1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960 Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the 2 00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920 Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily 3 00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000 Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960 Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings 5 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280 Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520 Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple 7 00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800 Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by 8 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC 9 00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot Com. When you pop 10 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 13 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:01,560 Speaker 2: As a United Explorer Card, you can earn fifty thousand 20 00:01:01,640 --> 00:01:05,640 Speaker 2: bonus miles plus look Forward to extraordinary travel rewards, including 21 00:01:05,680 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 2: a free checked bag, two times the miles on United 22 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:11,240 Speaker 2: purchases and two times the miles on dining and at hotels. 23 00:01:11,400 --> 00:01:14,440 Speaker 2: Become an explorer and seek out unforgettable places while enjoying 24 00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:18,039 Speaker 2: rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP Morgan Chase 25 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:21,880 Speaker 2: Bank NA member FDIC subject to credit approval offer subject 26 00:01:21,920 --> 00:01:22,480 Speaker 2: to change. 27 00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:32,440 Speaker 1: Terms apply. So I was outside the other night with 28 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:34,479 Speaker 1: my son looking up at the sky, and we were 29 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:36,200 Speaker 1: having a great time, and he turned to me and 30 00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,360 Speaker 1: he asked me a question. He said, Hey, Dad, why 31 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 1: are their stars? 32 00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:42,520 Speaker 3: You mean like movie stars? 33 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:46,640 Speaker 1: No, no astronomical stars. He wanted to know. 34 00:01:46,800 --> 00:01:47,840 Speaker 3: Oh wow, what did you say? 35 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:50,200 Speaker 1: Well, I thought he was asking me, like, why do 36 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: stars exist? You know, why do we have bright stars 37 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:54,080 Speaker 1: in the sky. So, of course I give him a 38 00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:56,840 Speaker 1: long physics explanation for you know, how fusion works and 39 00:01:56,880 --> 00:01:57,800 Speaker 1: all this kind of stuff. 40 00:01:58,080 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 3: What would it like to have your dad be a 41 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:00,480 Speaker 3: physical professor? 42 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:04,360 Speaker 1: It's awesome, Sure, it's a one hundred percent awesome. 43 00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 3: I wonder how many times he's just like dad. I 44 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:08,359 Speaker 3: just wanted a one sentence answer. 45 00:02:11,080 --> 00:02:14,359 Speaker 1: I once heard him explaining to his friends about black holes, 46 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 1: and I thought, Hey, that dude is cool because of me. 47 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:23,799 Speaker 3: I think cool might not be the appropriate adjective here. 48 00:02:23,880 --> 00:02:27,119 Speaker 3: But was he satisfied with your explanation? 49 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:29,200 Speaker 1: No, not at all. In fact, it turns out I 50 00:02:29,240 --> 00:02:33,000 Speaker 1: totally misunderstood his question. When he asked why are their stars? 51 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:35,160 Speaker 1: He didn't mean like why does the star burn? He 52 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:38,359 Speaker 1: meant like, why are their stars plural? Like why don't 53 00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:41,240 Speaker 1: we just have one star? Right? Or like why isn't 54 00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:43,720 Speaker 1: everything just spread out smoothly in the universe? Why does 55 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:46,160 Speaker 1: things clump together to make planets and stars and all 56 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: that stuff? 57 00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,840 Speaker 3: WHOA, That is a good question. 58 00:02:50,240 --> 00:02:52,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a great question. It's a kind of question 59 00:02:52,200 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 1: kids ask, right, the kind of question you don't necessarily 60 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:57,040 Speaker 1: think to ask. It's such a basic, simple question. 61 00:02:57,120 --> 00:02:59,919 Speaker 3: That's a question I have. And I'm definitely not far 62 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:21,519 Speaker 3: years old. I am hoarhe, and I'm Daniel, and welcome 63 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:24,960 Speaker 3: to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the universe. 64 00:03:24,680 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 1: In which we try to take everything or anything in 65 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:30,040 Speaker 1: the universe, even the obvious stuff like stars, and explain 66 00:03:30,080 --> 00:03:32,440 Speaker 1: it to you. Why is it there? How does it work? 67 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:34,320 Speaker 1: Do I have to worry about it? Can I buy 68 00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:35,080 Speaker 1: one online? 69 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:38,320 Speaker 3: We try to answer the smooth questions and also the 70 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:39,600 Speaker 3: lumpy questions. 71 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:41,960 Speaker 1: And today is going to be a bit of a 72 00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:43,040 Speaker 1: lumpy episode. 73 00:03:43,200 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 3: Today on the program, we're asking the question why are 74 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:51,760 Speaker 3: there stars? 75 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:55,000 Speaker 1: The universe has a really strange kind of shape. I mean, 76 00:03:55,160 --> 00:03:59,440 Speaker 1: it's huge, but it's mostly empty, right, like this vast 77 00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:03,640 Speaker 1: distance between stars and even vaster ones between galaxies. But 78 00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:06,160 Speaker 1: then you have these hot little points, right, all this 79 00:04:06,360 --> 00:04:10,480 Speaker 1: matter concentrated in these little dots. It's a really weird arrangement. 80 00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:13,520 Speaker 3: Why is it concentrating in these little pinpoints? Why isn't 81 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:17,159 Speaker 3: more diffuse or why don't all those pin points just 82 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:18,119 Speaker 3: clump together? 83 00:04:18,360 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: Yeah? Why don't we have just one megastar or like 84 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:25,760 Speaker 1: a big pudding of dilute gas everywhere? Right? Why is 85 00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 1: the universe the way it is and not any of 86 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:28,440 Speaker 1: those other ways? 87 00:04:28,600 --> 00:04:30,080 Speaker 3: It could have been those ways. 88 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:32,919 Speaker 1: In some alternate multiverse, it probably is those ways, but 89 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:35,680 Speaker 1: in those multiverses they don't have awesome podcasts to ask 90 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:36,239 Speaker 1: this question. 91 00:04:36,760 --> 00:04:38,880 Speaker 3: Yeah. Yeah, because you look at the night sky and 92 00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 3: it's beautiful, right, I mean it's it's like this black 93 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:45,359 Speaker 3: void with little white pinpoints. But you gotta wonder why 94 00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 3: does it look that way? 95 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:48,520 Speaker 1: Okay, So I have to take a digression here an 96 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:52,160 Speaker 1: artistic question for you or he, okay, which is why 97 00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:55,160 Speaker 1: do you think we find the night sky beautiful? I mean, 98 00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:57,840 Speaker 1: I agree it's gorgeous. It's the best view in the universe, right, 99 00:04:58,200 --> 00:05:00,320 Speaker 1: But is it necessary do we find a beautif to 100 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:02,720 Speaker 1: be evolved to find it beautiful? Is it just chance? 101 00:05:03,080 --> 00:05:04,360 Speaker 1: Like could we have evolved in a way where we 102 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:06,159 Speaker 1: look up at the night's time and we're like, yuck, 103 00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:07,160 Speaker 1: that's gross. 104 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:13,800 Speaker 3: Well, I think we have an innate appreciation for sparkly things, right, 105 00:05:13,839 --> 00:05:14,240 Speaker 3: we like. 106 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:17,679 Speaker 1: Well, all pyromaniacs. 107 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,719 Speaker 3: Yeah, no, I mean we've all evolved from liking water 108 00:05:20,800 --> 00:05:24,120 Speaker 3: maybe or being attracted to water or sparky water. I 109 00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:30,520 Speaker 3: don't know, sparkling water. They had avyon period the cave mandays. 110 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:32,160 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, I think people used to carbonate their own 111 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:34,440 Speaker 1: water back in cave man days. I'm pretty sure that. Yeah. 112 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:36,440 Speaker 1: We should have asked that question Ryan North when we 113 00:05:36,440 --> 00:05:37,279 Speaker 1: had them on the podcast. 114 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:39,240 Speaker 3: When did they invent sparkling water? 115 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:43,320 Speaker 1: The greatest invention all time? Sparkling water? 