1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:06,840 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the 3 00:00:06,880 --> 00:00:09,320 Speaker 1: T D I h C Vault, so you'll also here 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show. 5 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: Welcome to This Day in History Class from how Stuff 6 00:00:16,400 --> 00:00:18,599 Speaker 1: Works dot com and from the desk of Stuff you 7 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: missed in History Class. It's the show where we explore 8 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:23,239 Speaker 1: the past one day at a time with a quick 9 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: look at what happened today in history. Hello and welcome 10 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,560 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and it's November one. 11 00:00:34,080 --> 00:00:37,240 Speaker 1: The Sistine Chapel ceiling opened to public viewing for the 12 00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:39,839 Speaker 1: first time on this day in fifteen twelve. The Sistine 13 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:42,560 Speaker 1: Chapel is in Vatican City and it was operating as 14 00:00:42,560 --> 00:00:44,560 Speaker 1: a chapel. It was a real place that people went 15 00:00:44,600 --> 00:00:47,120 Speaker 1: to worship. People still go there all the time. So 16 00:00:47,159 --> 00:00:49,239 Speaker 1: what was really happening wasn't so much that they were 17 00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:52,800 Speaker 1: opening up the ceiling for public view. It's the the 18 00:00:52,840 --> 00:00:56,400 Speaker 1: congregation arrived for Mass that day, which was All Saints Day. 19 00:00:56,640 --> 00:00:59,400 Speaker 1: The chapel had originally been built back in fourteen seventy 20 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:02,520 Speaker 1: five for Hope six to the fourth and that's also 21 00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:05,679 Speaker 1: who it's named for. Originally, from the very beginning, the 22 00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:08,319 Speaker 1: walls of the chapel were adorned with all of these 23 00:01:08,600 --> 00:01:12,119 Speaker 1: very elaborate frescoes, but the ceiling at first was really simple. 24 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:14,399 Speaker 1: It was more like just a field with some dots 25 00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:17,880 Speaker 1: on it that represented the night sky. Then in fifteen 26 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 1: o four, a crack formed in the ceiling, and once 27 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,280 Speaker 1: that crack was repaired and the ceiling was reinforced, they 28 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:27,679 Speaker 1: needed to do something about that original painting of the 29 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:30,520 Speaker 1: kind of starry field, because now it was damaged. So 30 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:33,600 Speaker 1: Michelangelo was tasked with painting a new ceiling, and he 31 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:36,600 Speaker 1: signed a contract to do it on May eighth eight. 32 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 1: He didn't really want to do this job though, he 33 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:43,400 Speaker 1: really thought of himself as a sculptor, not as a painter, 34 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:46,600 Speaker 1: and he also had no experience whatsoever and something of 35 00:01:46,640 --> 00:01:50,720 Speaker 1: this kind of scale when it came to painting. Even so, 36 00:01:50,800 --> 00:01:54,720 Speaker 1: though this whole plan of painting twelve apostles turned into 37 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:59,360 Speaker 1: something much bigger. It originally was twelve apostles surrounded by 38 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:04,640 Speaker 1: maybe some ornamental motifs, and then that became nine stories 39 00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:07,280 Speaker 1: from the Book of Genesis down the middle of the ceiling. 40 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:11,119 Speaker 1: They call those the central stories. They're divided into three sections, 41 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:13,919 Speaker 1: which are the creation of the universe, and then Adam 42 00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:18,000 Speaker 1: and Eve and their downfall, and then some stories about Noah. 43 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:21,800 Speaker 1: And then in the corners there are these architectural elements 44 00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:25,640 Speaker 1: that are curved triangles called penditives, and these were four 45 00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:28,760 Speaker 1: stories about people of Israel, one of them being Judith 46 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,120 Speaker 1: and Holophernes. Then along the edges there are some more 47 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:36,959 Speaker 1: triangular architectural features. These are spandrels, and they contain depictions 48 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:40,560 Speaker 1: of the ancestors of Jesus. There are more ancestors of 49 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:43,839 Speaker 1: Jesus and moon shaped features that are called lunets as well. 50 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:47,720 Speaker 1: And then in between those spandrels and the central stories 51 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:51,000 Speaker 1: from the Book of Genesis are the Twelve Sibyls and Prophets. 52 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:54,040 Speaker 1: There is a lot going on in the ceiling. The 53 00:02:54,080 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: thing is huge and it took four years to complete. 54 00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:00,720 Speaker 1: It's also extremely high up. If you go into the 55 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:04,800 Speaker 1: Sistine Chapel, the ceiling is much much higher above you 56 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:07,120 Speaker 1: than just you might typically think of. So all of 57 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:09,400 Speaker 1: this work had to be done on scaffolds. Even though 58 00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:12,800 Speaker 1: people imagine that Michelangelo did this lying down, he really 59 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:15,600 Speaker 1: did it standing up with his head craned back. It 60 00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:18,399 Speaker 1: was very uncomfortable and took a physical toll on him. 61 00:03:18,680 --> 00:03:22,600 Speaker 1: Work on this took so long that his style evolved 62 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:25,239 Speaker 1: over time. He took a break from it in fifteen ten, 63 00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 1: and the frescoes from after fifteen ten are noticeably different 64 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:32,320 Speaker 1: than the ones before. There are a lot more minimalist. 