1 00:00:00,640 --> 00:00:03,600 Speaker 1: Hi, everybody, This is Chuck again with another edition of 2 00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:08,840 Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know. Selects are Saturday Classic Edition episodes 3 00:00:09,320 --> 00:00:11,920 Speaker 1: and uh, as you know, we're curating these one at 4 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 1: a time, and this week I got to pick, and 5 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:17,319 Speaker 1: I picked How Maps Work? And uh I picked this 6 00:00:17,360 --> 00:00:19,800 Speaker 1: one because everyone knows I love maps, and so I 7 00:00:19,840 --> 00:00:21,400 Speaker 1: thought it was a good one to rerun. Plus I 8 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:23,200 Speaker 1: get to talk a little bit about my old high 9 00:00:23,239 --> 00:00:26,480 Speaker 1: school best friend Rad, who was a cartographer and I'm 10 00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:28,360 Speaker 1: always happy to get the word out about his work. 11 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:33,800 Speaker 1: So listen and enjoy. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know 12 00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:42,519 Speaker 1: from House Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to 13 00:00:42,560 --> 00:00:45,559 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Josh Clarkin, There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, 14 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:48,600 Speaker 1: and I just had a bunch of peanuts. So it's 15 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: Stuff you Know Time Circus Edition. Yep. I wonder if 16 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:55,120 Speaker 1: we could get R. E. M. S. Maps and Legends 17 00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:59,640 Speaker 1: to play just subtly behind this entire podcast. I can 18 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 1: answer that for you. Nope, No, okay, what album is 19 00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:08,039 Speaker 1: that one? Where is that an album? Boy? That was 20 00:01:08,080 --> 00:01:14,120 Speaker 1: the early one? I think maybe like reckoning even No again, 21 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:17,240 Speaker 1: people are at home screaming at me because I can't 22 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:19,880 Speaker 1: call that to mind. Was that their first one reckoning 23 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:24,560 Speaker 1: Let's just move on. I'm afraid to get anything wrong. Yeah, 24 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 1: it's cool. People who are in are um are really 25 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:31,320 Speaker 1: in ari em maps and legends. Good song um chuck. Yeah. 26 00:01:31,440 --> 00:01:34,960 Speaker 1: Have you ever used a map? Um? I have? I 27 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:40,320 Speaker 1: am a notoriously terrible with my sense of direction, like 28 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: literally almost all the time. If I say it's left, 29 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:48,560 Speaker 1: isn't it? They say, no, it's right. We just talked 30 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 1: about this. And because if I try to trick myself 31 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: and go I think it's left, I'm gonna say right, 32 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:55,760 Speaker 1: then it's left. Like it's terrible. I've talked about it before. 33 00:01:55,840 --> 00:01:58,320 Speaker 1: It's it's really yeah, we we did recently. I can't 34 00:01:58,360 --> 00:02:00,880 Speaker 1: place why or where. It's just my brain. Man, it 35 00:02:00,920 --> 00:02:03,120 Speaker 1: doesn't work that way. So yeah, I use maps, and 36 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 1: I'm one of those people as to turn the map 37 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:08,240 Speaker 1: in the direction I'm facing, and I just it's tough 38 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:12,200 Speaker 1: for me. So when you were using a map, you 39 00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:16,360 Speaker 1: could have also said or that you're terrible using maps. 40 00:02:16,400 --> 00:02:22,080 Speaker 1: You can say I'm terrible at using two dimensional um contorted, 41 00:02:22,639 --> 00:02:31,320 Speaker 1: grossly misrepresentative images that supposedly are um. They stand for 42 00:02:31,919 --> 00:02:36,560 Speaker 1: different data points of Earth. That's right, that's another way 43 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: you could put maps, because it turns out that they're 44 00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:44,480 Speaker 1: actually not so great, even though they are extraordinarily useful. 45 00:02:45,160 --> 00:02:47,839 Speaker 1: They're portable now that you can get them online, they're 46 00:02:47,840 --> 00:02:50,600 Speaker 1: more portable than ever, and we would be pretty much 47 00:02:50,639 --> 00:02:54,160 Speaker 1: nowhere without them as far as the imperial colonization of 48 00:02:54,160 --> 00:02:58,520 Speaker 1: the world went. But um, we still have not licked 49 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:02,680 Speaker 1: some very fundamental sick problems with maps. Maps and legends 50 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:05,720 Speaker 1: was on fables By the way, So did you didn't 51 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: even hear what I just said? I heard it all 52 00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:13,960 Speaker 1: and I agree. Well, the problem is, dude, is the 53 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:16,840 Speaker 1: Earth is is not a flat piece of paper or 54 00:03:16,840 --> 00:03:20,880 Speaker 1: a computer screen. The Earth is uh sort of shape 55 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:24,359 Speaker 1: like a pumpkin. Yeah, I didn't realize that. I didn't either. 