1 00:00:01,080 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,320 --> 00:00:13,720 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:16,439 Speaker 1: My name is Collie Fry and I'm Tracy B. Wilson, 4 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:18,759 Speaker 1: and I feel like we should both confess up front 5 00:00:18,760 --> 00:00:20,560 Speaker 1: on this one that we both have cats. We do, 6 00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:26,600 Speaker 1: but we also love dogs. Whoops, it's not that I 7 00:00:26,640 --> 00:00:31,640 Speaker 1: don't love dogs, it's that I prefer cats. Oh, I 8 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:34,479 Speaker 1: like them both quite a bit. Yeah, I don't have dogs. Well. 9 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:35,800 Speaker 1: I think part of it is that when I was 10 00:00:35,800 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: growing up, my mother had cocker spaniels. Cocker spaniels are 11 00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:44,920 Speaker 1: crazy them and we had cocker spaniels that bit because 12 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:49,919 Speaker 1: they were crazy. The dogs that I had around all 13 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:52,400 Speaker 1: the time as a child were these like high strung, 14 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: neurotic cock spaniels that ain't some cases that we I 15 00:00:58,040 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 1: grew up with dogs as well. My parents bread hunting 16 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:04,120 Speaker 1: dogs and a variety of other animals. Um, but I 17 00:01:04,160 --> 00:01:08,080 Speaker 1: have cats as an adult, And what is really fascinating 18 00:01:08,080 --> 00:01:10,880 Speaker 1: to me is the history of cat domestication because it 19 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:15,160 Speaker 1: is so different from any other animal we've domesticated. I 20 00:01:15,200 --> 00:01:19,399 Speaker 1: didn't notice until today. It's really pretty interesting and genetically 21 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:22,760 Speaker 1: it's fascinating. So just for a little bit of context 22 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,319 Speaker 1: on the state of cats in the world. One third 23 00:01:26,319 --> 00:01:29,320 Speaker 1: of American households have cats, which is quite a bit 24 00:01:29,880 --> 00:01:33,240 Speaker 1: And I've read a statistic previously, but I couldn't find 25 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:35,640 Speaker 1: it to back this up. But I recall at one 26 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:38,960 Speaker 1: point in recent years someone saying that, um, the number 27 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:41,680 Speaker 1: of cats kept as pets has actually surpassed dogs in 28 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:44,680 Speaker 1: the United States recently, and it's mostly because if people 29 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:47,560 Speaker 1: like me and you, they have more than one, whereas 30 00:01:47,680 --> 00:01:49,520 Speaker 1: often people will just have one dog. Well, and I 31 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: was kind of wondering about the trend of people not 32 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:54,360 Speaker 1: wanting to buy homes and living in apartments, and often 33 00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:56,360 Speaker 1: it is easier to keep a cat in an apartment 34 00:01:56,360 --> 00:01:59,120 Speaker 1: than a dog. That's true. Uh, sometimes you don't have 35 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 1: to pay a fee to keep the apportunity for a 36 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:03,600 Speaker 1: dog in an apartment, like they'll there will be an 37 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:07,160 Speaker 1: additional writer, So that makes sense. There are an estimated 38 00:02:07,200 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: six hundred million cats living with humans around the world 39 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:14,360 Speaker 1: and another estimated six hundred million living independent of people 40 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:19,920 Speaker 1: like that are either farrell or h fairly tame, but 41 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,680 Speaker 1: like street cats that just kind of do their thing 42 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 1: on their own, what we call strains, and because cats 43 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:29,200 Speaker 1: are independent and their predators. I mean, we've all seen 44 00:02:29,280 --> 00:02:31,960 Speaker 1: cats talk their prey. They kind of get vilified a 45 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:33,920 Speaker 1: little bit in some cultures. Well, and it's not just 46 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:37,079 Speaker 1: that their predators, that's that often they play with their 47 00:02:37,120 --> 00:02:40,600 Speaker 1: prey in a way that seems cruel to people. Yeah, 48 00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:43,400 Speaker 1: there's it does seem evil if you've ever seen a 49 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:45,239 Speaker 1: cat kind of play with a thing that is trying 50 00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:47,680 Speaker 1: to get away from it. And so as a consequence, 51 00:02:47,720 --> 00:02:50,840 Speaker 1: they've been portrayed as you know, the familiars of supervillains, 52 00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:54,760 Speaker 1: and they have been associated with doubles and sorcery, but 53 00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: overall they still have a pretty okay standing. Cats are 54 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,119 Speaker 1: divided into three genera. There are the great cats, which 55 00:03:02,120 --> 00:03:06,640 Speaker 1: are lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars, cheetahs get their own, and 56 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:12,280 Speaker 1: then small cats all house cats belong in the Felis 57 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:15,640 Speaker 1: Catis genus. The largest cat in this group is the 58 00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:19,200 Speaker 1: puma at one to one and thirty pounds or forty 59 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:24,120 Speaker 1: fives and the smallest is the black footed cat of 60 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:28,200 Speaker 1: the Calahari Desert in Southern Africa, which is between two 61 00:03:28,280 --> 00:03:30,400 Speaker 1: and a half and four and a half pounds or 62 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:33,959 Speaker 1: one to two kgrams. If you google those things. They're 63 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:36,800 Speaker 1: the cutest cats you've ever seen, and they look a 64 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:39,000 Speaker 1: lot like the cats we would keep in our homes. 