1
00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,520
Speaker 1: M Hey everybody, it's me Josh and for this week's

2
00:00:03,680 --> 00:00:06,520
Speaker 1: S Y s K Selects, I've chosen whatever happened to

3
00:00:06,640 --> 00:00:10,360
Speaker 1: Acid Rain from back in two thousand twelve. It's the

4
00:00:10,440 --> 00:00:13,480
Speaker 1: story of one of those really neat rare times when

5
00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:17,520
Speaker 1: humanity came together and said, no, no more, we're going

6
00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:20,439
Speaker 1: to actually save the plan at this time. Let's hope

7
00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:23,160
Speaker 1: we can do this again. In the meantime, sit back

8
00:00:23,480 --> 00:00:31,600
Speaker 1: and enjoy. Welcome to Stuff You should Know, a production

9
00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:39,840
Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey, and welcome

10
00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:43,360
Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant,

11
00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:46,600
Speaker 1: and we're doing this again. We're bringing the science this

12
00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:54,200
Speaker 1: time for once in our lives. Acid Rain, Yeah, failing

13
00:00:54,280 --> 00:00:58,080
Speaker 1: down from the acid clouds. That's not how that song goes.

14
00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:01,200
Speaker 1: That's not how acid rain by to John Daego, that

15
00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:03,080
Speaker 1: guy is so great. We watched that again the other

16
00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:06,120
Speaker 1: day just by a chance, and I hadn't seen it

17
00:01:06,120 --> 00:01:08,720
Speaker 1: in a couple of years, and it's still just these

18
00:01:08,720 --> 00:01:10,720
Speaker 1: are hard to like Chad said, our friend, it's hard

19
00:01:10,760 --> 00:01:13,320
Speaker 1: to believe that that voice comes out of that guy,

20
00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:17,880
Speaker 1: and he's kind a new one. Like Mother Economy, good. Yeah, Yeah,

21
00:01:17,959 --> 00:01:20,880
Speaker 1: he's a good guy. Um. I don't know what chocolate

22
00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:24,319
Speaker 1: rains about, but there's a good call out. I would

23
00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:28,120
Speaker 1: be very interested to hear everyone's interpretation of what chocolate

24
00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:32,960
Speaker 1: rain means good. I'd like to hear that too. Um.

25
00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:38,200
Speaker 1: Let's see, Chuck. Do you remember back in the eighties

26
00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:46,440
Speaker 1: hearing about two things too terrifying environmental things. One the

27
00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:51,960
Speaker 1: ozone layer, specifically the whole in the ozone layer, and

28
00:01:52,200 --> 00:01:56,080
Speaker 1: two acid rain. You throw an apartheid and that is

29
00:01:56,120 --> 00:02:01,320
Speaker 1: the eighties. Yeah, I'm not gonna play sen City nope. Um, yeah,

30
00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:05,280
Speaker 1: that's pretty much. Also, don't forget cocaine, Ronald Reagan, jelly

31
00:02:05,320 --> 00:02:11,240
Speaker 1: Beans and the A Team and Magnum. But he kind

32
00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,440
Speaker 1: of transcends the eighties really, if you ask me, he's

33
00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:18,160
Speaker 1: just a man of all time. Fair. Yeah, never gets told. Um.

34
00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:21,600
Speaker 1: The weird thing is is, since I guess maybe the

35
00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:23,960
Speaker 1: mid nineties or whatever, you don't hear about any of

36
00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:28,320
Speaker 1: those things except for Magnum any longer. Yeah. Because of

37
00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:31,240
Speaker 1: of course, global warming took over and everyone's afraid we're

38
00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:33,839
Speaker 1: gonna melt now, and so they said, well, we don't

39
00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:36,200
Speaker 1: need to worry about acid rain anymore. We fix that problem, right.

40
00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:38,679
Speaker 1: I think there's a perception that you know, acid rain

41
00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:42,520
Speaker 1: was fixed and taken care of, and astoundingly in a

42
00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:45,240
Speaker 1: lot of ways it has been. Yeah, they've come a

43
00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:47,919
Speaker 1: long way, baby, those on layer, by the way, has

44
00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:49,840
Speaker 1: not been As a matter of fact, another one opened

45
00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:53,079
Speaker 1: up in the Antarctic. Now now we have two. But

46
00:02:53,480 --> 00:02:56,800
Speaker 1: that's a that's another topic of discussion. Acid rain, let's

47
00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:59,040
Speaker 1: get back to it, though, is a very uh, it's

48
00:02:59,040 --> 00:03:01,079
Speaker 1: a nice success to or in a lot of ways,

49
00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:06,119
Speaker 1: and it came from a comprehensive understanding of a problem

50
00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:10,280
Speaker 1: and a comprehensive will to address it. That's right, that's

51
00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:12,800
Speaker 1: how you take care of stuff. There is still a

52
00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:16,239
Speaker 1: long way to go though, you always bringing me back

53
00:03:16,240 --> 00:03:18,680
Speaker 1: down earth. Not completely fixed, but it is good. It's

54
00:03:18,680 --> 00:03:21,960
Speaker 1: heartwarming to know that you can see a problem and

55
00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:26,600
Speaker 1: and reduce something like acid rain. Precisely so, Chuck, what

56
00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:31,400
Speaker 1: is acid rain? Acid rain, Josh, is a trans boundary issue,

57
00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:35,640
Speaker 1: which means even though it just occurs in the mainly

58
00:03:35,680 --> 00:03:38,440
Speaker 1: occurs in the northern hemisphere, it's still is going to