56 00:03:24,480 --> 00:03:26,680 Speaker 1: Apparently the middle is getting bigger too. You know what, 57 00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:29,680 Speaker 1: I just realized what what Tracy who wrote this meant 58 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:35,560 Speaker 1: by pumpkin? Like, she didn't mean the tall pumpkin. Well, yeah, 59 00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:38,680 Speaker 1: pumpkins come in all shapes, right, So which pumpkin was 60 00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:43,640 Speaker 1: she referring to? I think like the shorter, rounder, round pumpkin. Yeah, 61 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:47,040 Speaker 1: but apparently I think the Earth is supposedly getting bigger, 62 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:51,600 Speaker 1: expanding at its at its center, not in the center, 63 00:03:51,640 --> 00:03:56,120 Speaker 1: but it's getting more pumpkiny, I think more pumpkin like. Okay, 64 00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: so maps are getting less and less accurate then maybe 65 00:03:59,440 --> 00:04:01,640 Speaker 1: because here here's the problem. Map, Like we said, it's 66 00:04:01,640 --> 00:04:04,920 Speaker 1: a two dimensional representation of something that's three dimensional. It's 67 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 1: hard to do. A map is flat and it's representing 68 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:12,080 Speaker 1: something that's round, spherical. Um. And if you take like, 69 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 1: take a pumpkin, go to your pantry right now and 70 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:17,920 Speaker 1: get one of the pumpkins that you have there, and 71 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:21,160 Speaker 1: take a piece of paper off of a roll saying 72 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:24,120 Speaker 1: newsprint and um, tear enough off to go all the 73 00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:27,040 Speaker 1: way around the pumpkin, and you will see that if 74 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:30,679 Speaker 1: you if you take a pumpkin and mash the paper 75 00:04:30,720 --> 00:04:34,880 Speaker 1: around it so that the pumpkins completely covered, you're gonna 76 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:39,720 Speaker 1: have something that's that's just grossly distorted. That's a map. 77 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:42,680 Speaker 1: It's a gross distortion of what's real. So much so 78 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:46,400 Speaker 1: that if you see a map that accurately represents what 79 00:04:46,440 --> 00:04:48,760 Speaker 1: the continents look like and how close they are and 80 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:52,640 Speaker 1: the amount of size they each have, you'd probably be 81 00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:55,000 Speaker 1: pretty startled because it doesn't look like what we're used to, 82 00:04:55,040 --> 00:05:00,440 Speaker 1: which is called the ma cat projection. Yeah. Um, And 83 00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:02,520 Speaker 1: it's funny. When I was reading this, I remember thinking 84 00:05:02,520 --> 00:05:05,200 Speaker 1: to myself, like, you know, if you're gonna make cheats, 85 00:05:05,240 --> 00:05:07,640 Speaker 1: like make them in the ocean, and I think that's 86 00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:09,760 Speaker 1: a lot of times what they do. Yeah, these no 87 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:16,040 Speaker 1: one would notice, you know, the good hommal homal design. 88 00:05:16,680 --> 00:05:20,800 Speaker 1: The good homal design good as in somebody's last name 89 00:05:20,839 --> 00:05:25,440 Speaker 1: with an e. It basically distorts or chops up the 90 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:29,080 Speaker 1: world in the oceans, so it's real good for land mass. 91 00:05:29,279 --> 00:05:31,640 Speaker 1: It would be terrible if you're driving like a an 92 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:34,400 Speaker 1: oil tanker across the sea. Yeah. You don't want to 93 00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:38,159 Speaker 1: navigate by these things. No. And so since there's different 94 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:41,560 Speaker 1: ways to distort a map, there's different uses for different 95 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:45,520 Speaker 1: types of maps or distortions, which we call projections. We'll 96 00:05:45,560 --> 00:05:47,599 Speaker 1: get into that a little more later on. Let's talk 97 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:51,760 Speaker 1: about the basics of all maps, right. A map is 98 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:57,120 Speaker 1: essentially a representation of, like we said, data points on Earth. Yeah, 99 00:05:57,120 --> 00:06:00,360 Speaker 1: and it can be it can represent whatever. There's different 100 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:03,559 Speaker 1: attributes you can if you wanted to show a map 101 00:06:03,839 --> 00:06:10,760 Speaker 1: um distribution of UM Golden Retriever ownership, you could do 102 00:06:10,839 --> 00:06:13,359 Speaker 1: that on a map. You totally could. Or the GDP 103 00:06:13,480 --> 00:06:17,760 Speaker 1: of different countries or land use you know, like it's 104 00:06:17,800 --> 00:06:21,359 Speaker 1: basically an easy way. It's an easy language to show 105 00:06:21,400 --> 00:06:27,359 Speaker 1: someone in picture form, various attributes, you know, and uh, 106 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:31,279 Speaker 1: maps are created by people called cartographers, which is great 107 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:34,919 Speaker 1: and um, like we said there's some there's some basic 108 00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:37,800 Speaker 1: commonalities to all maps, right, yeah. I kind of collect 109 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:40,080 Speaker 1: maps by the way. I know you told me, not 110 00:06:40,160 --> 00:06:42,960 Speaker 1: like a bunch, but I've got I've got like six 111 00:06:43,040 --> 00:06:46,360 Speaker 1: right maps, any pirate maps, no pirate maps, but my 112 00:06:46,160 --> 00:06:49,760 Speaker 1: my entire desk. I made my desk and it is, Uh, 113 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:51,680 Speaker 1: I've got a map of the