35:59,759
Speaker 1: it together to make it like a goop and not

756
00:35:59,840 --> 00:36:02,640
Speaker 1: just like a powder. But the reason that it sparkles

757
00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:05,879
Speaker 1: is sort of weird. They have metal powder in there,

758
00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:08,839
Speaker 1: like you put aluminium or steel or something in there,

759
00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:12,080
Speaker 1: and then that steel gets really really hot and it

760
00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:14,719
Speaker 1: glows for the same reason we talked about earlier. You

761
00:36:14,719 --> 00:36:17,480
Speaker 1: take metal, you heat it up, it's gonna glow. And

762
00:36:17,560 --> 00:36:20,799
Speaker 1: so here you have metal powder which gets heated up,

763
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:23,600
Speaker 1: and that's what's actually making those little sparkles that shoot out.

764
00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:27,920
Speaker 4: Oh interesting, the metal that heats it. Well, if there's

765
00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:32,000
Speaker 4: a central flame in the middle, right, and then that's

766
00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:34,759
Speaker 4: the big bright dot that you see in a sparkler,

767
00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:37,239
Speaker 4: but then there's other things shooting off of it, these

768
00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:42,000
Speaker 4: sparkles basically, and you're saying, the sparkles are metal that's

769
00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:45,000
Speaker 4: getting super heat up by this central kind of flame.

770
00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:49,720
Speaker 1: It's basically tiny bullets, right, A sparkler is shooting super

771
00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:52,560
Speaker 1: tiny little pellets of hot metal. It sounds like a

772
00:36:52,680 --> 00:36:54,880
Speaker 1: terrible idea, right now, give this to kids and let

773
00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:57,680
Speaker 1: them run around. But these things are so small they

774
00:36:57,719 --> 00:37:00,360
Speaker 1: burn up quickly and basically vaporize. But if you do

775
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:02,719
Speaker 1: put your hand really close to a sparkler, you will

776
00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:05,319
Speaker 1: feel these tiny little hot pellets hitting your hand. It's

777
00:37:05,360 --> 00:37:06,320
Speaker 1: not a great idea.

778
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,200
Speaker 4: Well, what's interesting is sometimes it sort of looks like

779
00:37:09,239 --> 00:37:12,400
Speaker 4: almost like a snowflake pattern, right Like you'll see a

780
00:37:12,520 --> 00:37:15,759
Speaker 4: big stream of sparkle and then that will divide, and

781
00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:18,239
Speaker 4: then those people then divide in itself, making sort of

782
00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:21,760
Speaker 4: like this beautiful tree like almost snowflake like pattern.

783
00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:24,120
Speaker 1: It's sort of like fractals, right They heat breaking down

784
00:37:24,160 --> 00:37:26,799
Speaker 1: into smaller and smaller pieces, and that's those little bits

785
00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:29,120
Speaker 1: of metal getting heated up, and if they're big enough,

786
00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:32,040
Speaker 1: they'll split in half before they completely vaporize, and then

787
00:37:32,040 --> 00:37:35,080
Speaker 1: maybe split in half again. You get these really cool patterns,

788
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:38,200
Speaker 1: and they're aphemarol, right. They don't last very long. It

789
00:37:38,239 --> 00:37:40,759
Speaker 1: all happens very very quickly, but long enough for the

790
00:37:40,760 --> 00:37:42,880
Speaker 1: pattern to remain in your eye. So it's really a

791
00:37:42,920 --> 00:37:43,720
Speaker 1: beautiful effect.

792
00:37:43,840 --> 00:37:45,640
Speaker 4: And I guess, why does it need to be metal

793
00:37:46,120 --> 00:37:49,680
Speaker 4: that heats up? Like why does metal give off light

794
00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:52,560
Speaker 4: when it gets heat up more than other things like carbon?

795
00:37:52,719 --> 00:37:55,320
Speaker 1: That's a good question. I think you use metal because

796
00:37:55,360 --> 00:37:58,279
Speaker 1: it doesn't burn, right, It just heats up and vaporizes,

797
00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:00,879
Speaker 1: so like absorbs the energy and then gives it off

798
00:38:00,920 --> 00:38:04,560
Speaker 1: as light rather than like contributing to the explosion itself.

799
00:38:05,120 --> 00:38:08,040
Speaker 1: So it's fairly inert that way. Chemically, it's not getting modified.

800
00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:09,879
Speaker 1: It's just getting heated up and vaporized.

801
00:38:10,040 --> 00:38:13,360
Speaker 4: Cool, all right. Well, and so you hear it from Daniel,

802
00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:17,319
Speaker 4: sparklers have sugar in them, so I'm just kidding. They

803
00:38:17,560 --> 00:38:20,160
Speaker 4: don't give them a dry and don't put your head

804
00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:22,600
Speaker 4: and you're too close to one if you're a little child.