116 00:05:45,440 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 3: That's a great question is why are their stars and 117 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:59,359 Speaker 3: planets as opposed to just having a monotonous monogamous, no homogenious, monochronous, 118 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:03,480 Speaker 3: chat a chromatic, Yeah, I mean like a plane universe. 119 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:05,719 Speaker 3: I guess, why do we have stars and planets and 120 00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:11,240 Speaker 3: objects and sparky objects and things rather than we're just 121 00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:13,360 Speaker 3: living in a giant gas cloud? 122 00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:16,040 Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, So that's the question we're going to 123 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:18,680 Speaker 1: try to tackle today. Give you a solid answer for it. 124 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:22,640 Speaker 1: And so, as usual, before we answer the question, I 125 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:24,920 Speaker 1: went out and I asked a bunch of unsuspecting U 126 00:06:24,960 --> 00:06:27,520 Speaker 1: see Irvine students off the top of their head, I 127 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:28,480 Speaker 1: asked them that question. 128 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:31,320 Speaker 3: So think about it at home or wherever you're listening. 129 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:33,960 Speaker 3: Why do you think there are stars and planets and 130 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:38,160 Speaker 3: not just a smooth universe? Here's what people had to say. 131 00:06:38,320 --> 00:06:40,800 Speaker 1: Why is the universe so lumpy? Like? Why isn't matter 132 00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:43,360 Speaker 1: just spread out totally smoothly and evenly through the universe. 133 00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:47,239 Speaker 2: I want to say gravity, because there's like a certain 134 00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:50,200 Speaker 2: kind of gravity putting things in place. 135 00:06:50,360 --> 00:06:55,000 Speaker 1: And I have no idea. Okay, gravity, it's. 136 00:06:54,880 --> 00:06:57,479 Speaker 3: A result of the Big Bang. You had matter and 137 00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:01,560 Speaker 3: anti matter, and they've made clumps and they kept expanding 138 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:02,600 Speaker 3: and that's just. 139 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:04,080 Speaker 1: How it occurred. 140 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:06,920 Speaker 3: At least that's the model that I've heard. 141 00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:10,840 Speaker 4: Okay, great fair were at some point areas where there 142 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:13,720 Speaker 4: was a slight greater density, and you know, in the 143 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:15,800 Speaker 4: matter in the universe the youn how praperty works, the 144 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:18,640 Speaker 4: greater duncy will kind of collapse it them becomes of 145 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:21,360 Speaker 4: greater greater, greater dncity soil, you have a galaxy or plants. 146 00:07:21,120 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: Or whatever the ions ions. 147 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:26,320 Speaker 3: Okay, all right, so that's pretty interesting. I feel like 148 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:30,160 Speaker 3: you should maybe stop advertising that they're easy Irvine students, 149 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 3: because I don't know if you're helping the marketing there. 150 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:36,200 Speaker 1: I think it's wonderful all these usual Airvine students are 151 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:39,480 Speaker 1: willing to stop and think about a random question from 152 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:43,040 Speaker 1: a r random scruffy looking dude and think about the universe. 153 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:46,600 Speaker 1: Like ninety nine percent of people answer these questions. To me, 154 00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:49,440 Speaker 1: they get full credit even just for trying, for thinking 155 00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:52,440 Speaker 1: about it, for engaging right. To me, that's wonderful. When 156 00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 1: we first started this project, I was sure I was 157 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:57,160 Speaker 1: going to get one percent answers. So the fact that 158 00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:59,080 Speaker 1: they don't know not a big deal. The fact that 159 00:07:59,160 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: they try to answer, that's wonderful. 160 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:02,560 Speaker 3: I think you should try it on the streets of 161 00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:04,520 Speaker 3: New York next and see what kind of reaction you 162 00:08:04,560 --> 00:08:06,200 Speaker 3: get get out of here. 163 00:08:06,240 --> 00:08:08,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, as you were suggesting, maybe I should go 164 00:08:08,440 --> 00:08:11,160 Speaker 1: up to Caltech and see if I get them more 165 00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:12,040 Speaker 1: precise answers. 166 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:15,560 Speaker 3: But everyone seems to say gravity as the answer to 167 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:16,040 Speaker 3: the question. 168 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, everybody says gravity, and I think that comes from 169 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: everybody's feeling correctly that gravity plays a big role. Right. 170 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:26,120 Speaker 1: Gravity is a thing that made these structures. Gravity's Whi's 171 00:08:26,160 --> 00:08:30,120 Speaker 1: responsible for holding a star together. Gravity controls the shape 172 00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: of the galaxy. Gravity certainly plays a big role. 173 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:36,880 Speaker 3: But I guess the twist is that it's not the 174 00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:38,360 Speaker 3: only thing you need to make stars. 175 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:38,560 Speaker 1: Right. 176 00:08:38,600 --> 00:08:42,840 Speaker 3: Gravity only clumps links together if you already have small 177 00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:44,120 Speaker 3: clumps to begin with. 178 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:47,560 Speaker 1: Right, That's right. Gravity is not the complete answer. If 179 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:51,720 Speaker 1: you had a universe that was totally smooth, right, completely smooth, 180 00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:55,920 Speaker 1: then gravity couldn't do anything because each particle in the 181 00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,960 Speaker 1: universe would be pulled both left and right with equal 182 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:02,000 Speaker 1: force because the equal amounts of stuff on both sides 183 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:04,520 Speaker 1: of it, And so every object would be sort of 184 00:09:04,600 --> 00:09:09,360 Speaker 1: like pinned down by gravity. But it couldn't form any structures, right, 185 00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:13,240 Speaker 1: So gravity can't make lumps. It can only exaggerate lumps. 186 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:15,559 Speaker 1: Once you've gotten a little bit started. 187 00:09:15,240 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 3: Wait, paint that picture a little bit more for me. 188 00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:22,000 Speaker 3: So let's imagine a perfectly smooth universe, meaning that all 189 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:24,880 Speaker 3: the particles in the universe are kind of at the 190 00:09:24,920 --> 00:09:27,880 Speaker 3: same distance from each other as every other particle in 191 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:29,240 Speaker 3: the universe exactly. 192 00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:32,160 Speaker 1: So imagine you know, every particle is on a grid, right, 193 00:09:32,200 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: and you have one particle every centimeter or something, right, 194 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:35,920 Speaker 1: So for to. 195 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:39,320 Speaker 3: Take a perfectly exact grid, everyone every particle is one 196 00:09:39,360 --> 00:09:42,240 Speaker 3: centimeter apart from the next particle exactly. 197 00:09:42,240 --> 00:09:44,640 Speaker 1: And if you're thinking this is strange and artificial, it's 198 00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:47,920 Speaker 1: actually very simple, right, and it's very natural. The opposite 199 00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: idea that there's one place where there's particles are closer together, 200 00:09:51,559 --> 00:09:54,600 Speaker 1: or they're denser and they're denser or something that's strange, 201 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:57,240 Speaker 1: that's unusual, that would be like, well, why they are 202 00:09:57,280 --> 00:10:01,040 Speaker 1: not here? So having a perfectly smooth metric universe as 203 00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:04,120 Speaker 1: a starting point actually makes the most sense. It's the 204 00:10:04,160 --> 00:10:05,760 Speaker 1: most natural concept. 205 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:08,479 Speaker 3: Like a perfect jelly or like a perfect. 206 00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:11,800 Speaker 1: Crystal exactly, like a perfectly smooth chocolate pudding with no 207 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:12,360 Speaker 1: lumps in it. 208 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:12,640 Speaker 5: Right. 209 00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:18,280 Speaker 3: So, and if the universe is infinite. You're saying that 210 00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:23,160 Speaker 3: cloud of perfectly ordered particles would not clump together exactly. 211 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:25,840 Speaker 1: So take one random particle, right, And it doesn't matter 212 00:10:25,840 --> 00:10:27,720 Speaker 1: which one you choose, because we set this up so 213 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:30,720 Speaker 1: that all the particles are exactly the same. So pick 214 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:33,760 Speaker 1: one random particle. Now, that particle is going to get 215 00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:36,320 Speaker 1: pulled on by all the other particles in the universe 216 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:38,480 Speaker 1: due to gravity and other forces. But let's just think 217 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:42,319 Speaker 1: about gravity right now. Now, there's an infinite number of 218 00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:44,760 Speaker 1: particles pulling it to the left, and an infinite number 219 00:10:44,760 --> 00:10:45,800 Speaker 1: of particles. 