65 00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:42,600 Speaker 1: They are and there's a reason for that. So we're 66 00:03:42,640 --> 00:03:45,120 Speaker 1: focusing today on that third group and how members of 67 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:49,360 Speaker 1: Felis Catis became domesticated. For a long time, it's been 68 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:52,320 Speaker 1: believed that the ancient Egyptians were the first people to 69 00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:57,600 Speaker 1: domesticate cats. There's certainly lots of evidence that the ancient 70 00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:01,280 Speaker 1: Egyptians loved cats, but the belief that that's where they 71 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: came from has shifted a little bit thanks to more 72 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:09,120 Speaker 1: recent genetic studies. The earliest artistic representations of cats that 73 00:04:09,160 --> 00:04:12,440 Speaker 1: we found have been in ancient Egypt, on crete in 74 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:15,440 Speaker 1: Cyprus and in some areas of the Orient, and there 75 00:04:15,440 --> 00:04:18,200 Speaker 1: are also cat statues in some of the ancient art 76 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:22,440 Speaker 1: of India. In nineteen eighty three, and eight thousand year 77 00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:26,240 Speaker 1: old feline jaw bone was found on the island of Cyprus. 78 00:04:26,279 --> 00:04:30,040 Speaker 1: A site fifteen hundred years earlier than that was discovered 79 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,680 Speaker 1: on Cyprus in two thousand four where a cat had 80 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:35,200 Speaker 1: been buried with a human and it was very clearly 81 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:38,520 Speaker 1: like that they had been buried together, uh not that 82 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:42,000 Speaker 1: he happened to be adjacent. And since Cyprus is an 83 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:45,080 Speaker 1: island and wildcats would be very difficult to travel with 84 00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:47,720 Speaker 1: on a boat, it stands to reason that cats were 85 00:04:47,760 --> 00:04:51,359 Speaker 1: actually domesticated before they got there, as they are not 86 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:54,760 Speaker 1: believed to be a native species to Cyprus. So people 87 00:04:54,839 --> 00:04:58,280 Speaker 1: would have gotten the cats to be more manageable and 88 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:00,480 Speaker 1: then taken them with a boat to Cyprus because they 89 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:04,080 Speaker 1: were not already cats on Cyprus. Correct how that boils down. 90 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 1: So Carlos A. Driscoll, who is an Oxford scholar that 91 00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:09,200 Speaker 1: will talk about a lot more shortly because he's done 92 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:12,520 Speaker 1: a lot of work in the area of cat genetics 93 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:16,360 Speaker 1: in their history, he has stated the following on this quote. 94 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,160 Speaker 1: The going hypothesis is that cats were brought there, meaning 95 00:05:19,160 --> 00:05:22,600 Speaker 1: to Cyprus, very early on in the domestication process, by 96 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:26,680 Speaker 1: Phoenician traders and settlers, directly from the Phoenician home around Lebanon, 97 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:30,599 Speaker 1: not from Egypt, as we're British cats by Rome. That 98 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: fact makes the island cats very interesting, as they may 99 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:37,080 Speaker 1: represent a sort of proto domestic cat, so, as you said, 100 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:40,000 Speaker 1: tame enough that they could be handled, managed and put 101 00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:42,640 Speaker 1: on a ship of people. If you've ever tried to 102 00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:46,160 Speaker 1: handle a feral cat, you know, it's super tricky. So 103 00:05:46,279 --> 00:05:50,159 Speaker 1: they really would have to be um at least kind 104 00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:53,160 Speaker 1: of used to people. Yeah, especially because then you're getting 105 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: in a boat. Yeah. And what makes the domestication of 106 00:05:58,080 --> 00:06:02,040 Speaker 1: cats unique is that they likely chose to live with humans. 