805
00:38:23,360 --> 00:38:25,960
Speaker 4: We just give them bad advice here today, Daniel. But

806
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,200
Speaker 4: they are super fun and they are super cool. And

807
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:29,600
Speaker 4: so the next time you look at one, you know,

808
00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:32,839
Speaker 4: think about all the processes that are going on in there. Right,

809
00:38:32,880 --> 00:38:35,680
Speaker 4: Let's get into now how farworks. The big ones, the

810
00:38:35,680 --> 00:38:38,520
Speaker 4: ones that light up the sky and have all these

811
00:38:38,560 --> 00:38:41,840
Speaker 4: amazing displays and colors. How they work. We'll dive into that,

812
00:38:41,920 --> 00:38:43,960
Speaker 4: but first let's take another quick break.

813
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:51,160
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869
00:41:40,880 --> 00:41:44,400
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example,

870
00:41:44,520 --> 00:41:47,560
Speaker 1: most dairy farms reuse water up to four times. The

871
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:50,880
Speaker 1: same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

872
00:41:50,960 --> 00:41:54,680
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

873
00:41:54,719 --> 00:41:57,719
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

874
00:41:57,719 --> 00:42:01,120
Speaker 1: maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

875
00:42:01,160 --> 00:42:03,399
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

876
00:42:03,440 --> 00:42:05,200
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, you know

877
00:42:05,239 --> 00:42:07,919
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

878
00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:11,440
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient intense

879
00:42:11,560 --> 00:42:14,279
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

880
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:17,200
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

881
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:28,520
Speaker 4: All right, we are celebrating I guess July fourth, Daniel.

882
00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:31,280
Speaker 4: This episode will come out around July fourth.

883
00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:34,640
Speaker 1: Mm hmmm, yeah, and all the summer holidays. You know,

884
00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:37,160
Speaker 1: in France this bestial day. And it feels like a

885
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:40,120
Speaker 1: lot of cultures have a reason to set off fireworks

886
00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:40,279
Speaker 1: in the.

887
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,719
Speaker 4: Summer, right right, Who doesn't love a good explosion?

888
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:45,400
Speaker 1: The particle physicists in us.

889
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:49,600
Speaker 4: All well, all right, I won't get into it anymore.

890
00:42:49,960 --> 00:42:53,000
Speaker 4: I'm a baiting you go backing and exploding, Daniel.

891
00:42:53,520 --> 00:42:56,000
Speaker 1: I'm just trolling you.

892
00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:57,960
Speaker 4: Make sure to call it the big smash in the

893
00:42:57,960 --> 00:43:00,160
Speaker 4: Big Bang, since it all means the same to you anyway,

894
00:43:00,880 --> 00:43:01,920
Speaker 4: Let's be more confusing.

895
00:43:02,160 --> 00:43:02,640
Speaker 1: Sounds good.

896
00:43:03,960 --> 00:43:06,640
Speaker 4: How about the small the small smash. It needs to

897
00:43:06,719 --> 00:43:08,880
Speaker 4: be extra extra confusing.

898
00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:13,000
Speaker 1: The micro smash that started it all, the.

899
00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:15,600
Speaker 4: Small smash, formerly known as the Big Bang.

900
00:43:17,440 --> 00:43:19,440
Speaker 1: That's what we need to change the name of something

901
00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:22,120
Speaker 1: everybody already knows the name of now, so that some

902
00:43:22,120 --> 00:43:24,959
Speaker 1: people can say, actually, it's now called.

903
00:43:27,400 --> 00:43:29,840
Speaker 4: Are you Are you mocking chemists or physicists with that?

904
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:36,680
Speaker 1: Boys, physicists. I would never mock chemists because they're better

905
00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:39,080
Speaker 1: at making poison gas and bombs than I am. I

906
00:43:39,120 --> 00:43:39,520
Speaker 1: see right.

907
00:43:39,560 --> 00:43:41,480
Speaker 4: You don't want to lose that chemistry with them. But

908
00:43:41,560 --> 00:43:43,879
Speaker 4: all right, so now let's get into now. Fireworks. Now,

909
00:43:43,920 --> 00:43:45,960
Speaker 4: this is the question we started off at the beginning.

910
00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:48,000
Speaker 4: So these are the ones that most people think of,

911
00:43:48,239 --> 00:43:51,440
Speaker 4: you know, July fourth or Bestiel Day. They throw these

912
00:43:51,520 --> 00:43:53,560
Speaker 4: up in the sky, they light up the sky. There's

913
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:56,319
Speaker 4: all kinds of colors. Nowadays there's all kinds of shapes too.

914
00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're very dramatic. And fireworks are basically a combination

915
00:43:59,880 --> 00:44:02,640
Speaker 1: of everything we've talked about so far. There's a combination

916
00:44:02,680 --> 00:44:06,319
Speaker 1: of sparklers and firecrackers and then all wrapped together in

917
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:09,360
Speaker 1: a little mini rocket. One of the essential components in

918
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:13,360
Speaker 1: fireworks are these things called stars, which again are not

919
00:44:13,440 --> 00:44:16,320
Speaker 1: the burning balls of plasma in the sky. There's something

920
00:44:16,360 --> 00:44:20,280
Speaker 1: totally different. They're like sparkler like stuff formed into little balls.

921
00:44:20,600 --> 00:44:23,480
Speaker 4: Oh interesting, you're seeing a firework. It's like a bunch

922
00:44:23,480 --> 00:44:25,680
Speaker 4: of sparklers stuffed in with an explosion.