220 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:47,400 Speaker 3: Pulling it to the right, and up and down too. 221 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:50,200 Speaker 1: Right, exactly, and in any way you slice it, you 222 00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:53,600 Speaker 1: get the same answer. Right, You divide the universe into 223 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:56,079 Speaker 1: two halves around this particle, and one half of the 224 00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:57,719 Speaker 1: universe is pulling it one way, the other half is 225 00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: pulling it the other way. It exactly balances out. It 226 00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:03,800 Speaker 1: cancels perfectly. Right. It's like if you have two kids 227 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: and each one is pulling on one arm, You're not 228 00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:06,520 Speaker 1: going anywhere, right. 229 00:11:07,520 --> 00:11:08,680 Speaker 3: Does that happen to you often? 230 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:11,960 Speaker 1: That's a random hypothetical I just invented. It's not that 231 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:14,200 Speaker 1: I have two kids who often have totally different ideas 232 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:15,199 Speaker 1: about what we should. 233 00:11:14,920 --> 00:11:18,440 Speaker 3: Do or where they want to go or where they 234 00:11:18,440 --> 00:11:18,920 Speaker 3: want to eat. 235 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:23,320 Speaker 1: That's right. And so in this scenario, every particle is 236 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:27,679 Speaker 1: in equilibrium. Right, There's no way to begin lumpiness because 237 00:11:27,679 --> 00:11:31,240 Speaker 1: everything is being tugged equally left and right or up 238 00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:33,560 Speaker 1: and down, or you know, back and forth. 239 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:36,679 Speaker 3: So you would the universe would just sit there. It 240 00:11:36,720 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 3: would just stay static. It would it wouldn't wouldn't move 241 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:42,200 Speaker 3: right like it. We would just stay there forever because 242 00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 3: every particle would just be perfectly bounds where it is. 243 00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:47,320 Speaker 1: Exactly. It's like if you put a ball in the 244 00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:49,800 Speaker 1: bottom of a bowl, right, it's just going to sit there. 245 00:11:49,840 --> 00:11:52,520 Speaker 1: It's not going to go anywhere, right, And that's exactly 246 00:11:52,520 --> 00:11:54,760 Speaker 1: the situation of each of those particles. They're sitting in 247 00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:57,800 Speaker 1: the bottom of a bowl. That bowl is the gravitational 248 00:11:57,840 --> 00:11:59,959 Speaker 1: well made by all the other particles in the universe. 249 00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:03,040 Speaker 1: And so if the universe is infinite, then you can 250 00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:06,320 Speaker 1: apply the same argument to every particle. Right. And so 251 00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:10,160 Speaker 1: if you start out with an infinite, smooth universe, then 252 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:14,240 Speaker 1: you can't get any structure, You can't start to build anything. 253 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:16,520 Speaker 3: Hold on, you said that, if that's only if the 254 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:18,840 Speaker 3: universe is infinite. But what happens if you have this 255 00:12:18,920 --> 00:12:22,800 Speaker 3: perfect jelly and the universe is finite, meaning that it 256 00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:23,960 Speaker 3: at some point ends. 257 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:27,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, then this argument doesn't apply because there's some point, 258 00:12:28,840 --> 00:12:31,160 Speaker 1: because then this argument only applies to the very center 259 00:12:31,280 --> 00:12:34,280 Speaker 1: of the universe. Right. Then, if the universe is finite, 260 00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:36,680 Speaker 1: that means that it has a center, right, that there's 261 00:12:36,679 --> 00:12:38,760 Speaker 1: some place where there's an equal amount of stuff to 262 00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:40,880 Speaker 1: the left and to the right and up and down right, 263 00:12:41,559 --> 00:12:44,400 Speaker 1: And this argument would only apply right there if you 264 00:12:44,440 --> 00:12:46,880 Speaker 1: go to the edge of all that stuff. Right. This 265 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:49,200 Speaker 1: is again assuming the universe is finite. If you go 266 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 1: to the edge of all that stuff, the argument doesn't 267 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:53,559 Speaker 1: hold anymore. You have more stuff on one side than 268 00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: on the other. So in the scenario of a finite universe, 269 00:12:57,360 --> 00:12:59,280 Speaker 1: everything would be attracted towards the center. 270 00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:01,880 Speaker 3: Everything would be attracted towards the center. So all everyone, 271 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:04,680 Speaker 3: all the particles would just go towards the center. And 272 00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:05,520 Speaker 3: then what would happen? 273 00:13:05,640 --> 00:13:07,640 Speaker 1: Man, I think you would get like a huge star 274 00:13:07,880 --> 00:13:09,880 Speaker 1: or a massive black hole, or it would be a 275 00:13:09,880 --> 00:13:10,800 Speaker 1: pretty crazy party. 276 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:14,120 Speaker 3: Wow, So the universe would be just one star or 277 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:15,320 Speaker 3: one black hole. 278 00:13:15,520 --> 00:13:17,120 Speaker 1: I'm not one hundred percent sure, because that would be 279 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:19,360 Speaker 1: pretty complicated. But I think, yeah, you would end up 280 00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:22,480 Speaker 1: with one really big blob of matter and it would 281 00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:24,520 Speaker 1: be you know, it wouldn't be completely compressed into a 282 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:28,959 Speaker 1: point because matter resists being compressed, and if it was spinning, right, 283 00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:32,960 Speaker 1: then that keeps it from being compressed further. I don't 284 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:34,839 Speaker 1: know if anybody's really studied what would happen if you 285 00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:38,400 Speaker 1: just like had a huge universized blob of finite matter 286 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:41,520 Speaker 1: and then let it collapse. That'd be fascinating. 287 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:44,680 Speaker 3: So it would be kind of this one just one, 288 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,600 Speaker 3: not two, not three, just one giant lump of stuff. 289 00:13:47,720 --> 00:13:50,600 Speaker 1: That's right. And even in that scenario where the universe 290 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:55,479 Speaker 1: is perfectly smooth but finite, right, you can't get any asymmetries. 291 00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,960 Speaker 1: Everything has to be perfectly balanced in every direction. Right. Yes, 292 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:01,200 Speaker 1: you have a center, so everything attracted towards the center, 293 00:14:01,440 --> 00:14:04,640 Speaker 1: but you can't like make stars clumping along the way 294 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:06,720 Speaker 1: as they're getting dragged towards the center. It still has 295 00:14:06,760 --> 00:14:09,920 Speaker 1: to be perfectly smooth because it's the same in every direction. Right. 296 00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:12,240 Speaker 1: In order to get the kind of structure that we 297 00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:13,840 Speaker 1: see when we look at the night sky, we have 298 00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:16,640 Speaker 1: like a star here and no star there, and galaxy here, 299 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,680 Speaker 1: no galaxy there. That's those are asymmetry. So right, that's 300 00:14:20,720 --> 00:14:23,800 Speaker 1: a structure, that's a's a lump. Yeah, it's a lump 301 00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:25,120 Speaker 1: in the universe exactly. 302 00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:27,760 Speaker 3: So that's obviously not the universe we're in. We're not 303 00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:31,680 Speaker 3: in a perfectly smooth jelly universe, and we're not living 304 00:14:31,720 --> 00:14:36,480 Speaker 3: in one giant, singular super cluster of stuff. But we 305 00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:39,320 Speaker 3: live in this kind of stranger universe, right. 306 00:14:39,280 --> 00:14:40,960 Speaker 1: And thank god we do, right. I mean, it would 307 00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:43,640 Speaker 1: be pretty boring to live in an infinitely smooth pudding 308 00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:45,960 Speaker 1: or even just have like one big star. 309 00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:49,040 Speaker 3: Living in a perfect jelly seems pretty pretty peaceful to me. 310 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:51,920 Speaker 1: Again, I think we should have a snack before we 311 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,480 Speaker 1: do these podcasts. Okay, although, as you tell, you tend 312 00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:56,840 Speaker 1: towards these food analogies, and I think it just reflects 313 00:14:56,840 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: what you're feeling rather than what you're thinking. 314 00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:03,080 Speaker 3: Well, let's let's get into how lumpy the universe is 315 00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:05,360 Speaker 3: and how it got that way, But first let's take 316 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:06,080 Speaker 3: a quick break. 