107 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:05,000 Speaker 1: They saw a benefit to themselves, and so they kind 108 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:08,440 Speaker 1: of moved into human culture rather than being identified as 109 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:11,960 Speaker 1: human by humans as a potential beneficial animal and then 110 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:14,559 Speaker 1: being caught and domesticated. And if you're a cat person, 111 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:17,920 Speaker 1: that's probably does not surprise you one bit, even if 112 00:06:17,920 --> 00:06:21,120 Speaker 1: you're not. The cats were like, hey, I live here now, yeah, 113 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:25,719 Speaker 1: when people were like okay, Yeah, So the human culture 114 00:06:25,839 --> 00:06:29,800 Speaker 1: shift from being hunter gatherers to a more agricultural lifestyle 115 00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:34,600 Speaker 1: started the domestication of animals. The earliest motive for breeding 116 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:37,680 Speaker 1: animals was as a food source, but that was not 117 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:41,440 Speaker 1: not cats don't really do that now. They are not 118 00:06:41,960 --> 00:06:46,320 Speaker 1: really made to be food. They're very small, but they're 119 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:50,360 Speaker 1: great in vermin management, so they naturally assumed that role 120 00:06:50,520 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 1: as agricultural societies developed. So yeah, basically, graineries meant that 121 00:06:55,560 --> 00:06:59,240 Speaker 1: cats were moving into hunt rodents and it's believed that 122 00:06:59,279 --> 00:07:01,919 Speaker 1: cats are probably really welcomed by the early farmers for 123 00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:05,120 Speaker 1: this helpful service. Uh. And this actually maybe how egypt 124 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:07,960 Speaker 1: Camp came to really revere the cat, like they recognized 125 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:10,680 Speaker 1: that of their own volition, cats were just coming in 126 00:07:10,720 --> 00:07:13,920 Speaker 1: and doing this thing that society really needed, and so 127 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:17,440 Speaker 1: that was part of their growth as a very respected 128 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:19,520 Speaker 1: and loved animal, keeping the wraths out of the grain. 129 00:07:20,360 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: And some evidence actually suggests that the Ethiopians were the 130 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:26,440 Speaker 1: ones that brought cats into Egypt after they conquered the Nubians, 131 00:07:26,680 --> 00:07:28,480 Speaker 1: which is the whole other area of history that I 132 00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:30,720 Speaker 1: would like to do more podcasts on. As we know, 133 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:34,480 Speaker 1: the artistic representation of cats in Egypt are not all 134 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:37,880 Speaker 1: about their use as the rodent police. Cats are depicted 135 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:40,680 Speaker 1: as part of family life and they're pampered and even 136 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: adorned with jewels. The penalty for killing a cat in 137 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:47,680 Speaker 1: ancient Egypt was death. There have even been discoveries of 138 00:07:47,680 --> 00:07:52,960 Speaker 1: special cat cemeteries in Egypt. And lastly, the Egyptian protector 139 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:55,600 Speaker 1: goddess Basta is a woman with the head of a cat. 140 00:07:56,240 --> 00:07:58,960 Speaker 1: As an interesting side note, the Egyptian word for cat 141 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:03,280 Speaker 1: is mao and there's actually a breed that's recognized globally 142 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:05,960 Speaker 1: in catsh it's called an Egyptian mow, but it's basically 143 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:09,360 Speaker 1: just saying it's an Egyptian cat, which I think is funny. Uh, 144 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:13,760 Speaker 1: And they're lovely cats. The exact point of the transition 145 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:17,720 Speaker 1: from wild to domesticated in Egypt can't really be pinpointed 146 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: with accuracy. Logic tells us that it would have been 147 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:24,600 Speaker 1: a gradual process, with each generation of cats living alongside 148 00:08:24,640 --> 00:08:27,680 Speaker 1: people becoming more and more tame. And there's also a 149 00:08:27,720 --> 00:08:31,800 Speaker 1: theory that breeding really began around this time with cats, 150 00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:35,559 Speaker 1: so that they were they kind of forked the cat population. 151 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:39,400 Speaker 1: They were breeding the wilder cats and the more predatory 152 00:08:39,440 --> 00:08:42,520 Speaker 1: cats as their hunters to keep policing for rodents in 153 00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:45,640 Speaker 1: the green, and then they were also probably breeding the 154 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:49,800 Speaker 1: more docile cats together to create house cats that would 155 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:52,000 Speaker 1: be you know, part of their family in their households 156 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:56,040 Speaker 1: and maybe also keeping their rodents out of the inside. 157 00:08:56,640 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: Yeah that's always a benefit. But they probably were bred 158 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:03,520 Speaker 1: to be cuddly. Yeah. As a side note, I uh, 159 00:09:04,120 --> 00:09:08,520 Speaker 1: my cats have mostly been rescues um and I remember specifically, 160 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:10,920 Speaker 1: you know, because this whole idea of cats being good 161 00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:13,840 Speaker 1: at handling rodent rodents is so prevalent that I have 162 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:15,880 Speaker 1: often had to sign a thing saying that I'm not 163 00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:18,240 Speaker 1: getting this cat to be a mouser, getting this cat 164 00:09:18,280 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 1: to be a companion. Yeah. Yeah, that's not uncommon with 165 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:24,600 Speaker 1: rescue groups. Um, because most rescues want you to be 166 00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:29,120 Speaker 1: adopting it as a family member and not as a worker. Uh. 167 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:32,439 Speaker 1: We know that by two thousand