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Speaker 1: Pushkin. I'm Mave Higgins, and this is Solvable Interviews with

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Speaker 1: the world's most innovative thinkers working to solve the world's

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Speaker 1: biggest problems. My Solvable is to balance the carbon cycle

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Speaker 1: and find climate change through incentivized prizes and innovation. Now,

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Speaker 1: we told you that Solvable likes to tackle the biggest problems,

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Speaker 1: and this one may even be the biggest climate change

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Speaker 1: effects and exacerbates many of the other complex problems humankind

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Speaker 1: is grappling with. We have heard from people working to

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Speaker 1: reduce our use of fossil fuels, to prevent food waste,

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Speaker 1: and to resolve conflicts that arise from climate change related shortages.

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Speaker 1: This episode, our guest is trying to fix climate change

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Speaker 1: head on. She is a neute and sorry, the CEO

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Speaker 1: of the X Prize Foundation, and she's an astronaut. Throw

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Speaker 1: your mind back to science class and univercall that carbon

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Speaker 1: dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels, solid waste, trees,

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Speaker 1: and other biological materials. Some of that cootwo is absorbed

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Speaker 1: by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle, but

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Speaker 1: we're pumping out so much of it. Those natural cycles

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Speaker 1: they can cope. That means there's too much CO two

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Speaker 1: and other greenhouse gases left in the atmosphere, and this

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Speaker 1: messes with the temperature here on Earth, making it hotter

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Speaker 1: and making our weather cycles increasingly extreme and unpredictable, with

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Speaker 1: knock on effect throughout the ecosystem for all life on Earth.

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Speaker 1: The Global Carbon Project reported that carbon emissions reached an

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Speaker 1: all time high in twenty eighteen, a terrible new record.

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Speaker 1: So we're in the middle of an extinction event. Forests

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Speaker 1: are on fire, the seas are dying. There's plastic in

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Speaker 1: our blood. But many people are working to prevent climate

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Speaker 1: chaos from getting even worse. There are some bright spots

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Speaker 1: with huge growth in renewables and other low carbon technologies

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Speaker 1: leading the charge. And remember this is solvable. I want

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Speaker 1: to read you a quote from the Swedish climate activist

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Speaker 1: Greta Thunberg. Here's what she says. It is still not

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Speaker 1: too late to act. It will take a far reaching vision,

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Speaker 1: it will take courage, It will take fierce, fierce determination

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Speaker 1: to act now, to lay the foundations where we may

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Speaker 1: not know all the details about how to shape the ceiling.

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Speaker 1: And our guest today is one of those women who

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Speaker 1: are laying down the foundations for a different, better future.

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Speaker 1: Anuche Ansari is an engineer and she was the first

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Speaker 1: Iranian ever to go into space. Her organization, the X

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Speaker 1: Prize Foundation, runs competitions with huge prizes given out to

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Speaker 1: the best problem solving ideas. Previously, they've run competitions to

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Speaker 1: empower children, to teach themselves to read and write, to

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Speaker 1: develop technology to create water from air, and to create

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Speaker 1: monitors that can check ocean water chemistry down to the

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Speaker 1: deepest depths. Now, basically anybody can enter these competitions. A

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Speaker 1: winning team could be made up of scientists, but the

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Speaker 1: prize isn't limited to scientists, so it could be awarded

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Speaker 1: to students, teachers, librarians, industrial workers, anybody who comes up

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Speaker 1: with the winning solution. The prize and Nusche speaks about

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Speaker 1: in this episode is the n ORG Coca Carbon X Prize.

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Speaker 1: It seems to develop CO two conversion technologies ultimately to

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Speaker 1: be able to remove carbon from the atmosphere and reduce

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Speaker 1: climate change. Teams will be judged on how much CO

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Speaker 1: two they're able to convert and how much this will cost.

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Speaker 1: So instead of backing the development of one potential solution,

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Speaker 1: which may or may not work. Anusche believes that the

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Speaker 1: competition will mean lots of teams turning their attention to

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Speaker 1: the problem, getting us to the ants the faster. So

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Speaker 1: here she is in conversation with ann Appabam, So what

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Speaker 1: is it about this issue that made you want to

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Speaker 1: tackle it? How did you come to the idea of

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Speaker 1: giving prices for the solutions to particular issues. The world

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Speaker 1: is full of big problems that sometimes they're so big

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Speaker 1: that we just turn our heads away from it and

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Speaker 1: don't want to deal with it. At the same time,

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Speaker 1: as an engineer, I know how technology has advanced rapidly,

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Speaker 1: especially in the recent years, and how solutions are within reach.