317 00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:13,560 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what 318 00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:16,280 Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, 319 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:19,400 Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. With 320 00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:22,920 Speaker 1: mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again. 321 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,240 Speaker 1: When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a 322 00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:28,080 Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint 323 00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:30,560 Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and 324 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:33,080 Speaker 1: so clear. I can recommend it to you. So say 325 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:36,360 Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly 326 00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:39,520 Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone 327 00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:42,080 Speaker 1: with any mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number 328 00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,480 Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So dit your overpriced wireless 329 00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:47,800 Speaker 1: with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium 330 00:15:47,920 --> 00:15:50,360 Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this 331 00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:52,840 Speaker 1: new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless 332 00:15:52,840 --> 00:15:54,840 Speaker 1: plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile 333 00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:58,360 Speaker 1: dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe. 334 00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:00,400 Speaker 1: Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At 335 00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:03,520 Speaker 1: mintmobile dot com slash universe, forty five dollars upfront payment 336 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:06,240 Speaker 1: required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on 337 00:16:06,320 --> 00:16:09,160 Speaker 1: first three month plan only. Speeds slower about forty gigabytes 338 00:16:09,160 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 1: on unlimited plan additional taxi s fees and restrictions apply. 339 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:13,160 Speaker 1: See Mint Mobile for details. 340 00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:16,360 Speaker 6: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. 341 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:19,840 Speaker 6: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are 342 00:16:19,840 --> 00:16:24,080 Speaker 6: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI 343 00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:27,040 Speaker 6: needs a lot of speed and processing power. So how 344 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:30,200 Speaker 6: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's 345 00:16:30,240 --> 00:16:32,560 Speaker 6: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud. 346 00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:38,040 Speaker 6: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform 347 00:16:38,080 --> 00:16:42,960 Speaker 6: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI 348 00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:46,200 Speaker 6: has fourty eight times the bandwidth of other clouds, offers 349 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:49,600 Speaker 6: one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and of 350 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 6: course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now you 351 00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:55,120 Speaker 6: can train your AI models at twice the speed and 352 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,480 Speaker 6: less than half the cost of other clouds. If you 353 00:16:57,520 --> 00:16:59,800 Speaker 6: want to do more and spend less, like Uber eight 354 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:02,880 Speaker 6: eight and Data Brooks Mosaic, take a free test drive 355 00:17:02,920 --> 00:17:07,320 Speaker 6: of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic. That's Oracle 356 00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:11,920 Speaker 6: dot com slash Strategic Oracle dot com slash Strategic. 357 00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:15,080 Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the 358 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:19,000 Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily 359 00:17:19,119 --> 00:17:22,080 Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent 360 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:25,040 Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings 361 00:17:25,080 --> 00:17:28,639 Speaker 1: account through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app, 362 00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:32,240 Speaker 1: subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners 363 00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:35,560 Speaker 1: subject to eligibility Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs 364 00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:39,000 Speaker 1: Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member, FDIC terms and 365 00:17:39,119 --> 00:17:48,760 Speaker 1: more at applecard dot com. 366 00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:51,280 Speaker 3: All right, so we don't live in a perfectly smooth universe, 367 00:17:51,320 --> 00:17:53,200 Speaker 3: and we don't live in a universe such as one 368 00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:58,200 Speaker 3: giant cluster, black hole, slash star. That's not the universe 369 00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:01,160 Speaker 3: will live in, right, We are actually very lumpy universe. 370 00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:03,439 Speaker 1: Yeah, in the universe. The structure of the universe is 371 00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:06,159 Speaker 1: really fascinating. We should dig into it really deeply in 372 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:08,480 Speaker 1: another podcast episode and talk about it and why it 373 00:18:08,560 --> 00:18:10,800 Speaker 1: is this way in that way. But let's just review 374 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:13,520 Speaker 1: briefly sort of where we are in the universe, right, 375 00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:17,760 Speaker 1: the status of the lumps, right, the level of lumpiness 376 00:18:17,760 --> 00:18:18,359 Speaker 1: of the universe. 377 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:22,119 Speaker 3: Yeah, So we are sitting here on Earth presumably. 378 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:23,720 Speaker 1: That's right. We are two lumps on a rock. Yeah. 379 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:26,920 Speaker 3: Presumably most of our listeners are on Earth. 380 00:18:27,119 --> 00:18:28,520 Speaker 1: And if you're not, by the way, if you're listening 381 00:18:28,560 --> 00:18:30,560 Speaker 1: to this podcast and you're not on Earth, we really 382 00:18:30,640 --> 00:18:32,480 Speaker 1: want to hear from you. Yeah. 383 00:18:32,520 --> 00:18:36,440 Speaker 3: Absolutely, But we are in a big rock around rock 384 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:41,480 Speaker 3: going around a sun, a star, and that's our solar system, right. 385 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:43,800 Speaker 1: And even that is super lumpy, I mean from the 386 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,639 Speaker 1: point of view of like how smooth this stuff distributed. 387 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,119 Speaker 1: You know, people are probably familiar with how far away 388 00:18:49,119 --> 00:18:51,800 Speaker 1: the Sun is. It's you know, it takes a time 389 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 1: for light to even get there. It's minutes and minutes 390 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:56,359 Speaker 1: and minutes, right, And the Sun itself is a huge 391 00:18:56,480 --> 00:18:59,480 Speaker 1: blow of matter, but it's super far away. You know. 392 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:01,840 Speaker 1: The the size of the Earth is enormous and the 393 00:19:01,880 --> 00:19:03,560 Speaker 1: size of the Sun is enormous, but the size of 394 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:07,040 Speaker 1: the distance between them dwarfs both of them. Right, So 395 00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:10,399 Speaker 1: even just the Solar system is really really lumpy in 396 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:13,200 Speaker 1: that sense that the matter is concentrated and not spread out. 397 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:16,840 Speaker 3: And then our solar system is inside of a galaxy, right, m. 398 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:20,320 Speaker 1: Hm, And that's even lumpier from that point of view, right, Like, 399 00:19:20,680 --> 00:19:24,160 Speaker 1: the distance between stars is huge compared to the size 400 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:25,080 Speaker 1: of the stars. 401 00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:26,840 Speaker 3: And it has some sort of structure, right, Like the 402 00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:31,360 Speaker 3: galaxy has spirals and it's kind of thicker and more 403 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:33,800 Speaker 3: dense in the middle. Right, there's no structure at that 404 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:34,400 Speaker 3: scale too. 405 00:19:34,680 --> 00:19:36,639 Speaker 1: Yeah, the galaxy told me it doesn't like when you 406 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:40,800 Speaker 1: talk about it's thickening waistline hor but it's true. That's true. 407 00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:45,520 Speaker 3: It's sparkly. I'm talking about its sparkliness. 408 00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:49,000 Speaker 1: It's beautiful. It's beautiful, the milky way. Yeah, exactly. We 409 00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:50,879 Speaker 1: got all these stars, one hundred billions of stars. But 410 00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:53,439 Speaker 1: they're not just a blob, right, They're not just distributed evenly, 411 00:19:53,640 --> 00:19:55,959 Speaker 1: although for a long time people thought that's what happened, 412 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:58,639 Speaker 1: but no, we know that they're arranged in this amazing 413 00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:01,760 Speaker 1: swirl pattern right where the center of the galaxy. And 414 00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:03,600 Speaker 1: then we have these arms that come out and because 415 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:07,159 Speaker 1: it's rotating, those arms sort of drag behind it, right, 416 00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:09,120 Speaker 1: and you get this amazing. 417 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 3: Swirl and then you can keep going like. The galaxy 418 00:20:11,440 --> 00:20:14,600 Speaker 3: is part of a supercluster of galaxies, and that's super. 