1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:06,840 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the 3 00:00:06,880 --> 00:00:09,320 Speaker 1: T D I h C Vault, so you'll also here 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show. 5 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: Welcome to This Day in History Class from how Stuff 6 00:00:16,400 --> 00:00:18,599 Speaker 1: Works dot com and from the desk of Stuff you 7 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: missed in History Class. It's the show where we explore 8 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:23,239 Speaker 1: the past one day at a time with a quick 9 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: look at what happened today in history. Hello and welcome 10 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,960 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and ex September nine. 11 00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:37,280 Speaker 1: The Attica Prison uprising started on this day in nine 12 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:42,159 Speaker 1: seventy one. An immediate precursor to this uprising was the 13 00:00:42,280 --> 00:00:46,159 Speaker 1: killing of activists and author George Jackson. He was incarcerated 14 00:00:46,159 --> 00:00:49,200 Speaker 1: at San Quentin Prison in California, and he was killed 15 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:53,640 Speaker 1: on August twenty one nine. This was during an alleged 16 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: escape attempt, but there are still a lot of unanswered 17 00:00:57,320 --> 00:01:01,440 Speaker 1: questions and controversies around his death, but the consensus among 18 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:04,200 Speaker 1: the men who were incarcerated at Attica was that he 19 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:08,720 Speaker 1: had been framed and murdered by the guards. This certainty, 20 00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:13,360 Speaker 1: combined with ongoing issues of racism and just dehumanizing conditions 21 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:17,400 Speaker 1: at the prison put everyone on edge, from the incarcerated 22 00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:22,240 Speaker 1: men to the staff. Everyone. Less than three weeks after 23 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:26,160 Speaker 1: Jackson was killed, Leroy Doer was in a play fight 24 00:01:26,319 --> 00:01:29,000 Speaker 1: with another man in the cell block a exercise yard. 25 00:01:29,080 --> 00:01:32,520 Speaker 1: This was horseplay, they weren't actually fighting with each other. 26 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:37,280 Speaker 1: An officer yelled for him to stop, but also mistook 27 00:01:37,319 --> 00:01:40,080 Speaker 1: him for another man and called him by the wrong name, 28 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:43,640 Speaker 1: so do Or didn't stop. He didn't know he was 29 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:46,640 Speaker 1: the person that was being spoken to. It was his 30 00:01:46,760 --> 00:01:49,560 Speaker 1: first day back in the exercise yard after being keep 31 00:01:49,640 --> 00:01:53,000 Speaker 1: locked or confined completely to his cell for a week. 32 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:56,880 Speaker 1: When another officer came down into the yard to break 33 00:01:57,080 --> 00:02:00,400 Speaker 1: up this this horseplay, do Or hit him in the 34 00:02:00,480 --> 00:02:03,240 Speaker 1: chest and said that he wouldn't be keep locked again. 35 00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:08,240 Speaker 1: This was not a punch, was more of a tap 36 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:12,600 Speaker 1: or a shove. A crowd started to gather around them, 37 00:02:12,639 --> 00:02:15,760 Speaker 1: and the situation became incredibly tense, with a lot of 38 00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 1: incarcerated men defending Doer and the officers becoming increasingly concerned 39 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,760 Speaker 1: about the situation. They finally decided to drop it and 40 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:29,520 Speaker 1: resolve it later. Resolving it later meant taking doer and 41 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:31,360 Speaker 1: one of the men who had come to his defense 42 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,280 Speaker 1: out of their cells after lock up and taking them 43 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: to solitary confinement. This was something that the other incarcerated 44 00:02:38,320 --> 00:02:41,600 Speaker 1: men were sure was a sign that something terrible was 45 00:02:41,639 --> 00:02:44,120 Speaker 1: about to happen to them. As the men were being 46 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:47,920 Speaker 1: taken to breakfast the next morning, somebody in Company five 47 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:51,280 Speaker 1: took advantage of an unattended lockbox to let somebody who 48 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:53,520 Speaker 1: was supposed to be in keep locked out of his cell. 49 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:57,400 Speaker 1: The officers realized what was going on, and they started 50 00:02:57,440 --> 00:03:00,360 Speaker 1: to contain everyone in Company five in one of the 51 00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:05,320 Speaker 1: access tunnels in the prison. When they realized they were trapped. 