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Speaker 1: But without some effort in bringing these solutions together and

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Speaker 1: to market, we won't be able to solve these problems.

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Speaker 1: What got me really interested in X price was the

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Speaker 1: fact that true incentivized competition we can really raise awareness

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Speaker 1: about the problem, the magnitude of the problem, the steps

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Speaker 1: to solve those p problems, and also at the same

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Speaker 1: time the very special effect of incentivized competition, which is

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Speaker 1: a multiplier factor. For example, my family and I became

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Speaker 1: involved with X Price Foundation with the first price which

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Speaker 1: was around opening up space to private sector, and the

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Speaker 1: price purse was ten million dollars, which we sponsored. But

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Speaker 1: this ten million dollars brought in hundred million dollars of

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Speaker 1: investment through all the teams. There were twenty six teams

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Speaker 1: from eleven countries that entered to compete, and this one

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Speaker 1: hundred million dollars of investment brought about a lot of innovation,

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Speaker 1: some of which some of these teams that didn't even

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Speaker 1: win turn out to be valid companies that are sold

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Speaker 1: in place today even years after the competition. And not

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Speaker 1: only that, we were able through the awareness and education

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Speaker 1: that we did with policy makers with the market create

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Speaker 1: new policy is that actually helped create a new marketplace

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Speaker 1: that estimated to be around ten billion plus some people

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Speaker 1: say it's going to get two hundred billion plus very soon.

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Speaker 1: And we created this whole economy that didn't exist before.

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Speaker 1: And the same thing can be done for all the

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Speaker 1: different problems that we have in the world, including the STGs.

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Speaker 1: And this is what really attracts me to XPRIS and

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Speaker 1: the work we do at the xprice because it really

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Speaker 1: makes the problems seem solvable and it creates a way

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Speaker 1: for us to see the solutions within reach, and it

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Speaker 1: doesn't rely on governments or the private sector alone, but

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Speaker 1: the collaboration and a work that encompasses everyone around the

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Speaker 1: world to come together and the solutions that comes within

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Speaker 1: the crowd. Explain a little bit about what the expris is,

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Speaker 1: who thought of it, how does it work? Express Foundation

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Speaker 1: was created almost twenty five years ago, which is difficult

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Speaker 1: to even fathom, but the founder is Peter Diamandez and

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Speaker 1: he is someone who is very solution oriented and he

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Speaker 1: also had a passion for going to space. And he

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Speaker 1: was given a book by a friend that described the

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Speaker 1: life of Charles Limburgh and how he flew from New

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Speaker 1: York to Paris to win a prize called Ortique Prize.

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Speaker 1: It was a twenty five thousand dollars prize and this

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Speaker 1: flight and this prize is what really created the entire

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Speaker 1: aviation industry. So since he wanted to go to space,

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Speaker 1: he decided, well, maybe he can apply the same thing

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Speaker 1: in space and create an incentive prize that will really

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Speaker 1: bring a lot of people who would create spaceships to

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Speaker 1: go to space and allow for this type of industry

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Speaker 1: to be created around space travel. So he calculated roughly

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Speaker 1: the twenty five thousand dollars back then would equate to

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Speaker 1: ten million dollars of today's money, and he announced the prize. However,

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Speaker 1: what he didn't count on was the fact that no

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Speaker 1: one would actually want a sponsor it because it would

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Speaker 1: be very risky in the mind of a lot of

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Speaker 1: corporates and high network individuals. So he tried for many

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Speaker 1: years to find a sponsor, and in one article where

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Speaker 1: I was interviewed, he read about my passion of going

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Speaker 1: to space and we had just sold our company that

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Speaker 1: I co founded with my family, and when he read

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Speaker 1: that article, he decided that he needs to come talk

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Speaker 1: to me, and he found me and told me about

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Speaker 1: the prize, And as an entrepreneur, I was fascinated with

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Speaker 1: the concept because I thought, Wow, this is de risking

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Speaker 1: R and D. This is risking investment in a new

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Speaker 1: idea because you really don't pay until someone actually builds

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Speaker 1: and shows you the solution works. In tech, you spend

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Speaker 1: tons of money in R and D and you don't

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Speaker 1: even know if it's going to work at the end

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Speaker 1: or not. So to me, it made a lot of sense,

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Speaker 1: and my family really was excited about being involved with it,

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Speaker 1: so we became the title sponsors, and about four years

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Speaker 1: later the prize was one in two thousand and four