923
00:44:25,800 --> 00:44:28,520
Speaker 1: Exactly when you see the firework in the sky and

924
00:44:28,520 --> 00:44:31,880
Speaker 1: you see it sparkling, it's a sparkler up there. And

925
00:44:31,960 --> 00:44:33,680
Speaker 1: so the way you make a firework is that you

926
00:44:33,719 --> 00:44:36,879
Speaker 1: pack a bunch of little balls of sparkler together into

927
00:44:36,880 --> 00:44:38,880
Speaker 1: a little tube, and then you also fill it with

928
00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:42,040
Speaker 1: black powder, which sprays all the sparklers out when it explodes,

929
00:44:42,239 --> 00:44:44,080
Speaker 1: and that's what makes your pattern in the sky.

930
00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:47,880
Speaker 4: Oh interesting, really, so I guess I mean, I'm not

931
00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:49,799
Speaker 4: saying you should do this, but you could do this,

932
00:44:49,920 --> 00:44:52,040
Speaker 4: Like if you put a bunch of sparklers in with

933
00:44:52,080 --> 00:44:54,279
Speaker 4: a firecracker. You could make your own firework kind of.

934
00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:57,520
Speaker 1: That's what a firework is exactly. It's just sparkler stuff

935
00:44:57,800 --> 00:45:01,080
Speaker 1: packed in with black powder those high precision in order

936
00:45:01,120 --> 00:45:02,919
Speaker 1: to get it to explode in just the right way

937
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:05,279
Speaker 1: and at the right time, and then you also have

938
00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:08,200
Speaker 1: to somehow launch it up into the air. So it's

939
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:10,440
Speaker 1: a bit of a complicated construction, but those are the

940
00:45:10,520 --> 00:45:13,160
Speaker 1: essential ingredients, black powder and sparkler stuff.

941
00:45:13,320 --> 00:45:15,319
Speaker 4: I see. Well, let's break it down. How does the

942
00:45:15,520 --> 00:45:19,320
Speaker 4: rocket launching part work. Is it like a rocket rocket?

943
00:45:19,520 --> 00:45:21,440
Speaker 1: No, it's more like a gun. You have like a

944
00:45:21,480 --> 00:45:24,719
Speaker 1: steel tube with black powder in the bottom, and then

945
00:45:24,719 --> 00:45:26,759
Speaker 1: the firework is sitting on top of that. So you

946
00:45:26,840 --> 00:45:29,160
Speaker 1: light some black powder in the bottom of the tube

947
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:32,640
Speaker 1: and that explosion like a firecracker inside of it sets

948
00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:35,239
Speaker 1: off the firecracker to fly up into the sky and

949
00:45:35,320 --> 00:45:38,200
Speaker 1: at the same time lights the fuse at the bottom

950
00:45:38,239 --> 00:45:40,719
Speaker 1: of it. So that's how you launch the thing up.

951
00:45:40,840 --> 00:45:42,040
Speaker 1: It's just like a little gun.

952
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:44,040
Speaker 4: Oh, but it's not like a gun. Like, it's not

953
00:45:44,080 --> 00:45:47,200
Speaker 4: an explosion that propels it upward. Right, It's more like

954
00:45:47,239 --> 00:45:49,719
Speaker 4: a controlled you know, like a real rocket, right, Like,

955
00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:52,560
Speaker 4: it's not like a big bang. It's like a show, right,

956
00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:56,280
Speaker 4: like it has to you know, expel the propellant slowly

957
00:45:56,440 --> 00:45:56,759
Speaker 4: kind of.

958
00:45:56,840 --> 00:45:59,000
Speaker 1: Well, no, the explosion happens at the bottom of the tube.

959
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:01,960
Speaker 1: It's like a mortar, right, and that explosion pushes the

960
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:04,759
Speaker 1: firework up. It's not like the firework is burning on

961
00:46:04,880 --> 00:46:07,319
Speaker 1: its way up and pushing itself up. It's more like

962
00:46:07,360 --> 00:46:10,960
Speaker 1: it's gotten thrown up. It's on a projectile motion, just

963
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:13,719
Speaker 1: from the initial explosion that pushed it out of the tube.

964
00:46:13,960 --> 00:46:16,960
Speaker 1: A rocket has like continuous burning that's pushing it up

965
00:46:17,040 --> 00:46:20,160
Speaker 1: as thrust, but a firework doesn't. It's just like thrown

966
00:46:20,239 --> 00:46:22,040
Speaker 1: up by this tube, more like a mortar.

967
00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:24,120
Speaker 4: Well, maybe that's some of them, right, I think some

968
00:46:24,160 --> 00:46:26,040
Speaker 4: of them, how do use sort of a rocket like

969
00:46:26,080 --> 00:46:26,800
Speaker 4: a thing doing.