world on it. It's like, 114 00:06:51,839 --> 00:06:54,320 Speaker 1: you know, four ft by three feet and then I 115 00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:56,320 Speaker 1: shall act over that and that's like my you know, 116 00:06:56,400 --> 00:06:59,200 Speaker 1: the base of my desk. Yeah, it's really cool because 117 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:02,279 Speaker 1: you know, i'd reference it a lot. Actually, I like 118 00:07:02,440 --> 00:07:05,440 Speaker 1: the uh yeah, you know I could stand to do 119 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:09,760 Speaker 1: that a lot more New England no idea. Well, it's 120 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:11,400 Speaker 1: like looking up a word in the dictionary when you 121 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:14,000 Speaker 1: don't know it referring to an atlas. If you're like, hey, 122 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: where's Kuala Lampoor but I don't have a map, and suddenly, 123 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:21,040 Speaker 1: oh my god, Miss teen South Carolina's answer has come 124 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:23,840 Speaker 1: to pass like I don't have a map, and I'm 125 00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:26,760 Speaker 1: not I'm not bad with maps, and I think if 126 00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:28,800 Speaker 1: you gave me like a little time, I would be 127 00:07:28,880 --> 00:07:33,400 Speaker 1: able to find anything. Sure, but um, because I don't 128 00:07:33,440 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 1: have a map for easy reference, like I use online 129 00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:40,680 Speaker 1: maps now, but like if I had one for easy reference, 130 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:42,520 Speaker 1: I think I would be a lot better at geography. 131 00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:46,120 Speaker 1: I think everybody forget your computer. That's very handy, but 132 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: I think everyone should own a globe and or a 133 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:51,040 Speaker 1: map of the world just to have it right. It's 134 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:52,800 Speaker 1: nice to have frame it, put it on your wall. 135 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:57,000 Speaker 1: They're very attractive. It's art, all right. I like the 136 00:07:57,040 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 1: fifties sixties maps, like a kind you'd find at school. Yeah, 137 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:04,600 Speaker 1: from that era. I just like the design of them 138 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:08,520 Speaker 1: to look Yeah, Kevin Canaine that one of the comedians 139 00:08:08,520 --> 00:08:11,480 Speaker 1: I saw, Max fun was talking about his pillows and 140 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:13,920 Speaker 1: how you unsheathed his pillow, how nasty it is and 141 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:16,160 Speaker 1: it looks like an ancient map of the world. You know, 142 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:18,360 Speaker 1: it's like brown with those like lines. Yeah, what is 143 00:08:18,400 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 1: that stuff? It's he basically is like you know, this 144 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:25,360 Speaker 1: stuff is like leaks from your head like sleep. Uh, 145 00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:27,720 Speaker 1: it's funny. It's a funny bit. Okay, so the basic 146 00:08:27,760 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 1: commonalities of maps are number one, usually land masses or 147 00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:34,640 Speaker 1: bodies of water. So you're gonna have an outline of 148 00:08:34,679 --> 00:08:37,840 Speaker 1: what you're talking about or what you're trying to show. Yeah, um, 149 00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:41,680 Speaker 1: are you talking about like a physical map? Yeah, well, 150 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:43,160 Speaker 1: I mean any map is going to have that, but 151 00:08:43,559 --> 00:08:47,400 Speaker 1: the physical map is physical maps are more like like 152 00:08:47,480 --> 00:08:50,520 Speaker 1: the terrain of an area, right, that's what a physical 153 00:08:50,520 --> 00:08:54,280 Speaker 1: maps concerned with. Yeah, and they use something called hipsometric 154 00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:59,280 Speaker 1: tents um variations of color to obviously, you know, usually 155 00:08:59,280 --> 00:09:01,280 Speaker 1: your water is blue and then the land can be 156 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:05,679 Speaker 1: green to brown or white if it's like the Swiss Alps, 157 00:09:05,679 --> 00:09:07,600 Speaker 1: you know. Yeah, have you ever seen a map where 158 00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:10,000 Speaker 1: the water isn't blue? The one on my desk is 159 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:15,040 Speaker 1: it's tan. What Yeah, it's the whole thing is reading 160 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:19,320 Speaker 1: in background. Now there's no blue, it's all tan. Um, Yeah, 161 00:09:19,440 --> 00:09:22,320 Speaker 1: it's tan. I've never seen that, you know, like the 162 00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:26,000 Speaker 1: Tan globe. No, you've seen like the Tan globe where 163 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: the globe isn't like blue and green. That's basically what 164 00:09:28,679 --> 00:09:31,960 Speaker 1: this is. It's like, I'm still having trouble wrapping my 165 00:09:31,960 --> 00:09:34,480 Speaker 1: head around it. Next time you're in my home office, 166 00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:38,240 Speaker 1: I'll show it to you. Uh. You can have political 167 00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:43,360 Speaker 1: maps that display like different cultural information about countries. Um. 168 00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:47,480 Speaker 1: Thematic maps obviously have a theme like climate or g 169 00:09:47,559 --> 00:09:50,280 Speaker 1: DP like I said, or you can get really specialized 170 00:09:50,320 --> 00:09:53,280 Speaker 1: like hey, where's the internet available in the world. Let's 171 00:09:53,360 --> 00:09:55,320 Speaker 1: draw a map instead of listing a bunch of countries. 