59
00:03:38,680 --> 00:03:41,120
Speaker 1: cross over and effect the rest of the world. And

60
00:03:41,160 --> 00:03:44,160
Speaker 1: the reason that's worth mentioning is because for many years

61
00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:47,800
Speaker 1: up until the nineteen eighties, Um, they thought it was

62
00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:51,160
Speaker 1: a very local problem. Yeah. Uh, and then they realized,

63
00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:53,880
Speaker 1: oh no, it's not, and everybody kind of got on

64
00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,520
Speaker 1: board with fixing it. That's try. Um, But like you said,

65
00:03:56,520 --> 00:04:01,440
Speaker 1: northern hemisphere, it occurs mostly there because we're the dirtiest,

66
00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:05,640
Speaker 1: more industrial, most polluting. Yeah. So specifically, what it is,

67
00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:12,400
Speaker 1: UM is rain with acid in it. Literally, uh, emissions

68
00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:16,040
Speaker 1: of sulfur dioxide s O two, nitrogen oxides in O

69
00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:20,000
Speaker 1: X from things like cars and factories, power plants, all

70
00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:24,440
Speaker 1: those nasty things, lightning strikes, volcanoes, the natural ones UM.

71
00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:28,560
Speaker 1: They will actually react with water vapor in the atmosphere

72
00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:33,320
Speaker 1: and turn into acid, sulfuric and nitric acids, and they

73
00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:38,479
Speaker 1: can fall in the form of wet rain, um, snow, sleet, fog,

74
00:04:38,680 --> 00:04:43,080
Speaker 1: or they can be deposited as particulates and gases. That's

75
00:04:43,279 --> 00:04:47,120
Speaker 1: dry acid rain. Well, the whole dry things called acid

76
00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:50,359
Speaker 1: deposition because it can be wet or dry, right, and

77
00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:53,719
Speaker 1: it's being deposited exactly on the earth. Yeah, that's what

78
00:04:53,800 --> 00:04:56,960
Speaker 1: that word is. It's branched from deposit, isn't it. I

79
00:04:56,960 --> 00:05:00,400
Speaker 1: think so? Yeah, it didn't even occur to me. Um,

80
00:05:00,440 --> 00:05:05,480
Speaker 1: and so you so bravo unexplaining acid rain, and bravo

81
00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:07,480
Speaker 1: Sarah Dowdy who wrote this. Yeah, she did a very

82
00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:11,040
Speaker 1: good job on this. UM. And when you can't just

83
00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:13,599
Speaker 1: be like, well this this rain seems a little hanky,

84
00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:15,880
Speaker 1: so we're going to say that that's acid rain, they

85
00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:20,360
Speaker 1: actually know. Um, there's a there's a very um strict

86
00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,560
Speaker 1: definition of what constitutes acid rain, and they used the

87
00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:27,400
Speaker 1: pH scale to determine it, good old pH scale. So

88
00:05:27,520 --> 00:05:31,480
Speaker 1: the pH scale is um this spectrum between highly acidic

89
00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:36,400
Speaker 1: and highly basic, right, and um, acid rain obviously falls

90
00:05:36,480 --> 00:05:39,039
Speaker 1: towards the acidic side of the scale. And in the

91
00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:42,720
Speaker 1: middle of this scale is pure water. And that's at

92
00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:46,240
Speaker 1: a seven point. Oh, it's not at zero. It's entirely neutral.

93
00:05:46,240 --> 00:05:48,760
Speaker 1: It's neither basic nor acidic. Yeah. I just find it

94
00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:52,080
Speaker 1: interesting that it's a scale of zero to fourteen with

95
00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:54,880
Speaker 1: seven being in the middle. Seven's in the middle of

96
00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:58,200
Speaker 1: zero to fourteen. Yeah, But I mean it just for me,

97
00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:01,239
Speaker 1: I would say zero is neutral and anything above would

98
00:06:01,240 --> 00:06:05,120
Speaker 1: be negative. But whatever. In the Grand tradition of um

99
00:06:05,400 --> 00:06:08,520
Speaker 1: civilization established by the Romans, though, the pH scale starts

100
00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:12,360
Speaker 1: at one rather than zero. Um, but yeah, I see

101
00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:16,159
Speaker 1: what you're saying. Actually here, I like the fact I

102
00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:18,320
Speaker 1: think it goes from one to fourteen. Well, then Sarah

103
00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:22,320
Speaker 1: got it wrong. Um, in the the graph here says

104
00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:26,600
Speaker 1: one to fourteen. I wonder, um, but back to its

105
00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:34,680
Speaker 1: sevens in the middle either way, six seven, Yeah, so

106
00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:38,520
Speaker 1: it would start at zero, I guess. Um, So the

107
00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:42,080
Speaker 1: more acidic is the lower numbers, and the more basic

108
00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:45,640
Speaker 1: is the higher numbers. Right. The thing is is rain

109
00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:49,760
Speaker 1: isn't neutral. No, normal rain still is slightly acidic, and

110
00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:54,960
Speaker 1: it hits about five point six on the pH scale, right, Um,

111
00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:59,120
Speaker 1: so why well, it combines with carbon dioxide in the

112
00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:04,880
Speaker 1: atmosphere to form as slightly acidic um carbonic acid deposition,

113
00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:09,000
Speaker 1: which is branched from the root word deposit. That's right.