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Speaker 1: by Bert Rutan, who was backed by Paul Allen. Paul

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Speaker 1: Allen invested thirty million dollars in the company Scaled Composite

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Speaker 1: with Bert Rutan to win the prize, the ten million

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Speaker 1: dollars prize, and right at the time the prize was won,

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Speaker 1: Richard Branson announced that he's going to sign a contract

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Speaker 1: and make it into a commercial venture, which was always

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Speaker 1: our ultimate goal for the prize. So the first prize

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Speaker 1: seemed to be so successful in demonstrating all the things

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Speaker 1: we hoped, we decided that we need to scale this

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Speaker 1: and apply to other problems in the world. So after

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Speaker 1: the first price, then truly our work begin in looking

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Speaker 1: at what are some of the other grand challenges, because

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Speaker 1: if we can solve the problem of going to space,

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Speaker 1: we can solve anything now. So that was the idea.

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Speaker 1: And Peter is still the executive chairman of the organization

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Speaker 1: and very very active and a big proponent of using

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Speaker 1: exponential technologies to solve world's grand as challenges. And how

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Speaker 1: do you go about choosing what problems can be solving?

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Speaker 1: As you say, you know, the world is full of

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Speaker 1: difficult issues. What inspires you to choose one over the other.

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Speaker 1: We have seven domains that we concentrate our work. In

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Speaker 1: those seven domains, it's around education, energy, environment, mobility and transport,

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Speaker 1: civil society, health and longevity, and education and when we

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Speaker 1: look at problems and which ones are really ex prizes,

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Speaker 1: which try to look at a space where not enough

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Speaker 1: private or public sector investment and awareness is going. So

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Speaker 1: if we feel that the public is very focused on

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Speaker 1: solving the problem and their private companies that are investing money,

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Speaker 1: or there are lots of NGOs trying to solve that

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Speaker 1: problem and they're making good progress, then we don't feel

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Speaker 1: like we need to do an incentivized prices. Instead, we

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Speaker 1: in each domain, we basically started looking at a desired

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Speaker 1: future in different areas. We just published our future Roadmapped

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Speaker 1: for forests, so we looked at where do we want

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Speaker 1: our forests to be, you know, thirty forty years from now,

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Speaker 1: and where are we today? Are we on a trajectory together?

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Speaker 1: And if we are not, what is required to shift

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Speaker 1: our trajectory together? What technological breakthroughs do we need, What

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Speaker 1: policy changes we need, what behavior changes we need? So

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Speaker 1: we spend a lot of time studying this and we

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Speaker 1: published a report which The Future of Forests is already

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Speaker 1: published on our website. And through this process, we identify

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Speaker 1: areas of breakthrough and then we analyze to see if

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Speaker 1: there is enough work going into creating those breakthroughts. If

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Speaker 1: we don't see work going in that direction or investment

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Speaker 1: going in that direction, then we create their price around

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Speaker 1: it and we launch it through support from sponsors, and

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Speaker 1: then we try to shepherd the process to bring those

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Speaker 1: solutions to markets. One of the issues that you have

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Speaker 1: worked on is the issue of climate change, and this

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Speaker 1: is one that's really vast and encompasses everything from climate science,

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Speaker 1: to energy technology to as you say, shepherding of organizing

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Speaker 1: a forest and so on. How did you break that

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Speaker 1: subject down? How did you begin to think about it

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Speaker 1: in a narrow solvable way. How did you come to

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Speaker 1: the conclusion that this was the piece of it that

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Speaker 1: you wanted to tackle, and maybe you could describe what

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Speaker 1: that pieces. When we look at the issue of climate change,

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Speaker 1: you can, of course look at it in many different directions,

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Speaker 1: and we do a lot of different prices and incentives

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Speaker 1: that look at these different aspects. So, for example, we

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Speaker 1: look at the ocean and the health of the oceans

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Speaker 1: and the impact. We looked at the regeneration of corals.

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Speaker 1: But the one that we were very concerned about is

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Speaker 1: when we looked at global warming specifically and the CO

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Speaker 1: two in the atmosphere. There were enough work going toward

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Speaker 1: alternative energies, for example, solar wind, and there were plans

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Speaker 1: in trying to put these new alternative sources of energies

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Speaker 1: in place. But when you look at the numbers and

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Speaker 1: you see that we need to take ten billion tons

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Speaker 1: of CO two out of the atmosphere before twenty fifty,

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Speaker 1: otherwise we will not the one point five degree limit

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Speaker 1: that we need to reach, you saw that we're nowhere

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Speaker 1: near reaching those numbers. So we needed to look at

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Speaker 1: how do we take CO two out of the atmosphere.