172 00:09:56,200 --> 00:10:01,800 Speaker 1: Got you know? Yeah? Um yeah, thematic maps those are 173 00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:05,000 Speaker 1: probably the ones you see the most, aside from using 174 00:10:05,080 --> 00:10:07,880 Speaker 1: a map for street directions. Yeah, thematic maps are the 175 00:10:07,880 --> 00:10:10,360 Speaker 1: ones you went across. Like it'll be all sorts of 176 00:10:10,360 --> 00:10:14,080 Speaker 1: things like you just mentioned population density or oil exports, 177 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:17,480 Speaker 1: all that. All right, Josh, Let's talk about what they 178 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:21,520 Speaker 1: call cartography conventions. And this is not when a bunch 179 00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:26,679 Speaker 1: of cartographers get together at you know, the the downtown 180 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:30,040 Speaker 1: Hilton in Atlanta and talk about maps, although I'm sure 181 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:33,160 Speaker 1: they do that. I'm sure there are real cartography conventions. 182 00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:37,160 Speaker 1: We're talking about conventions in the sense of often used 183 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:42,280 Speaker 1: uh techniques, right. Um. One of them, which I have 184 00:10:42,360 --> 00:10:45,320 Speaker 1: already broken with my map, is that, like we said, 185 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:50,160 Speaker 1: water is blue. That's so weird. I don't understand land 186 00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:53,319 Speaker 1: is screen vegetation screen or brown or tan land masses 187 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:55,840 Speaker 1: that's just one of the comic conventions. So what color 188 00:10:55,960 --> 00:10:57,960 Speaker 1: is the land mask? Then if the water on your 189 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:02,640 Speaker 1: map is tan, they're also uh tan and green and 190 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 1: and brown and yeah, I don't know what you're talking about. 191 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:08,360 Speaker 1: It's really not that big of a deal, you know. 192 00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:10,400 Speaker 1: I'll go look it up. I will post a photo 193 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:15,800 Speaker 1: of this of my map um online on Facebook when 194 00:11:15,840 --> 00:11:17,800 Speaker 1: we do this, and everyone will go, oh, that doesn't 195 00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:21,400 Speaker 1: look so weird. All right. I feel like a jerk 196 00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:24,200 Speaker 1: now because my water is not blue. No, No, it's fine, Okay, 197 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:28,640 Speaker 1: I'm just I'm just having trouble understand you. It's all yeah, um, 198 00:11:28,679 --> 00:11:32,880 Speaker 1: all maps to pick their subject matter from above. Yeah, 199 00:11:32,960 --> 00:11:35,040 Speaker 1: that's something that you just don't even really think of. 200 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:40,079 Speaker 1: It's such a common convention. North is usually at the top, yeah, um, generally, 201 00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:42,160 Speaker 1: or if it's not, for some reason, they'll point you 202 00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:44,480 Speaker 1: in the right direction, say this is north, this is 203 00:11:44,559 --> 00:11:48,800 Speaker 1: southeast and west. They have legends a lot of times. Yeah, 204 00:11:48,880 --> 00:11:50,959 Speaker 1: maps and legends. Like we talked about with r a 205 00:11:51,160 --> 00:11:54,040 Speaker 1: M and UM scale is usually indicated, so like it 206 00:11:54,040 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 1: will be like one inch equals a hundred miles, or 207 00:11:56,440 --> 00:11:59,559 Speaker 1: there's like one to like there's a ratio or something 208 00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:01,760 Speaker 1: like that. Yeah, and this is all the the gobbity 209 00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:04,200 Speaker 1: book you find on the outskirts of the map. There's 210 00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: usually lots of stuff written down that you may not 211 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:08,520 Speaker 1: look at. That's where you'll find this information. And this 212 00:12:08,559 --> 00:12:11,880 Speaker 1: should include in the legend that like Hawaii and Alaska 213 00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:16,120 Speaker 1: are not actually right next to one another in the 214 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:20,800 Speaker 1: South Pacific Ocean. Yeah, as it seems it's true. That's 215 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:23,920 Speaker 1: just odd. Well, like we said, it's tough, you know, 216 00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:27,760 Speaker 1: when you got around or a pumpkin like world. Um, 217 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:29,520 Speaker 1: coordinate system A lot of times they're not a lot 218 00:12:29,559 --> 00:12:31,720 Speaker 1: of times. Every time you'll see a map, there's gonna 219 00:12:31,720 --> 00:12:34,839 Speaker 1: be some kind of a coordinate system. If it's a 220 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:39,720 Speaker 1: Thomas Guide, Like before the advent of online smartphone maps, 221 00:12:40,480 --> 00:12:42,120 Speaker 1: when I lived in l A, the Thomas Guide was 222 00:12:42,160 --> 00:12:45,480 Speaker 1: your best friend. Um. And that's just a simple grid system. 