BC, e cats were 168 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:37,040 Speaker 1: semi domesticated, but by one thousand BC, cats, particularly in Egypt, 169 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:40,120 Speaker 1: were considered fully domesticated. They were accustomed to being around 170 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:44,240 Speaker 1: humans and humans had a pretty friendly relationship with them. 171 00:09:44,320 --> 00:09:47,840 Speaker 1: So although cats were domesticated centuries ago, the idea of 172 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:51,600 Speaker 1: a pedigree is still pretty young. That probably started in 173 00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:55,320 Speaker 1: England sometime in the mid to late nineteenth century. Queen 174 00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:59,160 Speaker 1: Victoria owned two blue Persians, which is believed to be 175 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:02,880 Speaker 1: one of the things that gave the cat a reputation 176 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:06,320 Speaker 1: for being a perfectly respectable pet, and the first cat 177 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:09,560 Speaker 1: show took place in London in eighteen seventy one, and 178 00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:13,040 Speaker 1: England's National Cat Club was actually founded in eighteen eighty four. 179 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:16,559 Speaker 1: The first pedigree records in the United States were for 180 00:10:16,679 --> 00:10:20,200 Speaker 1: Maine coon cats, in the mid eighteen hundreds. This breed 181 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:22,600 Speaker 1: is still one of the most popular in America. It 182 00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 1: is they're beautiful. But even with the popularity of pedigree cats, 183 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:28,959 Speaker 1: it's estimated that less than ten percent of cats in 184 00:10:29,040 --> 00:10:32,199 Speaker 1: American households are pure bred, compared to more than fifty 185 00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:35,600 Speaker 1: of dogs in American households. So, I mean most people 186 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:38,720 Speaker 1: that you know that have cats, they're just cats. It's 187 00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:41,880 Speaker 1: domestic cats. Yeah, they get listed in your vet records 188 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:45,320 Speaker 1: as domestic short hair because they usually are just mixes. Uh. 189 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:47,760 Speaker 1: You know. Uh, different cities are trying to control their 190 00:10:47,760 --> 00:10:50,280 Speaker 1: feral populations different ways, but a lot of times rescue 191 00:10:50,280 --> 00:10:53,720 Speaker 1: groups will scoop them up and socialize them and adopt 192 00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:57,920 Speaker 1: them out. So there really isn't any uh knowledge of 193 00:10:57,960 --> 00:11:00,959 Speaker 1: their lineage and where they came from. So how did 194 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:05,360 Speaker 1: we get from wild animals to fluffy lap friends all 195 00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:09,080 Speaker 1: over the world. Uh, well, this is interesting from a 196 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:12,520 Speaker 1: genetic standpoint. We have had sort of a startling revelation 197 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:17,760 Speaker 1: about it. Um, it's really hard to track where cats 198 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:22,280 Speaker 1: entered human homes and culture versus where wild cats are 199 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:25,560 Speaker 1: because the skeletons of small wild cats and our domestic 200 00:11:25,600 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: cats are virtually identical. They're really hard to tell apart, 201 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:31,400 Speaker 1: so you can't really contextualize, Like, if you find a 202 00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:35,400 Speaker 1: cat in ruins, it could have wandered in later, it 203 00:11:35,440 --> 00:11:37,080 Speaker 1: could have been part of the thing. We don't know. 204 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:39,800 Speaker 1: It looks like a wild cat, well, they all look 205 00:11:39,840 --> 00:11:41,480 Speaker 1: the same, so you can't really do that. And even 206 00:11:41,559 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: DNA testing is not always conclusive because all cats have 207 00:11:45,320 --> 00:11:49,000 Speaker 1: really similar genetics. There are thirty seven species in the 208 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:53,360 Speaker 1: family Fella day. That's everything from a pet cat to lions, tigers, 209 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:58,960 Speaker 1: auslots who are my favorite wildcat, etcetera. Every domestic cat 210 00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:02,480 Speaker 1: is a descend of the wildcat species, and there are 211 00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:05,880 Speaker 1: five subspecies of wildcats, and some of those are almost 212 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:09,800 Speaker 1: completely indistinguishable from you know, your non pedigree pet cats. 213 00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:13,280 Speaker 1: And this is not a situation where the domestic cats 214 00:12:13,280 --> 00:12:15,840 Speaker 1: have gotten free and reverted to becoming feral, or they've 215 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,360 Speaker 1: you know, become strays, or they've just wandered off. The 216 00:12:19,440 --> 00:12:23,240 Speaker 1: actual wild breeds are so genetically similar to house cats 217 00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:27,199 Speaker 1: that many people could not distinguish on visual alone. You 218 00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:29,640 Speaker 1: will see wildcats that look just like a cat your 219 00:12:29,679 --> 00:12:34,640 Speaker 1: friend has. Stephen J. O'Brien molecular geneticist at the National 220 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:39,920 Speaker 1: Cancer Institute's laboratory in Frederick, Maryland, was working with