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Speaker 1: And even though we saw there are some technologies and

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Speaker 1: ideas on the table, not enough focus is going to

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Speaker 1: actually putting those into place and into the market at

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Speaker 1: scale and with a sustainable business model. So what we

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Speaker 1: did is we started launching a series of prices. We

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Speaker 1: have one active price, the Enrgicocia carbon price. Today is

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Speaker 1: about creating a carbon economic carbon cycle where we can

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Speaker 1: create a circular economy around carbon based products. And we

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Speaker 1: started by the price that we have in places taking

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Speaker 1: carbon out of a coal plant or a natural gas

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Speaker 1: plan and turning that carbon into a product that can

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Speaker 1: go into the market and create an economic value that

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Speaker 1: can create this circular economy around carbon. So that is

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Speaker 1: one that is active. We have now our finalists going

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Speaker 1: through the testing process and we're hoping to announce the

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Speaker 1: winners in about a year or so. And along the

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Speaker 1: same line, we started looking at solutions that will actually

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Speaker 1: now take carbon out of the atmosphere or out of

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Speaker 1: the oceans, and that is one that we're designing. And

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Speaker 1: we are always making sure that we don't prescribe a

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Speaker 1: specific solution, but really spend a lot of time in

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Speaker 1: framing the problem in a way that we can characterize

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Speaker 1: the type of solutions that are needed to make sure

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Speaker 1: that they're scalable, that they're sustainable, that they actually do

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Speaker 1: enough in advancing the solutions into a place that will

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Speaker 1: have a major impact in solving the problem. And as

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Speaker 1: long as the solutions meet those criterias and we can

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Speaker 1: measure them, we don't prescribe what technology they need to

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Speaker 1: be using. For example, they may come up with a

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Speaker 1: solution for plants that would capture carbon and store it

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Speaker 1: in the soil or in the root, or things like

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Speaker 1: kelp on the oceans that can extract CO two, or

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Speaker 1: ways of just directly extracting C two from the atmosphere.

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Speaker 1: So it can be any of these solutions, but all

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Speaker 1: of them can compete for the price and win the price.

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Speaker 1: So this is one that we're designing right now, and

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Speaker 1: we're creating a coalition of sponsors to really launch these

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Speaker 1: probably our largest ever ex price, to really bring massive

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Speaker 1: attention to this problem and hopefully solve it once and

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Speaker 1: for all for everyone. And why are the companies and

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Speaker 1: groups of scientists who are competing for this why do

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Speaker 1: they do it? I mean they might not win, right,

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Speaker 1: so maybe they'll spend five years trying to design a

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Speaker 1: system and then they won't win the prize at the end.

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Speaker 1: Why is this a sufficient incentive for them? I mean,

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Speaker 1: why does this work? This is a very good question

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Speaker 1: and something that we really like about this incentive prize

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Speaker 1: model because it's not just about the winner, is about

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Speaker 1: all those teams that enter, and especially the ones that

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Speaker 1: make it to the semi finals. What we've seen is

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Speaker 1: we had, for example, prizes like the Google Learner X

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Speaker 1: prize that expired, so the price pers went the way

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Speaker 1: the teams continue to develop their solutions and it became

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Speaker 1: a project of passion and also a project that they

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Speaker 1: knew once they finished and demonstrate the technology, there will

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Speaker 1: be a marketplace for it. Part of the work we do.

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Speaker 1: The prizes we run are not short term prizes because

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Speaker 1: we actually ask people to build the solution, so they

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Speaker 1: could be anywhere between three, five, sometimes ten years before

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Speaker 1: they win the prize. So they enter this not just

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Speaker 1: as you know, I want my idea to win, but

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Speaker 1: they are really committing capital and R and D to

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Speaker 1: building a solution that they believe will have a marketplace.

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Speaker 1: And the work we do in the background is through

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Speaker 1: policy changes, through awareness, create a marketplace for these solutions,

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Speaker 1: because now we're shining a lot about how these companies

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Speaker 1: can solve massive problems and can have a valid business model.