970
00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:29,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can definitely buy some fireworks that you can

971
00:46:29,320 --> 00:46:32,719
Speaker 1: light off yourself that are like bottle rockets, right, that

972
00:46:32,760 --> 00:46:35,279
Speaker 1: are propelled by those the kind I'm thinking about, you know,

973
00:46:35,320 --> 00:46:37,400
Speaker 1: the big ones you see at the displays. Those are

974
00:46:37,440 --> 00:46:40,200
Speaker 1: almost all just projectiles that are fired up by an

975
00:46:40,239 --> 00:46:43,439
Speaker 1: initial explosion. But yeah, there are some versions that are

976
00:46:43,480 --> 00:46:46,200
Speaker 1: like more like rockets that have a continuous explosion.

977
00:46:46,400 --> 00:46:48,440
Speaker 4: Hmmm, I see well, I guess it's it's going to

978
00:46:48,480 --> 00:46:52,440
Speaker 4: be tricky because you want to explode something or rocket

979
00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:54,520
Speaker 4: something at the bottom, but you don't want it to somehow,

980
00:46:54,960 --> 00:46:58,279
Speaker 4: you know, burn up your gunpowder and sparklers that are

981
00:46:58,320 --> 00:46:59,080
Speaker 4: at the front.

982
00:46:59,120 --> 00:47:02,520
Speaker 1: Exactly so very carefully, and they have like multiple stages,

983
00:47:02,840 --> 00:47:05,920
Speaker 1: and they have fuses that have time delays, so they

984
00:47:05,920 --> 00:47:09,239
Speaker 1: have materials that burn at very well known rates. So

985
00:47:09,280 --> 00:47:11,480
Speaker 1: you light this fuse and you have like four seconds

986
00:47:11,600 --> 00:47:13,520
Speaker 1: before it gets to the top of the firework and

987
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:15,120
Speaker 1: sets off the rest of it. So you're right, it's

988
00:47:15,120 --> 00:47:16,560
Speaker 1: a very delicately balanced system.

989
00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:18,200
Speaker 4: Yeah, and it's interesting what you said. You get to

990
00:47:18,239 --> 00:47:21,200
Speaker 4: time it right because you want the fireworks to explode

991
00:47:21,239 --> 00:47:23,919
Speaker 4: and give you all the sparkles, like at the very top,

992
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:26,040
Speaker 4: not as it's going up or right as soon as

993
00:47:26,080 --> 00:47:26,759
Speaker 4: it takes off.

994
00:47:26,880 --> 00:47:28,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, And some of these things happen like two or

995
00:47:28,960 --> 00:47:31,839
Speaker 1: three different stages, so they'll blow up once and then

996
00:47:31,840 --> 00:47:33,480
Speaker 1: they'll blow up again at the top, and then on

997
00:47:33,520 --> 00:47:35,920
Speaker 1: the way down they blow up one more time. So

998
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:38,640
Speaker 1: people have gotten really advanced with the technology for how

999
00:47:38,640 --> 00:47:41,239
Speaker 1: to put these things together to make the most spectacular

1000
00:47:41,239 --> 00:47:43,640
Speaker 1: displays in the sky. But it's all about how you

1001
00:47:43,640 --> 00:47:46,839
Speaker 1: package this stuff so the explosions happen at the right time. Right.

1002
00:47:46,880 --> 00:47:49,000
Speaker 4: They can even make things like a smiley face. Right,

1003
00:47:49,080 --> 00:47:50,800
Speaker 4: they can make a firework that blows up into a

1004
00:47:50,840 --> 00:47:51,439
Speaker 4: smiley face.

1005
00:47:51,640 --> 00:47:54,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can. You can make all sorts of crazy shapes.

1006
00:47:54,360 --> 00:47:57,000
Speaker 1: And the way they do this is by very carefully

1007
00:47:57,120 --> 00:48:01,720
Speaker 1: arranging those stars, these pieces of spararkler inside that tube

1008
00:48:02,160 --> 00:48:04,600
Speaker 1: and arranging the black powder around them in just the

1009
00:48:04,680 --> 00:48:07,120
Speaker 1: right way, so when it blows up from the center,

1010
00:48:07,320 --> 00:48:09,719
Speaker 1: it ends up shooting those things out in just that

1011
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:11,759
Speaker 1: right pattern, because when that black powder goes off, it

1012
00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:14,600
Speaker 1: then sets off the sparklers, which then glow. But it

1013
00:48:14,640 --> 00:48:17,680
Speaker 1: must take a lot of experimentation exactly how to arrange

1014
00:48:17,760 --> 00:48:20,800
Speaker 1: those stars inside the fireworks to give you that reaction.

1015
00:48:21,160 --> 00:48:23,279
Speaker 1: I imagine they must fail a lot that or they

1016
00:48:23,280 --> 00:48:26,399
Speaker 1: have done some like really complicated computer simulations to figure

1017
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:27,880
Speaker 1: out exactly how to build these things.

1018
00:48:28,320 --> 00:48:30,200
Speaker 4: Hmm interesting. What do you think it is?