Carlos Driscoll, 221 00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:44,360 Speaker 1: who's graduate student at the University of Oxford, and David McDonald, 222 00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:49,080 Speaker 1: an Oxford zoologists, and others. Together, they conducted a study 223 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:51,640 Speaker 1: in two thousand seven in which they took blood and 224 00:12:51,679 --> 00:12:54,959 Speaker 1: tissue samples from all kinds of cats, from the pure 225 00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:58,959 Speaker 1: bred house cats to non pedigreed house cats to feral cats, 226 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:03,640 Speaker 1: and each of the five subspecies of wild cats to 227 00:13:03,760 --> 00:13:07,120 Speaker 1: compare their DNA, and they take those from all over 228 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:10,000 Speaker 1: the world. Uh in a Washington Post article about the 229 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:13,560 Speaker 1: study stated, quote, the findings drawn from an analysis of 230 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:16,720 Speaker 1: nearly one thousand cats around the world suggested that the 231 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:21,040 Speaker 1: ancestors of today's Tabby's, Persians and Siamese wandered into Near 232 00:13:21,080 --> 00:13:24,120 Speaker 1: Eastern settlements at the dawn of agriculture. They were looking 233 00:13:24,160 --> 00:13:28,840 Speaker 1: for food, not friendship. The researchers found that domesticated cats 234 00:13:29,040 --> 00:13:34,400 Speaker 1: all over the world most closely resemble the Libica subspecies 235 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:37,480 Speaker 1: that comes from the Near East. This is significant because 236 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:39,560 Speaker 1: it shows that it's not a case of any given 237 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:43,839 Speaker 1: regions simply taming their local wildcats. The other wild cats 238 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:48,160 Speaker 1: subspecies are in sub Saharan Africa, China, Central Asia, and Europe, 239 00:13:48,679 --> 00:13:51,839 Speaker 1: but domestic cats in Asia, for example, are still most 240 00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:55,240 Speaker 1: closely related to wild cats from the Fertile Crescent rather 241 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:59,040 Speaker 1: than from the Chinese or Central Asian subspecies. So that's 242 00:13:59,080 --> 00:14:03,560 Speaker 1: pretty interesting, uh, to know that somehow those cats that 243 00:14:03,679 --> 00:14:06,520 Speaker 1: started in you know, kind of the cradle of civilization 244 00:14:07,440 --> 00:14:09,920 Speaker 1: are the cats that really populated the world. They weren't 245 00:14:09,960 --> 00:14:14,160 Speaker 1: just regionally adapting. They were getting sent around and spreading 246 00:14:14,679 --> 00:14:19,359 Speaker 1: with agriculture. So other domesticated animals like cattle, pigs, horses, etcetera, 247 00:14:19,640 --> 00:14:23,120 Speaker 1: all have more diverse genetic profiles, so they were being 248 00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:27,360 Speaker 1: bred and domesticated in multiple different places. But it seems 249 00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:30,800 Speaker 1: like the domestic cats seems to have come almost entirely 250 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:34,880 Speaker 1: from the Near East, which is really startling to think about. 251 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:38,080 Speaker 1: You know, we have this animal that is seen all 252 00:14:38,080 --> 00:14:41,520 Speaker 1: over the world. Every city, every town has cats in it, 253 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:44,680 Speaker 1: but they all trace back to this one place versus 254 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:49,880 Speaker 1: versus their local wild population of It's pretty fascinating. Evolutionary 255 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:53,840 Speaker 1: biologists at the University of California in Los Angeles, Robert 256 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,960 Speaker 1: Wayne told The Washington Post that quote when the technology 257 00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:03,320 Speaker 1: which means agriculture development, grain storage, etcetera. Was trans transferred 258 00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:06,960 Speaker 1: to other cultures, so were the cats. So he's suggesting 259 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:09,320 Speaker 1: that his cultures taught one another about how to raise 260 00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:12,680 Speaker 1: grain and store it. They were also including cats as 261 00:15:12,760 --> 00:15:16,360 Speaker 1: part of that package. Yeah, it's like saying, Okay, here's 262 00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:18,720 Speaker 1: the best way to do this and the best way 263 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:20,600 Speaker 1: to store this, and you're gonna want some cats, we 264 00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:24,600 Speaker 1: have some for you. Uh. So they were spreading culturally 265 00:15:24,760 --> 00:15:27,200 Speaker 1: with knowledge. I love that. It's like passing on your 266 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:32,080 Speaker 1: early tomato seeds, except with a living, breathing responsibility. Yeah. Uh. 267 00:15:32,120 --> 00:15:35,200 Speaker 1: And Carlos Driscoll, who we mentioned earlier in his team 268 00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:38,080 Speaker 1: have planned to follow up their two thousand seven study 269 00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,600 Speaker 1: m with an additional study to verify or disprove this concept. 