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Speaker 1: That's why, you know, the teams continue to compete even

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Speaker 1: if they don't win, a lot of them become very

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Speaker 1: successful companies post prize. And we also see sometimes the

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Speaker 1: companies or the teams merge in this process so they

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Speaker 1: make it to the semi finals, and then one has

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Speaker 1: a technology that's better in one aspect of the solution,

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Speaker 1: and the other has this technology that is better in

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Speaker 1: another aspect, and they feel like by combining they can

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Speaker 1: have a better chance of first making it to the

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Speaker 1: finals and to winning the price. So we see collaboration

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Speaker 1: happening even though it's a competition, and we see a

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Speaker 1: lot of companies continuing on even if they don't win

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Speaker 1: the price. What makes you so sure that there is

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Speaker 1: a solution? How do you know that it's possible to

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Speaker 1: take carbon out of the atmosphere or out of the oceans.

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Speaker 1: As part of our process when we design a price,

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Speaker 1: we do a lot of due diligence to make sure

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Speaker 1: that while we push the boundaries and make sure that

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Speaker 1: our prizes are audacious, we make sure that they're achievable.

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Speaker 1: We don't succeed always. Sometimes we're a little bit too

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Speaker 1: ambitious in our desire, but we want to be on

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Speaker 1: the edge. But we do some studies through a network

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Speaker 1: of advisors and the experts that we create online and

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Speaker 1: the work we do to see where is the state

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Speaker 1: of technology and how far can it go? What are

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Speaker 1: some of the breakthroughs that are needed to happen to

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Speaker 1: make it possible. Can they be done based on the

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Speaker 1: More's law and the curves that we've seen with technology

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Speaker 1: and price reduction and miniaturization. Can this be achieved in

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Speaker 1: two years from now, for example? And if we see

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Speaker 1: it as a possibility, that's how we design our prices

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Speaker 1: to make sure that the solutions are sort of pushing

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Speaker 1: the boundaries, but just enough that they can be achieved.

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Speaker 1: And what if they're multiple ways to solve a particular problem.

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Speaker 1: I mean, actually, in the case of carbon extraction, I

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Speaker 1: can imagine there might be completely different technologies which could work.

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Speaker 1: We are actually not concerned about the approach to solve

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Speaker 1: the problem. We're only concerned about solving the problem. So

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Speaker 1: that's why the way we've framed the problems are very

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Speaker 1: important for us not to really limit the type of innovations.

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Speaker 1: We would, for example, ask you to remove x amount

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Speaker 1: of carbon out of the atmosphere in so much time

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Speaker 1: at so much cost, and be able to do it,

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Speaker 1: for example, for an extended period of time. This doesn't

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Speaker 1: tell you how to do it. It just tells you

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Speaker 1: the outcome that we want out of the solution. But

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Speaker 1: everything that I said are things that can be measured

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Speaker 1: very clearly, so you can come up with whatever solution

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Speaker 1: you want as long as you achieve those criterias. And

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Speaker 1: it's important because we don't know what the solution will

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Speaker 1: look like. By saying that you have to do it

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Speaker 1: by using, for example, for a station or a station,

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Speaker 1: we may that may not be the best solution. Or

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Speaker 1: if we say you have to do it by you know,

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Speaker 1: putting kelvin the ocean, that may not be the best solution.

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Speaker 1: So we don't prescribe it because we don't know the answers.

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Speaker 1: We want people to come up with answers that we

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Speaker 1: may not even have taught of. But we want to

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Speaker 1: still achieve the final goals, which is, we need to

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Speaker 1: get this much carbon out of the atmosphere or will

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Speaker 1: be in trouble. And that's the steps that will help

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Speaker 1: us get there. So what kinds of people introduce competitions

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Speaker 1: for your prizes? We basically look for everyone within the field,

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Speaker 1: and especially if people outside the field. I can tell

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Speaker 1: you that we have people of all sorts of backgrounds

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Speaker 1: and different age groups, genders, geographic locations entering for our competitions.

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Speaker 1: We just announced recently the winners of our Ocean Discovery Xprize,

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Speaker 1: and we had a bonus prize sponsored by Noah and

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Speaker 1: it was won by a junior high school team and

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Speaker 1: nobody believed they would win. They were surprised. They want

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Speaker 1: They want eight hundred thousand dollars, which is a lot

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Speaker 1: of money for a group of junior high schoolers. On

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Speaker 1: the other side, we have retired scientists who read about

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Speaker 1: a prize in a newspaper and decided to form a

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Speaker 1: team and compete, and then they won. We had a

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Speaker 1: person that was a tattoo artists in Las Vegas that

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Speaker 1: learned about our Ocean Cleanup Exprise and formed a team

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Speaker 1: and thought about using some of the techniques used to

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Speaker 1: extract inc to use to extract oil when there's an

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Speaker 1: oil spill. So those are the type of innovations that

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Speaker 1: we loved because he would have never thought about solving

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Speaker 1: oil clean up if it wasn't for our prize. And

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Speaker 1: those are the types of innovation that usually come up

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Speaker 1: with the most drastic approach to solving a problem. And

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Speaker 1: those are the type of solutions we love to see.