419 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:17,280 Speaker 1: You missed one, what you missed one. The galaxy is 420 00:20:17,320 --> 00:20:19,960 Speaker 1: part of a cluster of galaxies, right, And when we 421 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:22,960 Speaker 1: talk about a cluster, we mean things that are gravitationally 422 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:25,720 Speaker 1: bound to each other, that essentially are orbiting each other 423 00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:27,320 Speaker 1: over billions and billions of years. 424 00:20:28,119 --> 00:20:30,479 Speaker 3: So we and ours is called the local group, right, 425 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:34,040 Speaker 3: like our cluster of galaxies is very imaginatively called the 426 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:34,680 Speaker 3: local group. 427 00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:38,240 Speaker 1: I know that sounds like a temporary name somebody came 428 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:39,720 Speaker 1: up with, like, oh, I need to call this something 429 00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:41,960 Speaker 1: and talk to my advisor, and then it just stuck 430 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:43,480 Speaker 1: and they're like, dang, and I should have named it 431 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:44,320 Speaker 1: after my dog. 432 00:20:45,680 --> 00:20:46,879 Speaker 3: What's the opposite of local? 433 00:20:47,119 --> 00:20:51,440 Speaker 1: Like basically, just here it means the galaxies near us, right, 434 00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:55,960 Speaker 1: It's a it's a pretty lame name. Yeah, so that's 435 00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:57,000 Speaker 1: the cluster'd you. 436 00:20:57,040 --> 00:21:00,800 Speaker 3: Know our galaxy cluster is green and you know local 437 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:01,800 Speaker 3: sources local. 438 00:21:05,119 --> 00:21:07,280 Speaker 1: That's right. I don't think it's vegan, but at least 439 00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:08,120 Speaker 1: it's local. 440 00:21:07,880 --> 00:21:17,320 Speaker 3: Right stellar, Yeah, exactly. Our galaxy is part of a 441 00:21:17,359 --> 00:21:22,080 Speaker 3: structure with other galaxies. Even that cluster is part of 442 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:24,880 Speaker 3: another structure in the universe. 443 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:27,640 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah. They call those superclusters, and there are basically 444 00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: clusters of clusters. 445 00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:31,560 Speaker 3: Another imaginative name. Uh huh. 446 00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:33,840 Speaker 1: And again you might ask like, are these totally arbitrary 447 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:36,000 Speaker 1: just making this up? Could you have organized it differently? 448 00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:38,399 Speaker 1: The answer is no, there's some science behind it. We 449 00:21:38,440 --> 00:21:41,680 Speaker 1: think about how these groups operate, you know, And essentially 450 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,080 Speaker 1: a supercluster is not just a really really big cluster, 451 00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:49,280 Speaker 1: it's a cluster of clusters, meaning that the each cluster 452 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:53,400 Speaker 1: inside a supercluster is gravitationally bound to itself, and then 453 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,639 Speaker 1: those things themselves are gravitationally bound to each other, and 454 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:58,000 Speaker 1: that's what makes that clusters. 455 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:01,240 Speaker 3: They're sort of trapped in a sort of gravitational bubble. 456 00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:03,399 Speaker 1: Almost, yeah, the way like you know, the Earth, the 457 00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:06,399 Speaker 1: Moon or a gravitational system, right, which is embedded inside 458 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,120 Speaker 1: the Solar System, which is embedded inside the galaxy. Right. 459 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,760 Speaker 1: You might say it's arbitrary to define whether or not 460 00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:13,359 Speaker 1: the Moon is part of the Earth system or the 461 00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:15,560 Speaker 1: Solar system, but it really makes much more sense to 462 00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:17,600 Speaker 1: consider the Earth to be part of our system and 463 00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 1: then the Solar System to be part of the galaxy, 464 00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:22,240 Speaker 1: rather than just say like, oh, it's all one big galaxy. 465 00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:25,199 Speaker 1: So that's why we get these hierarchies. And it's amazing 466 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:27,280 Speaker 1: that we have these hierarchies, you know. And like also 467 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:29,360 Speaker 1: because you can zoom down right, you get like down 468 00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:31,879 Speaker 1: to the atom and things are orbiting and stuff, So 469 00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:36,080 Speaker 1: we have this over incredible the different distances from microscopic 470 00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:40,760 Speaker 1: to megascopic, we have similar structures of things orbiting each 471 00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:42,960 Speaker 1: other right on these on these large scales. 472 00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:45,840 Speaker 3: Take an infinite Russian doll. You can stack them up 473 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:47,400 Speaker 3: almost infinitely, it seems. 474 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, but infinite, we don't know, right, We talked about 475 00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:52,280 Speaker 1: that another time, Like we think the universe probably has 476 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:55,840 Speaker 1: a smallest scale. And when we talk about the structure 477 00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:57,920 Speaker 1: of the galaxy's the structure of the universe, and another 478 00:22:57,920 --> 00:23:00,960 Speaker 1: podcast episode we'll talk about the biggest structures in the university. 479 00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:02,879 Speaker 1: Is a whole other fascinating topic. 480 00:23:02,920 --> 00:23:05,480 Speaker 3: You can keep going, and there are bigger, bigger structures. 481 00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:06,639 Speaker 1: Right, Well, there's a point where they stop. 482 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, oh, at some point they stop. 483 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:10,520 Speaker 1: At some point they stop. 484 00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,680 Speaker 3: There's an end to the Russian doll, as far as 485 00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 3: we know. 486 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:17,320 Speaker 1: There is. There's the largest Russian doll. Yeah. Anyway, but 487 00:23:17,359 --> 00:23:20,280 Speaker 1: that's a topic for another another day. Let's talk about 488 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:21,840 Speaker 1: why we have structure. 489 00:23:21,920 --> 00:23:23,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, the point is that there is structure, right, Like, 490 00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:26,440 Speaker 3: we're not in a smooth universe and we're not just 491 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:30,440 Speaker 3: one giant lump. There is like texture to the universe, right, 492 00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:33,000 Speaker 3: there's features, there's things to look at. 493 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:37,720 Speaker 1: There's good stuff to see, exactly, And as our you 494 00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:42,400 Speaker 1: see I question answers earlier said gravity is responsible for 495 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:45,640 Speaker 1: forming those things, but gravity couldn't start those structures, right, 496 00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:47,520 Speaker 1: That was the point we were making earlier. Yea, So 497 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:50,600 Speaker 1: the point is that gravity can't make lumps. When you 498 00:23:50,680 --> 00:23:53,840 Speaker 1: start a lump, gravity will accelerate. It's like a chain reaction, right, 499 00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:56,520 Speaker 1: w you have one point that's denser than everything else, 500 00:23:56,720 --> 00:24:00,080 Speaker 1: it'll have a stronger gravitational pull and it'll start to attract, 501 00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:02,080 Speaker 1: and then lo'll get heavier and then have a stronger 502 00:24:02,080 --> 00:24:04,960 Speaker 1: gravitational pull and it'll feed on itself. Right. But if 503 00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:07,320 Speaker 1: everything is smooth, then you can't. So the question is, 504 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:10,920 Speaker 1: so gravity can make lumps bigger, but the question really 505 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:13,560 Speaker 1: comes down to where did the first lumps come from. 506 00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 3: It's kind of like gravity can roll a snowball down 507 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:20,760 Speaker 3: a hill, but it can't sort of start the snowball rolling. 508 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:22,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, exactly. 509 00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:24,439 Speaker 3: Like once it's rolling, it gets bigger and lumpier, but 510 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:28,280 Speaker 3: needs some sort of something to get that snowball going. 511 00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:30,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, you have to knock it out of equilibrium to 512 00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:33,840 Speaker 1: get it to get things snowballing. Exactly. 513 00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:40,960 Speaker 3: Okay, all right, so how did the universe, he had lumps? 514 00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:44,080 Speaker 3: How is it not perfectly smooth or one giant lump? 515 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:46,400 Speaker 1: So that was a big mystery for a long time, right, 516 00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:49,800 Speaker 1: because it's very natural to think that the universe started symmetrically. 