270 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,960 Speaker 1: But I haven't found any published stuff that deals with 271 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,120 Speaker 1: it yet. Also of note on the two thousand seven 272 00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:51,880 Speaker 1: study is that there was genetic evidence of domesticated and 273 00:15:51,960 --> 00:15:56,640 Speaker 1: wildcat hybrids. Wild and non wild cats are so closely 274 00:15:56,640 --> 00:16:00,000 Speaker 1: related that they can easily mix. So even though Felis 275 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:04,000 Speaker 1: libbaca is the closest relative of all domestic cats, breeding 276 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:07,720 Speaker 1: with other subspecies has led to the development of different breeds. So, 277 00:16:07,840 --> 00:16:10,560 Speaker 1: for example, members of the group peliss Limbaca, which is 278 00:16:10,640 --> 00:16:14,160 Speaker 1: usually a leaner lie their cap adapted to desert living, 279 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:18,000 Speaker 1: are believed to have mated with Phelis sylvestris, which is 280 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:21,960 Speaker 1: a stockier subspecies that's common in western and Central Europe, 281 00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:24,920 Speaker 1: to have created kind of the cobbier breeds that have 282 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 1: since been refined through pedigree breeding, like a British short 283 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:30,160 Speaker 1: hair or a Manx or a char true. If you 284 00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:33,720 Speaker 1: look at any of those show cats, you know, pure 285 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:36,600 Speaker 1: bred show cats, they're thicker and heavier, and they don't 286 00:16:36,640 --> 00:16:39,280 Speaker 1: look the same as uh, you know, kind of the 287 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:43,200 Speaker 1: leaner like an Abyssinian or any of the kind of 288 00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,400 Speaker 1: lithe breeds. They have like a little bit of a 289 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 1: huskier appearance. So there was some mixing going on, and 290 00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:51,240 Speaker 1: it's actually, this is a little bit of a side note, 291 00:16:51,320 --> 00:16:53,760 Speaker 1: a believe that cats were first brought to Britain which 292 00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:57,120 Speaker 1: probably catalyzed some of that breeding by the Romans around 293 00:16:57,160 --> 00:17:00,560 Speaker 1: ten CE, and so that's when this cross readings started 294 00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,800 Speaker 1: to happen in different species that we eventually turned into 295 00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:07,199 Speaker 1: pure bread. I'm using the air quotes pedigreed cats, uh 296 00:17:08,040 --> 00:17:11,679 Speaker 1: all started it all catalyzed right there. Various mutations and 297 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:14,840 Speaker 1: cross breedings have occurred that give us the assortment of 298 00:17:14,920 --> 00:17:18,199 Speaker 1: pedigreed cat breeds that there are today. So Siamese cats 299 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:22,040 Speaker 1: and Burmese are the results of an albino series mutation. 300 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:26,360 Speaker 1: Rex breeds have a curly hair mutation, the hairless sphinx 301 00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:28,480 Speaker 1: and the your mutation of the Scottish fold and the 302 00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:32,720 Speaker 1: American curl. All of these come from breeding and mutation. Yeah. 303 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:35,200 Speaker 1: And if you ever want like a fascinating walk down 304 00:17:35,280 --> 00:17:39,800 Speaker 1: like breed specifics and mutations that have purposely been retained 305 00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:41,600 Speaker 1: through breeding, go to a cat show. It's one of 306 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:43,560 Speaker 1: my favorite things. I do at least one every year 307 00:17:44,119 --> 00:17:46,159 Speaker 1: because I think people that have never been to one, 308 00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:48,240 Speaker 1: and they've only been around like you know, your regular 309 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:51,360 Speaker 1: house cat, they're a little bit blown away by how 310 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,160 Speaker 1: different all of these cats sort of look and how 311 00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:57,159 Speaker 1: they've been and how they behave a lot of them 312 00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:00,879 Speaker 1: have deeply different behaviors. Yeah, but it all started in 313 00:18:00,920 --> 00:18:04,800 Speaker 1: the same place, which is genetically they are also close. 314 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:07,639 Speaker 1: I mean, they're tiny little changes in their genetic code 315 00:18:08,119 --> 00:18:11,199 Speaker 1: that create all of these very different looking breeds. But 316 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:15,359 Speaker 1: at their base, they're really all very very close genetically, 317 00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:18,119 Speaker 1: and it all came from the fertile crescent. Do you 318 00:18:18,119 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 1: have Do you have a favorite historical cat? That's tricky? 319 00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:24,520 Speaker 1: You hear a lot more about people's dogs in history, 320 00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:27,040 Speaker 1: you think cats because often, you know, dogs are out 321 00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:31,480 Speaker 1: with people in the day, cats are at home by 322 00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: the fire. Well. I was even startled to learn that 323 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:36,200 Speaker 1: Queen Victoria had cats, because I'm kind of a Queen 324 00:18:36,280 --> 00:18:39,560 Speaker 1: Victoria nerd, but you always hear about her and her dogs, 325 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:41,960 Speaker 1: and this doing research for this is actually the first 326 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,240 Speaker 1: time I heard about her cats. They're like, whoa, they 327 00:18:44,280 --> 00:18:46,280 Speaker 1: had cats too. But I don't think I have a 328 00:18:46,320 --> 00:18:50,240 Speaker 1: favorite historical Mine is I have a favorite from recent history, 329 00:18:50,520 --> 00:18:54,520 Speaker 1: which is is Coco's kitten all Ball? Oh yeah, who 