223 00:12:45,520 --> 00:12:46,800 Speaker 1: Like you look up, hey, I want to go to 224 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:50,600 Speaker 1: to Panga Canyon, Go to page four hundred and look 225 00:12:50,679 --> 00:12:53,120 Speaker 1: up F six and then you'll just map your way 226 00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:56,520 Speaker 1: from there. Yeah. The alphabets across the top numbers run 227 00:12:56,600 --> 00:13:00,920 Speaker 1: down the side and you find F six and sink 228 00:13:00,960 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 1: someone's battleship. Um. If it's like a map of the 229 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:08,679 Speaker 1: world they're probably gonna show you, um launch student latitude, 230 00:13:09,360 --> 00:13:13,800 Speaker 1: but not necessarily something you can navigate with, you know, no, 231 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:16,440 Speaker 1: but it should it should be accurate as the point, 232 00:13:16,640 --> 00:13:18,559 Speaker 1: well accurate, but not like you don't want to take 233 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:20,920 Speaker 1: a map of the world into the woods if you're orienteering, 234 00:13:21,080 --> 00:13:24,800 Speaker 1: you know, you want a topographical map. Tricky to read, 235 00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:26,280 Speaker 1: by the way, they ever looked at a topo map 236 00:13:26,559 --> 00:13:29,240 Speaker 1: like been camping and stuff, because you were talking about 237 00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:33,319 Speaker 1: hip symmetric tents to indicate different changes in altitude right 238 00:13:33,720 --> 00:13:38,439 Speaker 1: or elevation. Topographical maps use contour lines and yeah, you 239 00:13:38,559 --> 00:13:41,400 Speaker 1: better know what you're doing because it's not necessarily intuitive. 240 00:13:41,559 --> 00:13:43,400 Speaker 1: It's not intuitive at all. You just have to learn 241 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:45,600 Speaker 1: it and then once you learn it, you can wrap 242 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:47,920 Speaker 1: your head around it. Usually the closer the lines are 243 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:50,600 Speaker 1: or every time, the closer the lines are together, the 244 00:13:50,679 --> 00:13:54,319 Speaker 1: more steep the change in elevation is right, and lines 245 00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:56,800 Speaker 1: that are kind of spread out indicate like a very 246 00:13:56,880 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 1: slow Yeah, I think that slope. Been a while since 247 00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:05,480 Speaker 1: I'm taking basic orienteering. Is that a word orienteering? Yeah? 248 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:09,520 Speaker 1: I've not heard it really, Yeah, are you messing with 249 00:14:09,559 --> 00:14:12,200 Speaker 1: me on this episode? Now? Orienteering is when, like you, 250 00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:14,040 Speaker 1: they'd give you a map and a compass and send 251 00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:15,880 Speaker 1: you out in the woods. Yeah. I thought that was 252 00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:21,240 Speaker 1: called trailblazing. Sure you can. You're also trailblazing. Okay, well 253 00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:23,520 Speaker 1: hold on before we go any further. Um, it's time 254 00:14:23,560 --> 00:14:32,320 Speaker 1: for a message break. Okay. So we're back and we're 255 00:14:32,360 --> 00:14:35,520 Speaker 1: talking about map drawing conventions, believe it or not. And 256 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:37,440 Speaker 1: there's a cool here's a cool experiment you can do 257 00:14:37,520 --> 00:14:39,200 Speaker 1: if you want to know how difficult it is to 258 00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:41,960 Speaker 1: draw a map and have it look accurate. Get a balloon, 259 00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:48,480 Speaker 1: blow it up, Um, draw whatever you want, but draw, 260 00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:53,120 Speaker 1: you know, the United States in Mexico and South America 261 00:14:53,160 --> 00:14:56,640 Speaker 1: in Canada, Canada in there, and then deflate that balloon 262 00:14:56,680 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 1: and see what it looks like. And that will give 263 00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:01,840 Speaker 1: you a little bit of insight into how tough it 264 00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:04,480 Speaker 1: is to be a cartographer. Right. I mean you mentioned 265 00:15:04,560 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 1: um lines of longitude and latitude. Right, those are coordinates 266 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:12,840 Speaker 1: on any map, and since their coordinates on a map, 267 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:18,120 Speaker 1: um people use them to navigate by. Right. But since 268 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:22,920 Speaker 1: we're going from a sphere to a flat plane, you 269 00:15:22,960 --> 00:15:25,080 Speaker 1: have to figure out how to adjust for that, and 270 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:28,440 Speaker 1: you're basically making a decision. You're gonna say, Okay, am 271 00:15:28,520 --> 00:15:30,440 Speaker 1: I going to make it so that the angles if 272 00:15:30,480 --> 00:15:33,040 Speaker 1: somebody draws a straight line, the angles are all going 273 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:35,360 Speaker 1: to be the same along that line, Meaning you can 274 00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:37,720 Speaker 1: follow that line on a compass in the real world 275 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:41,000 Speaker 1: and get there. It's called a rum line. Or are 276 00:15:41,160 --> 00:15:47,680 Speaker 1: the lines of latitude which are called parallels, Yeah, and 277 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:55,280 Speaker 1: lines of longitude are meridians. They're going to be equidistant accurately. Like, 278 00:15:55,360 --> 00:15:58,720 Speaker 1: that's the conundrum. That's the big conundrum with maps typically, Yeah, 279 00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:01,080 Speaker 1: like where do you want your curiousy two be right? 