114
00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:13,000
Speaker 1: Um so, uh so acid rain is something like five

115
00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:16,960
Speaker 1: point three to four point oh as far as um

116
00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:21,920
Speaker 1: acidity goes right, four point three to five okay, Um, yeah,

117
00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:25,880
Speaker 1: that's a big difference. Um. And it's something like what

118
00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:30,360
Speaker 1: the the acidity between orange juice and black coffee? Yeah,

119
00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:32,760
Speaker 1: which Sarah is keen to point out, which is a

120
00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:34,880
Speaker 1: bit of a misnomer. While that's true, you can't say

121
00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:36,720
Speaker 1: well like, well, it's just like coffee. And then you're like,

122
00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:38,880
Speaker 1: that's not gonna the coffee in your grass and it's

123
00:07:38,880 --> 00:07:43,120
Speaker 1: not gonna kill it. See I'm and yeah, my hat

124
00:07:43,160 --> 00:07:45,320
Speaker 1: was off to her for saying, like what boa we

125
00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:47,880
Speaker 1: don't just be like orange juice is fine. Coffee is fine,

126
00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:49,800
Speaker 1: because if you think about it, if a rained orange

127
00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:52,640
Speaker 1: juice all the time, it'd probably have the same impact.

128
00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:55,760
Speaker 1: Be awesome. Now, just like hold the old cup out

129
00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:57,880
Speaker 1: the window at the morning, I'd be like, oh, it's

130
00:07:57,920 --> 00:08:03,320
Speaker 1: with pulp today. Um. The problem with acid rain, though, Josh,

131
00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:08,000
Speaker 1: even though it is has the acidity of a coffee

132
00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:11,800
Speaker 1: or an orange juice, it um can wreck small parts

133
00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:14,320
Speaker 1: of an ecosystem. And as we all know, if you

134
00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:17,240
Speaker 1: wreck small parts of an ecosystem, there's a domino effect

135
00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:21,200
Speaker 1: that occurs that spreads throughout an ecosystem. One of the

136
00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:25,200
Speaker 1: most valuable things on the planet is something like plankton. Yeah,

137
00:08:25,240 --> 00:08:27,960
Speaker 1: plankton is high currents. It's like honey buns in prison,

138
00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:31,080
Speaker 1: but for them, yeah, you know, pretty much. And when plankton,

139
00:08:31,160 --> 00:08:35,599
Speaker 1: which is very very sensitive, that changes in pH um,

140
00:08:35,760 --> 00:08:39,160
Speaker 1: especially when it becomes more acidic. When plankton dies in

141
00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:45,360
Speaker 1: small invertebrates die then yeah, it starves out the larger animals,

142
00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:49,160
Speaker 1: fish and frogs, and then we start to get hungry,

143
00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,760
Speaker 1: especially the French who we frog legs e g. Acid

144
00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:55,320
Speaker 1: Rain is a huge problem in France, that's right. And

145
00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:59,960
Speaker 1: eventually it's just mass hysteria pretty much cats and dogs

146
00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:03,200
Speaker 1: living together kimberally from different strokes into with green hair.

147
00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:06,440
Speaker 1: That's right. Uh. There are a couple of UM programs

148
00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:09,800
Speaker 1: UM that monitor this. UH. In the US, the National

149
00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:15,000
Speaker 1: Atmospheric Deposition Program and they handled the wet deposition and

150
00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:17,760
Speaker 1: the clean Air Status and Trends Network UM handled the

151
00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:21,199
Speaker 1: dry And what they're looking for is trying to determine

152
00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:25,720
Speaker 1: the critical load, which is how much an ecosystem can

153
00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:30,679
Speaker 1: UM take before it starts saying, Man, I'm breaking down.

154
00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:34,600
Speaker 1: You're killing me with his stuff. UM. And the pH

155
00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:40,040
Speaker 1: scale is determined by UH, the concentration of hydrogen ions

156
00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:43,520
Speaker 1: right in a substance. That's what makes it either UM

157
00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:47,600
Speaker 1: acidic or basic. Right. So what these programs are doing

158
00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:52,360
Speaker 1: is measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions to determine acidity.

159
00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:55,199
Speaker 1: And they say, oh, well, this is this is too

160
00:09:55,320 --> 00:09:58,440
Speaker 1: much science. I would just walk out and be like,

161
00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:01,600
Speaker 1: look at this this plank and it's not looking very healthy.

162
00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:04,280
Speaker 1: This is acidic. I don't even need to measure this stuff.

163
00:10:04,679 --> 00:10:07,920
Speaker 1: You can just spot unhappy plankton pretty much nice. It's

164
00:10:07,960 --> 00:10:09,400
Speaker 1: not how it Once you know what to look for,

165
00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:12,079
Speaker 1: I'll teach you sometimes it's not hard. When you've met

166
00:10:12,080 --> 00:10:15,280
Speaker 1: happy plankton, your life will never be the same. The

167
00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:20,040
Speaker 1: difference is like night and day. So um surface waters

168
00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:24,439
Speaker 1: are where acid rain is going to hit you most

169
00:10:24,559 --> 00:10:28,240
Speaker 1: initially um precipitation, And you don't really think about this.

170
00:10:28,320 --> 00:10:30,600
Speaker 1: You think it, well, it rains in a lake, what

171
00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:32,360
Speaker 1: in a and in a river? What it does is

172
00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:35,880
Speaker 1: it rains on the ground. And although sure it rains

173
00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:38,280
Speaker 1: on the water surface, it's also going to run through

174
00:10:38,360 --> 00:10:41,920
Speaker 1: soil to get to water. Right. One of the purposes

175
00:10:41,960 --> 00:10:46,800
Speaker 1: of soil. One of the functions that provides is um buffering. Uh,

176
00:10:47,160 --> 00:10:52,240
Speaker 1: water that percolates through it toward groundwater, towards bodies of water.