330 00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:57,800 Speaker 1: was a Manx? Yeah, and that was They wondered if 331 00:18:57,800 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: the reason that Cocoa the gorilla to Max for a 332 00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:03,960 Speaker 1: cat as because that kitty had no tail. Yeah, So 333 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:05,480 Speaker 1: if you don't know about the Max breed they have. 334 00:19:05,920 --> 00:19:08,320 Speaker 1: They can have all lengths of tails, but the breed 335 00:19:08,359 --> 00:19:11,080 Speaker 1: ideal is to have no tail, so they do look 336 00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:13,560 Speaker 1: kind of like little balls. The breed standard. If you 337 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:14,960 Speaker 1: go to a show. One of the things that they're 338 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:17,520 Speaker 1: looking for is that the cat could be drawn entirely 339 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:19,600 Speaker 1: with a series of circles like you want, all round 340 00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,880 Speaker 1: shapes about its body. So it would make sense that 341 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:27,160 Speaker 1: Coco identified it as a ball, which is very sweet. Uh, 342 00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:30,800 Speaker 1: it's a sad story. Way to bring the room down, Tracy, 343 00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:32,520 Speaker 1: I know. Well, we'll bring it up with a little 344 00:19:32,560 --> 00:19:35,439 Speaker 1: public service announcement. Please stay near your bath. Please do 345 00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:39,439 Speaker 1: super important to me, super important to you. Know, we 346 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:42,280 Speaker 1: don't need more stray animals. There are plenty of stray 347 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:46,359 Speaker 1: cats in the world. That being pretty much all of 348 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:48,320 Speaker 1: the cats I have ever had in my life have 349 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:52,239 Speaker 1: either have either been rescues or strays that we're taken in. 350 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:58,240 Speaker 1: They would have become strays had I not taken them in. Yeah, 351 00:19:58,320 --> 00:20:01,960 Speaker 1: I'm a big fan of afting rescues, although I am 352 00:20:02,040 --> 00:20:05,440 Speaker 1: always wound and like I said, blown away by the 353 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:09,080 Speaker 1: interesting shapes and beauty and behaviors of any of the 354 00:20:09,119 --> 00:20:11,879 Speaker 1: pure bread cats. So, but spaining you to your pets, 355 00:20:11,880 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: it's important take care of them. It's good for their health. 356 00:20:15,359 --> 00:20:17,960 Speaker 1: I believe you also have some mail to read. I do. 357 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:21,080 Speaker 1: Our Happy Birthday episode has gotten so much mail, which 358 00:20:21,119 --> 00:20:24,080 Speaker 1: is all cool. Uh, And I have a couple that 359 00:20:24,119 --> 00:20:28,160 Speaker 1: I want to read. One is from our listener Mike, 360 00:20:28,720 --> 00:20:31,399 Speaker 1: and he is from St. Louis and he says, ladies. 361 00:20:31,480 --> 00:20:34,200 Speaker 1: I was catching up on the podcast and while listening 362 00:20:34,240 --> 00:20:36,840 Speaker 1: to the Happy Birthday to You podcast, you mentioned the Simpsons. 363 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:39,280 Speaker 1: That would be me. I always mentioned the Simpsons. You 364 00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:41,439 Speaker 1: said that the Simpsons did a different version so they 365 00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:43,720 Speaker 1: wouldn't have to pay a license fee. On at least 366 00:20:43,720 --> 00:20:46,679 Speaker 1: two occasions, Happy Birthday to You has been performed on 367 00:20:46,720 --> 00:20:48,840 Speaker 1: the show. One time was just the first line where 368 00:20:48,920 --> 00:20:51,240 Speaker 1: Mr Smithers has a thought about Mr Burns popping out 369 00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:53,360 Speaker 1: of a cake and singing it to him. I remember that. 370 00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:56,200 Speaker 1: Two their time was when one of my favorite bands 371 00:20:56,200 --> 00:20:59,720 Speaker 1: from my misspent youth, the Ramones, played it for Mr Burns. 372 00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:01,400 Speaker 1: This was alded in one of the best lines ever, 373 00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:05,000 Speaker 1: which was have the Rolling Stones killed? I love Mr 374 00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:07,080 Speaker 1: Burns have a cat named after him, so we've made 375 00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:09,720 Speaker 1: it semantic. Uh, yes, of course, you're absolutely right, and 376 00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:12,080 Speaker 1: I had forgotten about those. I was just speculating. The 377 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:14,159 Speaker 1: one that I was referring to is when they go 378 00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:20,200 Speaker 1: to a children's pizza amusement kind of establishment and they 379 00:21:20,240 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 1: have it's kind of based on the old Chucky cheese 380 00:21:23,520 --> 00:21:25,439 Speaker 1: and show biz pizza and all of those kinds of 381 00:21:25,480 --> 00:21:28,439 Speaker 1: things that were popular more popular I think when I 382 00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:30,720 Speaker 1: was younger. Some of them still exist. But they had 383 00:21:30,720 --> 00:21:34,200 Speaker 1: the big animatronic animals that did the You're the Birthday, 384 00:21:34,359 --> 00:21:37,160 Speaker 1: You're the and that's in one of them's head popped aftors. 