517 00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:52,000 Speaker 1: I think probably the most popular model for how the 518 00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:55,240 Speaker 1: universe started is that the universe is infinite and that 519 00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:57,399 Speaker 1: has infinite amount of matter in it, and that was 520 00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:00,720 Speaker 1: created in the first moments, right, that we don't understand 521 00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:03,359 Speaker 1: at all. But not understanding it means we want to 522 00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:06,120 Speaker 1: start with the simplest idea. Okay, and it's not very 523 00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:08,280 Speaker 1: simple to imagine the creation of an infinite universe with 524 00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:10,040 Speaker 1: infinite amount of stuff in it. But if you're going 525 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: to go there, it makes more sense to say that 526 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:14,760 Speaker 1: the universe starts out smooth. That's where this idea of 527 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:19,400 Speaker 1: smoothness comes from, right, like simplicity, because the opposite, like, oh, 528 00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:22,000 Speaker 1: that the universe was created with some initial lumpiness, that's 529 00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:24,400 Speaker 1: weird because then you have to ask why this lumpiness, 530 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:27,040 Speaker 1: Why not that lumpanness? Who made that choice? Right? Right? 531 00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:29,520 Speaker 1: And so it was a big puzzle for a long time. 532 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:33,679 Speaker 1: And there's really only one way that we know of 533 00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:37,400 Speaker 1: that you can make lumpiness out of smoothness. There's only 534 00:25:37,520 --> 00:25:39,920 Speaker 1: one thing in physics that's capable of doing that. 535 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:44,760 Speaker 3: Meaning there's only one thing. They can add features to 536 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,399 Speaker 3: something that should be perfectly plain. 537 00:25:47,680 --> 00:25:50,720 Speaker 1: That's right. What you need there is something that's not deterministic, 538 00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:54,679 Speaker 1: something which has a random element to it. Right, Because 539 00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:57,160 Speaker 1: if every particle in the universe starts in the same situation, 540 00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:59,439 Speaker 1: then they should all have the same future. What you 541 00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:01,520 Speaker 1: need is to distinguish them somehow. For this one, I 542 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:03,360 Speaker 1: have a different future than that one. For this one, 543 00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:06,119 Speaker 1: have a different experience somehow. The only thing we know 544 00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:09,640 Speaker 1: that can do that, that can break determinism is quantum mechanics, 545 00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:12,320 Speaker 1: because quantum mechanics has real randomness in it. 546 00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:16,880 Speaker 3: M is that the source then of randomness in the universe? 547 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:20,560 Speaker 3: Like without quantum mechanics, we would all be perfectly smooth. 548 00:26:20,840 --> 00:26:23,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, but there was still another puzzle. Right, So 549 00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:26,200 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics gives you randomness. But you know, quantum mechanics 550 00:26:26,240 --> 00:26:28,639 Speaker 1: is not something you notice. You don't like, drive around 551 00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:31,240 Speaker 1: and notice random stuff happening from quantum. 552 00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:34,640 Speaker 3: Mechanics, Like my phone is here, it's not here and there? 553 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:37,000 Speaker 1: That's right, I mean, maybe your bank account seems to 554 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:39,359 Speaker 1: fluctuate randomly, but there actually is an explanation. 555 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:42,440 Speaker 3: My bank account could use more physics, for sure. 556 00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:49,600 Speaker 1: I'm a quantum mechanic accountant. Quantum accountant, exactly. And that's 557 00:26:49,640 --> 00:26:51,760 Speaker 1: why quantum mechanics took such a long time to discover, 558 00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:54,720 Speaker 1: because people thought the universe was deterministic. They thought two 559 00:26:54,800 --> 00:26:57,439 Speaker 1: particles in the same situation would always have the same future. 560 00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:00,000 Speaker 3: Oh, I see, there's no reason for them to be different. 561 00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:04,160 Speaker 3: Like if you create a universe without quantum mechanics, there's 562 00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 3: no reason for all the particles to be different. There's 563 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:09,119 Speaker 3: nothing that gives it that initial randomness. 564 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:13,000 Speaker 1: M h. Exactly. The problem is that quantum mechanics is 565 00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:16,240 Speaker 1: a tiny amount of randomness, right, it's at the particle scale. 566 00:27:16,560 --> 00:27:20,080 Speaker 1: It's super duper small, right, these tiny little fluctuations, And 567 00:27:20,119 --> 00:27:22,280 Speaker 1: what are we talking about concretely, we're talking about like 568 00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:25,479 Speaker 1: particles being created out of the vacuum. Quantum mechanics can 569 00:27:25,480 --> 00:27:27,639 Speaker 1: do that. It can take energy and just turn it 570 00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:29,840 Speaker 1: into particles and then they can turn back into energy. 571 00:27:30,440 --> 00:27:32,760 Speaker 1: Or you know, this particle can have a chance to 572 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:34,680 Speaker 1: go left or right, and you know, maybe this one 573 00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:36,960 Speaker 1: goes left and another one goes right, this kind of stuff, 574 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,800 Speaker 1: it's really really tiny effects not really enough to get 575 00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:43,880 Speaker 1: gravity going because gravity is super dup or weak. Right, 576 00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:48,080 Speaker 1: gravity needs more than the tiniest little discrepancy, right, even 577 00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:49,479 Speaker 1: if you give it billions of years. 578 00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,160 Speaker 3: But the kicker is that the universe used to be small, right, 579 00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:54,560 Speaker 3: that's the twist. Ending is that the universe used to 580 00:27:54,560 --> 00:27:55,960 Speaker 3: be really tiny and small. 581 00:27:56,119 --> 00:27:58,480 Speaker 1: That's right, And so the very first moments of the 582 00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:01,919 Speaker 1: universe were super dramatic. What happened in the first first 583 00:28:01,960 --> 00:28:05,439 Speaker 1: moments of the universe was inflation. Inflation is this idea 584 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,560 Speaker 1: that the universe used to be much denser and then 585 00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:11,280 Speaker 1: it got stretched out, it got inflated, right, And that's 586 00:28:11,320 --> 00:28:14,240 Speaker 1: just not stuff moving through space. This is the actual 587 00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:18,359 Speaker 1: expansion of space itself, meaning things got stretched right, more 588 00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:21,640 Speaker 1: space was made, Everything got blown inflated and blown up. 589 00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:26,399 Speaker 1: What that means is that the microscopic became macroscopic. 590 00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:28,959 Speaker 3: We'll step us through this. So you're saying this all 591 00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:30,840 Speaker 3: goes back to the Big. 592 00:28:30,680 --> 00:28:32,920 Speaker 1: Bang, right, Everything goes back to the Big Bang. In 593 00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:34,480 Speaker 1: the end, you can blame everything on the Big Bang. 594 00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:38,640 Speaker 3: Technically, I guess yeah. 595 00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:40,840 Speaker 1: Officer, I was speeding because the big bang dot dot 596 00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:45,200 Speaker 1: dot dot dot I was paid. Yeah, blame the universe, YadA, YadA, YadA, 597 00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:49,960 Speaker 1: I was speeding quantum mechanics that gets me out of 598 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:50,840 Speaker 1: every ticket. Trust me. 599 00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:53,200 Speaker 3: Before we keep going, let's take a short break. 600 00:28:57,840 --> 00:28:59,600 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth 601 00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:02,880 Speaker 1: or in a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably 602 00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:07,000 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite. 603 00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:09,600 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy 604 00:29:09,640 --> 00:29:13,960 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 605 00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:16,560 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working 606 00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:18,920 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 607 00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:23,200 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 608 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:26,320 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four 609 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:29,840 Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes 610 00:29:29,880 --> 00:29:32,720 Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy 611 00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:36,440 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn 612 00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:40,440 Speaker 1: the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 613 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:42,520 Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a 614 00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:44,600 Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone. Know 615 00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:47,320 Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using 616 00:29:47,360 --> 00:29:50,880 Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense 617 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:53,680 Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit 618 00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:56,600 Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 619 00:29:56,760 --> 00:29:59,560 Speaker 7: Time is a luxury for us, especially if you're a mom. 620 00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:02,719 Speaker 7: That that's why we need a skincare routine that's easy, fast, 621 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:05,960 Speaker 7: and gives us results. Plus, what of your products had 622 00:30:06,040 --> 00:30:09,840 Speaker 7: thousands of five star reviews? We're natural and affordable. Well 623 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:13,720 Speaker 7: say hello to dime Beauty. Dime Beauty is clean, high 624 00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:16,880 Speaker 7: end skincare that is affordable and it really works. Not 625 00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:19,840 Speaker 7: sure where to start? I highly recommend the work system. 