177
00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:56,360
Speaker 1: And what's buffering me? Well, it has the ability to

178
00:10:56,440 --> 00:11:00,240
Speaker 1: neutralize acids. Yeah, and then awesome, yeah, I think it

179
00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:06,720
Speaker 1: brings everything more towards purified water or neutral pH right, yeah,

180
00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:10,439
Speaker 1: but I think specifically with a lot of like the um.

181
00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:13,280
Speaker 1: The minerals that are in the soil, like say calcium,

182
00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:18,640
Speaker 1: they counteract acidic um rain acidic water to bring it

183
00:11:18,679 --> 00:11:22,440
Speaker 1: more toward neutral Right. The problem is when the soil's

184
00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:25,880
Speaker 1: buffering capacity is overloaded, there's just too much for it

185
00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:29,800
Speaker 1: to handle. A lot of that unneutralized acid gets passed

186
00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:32,440
Speaker 1: along into the body of water, and then you start

187
00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:35,920
Speaker 1: to have those big problems with the little unhappy plankton. Yeah,

188
00:11:35,960 --> 00:11:39,920
Speaker 1: it's almost like a water filter that's past its date,

189
00:11:40,520 --> 00:11:43,240
Speaker 1: you know, it just can't filter anymore. Nice analogy, Thank you.

190
00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:11,640
Speaker 1: That's why why ska um. So we've talked about what

191
00:12:11,720 --> 00:12:14,320
Speaker 1: happens where the French end up with a lot of

192
00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:20,480
Speaker 1: big problems in um coastal areas. Uh, nitrogen, Remember we

193
00:12:20,559 --> 00:12:24,440
Speaker 1: have UM what is it? Sulfuric acid? And what acid?

194
00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:29,720
Speaker 1: What for acid? Raine? Yeah, nitric acid? Okay, So nitric

195
00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:33,280
Speaker 1: acid is based on nitrogen. Nitrogen has a really interesting

196
00:12:33,320 --> 00:12:38,880
Speaker 1: impact on coastal waters where when it's deposited UM, it

197
00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:45,000
Speaker 1: supports algae blooms because algae love nitrogen. And when algae

198
00:12:45,040 --> 00:12:49,120
Speaker 1: blooms take place, algae starts to die eventually, and they

199
00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:55,560
Speaker 1: sustain bacteria specifically aerobic bacteria that flourishes itself and sucks

200
00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:59,760
Speaker 1: up all the oxygen in the water, starving fish, shellfish,

201
00:13:00,360 --> 00:13:05,000
Speaker 1: um plants, and eventually like leading to at the very

202
00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:08,480
Speaker 1: least a strain, if not a collapse on coastal ecosystem. So,

203
00:13:08,520 --> 00:13:13,679
Speaker 1: too much acid rain will increase algae. Increased algae means

204
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,760
Speaker 1: increased dyeing algae, and increased dyeing algae means increased bacteria,

205
00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:23,040
Speaker 1: and they rob fishes of their oxygen. Yeah, that's a

206
00:13:23,080 --> 00:13:25,240
Speaker 1: domino effect. One of the things I love about acid

207
00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:29,439
Speaker 1: rain is just how elegantly understandable it is. It is

208
00:13:29,559 --> 00:13:31,840
Speaker 1: very basic and simple. I love it. It's not basic

209
00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:37,240
Speaker 1: acidic UM. So this we're not done with the soil too,

210
00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:41,640
Speaker 1: by the way, in a in an addition to UM,

211
00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:46,439
Speaker 1: I guess decreasing its buffering capacity or overloading its buffering

212
00:13:46,480 --> 00:13:53,120
Speaker 1: capacity UM. Acid rain has the terrible habit of drawing

213
00:13:53,320 --> 00:13:56,800
Speaker 1: aluminum out of the soil. Yeah, it's normally locked in

214
00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:59,600
Speaker 1: the soil. Acid rain draws it out, which means that

215
00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:02,960
Speaker 1: tree it can suck it up, and that's poison to them.

216
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:07,240
Speaker 1: That's a toxin. Yeah. And Sarah makes a good point here.

217
00:14:07,280 --> 00:14:10,520
Speaker 1: It's not like a it's not a situation where you're

218
00:14:10,520 --> 00:14:13,160
Speaker 1: gonna find a rainforest has leveled all of a sudden

219
00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:16,480
Speaker 1: because of acid rain, or you're gonna find a lake

220
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,880
Speaker 1: or a river that looks nasty and decaying and disgusting

221
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:24,800
Speaker 1: water might actually look cleaner. Yeah, and then ironic it is.

222
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,200
Speaker 1: It's ironic and beautiful. And um, what it's gonna do

223
00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:31,440
Speaker 1: to your forest is it's gonna stunt its growth and

224
00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:35,400
Speaker 1: over time it's gonna have an effect. Yeah, like you're

225
00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:42,120
Speaker 1: gonna have bald trees. Um. Because in addition to this,

226
00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:45,120
Speaker 1: toxins coming out in the soil on low lying areas

227
00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:50,280
Speaker 1: from acid rain um, and it also degrading helpful minerals

228
00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:52,400
Speaker 1: like we said, like calcium and other things that trees

229
00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:58,760
Speaker 1: also use. UM. In higher elevations, that acid rain turns

230
00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:01,680
Speaker 1: into an acid fall. That is added. That's crazy to

231
00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:03,960
Speaker 1: me that that I'm going to say at this time,

232
00:15:04,120 --> 00:15:08,440
Speaker 1: that is a great band name, Acid fog. Yeah. Uh.