280 00:16:01,280 --> 00:16:03,240 Speaker 1: Which is pretty weird. I never really thought about it though, 281 00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: like that, you know, like you have to it's an 282 00:16:05,760 --> 00:16:08,520 Speaker 1: interesting job, and that you have to know that I 283 00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:10,880 Speaker 1: cannot you cannot draw a perfect map on a piece 284 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:14,880 Speaker 1: of paper. So where am I gonna um fludge? Essentially? 285 00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:16,800 Speaker 1: And you do this. You figure this out with what 286 00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:20,560 Speaker 1: they call map projections, and that is basically the method 287 00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:24,960 Speaker 1: that you choose to project that severe onto a flat surface. Right, So, Josh, 288 00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:27,520 Speaker 1: you've cracked the code. I have not. This is a 289 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:30,960 Speaker 1: This is a very kind of it's tough to to 290 00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:35,560 Speaker 1: think of because we're talking about now how distortions occur, 291 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:41,440 Speaker 1: and um, so there's different ways to manipulate how something's distorted. 292 00:16:41,720 --> 00:16:45,440 Speaker 1: First of all, let's say you are making a new projection. Okay, right, 293 00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:51,680 Speaker 1: that's that's a different manipulation of distortion, right as a projection, um, 294 00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:54,120 Speaker 1: and you're making a brand new one. One of the things, 295 00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:57,040 Speaker 1: one of the tools you can use is called um 296 00:16:57,440 --> 00:17:02,280 Speaker 1: tisso's indoka tricks T I S S O, t apostrophe 297 00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:05,879 Speaker 1: s too. So those are the circles. Yeah, and what 298 00:17:05,920 --> 00:17:11,720 Speaker 1: you do is you just overlay the equal distant uh 299 00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:15,680 Speaker 1: exactly the same aka identical circles. It like a grid 300 00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:17,879 Speaker 1: of circles right over a globe. And then when you 301 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:21,920 Speaker 1: make your projection, the circles will distort and you will 302 00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:26,080 Speaker 1: be able to see where your distortions are on different areas, um, 303 00:17:26,240 --> 00:17:28,879 Speaker 1: how they distort, like what direction they're going to distort it, 304 00:17:28,920 --> 00:17:32,680 Speaker 1: and get an exist an idea of how your your 305 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:37,320 Speaker 1: projection is distorted. Right. Um. And the reason that maps 306 00:17:37,359 --> 00:17:40,520 Speaker 1: distort again is because you're taking a three dimensional spherical 307 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:44,400 Speaker 1: representation and putting it on a two dimensional flat surface. 308 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:49,679 Speaker 1: And the projection that we're all very familiar with the 309 00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:52,240 Speaker 1: one that we use almost across the board is the 310 00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:56,160 Speaker 1: Mercat projection. And there is a guy named gerardist Picator 311 00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:58,800 Speaker 1: who in fifteen sixty nine created a map of the world. 312 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:03,000 Speaker 1: And Mark Hater decided that I'm gonna make my maps 313 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:07,040 Speaker 1: for sailors, and he made a very important decision. He 314 00:18:07,160 --> 00:18:10,400 Speaker 1: made it so that rum lines where you measure between 315 00:18:10,960 --> 00:18:14,720 Speaker 1: two points on this map, and you can follow that 316 00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:17,320 Speaker 1: angle with your compass in real life and you will 317 00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:22,840 Speaker 1: get there. He made it so that those were precise, 318 00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,840 Speaker 1: but he gave up lines of longitude and latitude being precise. 319 00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:30,640 Speaker 1: And he figured out how to represent this very cleverly, 320 00:18:31,359 --> 00:18:34,680 Speaker 1: where on lines of I'm sorry, not lines of longitude 321 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:39,240 Speaker 1: and lolatitude, just latitude since since the Earth gets narrower 322 00:18:39,280 --> 00:18:41,360 Speaker 1: at the top because it's a ball, and it's widest 323 00:18:41,359 --> 00:18:45,960 Speaker 1: at the middle, the anything above or below the equator, 324 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,960 Speaker 1: as you get further away, the lines get the lines 325 00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: between the latitudinal lines get bigger and bigger the spaces 326 00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:56,480 Speaker 1: between them, so like you would see on the globe. Maybe, yeah, 327 00:18:56,480 --> 00:19:01,040 Speaker 1: it's a it's a really clever representation of of what 328 00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:03,480 Speaker 1: happens when you take a piece of paper and put 329 00:19:03,520 --> 00:19:07,840 Speaker 1: it around a globe. A ball that's the Mercater projection. 