1019
00:48:30,280 --> 00:48:31,880
Speaker 1: Well, I think these things have been around for a

1020
00:48:31,880 --> 00:48:34,680
Speaker 1: lot longer than fancy computers, so initially it must have

1021
00:48:34,760 --> 00:48:36,920
Speaker 1: just been trial and error. You know, people like had

1022
00:48:36,920 --> 00:48:39,520
Speaker 1: an artistic skill at this, you know, coming up with

1023
00:48:39,640 --> 00:48:42,280
Speaker 1: clever things that you can do with your limited ability

1024
00:48:42,280 --> 00:48:45,880
Speaker 1: to arrange the stars inside the fireworks, and then people

1025
00:48:45,920 --> 00:48:48,960
Speaker 1: being creative and discovering new stuff these days. I bet

1026
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:51,280
Speaker 1: they could use computers, but I'm not sure if anybody's

1027
00:48:51,320 --> 00:48:51,600
Speaker 1: doing that.

1028
00:48:51,840 --> 00:48:53,800
Speaker 4: Yeah, I guess you. You know, to get a circle,

1029
00:48:54,000 --> 00:48:56,040
Speaker 4: for example, for a smiless phase, you just kind of

1030
00:48:56,120 --> 00:49:00,480
Speaker 4: arrange the sparklers in a circle around your explosion, right explosive,

1031
00:49:00,600 --> 00:49:02,440
Speaker 4: and then when it blows up, it'll come out in

1032
00:49:02,480 --> 00:49:02,960
Speaker 4: the circle.

1033
00:49:03,560 --> 00:49:05,279
Speaker 1: And if what you want is a heart, then you

1034
00:49:05,320 --> 00:49:07,040
Speaker 1: move some of those a little bit further away and

1035
00:49:07,040 --> 00:49:09,200
Speaker 1: some of those a little closer in so they burn

1036
00:49:09,280 --> 00:49:11,440
Speaker 1: up sooner. And some of these things are not like

1037
00:49:11,520 --> 00:49:14,080
Speaker 1: a circle or a heart, they're like a big flower,

1038
00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:16,400
Speaker 1: like a chrysanthemum, right, And for that you just have

1039
00:49:16,520 --> 00:49:18,080
Speaker 1: like stars everywhere.

1040
00:49:17,920 --> 00:49:20,359
Speaker 4: All right. So then how do the colors work? How

1041
00:49:20,360 --> 00:49:22,480
Speaker 4: do you get different colors of sparklers?

1042
00:49:22,960 --> 00:49:25,480
Speaker 1: So the colors come from the different kinds of metal

1043
00:49:25,600 --> 00:49:28,960
Speaker 1: inside the sparkler. Remember the reason the sparkl or sparkle

1044
00:49:29,040 --> 00:49:31,680
Speaker 1: is because you have metal powder. That metal gets really

1045
00:49:31,719 --> 00:49:34,319
Speaker 1: hot and then it glows. But these metals are made

1046
00:49:34,320 --> 00:49:36,840
Speaker 1: of different elements, so they tend to glow at different

1047
00:49:36,840 --> 00:49:39,839
Speaker 1: frequencies because these metals have different energy levels that they

1048
00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:43,240
Speaker 1: like to release photons at. So different kinds of metals

1049
00:49:43,239 --> 00:49:45,800
Speaker 1: will glow in different colors. And you know, for example,

1050
00:49:45,840 --> 00:49:48,680
Speaker 1: if you sprinkle copper powder into a flame, the flame

1051
00:49:48,719 --> 00:49:52,200
Speaker 1: turns green, and so different metals give you different colors.

1052
00:49:52,960 --> 00:49:55,200
Speaker 4: Where does that come from? I guess, I guess because

1053
00:49:55,280 --> 00:49:59,200
Speaker 4: when the photon comes out of the metal, that comes

1054
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:02,719
Speaker 4: with a specific frequency which is related to its energy.

1055
00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:04,560
Speaker 1: Just like if you look at a star, you can

1056
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:07,440
Speaker 1: tell what it's made out of based on the frequency

1057
00:50:07,440 --> 00:50:09,719
Speaker 1: of light that's coming to you from the star. And

1058
00:50:09,760 --> 00:50:13,680
Speaker 1: that's because different elements glow with different fingerprints, and that

1059
00:50:13,719 --> 00:50:16,399
Speaker 1: comes from the energy levels of the electrons going around

1060
00:50:16,440 --> 00:50:19,880
Speaker 1: the atom, and also, in more complicated situations, from rotational

1061
00:50:19,960 --> 00:50:23,000
Speaker 1: or vibrational modes of a molecule. But usually it's just

1062
00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:25,080
Speaker 1: from the energy levels of the atom, and those are

1063
00:50:25,120 --> 00:50:27,840
Speaker 1: all different for different elements, and so you get different

1064
00:50:27,840 --> 00:50:29,800
Speaker 1: mixtures of colors for different elements.

1065
00:50:29,880 --> 00:50:32,520
Speaker 4: So for example, if I wanted an orange firework, what

1066
00:50:32,560 --> 00:50:33,120
Speaker 4: would I use?

1067
00:50:33,440 --> 00:50:35,000
Speaker 1: Then you'd use calcium.

1068
00:50:35,040 --> 00:50:37,200
Speaker 4: Calcium, Oh, that's a metal, right.