233
00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:11,440
Speaker 1: But so just imagine like trees bathing in that all

234
00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:15,200
Speaker 1: the time, um, that that strips their leaves and basically

235
00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:18,920
Speaker 1: makes them chili. Yeah. And that's why when you see

236
00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:24,160
Speaker 1: mountains in the Appalachian Mountains that have bald peaks. It's

237
00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:27,440
Speaker 1: not because trees can't grow up there. They could grow

238
00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,680
Speaker 1: up there if they weren't sucking in and being surrounded

239
00:15:30,680 --> 00:15:35,440
Speaker 1: by acid clouds. That's nuts. Just it doesn't have to

240
00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:37,880
Speaker 1: be a rain in right, Yeah, you know, it's just

241
00:15:37,960 --> 00:15:42,000
Speaker 1: in particulates in the air. Uh. And that that kind

242
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:46,400
Speaker 1: of leads to how it affects us because we are

243
00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:51,080
Speaker 1: not nearly as sensitive to these kind of changes um

244
00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:53,880
Speaker 1: with acid that that acid rain brings. Right now, it's

245
00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:57,000
Speaker 1: not gonna burn. You know, you can swim in a lake, uh,

246
00:15:57,080 --> 00:16:00,880
Speaker 1: an acid lake, and you will be fine. Um. But

247
00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:05,040
Speaker 1: an acidic lake, let's say. And yeah, because it's just

248
00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:08,120
Speaker 1: above battery acid. So you couldn't swim in a battery

249
00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:11,800
Speaker 1: acid like that. That's terrible. Um, But you could swim

250
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,960
Speaker 1: in an acidic lake as far as acid rains concerned. Um.

251
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:21,720
Speaker 1: The problem comes with that dry deposition the um sulfuric

252
00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:27,480
Speaker 1: and nitric ox or nitric acids combine UH in low

253
00:16:27,560 --> 00:16:33,200
Speaker 1: lying areas with ozone yeah v O c s and

254
00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:37,840
Speaker 1: create small which is bad for your respiratory system ground

255
00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:44,280
Speaker 1: level baby. Um. It can also do things like if

256
00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:47,760
Speaker 1: you've ever seen an old building that is uh, or

257
00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:51,880
Speaker 1: a monument that's got these little smooth grooves that could

258
00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:55,160
Speaker 1: be acid corrosion for like years and years at a

259
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:58,720
Speaker 1: wear away stone. It'll it's no friend to your car

260
00:16:59,360 --> 00:17:01,800
Speaker 1: paint job, that's for sure, which I mean if you're

261
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:04,560
Speaker 1: into your car, it's a big deal. Yeah. That tree, sap, pollen,

262
00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:09,720
Speaker 1: bird droppings, and acid rain are the four enemies of

263
00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:14,119
Speaker 1: your of your auto paint. They're considered corrosive, environmental fallout,

264
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:19,960
Speaker 1: and friend of Mako. Yeah, Micho loves that stuff. Um so.

265
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:25,400
Speaker 1: Uh the idea about acid rain, consider this that stone

266
00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:30,600
Speaker 1: statue you're just describing. That takes a long time. A

267
00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:32,880
Speaker 1: lot of orange juice rain has to fall on that

268
00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:38,320
Speaker 1: thing for it to become pockmarked and weathered prematurely. Right, Um,

269
00:17:38,359 --> 00:17:40,879
Speaker 1: and it's had actually plenty of time to do that

270
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:45,080
Speaker 1: build a statue where James almost you'd be like it

271
00:17:45,440 --> 00:17:52,840
Speaker 1: spinning image. So sorry. Um so the man you got

272
00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:55,800
Speaker 1: me with that just so on cool. The reason the

273
00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:57,880
Speaker 1: reason it's had a long we've had a long time,

274
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:00,600
Speaker 1: or that that statue is weathered over a very long

275
00:18:00,640 --> 00:18:02,840
Speaker 1: time because we've had acid rain for quite some time,

276
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:05,200
Speaker 1: ever since the beginning of the industrial revolution, they think

277
00:18:05,320 --> 00:18:07,959
Speaker 1: pretty much, because remember they thought it was very localized problem.

278
00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:09,720
Speaker 1: And the reason they thought it was local was because

279
00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:14,600
Speaker 1: it had such quick rapid effects. But the acid rain,

280
00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:16,960
Speaker 1: I don't know who who coined the term acid fog,

281
00:18:17,440 --> 00:18:20,919
Speaker 1: but acid rain was coined by an Englishman named Robert

282
00:18:20,920 --> 00:18:25,040
Speaker 1: Angus Smith back in eighteen seventy two. Yeah, and it

283
00:18:25,119 --> 00:18:28,120
Speaker 1: was the monuments that made him say, what in the

284
00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:30,560
Speaker 1: heck is going on here? And there weren't a lot

285
00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:33,440
Speaker 1: of people back then, like I was thinking when I

286
00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:35,200
Speaker 1: read this, Like, man, it would have been great if

287
00:18:35,720 --> 00:18:40,439
Speaker 1: during this boom of ingenuity and industrial revolution there were

288
00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:44,560
Speaker 1: just as many people concerned with the impact it might have.