330 00:19:08,440 --> 00:19:10,359 Speaker 1: And the way to figure out how he did this, 331 00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:11,960 Speaker 1: or to imagine how he did is to take a 332 00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,359 Speaker 1: cylinder like a piece of paper and roll it up 333 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:17,840 Speaker 1: into the shape of the cylinder. This is a magic 334 00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:21,320 Speaker 1: piece of paper cylinder, and you have a balloon, and 335 00:19:21,359 --> 00:19:23,720 Speaker 1: it's a magic balloon. That's it's the same balloon we've 336 00:19:23,880 --> 00:19:26,159 Speaker 1: drawn our world on. It can be, but it's a 337 00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:29,120 Speaker 1: magic version of it because we needed to have our 338 00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:32,640 Speaker 1: world on it, drawing on it perfectly. And you blow 339 00:19:32,760 --> 00:19:37,320 Speaker 1: up this balloon until it hits um an edge of 340 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:40,000 Speaker 1: the cylinder, right, so it's just touching the inside of 341 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:42,879 Speaker 1: the cylinder on two points one on either side. What 342 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: that balloon has just become is tangent to the cylinder. 343 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:49,359 Speaker 1: The sekin is where the cylinder would like intersect the balloon, 344 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,000 Speaker 1: but right now it's just touching. And you take a 345 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:55,199 Speaker 1: Mercader projection, and you've got a perfectly blown up balloon 346 00:19:55,520 --> 00:19:59,200 Speaker 1: inside a cylinder. And that's what you imagine is the projection. 347 00:19:59,359 --> 00:20:01,240 Speaker 1: You have to take it a little further. You blow 348 00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:03,800 Speaker 1: up the balloon until it completely fills up the cylinder. 349 00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:06,879 Speaker 1: So now all of the information on this balloon is 350 00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:09,800 Speaker 1: pressed up against the inside of the cylinder, the place 351 00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:13,040 Speaker 1: where it was tangent, where it touched naturally when the 352 00:20:13,040 --> 00:20:14,960 Speaker 1: blue was just filled up and it was just a sphere. 353 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:18,560 Speaker 1: That's going to be undistorted. Okay, that makes sense. The 354 00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:20,840 Speaker 1: stuff that you're blowing up until the balloon is no 355 00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: longer a spear but is filling up the cylinder, that 356 00:20:23,920 --> 00:20:27,359 Speaker 1: stuff becomes distorted. And the further toward the edges you go, 357 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:30,600 Speaker 1: the more distorted. Is now we can pop our magic 358 00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:33,320 Speaker 1: balloon because all that information has been transferred on the 359 00:20:33,359 --> 00:20:36,720 Speaker 1: inside of this cylindrical paper. And you unroll it and 360 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:41,119 Speaker 1: there's your Mercator projection. Pretty good? Yeah, I think I 361 00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:43,360 Speaker 1: get it? Do you really? I got it more than 362 00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,400 Speaker 1: I did than when I read this like eight times. Yeah, 363 00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:49,040 Speaker 1: you know, yeah, Uncle Josh coming through for me. But 364 00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 1: in the center of a Mercator projection, the distortions are 365 00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,600 Speaker 1: going to be the least because it's tangent to the cylinder. 366 00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:58,720 Speaker 1: That's where it's just naturally touching the edges. It's not 367 00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:02,640 Speaker 1: distort it's not being forced into the cylindrical shape. Yeah, 368 00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 1: that makes sense. We should call this one What maps 369 00:21:06,480 --> 00:21:09,800 Speaker 1: the Sun? Part two? Write. It is really hard to 370 00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:12,520 Speaker 1: wrap your head around. It is, especially when you're like 371 00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:14,920 Speaker 1: me and you're bad with maps. To begin with. Um, 372 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:18,240 Speaker 1: so we talked about projections. Um. You know, depending on 373 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:20,639 Speaker 1: what you want to do, different projections have. You know, 374 00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:23,280 Speaker 1: they're good points and they're bad points. Um. If you 375 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:27,520 Speaker 1: want to have an equal area map, you would make 376 00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:31,760 Speaker 1: an equal area map. That means you preserve the correct 377 00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:34,520 Speaker 1: area and it's going to distort the shape of your 378 00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:37,399 Speaker 1: land masses. It might look weird if you're looking at 379 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,040 Speaker 1: the entire world, but it's area wise, it's going to 380 00:21:40,119 --> 00:21:45,760 Speaker 1: be accurate. Um. If you have the pseudo conical Robinson projection, 381 00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:49,240 Speaker 1: it's gonna that's the map that you're probably most used 382 00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:54,120 Speaker 1: to seeing that actually looks quote unquote correct. But their 383 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:57,720 Speaker 1: distances and direction aren't aren't accurate in that case, right, 384 00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:00,240 Speaker 1: So it's not good for navigating, it's good for being Oh, 385 00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:02,320 Speaker 1: so this is how the continents are situation. That's where 386 00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:07,439 Speaker 1: Russia is Asia or is it Europe? But depending on 387 