52 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,679 Speaker 1: This led the men to panic, and some of them 53 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:13,359 Speaker 1: jumped to the officers and took their keys. Almost immediately, 54 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:17,320 Speaker 1: the officers lost control of a lot of attica. Incarcerated 55 00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:21,480 Speaker 1: men started breaking down security gates and making improvised weapons. 56 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:25,840 Speaker 1: The prison staff was absolutely unprepared for something like this. 57 00:03:26,360 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: The facility itself had been built with all of these 58 00:03:29,040 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: security gates and other features that were supposed to prevent 59 00:03:32,880 --> 00:03:36,120 Speaker 1: exactly this kind of an uprising, and with the gates 60 00:03:36,160 --> 00:03:39,520 Speaker 1: broken down, they didn't really have a plan. The uprising 61 00:03:39,600 --> 00:03:44,360 Speaker 1: continued for days, and the incarcerated men took hostages. A 62 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:47,800 Speaker 1: group of men in d yard and the prison commandeered 63 00:03:47,800 --> 00:03:52,080 Speaker 1: a typewriter and drafted a list of demands, but negotiations 64 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:56,200 Speaker 1: about those demands kept running into roadblocks. Then, on September eleventh, 65 00:03:56,320 --> 00:04:00,160 Speaker 1: ninete officer William McQuinn, who had been struck in the 66 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:03,640 Speaker 1: head during the initial takeover of part of the prison, 67 00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:08,800 Speaker 1: died of his injuries. On September, law enforcement decided to 68 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:12,080 Speaker 1: retake the prison by force. When they did, in the 69 00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:15,440 Speaker 1: span of about fifteen minutes, thirty eight people were shot 70 00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:18,320 Speaker 1: to death and eighty more were wounded, one of whom 71 00:04:18,400 --> 00:04:22,320 Speaker 1: later died of his injuries. A quarter of those killed 72 00:04:22,600 --> 00:04:27,320 Speaker 1: were hostages, not incarcerated men. The building itself was also 73 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:31,960 Speaker 1: heavily damaged, and during the effort to restore normalcy, many 74 00:04:32,000 --> 00:04:35,960 Speaker 1: of the incarcerated men were beaten, humiliated, and addressed with 75 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:40,520 Speaker 1: racist slurs. There were some reforms that followed this riot. 76 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:43,919 Speaker 1: Some of them were related to the demands that the 77 00:04:43,960 --> 00:04:47,800 Speaker 1: men had typed up during the uprising. Some of them 78 00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:50,760 Speaker 1: addressed some of the conditions that had primed the men 79 00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:54,120 Speaker 1: to stage and uprising in the first place. But a 80 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:57,839 Speaker 1: lot of the dehumanizing conditions at the prison persisted. There 81 00:04:57,880 --> 00:04:59,800 Speaker 1: is a whole lot more to this story, from the 82 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:03,720 Speaker 1: additions at Attica before the uprising to the uprisings aftermath, 83 00:05:03,760 --> 00:05:06,000 Speaker 1: and you can learn more about it in the November 84 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:10,039 Speaker 1: four and six episodes of Stuffy Miss in History Class. 85 00:05:10,480 --> 00:05:12,839 Speaker 1: Thanks to Tari Harrison for all her audio work on 86 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:16,480 Speaker 1: this podcast, and you can subscribe to it on Apple Podcasts, 87 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:19,720 Speaker 1: Google Podcasts, and We're Real you get your podcasts. Tune 88 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 1: in tomorrow for an accidental discovery that totally changed the 89 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:35,839 Speaker 1: world of forensic science. Hey, I'm Eves, and welcome to 90 00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:39,400 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class, a show that uncovers history 91 00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:50,800 Speaker 1: one day at a time. The day was September nine. 92 00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:57,800 Speaker 1: Strikes organized by Filipinos sugar workers in Kawaii, Hawaii, turned deadly. 