289
00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,359
Speaker 1: But it just couldn't have worked that way. It's almost

290
00:18:47,440 --> 00:18:50,000
Speaker 1: like they just had to do their thing and then

291
00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:52,880
Speaker 1: leave us to figure out how to fix it, how

292
00:18:52,920 --> 00:18:55,399
Speaker 1: to clean up the mess sort of. I don't know

293
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:58,920
Speaker 1: if those things to two things could have evolved simultaneous.

294
00:18:58,960 --> 00:19:00,919
Speaker 1: So I think you're onto some thing. I mean, maybe

295
00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:06,560
Speaker 1: we wouldn't have, um, I don't know, the iPhone. Maybe

296
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:09,480
Speaker 1: who knows, Maybe we would I don't know. Maybe we'd

297
00:19:09,520 --> 00:19:12,359
Speaker 1: be better off, yeah, a lot better off. Maybe we

298
00:19:12,359 --> 00:19:14,639
Speaker 1: would have more stuff, Maybe it would have changed the

299
00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:18,240
Speaker 1: way of thinking rather than just get get get, you know,

300
00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:20,760
Speaker 1: it would have been get. But also, how's this going

301
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:25,480
Speaker 1: to affect other people? So Smith was a man alone.

302
00:19:26,280 --> 00:19:31,280
Speaker 1: An early ecologists will say, yeah, it's so good for him. Man,

303
00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:33,719
Speaker 1: you've been coming up with some great, like off the

304
00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:39,159
Speaker 1: cuff creative solutions. Well, that's not a solution. And if

305
00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:42,240
Speaker 1: we had a time machine, it would be yeah, the

306
00:19:42,280 --> 00:20:02,040
Speaker 1: way back machines in the shops. That's why s k

307
00:20:10,880 --> 00:20:16,240
Speaker 1: uh So scientists did determine UM by what the seventies

308
00:20:16,359 --> 00:20:20,359
Speaker 1: nineteen seventies, the acid rain was a problem, and it

309
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,959
Speaker 1: was trans boundary, it's not just local. And so then

310
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:28,639
Speaker 1: in eighty thankfully the Acid Deposition Act I said you

311
00:20:28,640 --> 00:20:31,080
Speaker 1: know what, we're gonna study this for ten years and

312
00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:33,240
Speaker 1: we're gonna see what's going on. Ten years later in

313
00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:36,080
Speaker 1: nineteen nine and they said, yep, it's a big problem. Yeah,

314
00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:38,639
Speaker 1: so we need to do something about it, and they

315
00:20:38,680 --> 00:20:43,520
Speaker 1: did very quickly. Congress um took the already established Clean

316
00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:48,080
Speaker 1: Air Act and added UM sulfur dioxide and uh nitrous

317
00:20:48,119 --> 00:20:52,840
Speaker 1: oxide nitrogen oxide right yeah, to the list of like

318
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:59,480
Speaker 1: most wanted reduction people materials. And this was in with

319
00:20:59,560 --> 00:21:03,600
Speaker 1: the Clean Air Act and the Acid rain program. So

320
00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:08,320
Speaker 1: this is when everything really starts to come into effect, right, um,

321
00:21:08,359 --> 00:21:12,479
Speaker 1: and it I guess at least as far as sulfur

322
00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:17,560
Speaker 1: dioxide emissions went, it was wildly successful. Compared to nineteen

323
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:23,119
Speaker 1: eight levels. In two thousand ten, the the sulfur dioxide

324
00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:29,000
Speaker 1: emissions have been reduced by that's good. That's astounding, dude,

325
00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:33,280
Speaker 1: that is astounding because consider this, that's not from hitting this.

326
00:21:33,520 --> 00:21:39,200
Speaker 1: Since that's hitting it, we already got it back down

327
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:44,639
Speaker 1: to fifty seventeen years. That's amazing. And the way they

328
00:21:44,680 --> 00:21:47,639
Speaker 1: did that is through a cap and trade scheme. I

329
00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:49,760
Speaker 1: kind of like the old cap and trade. It makes

330
00:21:49,760 --> 00:21:53,119
Speaker 1: a lot of sense. Cap and trade, Josh. Basically, what

331
00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:55,480
Speaker 1: they say is we're going to set a cap for

332
00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:59,520
Speaker 1: how much s O two that your power plant can create.

333
00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:02,800
Speaker 1: It's a limit, um, but they set the cap and

334
00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:04,760
Speaker 1: they says, you know what, you've got these allowances though

335
00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:07,359
Speaker 1: if you come under, you get these credits and you

336
00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:09,600
Speaker 1: can actually sell those to other companies that are in need.

337
00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:12,120
Speaker 1: And it just I don't know something about it makes

338
00:22:12,119 --> 00:22:13,959
Speaker 1: sense to me. It makes a lot of sense. And

339
00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:20,359
Speaker 1: then over time you decrease the amount that that people

340
00:22:20,359 --> 00:22:22,800
Speaker 1: are allowed to admit. And when you're cutting it into

341
00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:28,439
Speaker 1: these allowances, those allowances by by virtue of the scarcity

342
00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:32,080
Speaker 1: of them, become more valuable. Yeah, it really incentivizes you

343
00:22:32,119 --> 00:22:34,480
Speaker 1: to do something about it for your company exactly. So

344
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:38,320
Speaker 1: that worked really well for nitrous oxide or for sodium

345
00:22:38,480 --> 00:22:41,600
Speaker 1: sulfur dioxide. Man, what are we even talking about here?