1069
00:50:38,440 --> 00:50:40,160
Speaker 1: And these things don't have to be metals, right, they

1070
00:50:40,239 --> 00:50:42,759
Speaker 1: just have to be elements that can accept heat and

1071
00:50:42,760 --> 00:50:44,160
Speaker 1: not participate in the reaction.

1072
00:50:44,320 --> 00:50:47,680
Speaker 4: Hmmm, what about like red red?

1073
00:50:47,800 --> 00:50:50,000
Speaker 1: You can either use lithium, which is going to give

1074
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:52,400
Speaker 1: you like a medium red, or a strontium for like

1075
00:50:52,440 --> 00:50:53,839
Speaker 1: a really intense red.

1076
00:50:54,040 --> 00:50:56,280
Speaker 4: Oh cool. What are some other colors?

1077
00:50:56,360 --> 00:50:59,200
Speaker 1: So you can get like yellow from sodium or green

1078
00:50:59,280 --> 00:51:02,200
Speaker 1: from barium. Copper actually gives you more of a blue

1079
00:51:02,280 --> 00:51:06,040
Speaker 1: than a green. You can get violet from potassium or rubidium.

1080
00:51:06,320 --> 00:51:09,640
Speaker 1: You can even get gold colors from charcoal or iron.

1081
00:51:09,880 --> 00:51:12,920
Speaker 1: Things like aluminium or titanium tend to give you white.

1082
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:14,560
Speaker 1: So you have a whole palette to play with if

1083
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:16,400
Speaker 1: you're the person designing these fireworks.

1084
00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:21,120
Speaker 4: Interesting, it's almost like you're painting with materials, right, And.

1085
00:51:21,120 --> 00:51:23,320
Speaker 1: A lot of these things are made sort of by hand,

1086
00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:27,680
Speaker 1: like they are these fireworks masters that pack these things

1087
00:51:27,680 --> 00:51:31,320
Speaker 1: together and very carefully mix the ingredients to get exactly

1088
00:51:31,360 --> 00:51:35,160
Speaker 1: what they want, you know, magnesium or aluminium or whatever.

1089
00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:37,480
Speaker 1: And so they tend to make these things sort of

1090
00:51:37,480 --> 00:51:39,880
Speaker 1: by hand and cut them into these pieces. And that's

1091
00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:41,799
Speaker 1: why some of these things are very expensive because they're

1092
00:51:41,840 --> 00:51:43,960
Speaker 1: like fabricated by artisans.

1093
00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:48,120
Speaker 4: Whoa it's like organic, you know, artisan farworks.

1094
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:51,600
Speaker 1: Somebody with like a wax mustache and a long beard

1095
00:51:51,719 --> 00:51:53,320
Speaker 1: is making this out in Brooklyn warehouse.

1096
00:51:53,360 --> 00:51:57,960
Speaker 4: Right now, you're assuming they're hipsters, so Farward hipsters. But

1097
00:51:58,040 --> 00:52:00,759
Speaker 4: I wonder if that's a stressful job, you know, with explosives,

1098
00:52:00,760 --> 00:52:03,160
Speaker 4: because you're you're sort of crafting this thing by hand.

1099
00:52:03,480 --> 00:52:05,360
Speaker 4: There was something that can explode at any moment.

1100
00:52:05,640 --> 00:52:07,080
Speaker 1: I'm sure they have good insurance.

1101
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:11,680
Speaker 4: I don't know. Having good insurance it makes me want

1102
00:52:11,719 --> 00:52:15,640
Speaker 4: to do something dangerous. It's almost the opposite. If you

1103
00:52:15,719 --> 00:52:19,040
Speaker 4: need good insurance for something, maybe you shouldn't be doing it.

1104
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:21,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe not, But you know how it is. Everybody

1105
00:52:21,239 --> 00:52:23,840
Speaker 1: gets inspired by something different, and for some folks this

1106
00:52:23,960 --> 00:52:27,200
Speaker 1: must be like a deep passion. The mixture of chemistry

1107
00:52:27,320 --> 00:52:30,560
Speaker 1: and artistry together probably really satisfying for a lot of folks.

1108
00:52:30,640 --> 00:52:34,200
Speaker 1: And then you get to display your works, everybody goes ooh, right,

1109
00:52:34,320 --> 00:52:36,960
Speaker 1: almost everybody loves fireworks, so you must be very popular.

1110
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:40,560
Speaker 4: That's right, almost everybody except you, I guess. But what

1111
00:52:40,640 --> 00:52:42,560
Speaker 4: about the ones that you know? Sometimes you see these

1112
00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:46,520
Speaker 4: like they explode and then the little bits explode themselves,

1113
00:52:46,560 --> 00:52:49,279
Speaker 4: you know, like like a multi tier explosion almost like

1114
00:52:49,320 --> 00:52:51,880
Speaker 4: it explodes and it gives us sparkles, but then the

1115
00:52:51,920 --> 00:52:55,640
Speaker 4: sparkles after a little bit, explode themselves into other colors.

1116
00:52:55,680 --> 00:52:56,279
Speaker 4: How do they do that?