626 00:30:20,120 --> 00:30:23,400 Speaker 7: It's everything you need in one powerful package. Take out 627 00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:26,160 Speaker 7: the guestwork with a proven routine that includes a gentle 628 00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:30,320 Speaker 7: yet effective cleanser, a super skin toner, two incredible serums, 629 00:30:30,440 --> 00:30:34,400 Speaker 7: and two luxurious moisturizers. See what everyone is raving about. 630 00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:37,640 Speaker 7: From serum sets to the always sold out retinol alternative 631 00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:41,400 Speaker 7: TBT cream, you'll find your perfect skincare match. Dime has 632 00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:44,600 Speaker 7: over two million happy customers and their product reviews are 633 00:30:44,640 --> 00:30:48,120 Speaker 7: literally five stars. Love your skin again. Go to din 634 00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:52,000 Speaker 7: beautyco dot com for twenty percent off with code get dime. 635 00:30:52,280 --> 00:30:56,000 Speaker 7: That's Dime beautyco dot com code get dime for twenty 636 00:30:56,040 --> 00:30:56,680 Speaker 7: percent off. 637 00:30:56,760 --> 00:30:59,400 Speaker 8: When it comes to business, the people who succeed tend 638 00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:01,760 Speaker 8: to be the people who seek out partners with skills 639 00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:04,520 Speaker 8: or knowledge that they don't have. And that's what Lenovo's 640 00:31:04,520 --> 00:31:08,280 Speaker 8: free online membership program Lenovo Pro can do for small businesses. 641 00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:11,160 Speaker 8: If you're not a tech expert, that's where Lenovo can help. 642 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:13,600 Speaker 8: So you can add Lenovo's team to yours and then 643 00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:16,160 Speaker 8: lean on them for all your tech questions for free. 644 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:19,160 Speaker 8: Visit Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo Pro to sign up 645 00:31:19,160 --> 00:31:22,080 Speaker 8: for free. That's Lenovo dot com, slash Lenovo Pro. 646 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:24,560 Speaker 1: Lenovo Lanovo. 647 00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:36,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, so the universe used to be very very small, 648 00:31:36,840 --> 00:31:39,520 Speaker 3: and that's where these that's where quantum mechanics played a 649 00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:40,040 Speaker 3: big role. 650 00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:41,680 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, And be careful when you say the universe 651 00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:43,720 Speaker 1: used to be very small, because we're still saying the 652 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,560 Speaker 1: universe was infinite, right, and an infinite amount of stuff 653 00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:48,800 Speaker 1: in it, but it was denser, right. It used to 654 00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:52,160 Speaker 1: be more squished when it was created and then and 655 00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:55,200 Speaker 1: then all that stuff was stretched out due to inflation. 656 00:31:55,560 --> 00:31:56,480 Speaker 3: Oh, I see. 657 00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:59,880 Speaker 1: So it's like an infinite ruler getting stretched. It's still infinite, right. 658 00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:02,440 Speaker 3: I see. So you're saying that the features we see 659 00:32:02,480 --> 00:32:07,600 Speaker 3: in the universe today are really just the quantum features 660 00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:11,320 Speaker 3: that we used to have when we were denser, not smaller. 661 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:14,840 Speaker 3: But now, when inflation happened at the Big Bang, everything 662 00:32:14,880 --> 00:32:17,760 Speaker 3: all these small fluctuations got way way bigger. 663 00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:21,040 Speaker 1: Yeah. It's like in ant Man, right, where he can 664 00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:23,760 Speaker 1: make things much much bigger. Right. Ants can be enormous, 665 00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:25,960 Speaker 1: and then they can do construction projects and you can 666 00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:28,240 Speaker 1: ride in the back of a butterflies and cool stuff. 667 00:32:28,720 --> 00:32:32,480 Speaker 1: Take the microscopic and make it macroscopic. Right, So the 668 00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:37,640 Speaker 1: timeline is the universe is created perfectly smooth, right, Little 669 00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:41,240 Speaker 1: quantum fluctuations happen a little bit this. One particle moves 670 00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:42,840 Speaker 1: a little bit this way, one particle moves in a 671 00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:46,680 Speaker 1: little bit that way. Then inflation takes over and blows 672 00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:50,320 Speaker 1: that up right and inflates. It makes those tiny little 673 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:54,800 Speaker 1: fluctuations into bigger fluctuations enough to see gravity, and then 674 00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:58,720 Speaker 1: gravity takes over for the next fourteen billion years. YadA, YadA, YadA. 675 00:32:58,800 --> 00:32:59,840 Speaker 1: I was speeding. 676 00:33:01,120 --> 00:33:01,600 Speaker 3: Officer. 677 00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:05,960 Speaker 1: I'm telling you that story works every time. 678 00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:09,440 Speaker 3: Yeah, they probably fall asleep before you finish, in which. 679 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:13,160 Speaker 1: Case another physics professor just let him go. 680 00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,520 Speaker 3: So you're saying the universe used to be small or denser, 681 00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:24,360 Speaker 3: and everything was smoother at that scale, except that if 682 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:27,120 Speaker 3: we didn't have quantum mechanics but we still had inflation, 683 00:33:27,360 --> 00:33:30,040 Speaker 3: then we would have exploded the universe or expanded the 684 00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:32,320 Speaker 3: universe and it would remain smooth. 685 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:34,880 Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, it would remain smooth. 686 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,600 Speaker 3: Because we had those quantum fluctuations that a little bit 687 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:41,680 Speaker 3: of randomness at the beginning gave the universe texture exactly. 688 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:44,920 Speaker 1: And those little fluctuations were random, right, and they could 689 00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:48,240 Speaker 1: have been different, different random throws of the universe dice, 690 00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:50,680 Speaker 1: and we would have a completely different structure. I mean, 691 00:33:50,880 --> 00:33:53,160 Speaker 1: I think the kinds of structures we would have would 692 00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:54,920 Speaker 1: still be the same. We would still have galaxies and 693 00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:57,560 Speaker 1: stars whatever, but they would be arranged differently. So you 694 00:33:57,640 --> 00:34:00,320 Speaker 1: might ask why do we have a galaxy here and 695 00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:03,280 Speaker 1: not there? And you can trace the answer that all 696 00:34:03,320 --> 00:34:08,719 Speaker 1: the way back to one little particle fluctuating millibilliseconds after 697 00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:11,120 Speaker 1: the Big Bang. If it fluctuated this way, we get 698 00:34:11,120 --> 00:34:13,120 Speaker 1: this galax. If we fluctued that way, we get a 699 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:15,720 Speaker 1: different galaxy. We're in the same galaxy in a different place. 700 00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:20,120 Speaker 3: Wow, that you said that provided the seeds for the structure, 701 00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:23,160 Speaker 3: meaning it would have when it expanded, it would have 702 00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:26,400 Speaker 3: been smooth, but it had these kind of slightly small 703 00:34:27,040 --> 00:34:31,239 Speaker 3: shades of a texture, and those those shades became exaggerated 704 00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:33,680 Speaker 3: by gravity, and then things started to clump around those 705 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:35,920 Speaker 3: little shades of texture exactly. 706 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:37,840 Speaker 1: And we can see this. We can look back in 707 00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:40,920 Speaker 1: time and we can see this progression happening. Like if 708 00:34:40,920 --> 00:34:43,360 Speaker 1: you look back deep, deep into the history of the universe, 709 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:45,600 Speaker 1: you see the first light that we can see, which 710 00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:48,359 Speaker 1: comes from about three hundred and eighty thousand years after 711 00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:50,839 Speaker 1: the Big Bang. It's the cosmic microwave background. We've talked 712 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:53,640 Speaker 1: about it a few times. This light is really really smooth. 