346
00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:43,760
Speaker 1: That's why I just say s O two UM. And

347
00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:48,760
Speaker 1: with nitrogen oxides, they didn't institute a cap and trade

348
00:22:48,840 --> 00:22:51,280
Speaker 1: until like two thousand three, so it was lagging a

349
00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:54,200
Speaker 1: little bit. But it too is something of a success story.

350
00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:58,160
Speaker 1: They Um they reduced it from twenty seven million tons

351
00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:02,600
Speaker 1: in his sixteen point three million tons in two thousand

352
00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:06,760
Speaker 1: and eight. That's pretty good. And so this has had

353
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:12,480
Speaker 1: a discernible effect on the environment. Um apparently. Uh, let's

354
00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:17,159
Speaker 1: see the acidic lakes. The number of acidic lakes throughout

355
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:23,000
Speaker 1: the country have reduced dramatically. UM. There are seventy percent

356
00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:26,320
Speaker 1: fewer acidic lakes and streams in Wisconsin and Michigan than

357
00:23:26,320 --> 00:23:30,240
Speaker 1: there were in four UM. A third of the bodies

358
00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:33,240
Speaker 1: of water that were acidic in the early nineties in

359
00:23:33,280 --> 00:23:37,760
Speaker 1: the Adirondacks and the Northern Appalachians are now not considered

360
00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:42,639
Speaker 1: acidic at all. So there have been like huge strides

361
00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:45,480
Speaker 1: made other places there have not been. And also you

362
00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:48,240
Speaker 1: found this really good little kind of overview about acid

363
00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:51,439
Speaker 1: rain and what happened to it by Nina Rostogi from Slate.

364
00:23:51,880 --> 00:23:54,320
Speaker 1: That's whose stuff I'm quoting right now. So there have

365
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:58,600
Speaker 1: been huge strides, but there's still, like you said, originally

366
00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:02,520
Speaker 1: a long way to go. Yeah. The National Acidic Precipitation

367
00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:08,919
Speaker 1: Assessment Program said that, Um. Another another is what we

368
00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:12,879
Speaker 1: need to hit to really restore these ecosystems. And I

369
00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:15,520
Speaker 1: think we're headed there. It sounds like it. Ye like

370
00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:18,399
Speaker 1: we'll check in in ten years and follow up on this.

371
00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:26,359
Speaker 1: M Who am I kidding? We could do well? No,

372
00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:30,080
Speaker 1: well we'll well it'll be our comeback special. Okay, whatever

373
00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:34,080
Speaker 1: happened to whatever happened to acid ring? Great? Um, But Chuck,

374
00:24:34,119 --> 00:24:37,280
Speaker 1: I think that this is a really valuable lesson. If

375
00:24:37,359 --> 00:24:45,480
Speaker 1: you have a non polarized international initiative to take care

376
00:24:45,520 --> 00:24:49,879
Speaker 1: of a problem, and you can shout down business interests

377
00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:51,639
Speaker 1: and just say no, this is what you're doing and

378
00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:55,560
Speaker 1: here's how you're gonna do it. Um, you can make

379
00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:59,000
Speaker 1: things happen. Yeah, I guess no one was saying accid

380
00:24:59,080 --> 00:25:02,679
Speaker 1: rain doesn't exist. Rain is really not bad. It was

381
00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:05,359
Speaker 1: pretty much nonpolarizing except for a big business and also

382
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:08,280
Speaker 1: where any jobs lost by this cap and trade scheme?

383
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:11,680
Speaker 1: Was industry hurt by this cap and trade scheme? I

384
00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:14,320
Speaker 1: would wage, You're probably not. Do you think I would

385
00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:16,639
Speaker 1: wage or not? But they're still in business. They're just

386
00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:19,920
Speaker 1: doing it with clean coal and wet scrubbers and yeah,

387
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:23,520
Speaker 1: all that all that good stuff. Yeah, it's interesting. And

388
00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:26,480
Speaker 1: I'm not even an environmentalist. I hate the environment. I'm

389
00:25:26,520 --> 00:25:30,119
Speaker 1: just fascinated by this stuff. That's not true. Well, if

390
00:25:30,119 --> 00:25:33,439
Speaker 1: you want to learn more about acid rain or acid fog,

391
00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:35,560
Speaker 1: you can type either of those words into the search

392
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:37,760
Speaker 1: bar at how stuff works dot com and that will

393
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:41,000
Speaker 1: bring up this very interesting article by Sarah Dowdy. And uh,

394
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:44,240
Speaker 1: I said, um, acid fog, which means it's time for

395
00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:50,480
Speaker 1: listener mail. I'm gonna call this m I T nerd alert.

396
00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:53,240
Speaker 1: I got a very nerdy email from an m I T.