65 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: The creation of Adam is from after fifteen ten, and 66 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:39,119 Speaker 1: that's the part of the ceiling that people usually think 67 00:03:39,160 --> 00:03:42,320 Speaker 1: of when they think about the ceiling. So four years 68 00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:45,320 Speaker 1: sounds like an incredibly long time to work on one 69 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:48,960 Speaker 1: piece of art, but this ceiling is really enormous, and 70 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:52,080 Speaker 1: he was working incredibly quickly to finish it in four years, 71 00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:55,240 Speaker 1: to use the technique that involved laying down fresh plaster 72 00:03:55,480 --> 00:03:58,080 Speaker 1: and then transferring a sketch of the work that he 73 00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:00,360 Speaker 1: was going to create onto the plaster before philing it in. 74 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:03,720 Speaker 1: He also had assistance working with him, but even with 75 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:07,000 Speaker 1: this efficient process that he worked out in assistance who 76 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:11,160 Speaker 1: were helping, he was doing incredibly grueling physical work. He 77 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 1: permanently damaged his eyesight working on this, and he kept 78 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:18,040 Speaker 1: arguing with the Pope who kept pushing him to finish 79 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:21,000 Speaker 1: it more quickly than he was. He was so miserable 80 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:22,680 Speaker 1: by the end of all of this that he wrote 81 00:04:22,680 --> 00:04:25,159 Speaker 1: a poem about how unhappy he was. And he also 82 00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:28,880 Speaker 1: reportedly added a couple of sad looking self portraits into 83 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:32,400 Speaker 1: a couple of the frescoes. Later on, he also painted 84 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,919 Speaker 1: the Last Judgment on the wall behind the altar of 85 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:37,760 Speaker 1: the Sistine Chapel. And then today, now that this painting 86 00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:39,800 Speaker 1: has been here for hundreds of years, more than five 87 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:43,440 Speaker 1: million people come to see it every year. Tari Harrison 88 00:04:43,560 --> 00:04:45,640 Speaker 1: has moved on to other projects, but I'd like to 89 00:04:45,640 --> 00:04:47,560 Speaker 1: thank her again for all of her work on the 90 00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:49,839 Speaker 1: first fore most of the show. And I'd like to 91 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:53,000 Speaker 1: welcome aboard Casey Pegramman Chandler Mayze, who will be doing 92 00:04:53,040 --> 00:04:56,320 Speaker 1: the audio work, thanks to eve's Jeff Cote as well 93 00:04:56,360 --> 00:04:59,120 Speaker 1: for her research on today's episode. You can subscribe to 94 00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:02,160 Speaker 1: the Stay in History clas us on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, 95 00:05:02,160 --> 00:05:04,640 Speaker 1: and We're Real to get your podcasts. You can tune 96 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:07,080 Speaker 1: in tomorrow for the birth of one of history is 97 00:05:07,120 --> 00:05:18,520 Speaker 1: More Infamous Women. Hello again, it's Eaves and you're listening 98 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:21,600 Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class, a podcast that truly 99 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:32,760 Speaker 1: believes no day is boring. The day was November one, 100 00:05:33,080 --> 00:05:38,599 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy nine. The Carlisle Indian Industrial School opened in Pennsylvania. 101 00:05:39,960 --> 00:05:43,919 Speaker 1: In eighteen nineteen, US Congress passed the Civilization Fund Act, 102 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:48,360 Speaker 1: which allocated funds to schools designed to civilize Native American 103 00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:52,480 Speaker 1: children by removing them from their reservations and assimilating them 104 00:05:52,480 --> 00:05:57,320 Speaker 1: into European American culture. Beginning in the late eighteenth century, 105 00:05:57,520 --> 00:06:00,520 Speaker 1: the US had embarked on a mission of America, cognizing 106 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:04,040 Speaker 1: indigenous peoples by stripping them of their customs and culture 107 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 1: and teaching them U s customs and values. The government 108 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:12,279 Speaker 1: banned Native Americans from conducting their traditional religious ceremonies and 109 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:17,520 Speaker 1: allotted them land in exchange for US citizenship, and missionaries 110 00:06:17,600 --> 00:06:23,279 Speaker 1: formed schools that taught Native Americans Christianity, citizenship, and English. 