1117
00:52:56,520 --> 00:52:58,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's all in the packaging. You can make, Like

1118
00:52:58,760 --> 00:53:02,040
Speaker 1: little cardboard packages have sparklers inside them, and they're surrounded

1119
00:53:02,080 --> 00:53:05,319
Speaker 1: by sparklers, and so initially the outside sparklers go and

1120
00:53:05,360 --> 00:53:07,600
Speaker 1: then when those burn after a while, they heat up

1121
00:53:07,640 --> 00:53:10,080
Speaker 1: what's inside, which can then burn. So it's all about

1122
00:53:10,120 --> 00:53:13,120
Speaker 1: timing these multi stage reactions. You do that based on

1123
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:15,480
Speaker 1: how you're packaging this firework.

1124
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:17,319
Speaker 4: Right, right, And something interesting you just said is that

1125
00:53:17,360 --> 00:53:19,560
Speaker 4: these things are made out of cardboard, right, Like you

1126
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:22,600
Speaker 4: kind of have to make them out of materials that

1127
00:53:22,760 --> 00:53:25,439
Speaker 4: burn up, right, Like, you can't make a farwork put

1128
00:53:25,520 --> 00:53:27,480
Speaker 4: like a steel too or a steal plate on it,

1129
00:53:27,520 --> 00:53:29,359
Speaker 4: because that thing's going to fall back down and maybe

1130
00:53:29,400 --> 00:53:31,600
Speaker 4: hurt somebody. Everything has to be made out of paper.

1131
00:53:31,800 --> 00:53:33,399
Speaker 1: And it has to be the right strength to hold

1132
00:53:33,440 --> 00:53:36,759
Speaker 1: the stuff together, but not so strong that it can't explode, right,

1133
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:39,319
Speaker 1: And so cardboard and paper is actually just about the

1134
00:53:39,360 --> 00:53:40,040
Speaker 1: perfect strength.

1135
00:53:40,120 --> 00:53:42,520
Speaker 4: Wow, So you need to be like a paper artisan too.

1136
00:53:44,440 --> 00:53:46,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't think we're like three D printing fireworks

1137
00:53:46,800 --> 00:53:47,200
Speaker 1: or anything.

1138
00:53:47,320 --> 00:53:52,440
Speaker 4: Ooh, but not yet. You just came up with an

1139
00:53:52,440 --> 00:53:54,520
Speaker 4: interesting idea there. I wonder if you can get more

1140
00:53:54,520 --> 00:53:57,120
Speaker 4: precise sculptures if if you do three D print them.

1141
00:53:57,200 --> 00:53:59,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, you might be able to guide the sparklers and

1142
00:53:59,440 --> 00:54:01,719
Speaker 1: exactly they're right direction. You could have like tubes or

1143
00:54:01,760 --> 00:54:03,960
Speaker 1: sparkler guides or something that they get them to do

1144
00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:07,360
Speaker 1: crazy stuff. I think three D printing and computer modeling

1145
00:54:07,480 --> 00:54:09,799
Speaker 1: probably the future of artisanal fireworks.

1146
00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:13,360
Speaker 4: Wow. Yeah, you could have like a firework that explodes

1147
00:54:13,360 --> 00:54:15,600
Speaker 4: into a photo of your face or something.

1148
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:18,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, or the cat video that everybody's been wandering and

1149
00:54:18,960 --> 00:54:19,600
Speaker 1: waiting for.

1150
00:54:19,840 --> 00:54:23,719
Speaker 4: Oh my gosh, that would be next level, like animated fireworks.

1151
00:54:23,719 --> 00:54:26,120
Speaker 4: Can you imagine like fireworks and move?

1152
00:54:26,320 --> 00:54:27,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, that would be pretty incredible.

1153
00:54:27,680 --> 00:54:29,120
Speaker 4: Sounds like something out of Harry Potter.

1154
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:31,239
Speaker 1: Maybe, Yeah, four D fireworks.

1155
00:54:31,320 --> 00:54:33,239
Speaker 4: Well, nowadays it kind of seems like the future of

1156
00:54:33,280 --> 00:54:36,399
Speaker 4: these displays are drones. They're using drones more and more

1157
00:54:36,440 --> 00:54:38,640
Speaker 4: and they're almost kind of as And you can do

1158
00:54:38,760 --> 00:54:40,520
Speaker 4: cat videos with drones.

1159
00:54:40,280 --> 00:54:42,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, you actually can. And they're not explosive and they

1160
00:54:42,920 --> 00:54:46,000
Speaker 1: don't release toxic chemicals into the air and nobody gets

1161
00:54:46,000 --> 00:54:49,040
Speaker 1: blown up. So drones are pretty nice alternative there, like.

1162
00:54:48,960 --> 00:54:54,600
Speaker 4: The green alternative to artisical organic fireworks. They got out greened.

1163
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:57,279
Speaker 1: And I love a fireworks display like anybody else. The

1164
00:54:57,320 --> 00:54:59,760
Speaker 1: thing that I wonder sometimes when I watch fireworks displace

1165
00:55:00,120 --> 00:55:02,960
Speaker 1: is all those people taking videos of fireworks displace. I'm

1166
00:55:02,960 --> 00:55:06,240
Speaker 1: always wondering, like, what percentage of those videos is anybody

1167
00:55:06,280 --> 00:55:07,080
Speaker 1: ever watching?