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Speaker 1: And that's the beauty of exprice. So listeners who are

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Speaker 1: inspired by what you say what can they do to

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Speaker 1: help contribute to your attempt to solve some of the

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Speaker 1: world's biggest problems. So the first thing I would say is,

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Speaker 1: if there is a grand challenge out there that you're

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Speaker 1: passionate about and you want to solve, think of Exprice

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Speaker 1: Foundation as a platform, as an impact platform that you

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Speaker 1: can come to us and let us see if we

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Speaker 1: can help solve that problem through incentivized prices. The other

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Speaker 1: thing I would love for everyone to consider is if

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Speaker 1: they want to go to our website and look at

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Speaker 1: some of our active prices, if they want to compete

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Speaker 1: and create teams and be part of the solution and

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Speaker 1: come with those innovative solutions. We always look for really

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Speaker 1: wide variety of people who would compete for our prizes

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Speaker 1: and to get the word out about our work, because

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Speaker 1: I think it's very important for people to know that

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Speaker 1: there is this approach about solving problems. We also have

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Speaker 1: a active price that I think is very important, and

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Speaker 1: as I mentioned before, we have an active carbon price

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Speaker 1: and we're about to launch a new carbon price. As

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Speaker 1: part of this, we have been looking at creating a

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Speaker 1: coalition that would allow us to create this circle carbon

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Speaker 1: economy and that requires investors, innovators, public and private sector

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Speaker 1: to come together. So these are nascent technologies. Even though

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Speaker 1: they're technologically possible and we're going to help them to

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Speaker 1: our process demonstrate valid solutions, they will still require a

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Speaker 1: network of investors and policymakers that can help them take

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Speaker 1: these solutions to the market. So anyone who's interested to

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Speaker 1: support us with this activity, to get to know our teams,

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Speaker 1: to invest in them, to help them find ways to

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Speaker 1: take their solutions to the market, we would really welcome that.

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Speaker 1: So we know how essential it has become to prevent

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Speaker 1: further climate chaos caused by CO two emissions. We also

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Speaker 1: know that science and technology can help us out of

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Speaker 1: this mess, or they can get us further into us.

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Speaker 1: Incentivizing the best and brightest minds to focus on a

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Speaker 1: solution is actually such an exciting solution in itself. X

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Speaker 1: Prize has been going since nineteen ninety four, and there's

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Speaker 1: a long history preceding that too. You heard Nute talking

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Speaker 1: about this competition, the Taig Prize, which was a twenty

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Speaker 1: five thousand dollar prize offered by hotel owner William Ortaig

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Speaker 1: back in nineteen nineteen for whoever could successfully fly from

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Speaker 1: New York to Paris or vice versa. Charles Lindbergh safely

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Speaker 1: made the trip in nineteen twenty seven, but a number

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Speaker 1: of men were killed and injured trying to get the

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Speaker 1: prize before him. And it's ironic that today some of

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Speaker 1: the co two in the atmosphere is emitted by the

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Speaker 1: flights we take around the world. But despite the danger

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Speaker 1: and the unintended consequences of that early competition, it's still

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Speaker 1: so cool to hear that. After his win, Charles Lindbergh

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Speaker 1: is reported as saying, I don't believe in taking foolish chances,

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Speaker 1: but nothing can be accomplished by not taking a chance

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Speaker 1: at all. Solvable is a collaboration between Putkin Industries and

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Speaker 1: the Rockefella Foundation, with production by Laura Hyde, Hester Kant,

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Speaker 1: Laura Sheeter, and Ruth Barnes from Talk and Blade. Pushkin's

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Speaker 1: executive producer is Neil LaBelle. Researched by sher Vincent, Engineering

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Speaker 1: by Jason Gambrel and the Great Folks at GSI Studios.

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Speaker 1: Original music composed by Pascal Wise and special thanks to

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Speaker 1: Maggie Taylor, Heather Fine, Julia Barton, Carli Mgliori, Jacob Weisberg

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Speaker 1: and Malcolm Gladwell. You can learn more about solving today's

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Speaker 1: biggest problems at Rockefeller Foundation dot org slash solvable. I'm

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Speaker 1: Mave Higgins. Now got solve it.