111 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:27,520 Speaker 1: This way, white Americans believed indigenous folks would be acculturated 112 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:30,680 Speaker 1: to the US and they would become peaceful adults who 113 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:35,240 Speaker 1: contributed to the U s economy. Some Native Americans resisted 114 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:40,200 Speaker 1: this forced assimilation, while others accepted it. There were white 115 00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: Americans who opposed the policies of assimilation, but many white 116 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:47,760 Speaker 1: Americans believed these civilizing efforts were a benevolent cause, and 117 00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 1: that they were saving Native Americans from their supposed savagery 118 00:06:50,839 --> 00:06:55,080 Speaker 1: and rapid decline. Education was one of the main ways 119 00:06:55,160 --> 00:06:59,200 Speaker 1: the US attempted to assimilate Native Americans. The Bureau of 120 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:02,760 Speaker 1: Indian Affair, formed in eighteen twenty four, called for the 121 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:07,360 Speaker 1: education of Native Americans in separate boarding schools. Civil War 122 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:11,480 Speaker 1: veteran Lieutenant Colonel Richard Henry Pratt established the first off 123 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:16,600 Speaker 1: reservation boarding school funded by the federal government. Abandoned army 124 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: barracks in Pennsylvania became a school building. The Carlisle Indian 125 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:26,400 Speaker 1: Industrial School, opened on November one, eighteen seventy nine. Pratt's 126 00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:29,480 Speaker 1: philosophy was that quote, all the Indian there is in 127 00:07:29,480 --> 00:07:32,560 Speaker 1: the race should be dead. The school's model was killed, 128 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:36,520 Speaker 1: the Indian saved the man. Students names were changed to 129 00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:39,720 Speaker 1: English ones and they were forbidden from using their Indigenous ones. 130 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:44,320 Speaker 1: They were given new clothes and haircuts. The children were 131 00:07:44,360 --> 00:07:48,320 Speaker 1: trained in trades and domestic activities. They lived with local 132 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:52,080 Speaker 1: non Native American families over the summer rather than returned 133 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:55,200 Speaker 1: to their families, and worked on farms or in stores. 134 00:07:56,320 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: The school exposed children to infection, disease, and harsh conditions, 135 00:08:00,640 --> 00:08:04,320 Speaker 1: and hundreds of children died while there. One hundred and 136 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:08,680 Speaker 1: eighty six are buried on site. Carlisle became a model 137 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:12,800 Speaker 1: for other government funded schools for force assimilation. The government 138 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:15,680 Speaker 1: required them to attend and made it legal for officers 139 00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:19,480 Speaker 1: to take children from their homes. Parents who resisted had 140 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:24,280 Speaker 1: to run, hide, or face imprisonment. The government still believed 141 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: it was saving children from poverty and awayward life. Since 142 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:31,200 Speaker 1: Native American children were not allowed to attend public schools 143 00:08:31,200 --> 00:08:34,600 Speaker 1: with white students, boarding schools were often the only option 144 00:08:34,679 --> 00:08:38,559 Speaker 1: for their formal education, but at the schools, students were 145 00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:42,600 Speaker 1: given little academic instruction. They were mainly given vocational training 146 00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:46,720 Speaker 1: that prepared them to be farmers or manual laborers, and 147 00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:50,319 Speaker 1: the children were often subject to physical and sexual abuse. 148 00:08:51,679 --> 00:08:55,520 Speaker 1: Pratt retired as Carlile's superintendent in nineteen o four after 149 00:08:55,600 --> 00:08:58,160 Speaker 1: budding heads with the Bureau of Indian Affairs over his 150 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:02,280 Speaker 1: views on reservations and as some relation. The school closed 151 00:09:02,320 --> 00:09:05,400 Speaker 1: in nineteen eighteen as it had become less relevant over 152 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:09,520 Speaker 1: the years and was needed as a military installation. The 153 00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:14,600 Speaker 1: Miriam Report, published in nine criticized conditions on reservations and 154 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:18,600 Speaker 1: in Native American boarding schools. It supported the assimilation of 155 00:09:18,679 --> 00:09:22,680 Speaker 1: Native American children but opposed isolating them in separate schools. 156 00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:27,440 Speaker 1: But attendance at these schools increased despite the protest of 157 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:31,199 Speaker 1: Native American activists and the efforts of people like Commissioner 158 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:35,200 Speaker 1: of Indian Affairs John Collier, who worked to reverse policies 159 00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:39,959 Speaker 1: of Native American cultural assimilation. Attendance at Native American boarding 160 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:43,440 Speaker 1: schools peaked in the nineteen seventies, with an estimated sixty 161 00:09:43,880 --> 00:09:48,360 Speaker 1: students enrolled in nineteen seventy three. Most Native American boarding 162 00:09:48,360 --> 00:09:53,200 Speaker 1: schools have since closed. I'm Eve Jeffcote and hopefully you 163 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:56,479 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 164 00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:00,720 Speaker 1: You can keep up with us on social media on Twitter, Facebook, 165 00:10:00,760 --> 00:10:05,200 Speaker 1: and Instagram at t d I h C Podcast, and 166 00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:08,720 Speaker 1: you can email us at this Day at I heart 167 00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:12,320 Speaker 1: media dot com. Thanks for listening. I hope to see 168 00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:26,199 Speaker 1: you here again tomorrow. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, 169 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:28,920 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 170 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:30,120 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.