93 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:02,160 Speaker 1: The Hunt of Pay Pay massacre, as it became known, 94 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:06,719 Speaker 1: resulted in the deaths of sixteen Filipinos and four police 95 00:06:06,720 --> 00:06:12,080 Speaker 1: officers and the injury of many other people. Sugar plantations 96 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:15,080 Speaker 1: were a big business in Hawaii in the eighteen hundreds. 97 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:19,960 Speaker 1: In early nineteen hundreds, the industry and Hawaii's economy and 98 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:24,320 Speaker 1: politics were controlled by corporations known as the Big five 99 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:29,599 Speaker 1: Castle and Cook, the O. H. Davies, Alexander and Baldwin, 100 00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:35,760 Speaker 1: Sea Brewer, and am fac Immigrants and Hawaiian laborers remained 101 00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:39,160 Speaker 1: at the bottom of the class hierarchy, though they produced 102 00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:43,800 Speaker 1: most of the island's wealth. The Hawaii Sugar Planters Association 103 00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: or h sp A subjected workers to discrimination and segregation. 104 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:55,279 Speaker 1: They put Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, and Filipino workers in 105 00:06:55,400 --> 00:07:00,039 Speaker 1: different camps, and a person's race often determined what a 106 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:05,160 Speaker 1: signments and wages they received. By the nineteen twenties, workers 107 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:11,720 Speaker 1: began to strike against the discrimination and poor conditions on plantations. Japanese, Chinese, 108 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: and Korean laborers left plantations to find better work in 109 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: bigger cities. The h s p A made up for 110 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:23,400 Speaker 1: the losses by encouraging more Filipino people to move to 111 00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:28,040 Speaker 1: Hawaii to work on the plantations. More than one hundred 112 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 1: thousand Filipinos migrated to Hawaii between nineteen ten and nineteen 113 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:36,679 Speaker 1: thirty two. That caused a drastic shift in the ethnic 114 00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 1: makeup of the plantation workers spread throughout the Hawaiian Islands. 115 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:45,400 Speaker 1: Most of the Filipinos were from the Ilocos Provinces and 116 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:49,720 Speaker 1: the Visayan Islands. The h s p A intentionally chose 117 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:53,440 Speaker 1: people who were uneducated and could not read or write, 118 00:07:53,880 --> 00:07:56,840 Speaker 1: as it figured they would be more compliant than people 119 00:07:56,880 --> 00:08:01,520 Speaker 1: who had received even just some schooling. But the Filipino 120 00:08:01,560 --> 00:08:06,040 Speaker 1: workers had grueling jobs, the pay was poor, and discrimination 121 00:08:06,200 --> 00:08:10,280 Speaker 1: was rampant on the plantations, their work days were ten 122 00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:13,640 Speaker 1: to twelve hours. They lived in barracks where they would 123 00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:16,880 Speaker 1: have to share a small room with several men, and 124 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:19,560 Speaker 1: at the low wages they did make, largely went back 125 00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:24,240 Speaker 1: to company stores where they bought their living necessities. They 126 00:08:24,280 --> 00:08:28,360 Speaker 1: often lived in isolation with no temples, language schools, or 127 00:08:28,400 --> 00:08:31,520 Speaker 1: other community centers. To get a ticket back home to 128 00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:34,680 Speaker 1: the Philippines from their employers, they had to work seven 129 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:39,000 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty days over three consecutive years. On top 130 00:08:39,040 --> 00:08:43,000 Speaker 1: of that, Filipinos were discriminated against because of their nationality. 131 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:47,360 Speaker 1: But despite the h s p a's best efforts to 132 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:51,320 Speaker 1: only hire people who would not rebel, in nineteen twenty, 133 00:08:51,720 --> 00:08:57,400 Speaker 1: Japanese and Filipino workers demanded better conditions, including an increase 134 00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:00,840 Speaker 1: in pay from seventy seven cents to one dollar and 135 00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:05,000 Speaker 1: twenty five cents per day. The h s p A 136 00:09:05,160 --> 00:09:09,560 Speaker 1: rejected their demands, and labor leader Pablo Manolopit, along with 137 00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:14,679 Speaker 1: Japanese labor leaders, formed the Higher Wage Movement. A strike 138 00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: of Japanese and Filipino laborers proceeded and lasted several months. 