385 00:21:37,160 --> 00:21:40,040 Speaker 1: Horrifying and wonderful. There's the one where Mo turns Mose 386 00:21:40,119 --> 00:21:43,080 Speaker 1: into a family restaurant. He's turned Mose into many things, 387 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:46,439 Speaker 1: you know when those are like a postmodern um experimental 388 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:48,600 Speaker 1: bar well, and in this one he had to sing 389 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:50,360 Speaker 1: a song with the French brie basket on his head. 390 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:53,560 Speaker 1: Oh yes, yeah, yeah. So the Simsons, I mean, if 391 00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:55,800 Speaker 1: any show can afford to Bay licensing on Happy Birthday, 392 00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:58,160 Speaker 1: it's them. And I was just not thinking about those, 393 00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:00,680 Speaker 1: So thank you mine for that correction. I love me 394 00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:05,720 Speaker 1: some Simpsons. Our next letter, also about Happy Birthday, is 395 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:10,320 Speaker 1: from our listener Novella, and she says it's a trip 396 00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:12,560 Speaker 1: to know that Happy Birthday is Cylinder copyright. One thing 397 00:22:12,560 --> 00:22:14,760 Speaker 1: I couldn't help wondering during the whole podcast is whether 398 00:22:14,840 --> 00:22:17,240 Speaker 1: or not Marilyn Monroe had to pay to use the 399 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:21,120 Speaker 1: song referencing the famous singing of her when she sang 400 00:22:21,119 --> 00:22:25,960 Speaker 1: it very um way to the President, which is also 401 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:27,840 Speaker 1: what Mr Burns was spoofing when he came out of 402 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,920 Speaker 1: the cake against Mr Smither's fantasy. There were many people 403 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:33,359 Speaker 1: who were wondering this while we were doing that episode. 404 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,040 Speaker 1: Uh Novella says, were there any ramifications of her singing 405 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:41,520 Speaker 1: a copyrighted song, especially especially in such a gasp sensuous manner? 406 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:44,320 Speaker 1: And I couldn't find any hard evidence online. So what 407 00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:46,679 Speaker 1: I did is I went to a lawyer and asked 408 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:49,000 Speaker 1: them what they thought. And it's a person that I 409 00:22:49,080 --> 00:22:51,680 Speaker 1: know who is not practicing, but she's licensed, and her 410 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:55,400 Speaker 1: kind of knowledge area of expertises copyright and intellectual property 411 00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:58,439 Speaker 1: and her thinking. And I also found another lawyer online 412 00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:00,760 Speaker 1: that kind of was of the same mindset. Is that 413 00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:03,199 Speaker 1: large venues like Madison Square Garden, which is where that 414 00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,560 Speaker 1: performance happened, have a blanket as cap license and they 415 00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:11,320 Speaker 1: basically just get a bill every month for usage of 416 00:23:11,359 --> 00:23:14,560 Speaker 1: any license music. And so it probably showed up somewhere 417 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:16,600 Speaker 1: as a line item on a bill and it got 418 00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,760 Speaker 1: paid without a thought. And it's never really been recorded 419 00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:23,159 Speaker 1: in history as Maryland paid for this, it probably was 420 00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:25,359 Speaker 1: just a matter of simple paperwork. It took place at 421 00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:27,960 Speaker 1: Madison Square Garden. There were many, many, many many people 422 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:31,439 Speaker 1: in attendance, so it was definitely a public performance and 423 00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:35,680 Speaker 1: it was broadcast. Yes, And while like she did kind 424 00:23:35,720 --> 00:23:39,639 Speaker 1: of adapt it a little bit to be seductive, it's 425 00:23:39,640 --> 00:23:43,239 Speaker 1: still pretty much follows. It's a Spilis version of So 426 00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:45,560 Speaker 1: that is what we discovered about Happy Birthday in Marylyn 427 00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:47,480 Speaker 1: Arote because many people did write us, and yes, we 428 00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:51,359 Speaker 1: got lots of letters. Yeah, so that's that's what we learned, 429 00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,760 Speaker 1: is that it's probably just somewhere in an accountant's ledger, 430 00:23:56,560 --> 00:24:00,159 Speaker 1: paid for and done. So that's the scoop. If you 431 00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:04,119 Speaker 1: would like to write us about Happy Birthday or cats 432 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:06,680 Speaker 1: or anything else, you can do so at History Podcast 433 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:09,720 Speaker 1: at Discovery dot com. We're also on Twitter at missed 434 00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:12,800 Speaker 1: in History and on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash 435 00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:15,800 Speaker 1: history class Stuff. You can find us on Tumbler at 436 00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:19,240 Speaker 1: missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and on pinterest. 437 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:21,600 Speaker 1: Uh and if you would like to learn more about 438 00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:25,600 Speaker 1: today's topic, you can go to our website and type 439 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:28,479 Speaker 1: in the word domestication and you will come up with 440 00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:31,560 Speaker 1: how animal domestication works. 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