713 00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:55,920 Speaker 1: It's almost the same no matter where you look at it. 714 00:34:55,920 --> 00:34:58,600 Speaker 1: It's like the same color, the same temperature, whatever. But 715 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:01,839 Speaker 1: if you measure it re carefully that you can see 716 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:06,640 Speaker 1: little variations, tiny little fractions of colder and hotter spots. 717 00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:09,600 Speaker 1: Those that took four hundred thousand years just to get 718 00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:13,600 Speaker 1: that far right, Those are the seeds from these quantum 719 00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:17,799 Speaker 1: fluctuations exaggerated by gravity for four hundred thousand years, then 720 00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:20,760 Speaker 1: propagated forward in time. Give gravity another few billion years, 721 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:23,320 Speaker 1: and you start to get things like stars and galaxies 722 00:35:23,320 --> 00:35:25,560 Speaker 1: and all that stuff. Right, But we can see these 723 00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:28,760 Speaker 1: quantum fluctuations from the early universe. It's like the pattern 724 00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:31,520 Speaker 1: that made our cosmos. 725 00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:33,200 Speaker 3: Wow, was totally random. 726 00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:36,880 Speaker 1: It was totally random, exactly. And we think quantum mechanics 727 00:35:36,920 --> 00:35:40,360 Speaker 1: is truly random, right, not like there's some hidden process 728 00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:42,560 Speaker 1: that's controlling it that we don't understand. We think it's 729 00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:45,360 Speaker 1: really truly random. As mind blowing as it is for 730 00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:48,719 Speaker 1: anything in the universe to be honestly truly random, it is, 731 00:35:49,040 --> 00:35:52,640 Speaker 1: and it affects our universe's structure at the deepest level. Right. 732 00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,600 Speaker 3: Wow, it's amazing to think that the reason you and 733 00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:57,680 Speaker 3: I are here, or the whole Earth this year, or 734 00:35:57,760 --> 00:36:00,279 Speaker 3: the whole Sun and our solecism, or even maybe even 735 00:36:00,320 --> 00:36:04,040 Speaker 3: our galaxies here is just the random fluctuation of one 736 00:36:04,120 --> 00:36:06,719 Speaker 3: little tiny particle way back in the Big Bang. 737 00:36:07,080 --> 00:36:10,040 Speaker 1: Yeah. It's the truth, man, The truth is stranger than fiction. 738 00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:13,279 Speaker 1: That's why that's why I'm a physicist, Because you know, 739 00:36:13,360 --> 00:36:16,200 Speaker 1: the universe will always alarm you. The universe is like 740 00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:20,839 Speaker 1: weirder and hotter and nastier and crazier and stranger than 741 00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:22,560 Speaker 1: anything a human could ever invent. 742 00:36:22,840 --> 00:36:25,239 Speaker 3: Right, Well, depends on how crazy and weird you are. 743 00:36:25,360 --> 00:36:31,719 Speaker 3: But and hot, how hot you are, that's a whole 744 00:36:31,760 --> 00:36:32,560 Speaker 3: different podcasts. 745 00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:40,279 Speaker 1: So I'll have to play this podcast for my son. 746 00:36:40,360 --> 00:36:43,040 Speaker 1: But that basically answers his question, right, Like why do 747 00:36:43,080 --> 00:36:45,719 Speaker 1: we have stars and not just a smooth distribution of matter? 748 00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:48,919 Speaker 1: You need two elements. You need quantum mechanics to give 749 00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:50,960 Speaker 1: you any fluctuation to avoid. 750 00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:53,040 Speaker 3: The smoothness to break the balance. 751 00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:55,200 Speaker 1: Exactly, to break the balance, and then you need inflation 752 00:36:55,520 --> 00:36:57,560 Speaker 1: to blow it up so that it matters, and that 753 00:36:57,680 --> 00:37:00,799 Speaker 1: gravity can then take over. So it's a implicated dance. 754 00:37:00,920 --> 00:37:05,520 Speaker 3: So gravity takes these small fluctuations and basically exacerbates them, right, 755 00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:09,680 Speaker 3: it makes them, yeah, lumpier and clumpier than it started. 756 00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:12,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, but remember gravity can only take little lumps and 757 00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:15,520 Speaker 1: make them into bigger lumps, right, It can't make lumps 758 00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:17,080 Speaker 1: if something's totally smooth. 759 00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:18,839 Speaker 3: All right. 760 00:37:19,239 --> 00:37:22,600 Speaker 1: Thanks to everyone for listening to this lumpy episode and 761 00:37:22,680 --> 00:37:26,000 Speaker 1: for listening to my long explanation to my son's short question. 762 00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:29,880 Speaker 3: Yeah, and whether you're a movie star like Tom Cruise 763 00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:33,919 Speaker 3: or just stay scruffy physicists. If you have any questions 764 00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:36,560 Speaker 3: or lumpy or smooth or why or. 765 00:37:36,560 --> 00:37:38,560 Speaker 1: Why do you have to be a movie star or 766 00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:40,799 Speaker 1: a scruffy physicist. Are you saying you can't be both? 767 00:37:43,320 --> 00:37:47,560 Speaker 3: That's that? No, you can totally be both. Totally yeah. 768 00:37:47,680 --> 00:37:49,560 Speaker 1: Don't ask me for a counter example. I can't think 769 00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:49,879 Speaker 1: of one. 770 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:51,960 Speaker 3: Maybe maybe in another random role of the. 771 00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:55,600 Speaker 1: Universe, that's right. Why are you not a movie star? Dad? 772 00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:56,799 Speaker 1: Quantum mechanics? 773 00:38:00,560 --> 00:38:02,880 Speaker 3: So whether you are any of these things, if you 774 00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:04,640 Speaker 3: have any questions, but you can write. 775 00:38:04,480 --> 00:38:08,640 Speaker 1: Us at feedback at Danielandjorge dot com. We love getting 776 00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:11,960 Speaker 1: your email. We love answering questions on Twitter, so get 777 00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:13,560 Speaker 1: in touch, send us your thoughts. 778 00:38:13,760 --> 00:38:15,160 Speaker 3: And so the next time you look out into the 779 00:38:15,239 --> 00:38:17,799 Speaker 3: night sky and you see all those sparkly stars, just 780 00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:21,680 Speaker 3: think everything is there. You are there because the one 781 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:22,880 Speaker 3: random part of it. 782 00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:25,520 Speaker 1: But you still have to pay your taxes and you're 783 00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:28,399 Speaker 1: speeding tickets unless you can talk your way out of them. 784 00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:29,239 Speaker 3: Ha. 785 00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:40,520 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 786 00:38:40,520 --> 00:38:43,759 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 787 00:38:43,800 --> 00:38:46,240 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 788 00:38:46,280 --> 00:38:49,960 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or 789 00:38:50,080 --> 00:39:02,920 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielanhorge dot com. When you 790 00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:05,000 Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably 791 00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:08,080 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in 792 00:39:08,120 --> 00:39:11,200 Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every 793 00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:14,640 Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 794 00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:18,720 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling 795 00:39:18,760 --> 00:39:22,480 Speaker 1: greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the 796 00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:26,960 Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 797 00:39:26,960 --> 00:39:30,239 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last 798 00:39:30,280 --> 00:39:31,920 Speaker 1: sustainability to learn more. 799 00:39:33,040 --> 00:39:36,280 Speaker 5: We're Paint Care and we're all about keeping it simple. 800 00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:40,759 Speaker 5: We make recycling leftover paint easy with convenient locations like 801 00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:43,719 Speaker 5: your local paint store. We have three simple rules for 802 00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:48,720 Speaker 5: painting smarter and reducing waste. One buy only what you need, 803 00:39:49,239 --> 00:39:53,759 Speaker 5: two use up what you already have, and three recycle 804 00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:58,040 Speaker 5: the rest. Visit paintcare dot org slash three simple rules 805 00:39:58,160 --> 00:40:01,040 Speaker 5: to learn more or find a paint drop off site 806 00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:04,120 Speaker 5: near you. 807 00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:07,160 Speaker 9: Ready for your Dewey's healthiest and most hydrated skin ever. 808 00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:11,560 Speaker 9: I recently discovered Biosance, an incredible science backskincare brand that 809 00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:14,080 Speaker 9: has been a game changer for my skin. My number 810 00:40:14,080 --> 00:40:17,440 Speaker 9: one must have the Biosance Omega Repair Cream, the Holy 811 00:40:17,480 --> 00:40:21,279 Speaker 9: Grail moisturizer E transform my giant sensitive skin into something 812 00:40:21,360 --> 00:40:23,480 Speaker 9: I'm proud to show off. What are you waiting for? 813 00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:26,759 Speaker 9: Head to biosonce dot com and discover your next skincare obsession. 814 00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:30,320 Speaker 9: And by the way, use codepod that's pod at checkout 815 00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:32,160 Speaker 9: to score an exclusive gift with any order.