1168
00:55:08,200 --> 00:55:11,520
Speaker 4: Well, you can ask about any video ever taking, Daniel.

1169
00:55:11,880 --> 00:55:13,880
Speaker 4: If you take a video of your kid eating a

1170
00:55:13,880 --> 00:55:17,319
Speaker 4: pizza slice, you know you're not gonna watching that later,

1171
00:55:17,440 --> 00:55:18,720
Speaker 4: but you want to capture the moment.

1172
00:55:18,960 --> 00:55:21,600
Speaker 1: I do go back and watch silly videos of everyday

1173
00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:24,080
Speaker 1: moments of my kids back when they were really young,

1174
00:55:24,120 --> 00:55:26,719
Speaker 1: and I think, all that's nice to get transported back

1175
00:55:26,760 --> 00:55:29,360
Speaker 1: to that day, you remember what they were like. But

1176
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:32,279
Speaker 1: I don't watch fireworks videos, you know, with nobody in them,

1177
00:55:32,280 --> 00:55:34,520
Speaker 1: and go, oh, yeah, I remember that explosion that was

1178
00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:35,240
Speaker 1: really cool.

1179
00:55:35,600 --> 00:55:40,640
Speaker 4: M Well that's because your fireworks grump, Daniel. Nobody would

1180
00:55:40,640 --> 00:55:43,080
Speaker 4: explain you to where he'd watched something something you don't like.

1181
00:55:44,600 --> 00:55:46,840
Speaker 4: Find more people would probably say ooh to that video

1182
00:55:46,920 --> 00:55:48,720
Speaker 4: than your kids eating pizza.

1183
00:55:48,880 --> 00:55:51,399
Speaker 1: Honestly, if I invited people over there probably rather see

1184
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:53,719
Speaker 1: a fireworks video than an old video of my kids

1185
00:55:53,760 --> 00:55:54,280
Speaker 1: eating pizza.

1186
00:55:54,360 --> 00:55:56,520
Speaker 4: Yeah, especially your kids didn't want to see that stuff.

1187
00:55:57,840 --> 00:56:00,360
Speaker 4: All right, Well, that was an explosive conversation, full of

1188
00:56:00,800 --> 00:56:01,920
Speaker 4: sparkling conversation.

1189
00:56:02,200 --> 00:56:04,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we hope that illuminated for you how people

1190
00:56:04,719 --> 00:56:07,839
Speaker 1: have been using physics and chemistry to brighten up their

1191
00:56:07,880 --> 00:56:11,120
Speaker 1: lives and their celebrations even before they understood how it worked.

1192
00:56:11,160 --> 00:56:14,000
Speaker 4: And I hope that confluence of physics and chemistry I

1193
00:56:14,040 --> 00:56:16,719
Speaker 4: really add a little pop to your day there or night.

1194
00:56:16,960 --> 00:56:19,319
Speaker 1: And I hope my dis days for fireworks doesn't blow

1195
00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:20,280
Speaker 1: up your experience.

1196
00:56:20,560 --> 00:56:23,799
Speaker 4: What's not to like, Daniel. They're big, they're explosive, and

1197
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:26,600
Speaker 4: they're bright, sort of like the universe, right, the big

1198
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:27,920
Speaker 4: smash exactly?

1199
00:56:28,320 --> 00:56:29,239
Speaker 1: All right, I give up?

1200
00:56:29,280 --> 00:56:29,560
Speaker 9: You win?

1201
00:56:30,719 --> 00:56:33,160
Speaker 4: Yes, all right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks

1202
00:56:33,160 --> 00:56:35,279
Speaker 4: for joining us, and we hope that next time you

1203
00:56:35,280 --> 00:56:37,440
Speaker 4: look up at the fireworks display you kind of think

1204
00:56:37,440 --> 00:56:40,759
Speaker 4: about all of the physics and chemistry that's going on then,

1205
00:56:40,880 --> 00:56:44,520
Speaker 4: all the artisanal skill that went into making those fireworks.

1206
00:56:44,080 --> 00:56:47,400
Speaker 1: And how a happy summer fireworks season everybody, and stay safe.

1207
00:56:47,440 --> 00:56:50,640
Speaker 4: Yeah, take a video and send it to Daniel. We're

1208
00:56:50,680 --> 00:56:51,440
Speaker 4: haad to enjoy it.

1209
00:56:51,520 --> 00:56:53,279
Speaker 1: I'll edit them all together and put them on my

1210
00:56:53,320 --> 00:56:55,439
Speaker 1: website for somebody to download and watch.

1211
00:56:55,480 --> 00:56:59,640
Speaker 4: Twelve hours of fireworks. That does sound pretty good. I

1212
00:56:59,640 --> 00:57:02,080
Speaker 4: think that's called the screen saver. Maybe I think they

1213
00:57:02,080 --> 00:57:05,239
Speaker 4: invented that already. Anyways, Thanks for joining us, see you

1214
00:57:05,239 --> 00:57:05,640
Speaker 4: next time.

1215
00:57:13,520 --> 00:57:16,320
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explain

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Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

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Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

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