397
00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:56,040
Speaker 1: Student and I teased her and said, I'm gonna read

398
00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:57,359
Speaker 1: this on the air and make fun of you. Is

399
00:25:57,400 --> 00:25:59,040
Speaker 1: that okay? And she went, oh yeah, and here's some

400
00:25:59,080 --> 00:26:00,560
Speaker 1: other stuff you can make for what I mean about

401
00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:03,960
Speaker 1: um Hi, Josh and Chuck and Jerry. I love your

402
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,439
Speaker 1: recent episode on how language evolved. But as an m

403
00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:09,760
Speaker 1: I T. Senior graduating in a month which is probably

404
00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:12,600
Speaker 1: like right now, actually, um I felt it my duty

405
00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:15,000
Speaker 1: to make a very important correction to your intro. We

406
00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:17,639
Speaker 1: are called the m I T Engineers, not the m

407
00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:21,840
Speaker 1: I T eggheads. I think I called a egeads. Indeed,

408
00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:24,440
Speaker 1: our unofficial school song is the M I T. Engineer's

409
00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:27,840
Speaker 1: Drinking Song, which includes many nerdy jokes, some of the

410
00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:32,200
Speaker 1: expense of that small liberal arts school up the river Harvard. Additionally,

411
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:35,919
Speaker 1: our mascot is Tim the beaver, Tim being M I

412
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:42,040
Speaker 1: T spelled backwards. It's so glamor because beaver's are nature's engineers.

413
00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:45,119
Speaker 1: In fact, every class has a special ring called the

414
00:26:45,160 --> 00:26:49,480
Speaker 1: brass Rat, which depicts a beaver on a bezel the

415
00:26:49,640 --> 00:26:52,680
Speaker 1: eazy e L What is that? See, I'm so done.

416
00:26:52,680 --> 00:26:54,120
Speaker 1: I don't even know what a bezel love. We would

417
00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:57,400
Speaker 1: not make it an M I T. I suppose. Supposedly,

418
00:26:57,440 --> 00:26:59,720
Speaker 1: it's one of the most recognizable rings in the world.

419
00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:02,880
Speaker 1: Man um I started listening to the podcast during long

420
00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:05,320
Speaker 1: long hours and lab and grateful and I'm grateful to

421
00:27:05,359 --> 00:27:08,320
Speaker 1: you guys for entertaining me during my past four years.

422
00:27:08,320 --> 00:27:10,879
Speaker 1: In m I T P S and m I T

423
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:16,320
Speaker 1: we refer to everything by number, including majors and buildings linguistics.

424
00:27:16,359 --> 00:27:20,000
Speaker 1: The field of Mr Chomsky is called Course twenty four

425
00:27:20,119 --> 00:27:24,679
Speaker 1: the Inimitable Mr Thomas Gnome I believe, Oh yeah uh,

426
00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:27,679
Speaker 1: and is housed in a pretty crazy looking building, Building

427
00:27:27,680 --> 00:27:31,359
Speaker 1: thirty two, a k a. The Status Center. Sorry ramble on.

428
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:33,320
Speaker 1: I'm very proud of my soon to be alma mater

429
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,359
Speaker 1: and PPS. I thought of one more really geeky thing

430
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:38,520
Speaker 1: you might want to make fun of regarding M I

431
00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:41,440
Speaker 1: T S mascot, the Humble Beaver. One of our cheers

432
00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:44,000
Speaker 1: for our football games is called the Beaver cheer, and

433
00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:47,000
Speaker 1: I will do that right now. I'm a beaver, you're

434
00:27:47,080 --> 00:27:50,680
Speaker 1: a beaver. We are beavers all, and when we get

435
00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:54,399
Speaker 1: together we do the beaver call. E to the U

436
00:27:55,400 --> 00:28:00,480
Speaker 1: D you slash d x E to the x d

437
00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:06,960
Speaker 1: X CO sign secont tangent sign three point one four

438
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:13,400
Speaker 1: one five nine integral radical m U d V. I'm

439
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:16,600
Speaker 1: sure these are smart things. I don't understand, uh, slipstick

440
00:28:16,840 --> 00:28:20,800
Speaker 1: slide roll m I t go tech. I feel like

441
00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:23,359
Speaker 1: you just issued some sort of orders that only like

442
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:25,880
Speaker 1: three people understand, and now they're carrying out some sort

443
00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:29,000
Speaker 1: of terrible mission. Yeah, like the nuclear suitcases, like heating

444
00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:32,560
Speaker 1: up right now, the bomba side. Yeah, I can't even

445
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,920
Speaker 1: say you're beaver cheer. That's how dumb I am. It's okay, Chuck,

446
00:28:35,920 --> 00:28:39,320
Speaker 1: who's that from? Laura? Thanks a lot, Laura. That was

447
00:28:39,320 --> 00:28:41,600
Speaker 1: a good one. So let's see Chuck. Oh, what were

448
00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:44,760
Speaker 1: we gonna ask for? Um? Is that to be? Oh?

449
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:47,040
Speaker 1: What does chocolate rain means? Yeah, we want to know

450
00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:50,240
Speaker 1: what chocolate range means. Also, if your Tason Day and

451
00:28:50,320 --> 00:28:52,520
Speaker 1: you listen to this, if you tell us what it

452
00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:55,040
Speaker 1: means that would hold a lot of water, that would

453
00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:57,640
Speaker 1: be great. That would be pretty special. You can tweet

454
00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:00,520
Speaker 1: to us Taison Day or otherwise um at s y

455
00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:04,640
Speaker 1: s K podcast. You can also visit us on Facebook

456
00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:08,080
Speaker 1: right Facebook dot com slash Stuff you Should Know, or

457
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:10,640
Speaker 1: you can send us an email to stuff Podcasts at

458
00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:16,080
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. Stuff you Should Know is

459
00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:18,720
Speaker 1: a production of iHeart Radio's How Stuff Works. For more

460
00:29:18,760 --> 00:29:21,240
Speaker 1: podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app

461
00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:23,920
Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

462
00:29:27,080 --> 00:29:27,120
Speaker 1: H