139 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 1: The h s p A evicted workers from their housing, 140 00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:27,559 Speaker 1: a dispute divided Japanese leaders in Manolopit, and the h 141 00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:32,560 Speaker 1: sp A spread propaganda. None of the striker's demands were met, 142 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:36,760 Speaker 1: but Filipino laborers continued to petition for better pay and 143 00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:41,720 Speaker 1: the right to collective bargaining. Still, sugar plantation owners refused 144 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:46,960 Speaker 1: to acknowledge their demands. In April of nineteen, Mamlopit called 145 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:50,960 Speaker 1: for Filipino workers to go on strike. Around twelve thousand 146 00:09:51,040 --> 00:09:55,680 Speaker 1: workers from plantations on Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, and Kawaii went 147 00:09:55,760 --> 00:09:59,600 Speaker 1: on strike. To attempt to put an end to the strikes, 148 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 1: the h s p A recruited Ilocano laborers from the 149 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:09,439 Speaker 1: Philippines as strike breakers, pinning Ilocanos against the science, and 150 00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: the h s p A used spies to infiltrate strike 151 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:17,400 Speaker 1: meetings and rallies. On September eight, strikers at a camp 152 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:20,679 Speaker 1: in Hana Pepe close to the Maca Welly Sugar plantation 153 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:25,800 Speaker 1: took to Ilocanos hostage. Those who had joined the strikes 154 00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:30,240 Speaker 1: from that plantation were from the Visayan regions, while Ilocos 155 00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 1: had continued working. The next day, police demanded the strikers 156 00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:39,480 Speaker 1: released the captured Ilocanos. They did so, but violence broke out, 157 00:10:39,800 --> 00:10:44,880 Speaker 1: resulting in the death of twenty people. Strikers armed themselves 158 00:10:44,920 --> 00:10:47,960 Speaker 1: with guns, knives, rocks, and clubs and went up against 159 00:10:47,960 --> 00:10:52,240 Speaker 1: the police. Governor Farrington sent in machine gun squads and 160 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:56,800 Speaker 1: rifle companies from the National Guard. One and one strikers 161 00:10:56,800 --> 00:11:00,559 Speaker 1: were arrested, Seventy six went to trial, and sixty were 162 00:11:00,559 --> 00:11:05,199 Speaker 1: given four year jail sentences. Malopit was sentenced to ten 163 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:10,280 Speaker 1: years imprisonment. Years later, a Filipino woman said that witnesses 164 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:13,600 Speaker 1: had been promised money and a ticket to the Philippines 165 00:11:13,679 --> 00:11:18,520 Speaker 1: to testify against Malapit. The strike continued for three more months. 166 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:23,480 Speaker 1: The hsp A continued to exploit workers, though laborers did 167 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:28,200 Speaker 1: make some gains in working conditions, and other successful strikes 168 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:31,840 Speaker 1: were waged by plantation workers into the mid nineteen hundreds. 169 00:11:33,080 --> 00:11:37,400 Speaker 1: Sugar plantations have since declined in Hawaii as corporations looked 170 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:40,720 Speaker 1: to other countries where they could pay workers low wages. 171 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:44,880 Speaker 1: I'm Eves Jeffcote and hopefully you know a little more 172 00:11:44,920 --> 00:11:49,240 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. And if you 173 00:11:49,320 --> 00:11:52,839 Speaker 1: haven't gotten your fill of history after listening to today's episode, 174 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:57,000 Speaker 1: you can follow us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at 175 00:11:57,320 --> 00:12:01,760 Speaker 1: t D I h C Podcasts. We'll be back with 176 00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:20,000 Speaker 1: more history tomorrow. For more podcasts from My Heart Radio, 177 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:22,680 Speaker 1: visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 178 00:12:22,760 --> 00:12:24,000 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.