00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:13,200 Speaker 1: where you begin, Um, the cartographer has a lot of 388 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:16,800 Speaker 1: leeway and deciding, like what is going to be the 389 00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:20,239 Speaker 1: center of the world in this map. So Russia may 390 00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:22,840 Speaker 1: not actually be over there. Depending on the map, it 391 00:22:22,920 --> 00:22:26,080 Speaker 1: can be up into the left a little more in reality, 392 00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:29,040 Speaker 1: and it may be a little smaller. It just depends 393 00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:32,200 Speaker 1: on You remember where the balloon touched the inside of 394 00:22:32,240 --> 00:22:37,040 Speaker 1: the cylinder, and that was the tangent um. Wherever you 395 00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:40,760 Speaker 1: position the cylinder around the world, where it's going to touch, 396 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,720 Speaker 1: that's your line of least distortion, And that can be 397 00:22:44,760 --> 00:22:47,000 Speaker 1: the center of your whole map, but it doesn't necessarily 398 00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:49,280 Speaker 1: mean that. In reality it's the center of the world. 399 00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:53,760 Speaker 1: So it's up to the cartographer what they're what choices 400 00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,080 Speaker 1: they're going to make to make what the center, what's where, 401 00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,560 Speaker 1: and then again what they're going to distort. If you 402 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,040 Speaker 1: want to be accurate with your distances, you're gonna create 403 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:08,000 Speaker 1: an equidistant map projection and uh, if you want your directions, 404 00:23:08,320 --> 00:23:10,200 Speaker 1: if you want like a navigational map, you can actually 405 00:23:10,280 --> 00:23:13,439 Speaker 1: use That's when you're gonna have to use those rum lines, 406 00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:18,199 Speaker 1: so you know it's your compass bearings will Actually you 407 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:20,400 Speaker 1: can use this map to get around right, you can 408 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 1: you you can make a straight line in the map 409 00:23:22,240 --> 00:23:25,000 Speaker 1: and follow that same straight line, because if your rum 410 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,040 Speaker 1: lines aren't straight, they're gonna be curved, But if your 411 00:23:28,119 --> 00:23:30,920 Speaker 1: rom lines are straight, then you're leading. Tude and longitude 412 00:23:30,920 --> 00:23:36,400 Speaker 1: are curved, so you're sacrificing one for the other. But um, 413 00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:39,320 Speaker 1: another thing you can do to get around this distortion 414 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:44,639 Speaker 1: is to just tear out pieces of your map. Yeah. Um, 415 00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:48,240 Speaker 1: there's something called gores that they use this to make globes, 416 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:50,920 Speaker 1: because the globe can start out as like a flat 417 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:54,800 Speaker 1: piece of paper, but then they cut out angles so 418 00:23:54,880 --> 00:23:57,200 Speaker 1: that when you fold it, it doesn't crumple, it just 419 00:23:57,280 --> 00:24:01,320 Speaker 1: kind of lays in perfectly, right. Um. Gores usually go 420 00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:05,040 Speaker 1: on lines of longitude. That's where they separate, and it's 421 00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:06,639 Speaker 1: just kind of random, so like a part of a 422 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:09,720 Speaker 1: land mass will be like completely separated by this another 423 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:15,120 Speaker 1: region that doesn't really exist except in two dimensions, right right. 424 00:24:15,640 --> 00:24:19,040 Speaker 1: Um at the good projection, one of my favorites, and 425 00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:22,840 Speaker 1: it's also the logo for the U. N Um cuts 426 00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:26,879 Speaker 1: out these things called um tears, not gores. Oh is 427 00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:29,639 Speaker 1: that the very famous Um? Yeah, I know which one 428 00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:32,040 Speaker 1: you're talking about. And they just cut through the ocean 429 00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:34,320 Speaker 1: because it looks like like a bunch of footballs. Yes, 430 00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:41,360 Speaker 1: the Arctic, yeah, which itself is a little bit cut up, 431 00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:46,520 Speaker 1: but um, Yeah, that's the same one. That's that's my favorite. 432 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:50,120 Speaker 1: Like it it's very land centric. Yeah, I like land 433 00:24:50,119 --> 00:24:56,560 Speaker 1: centric me with my tan oceans. Um. So, like we said, 434 00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:59,200 Speaker 1: maps are visual expressions of measurements. So if you go 435 00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:02,639 Speaker 1: to make a map, what you're probably gonna be working 436 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:07,080 Speaker 1: on is a is all the maps that have come before. Like, 437 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,520 Speaker 1: it's definitely like an aggregate thing, and you can make 438 00:25:09,560 --> 00:25:12,240 Speaker 1: your brand new map of course. But over in in 439 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:15,840 Speaker 1: antiquity and history, maps were made by going out and 440 00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:21,000 Speaker 1: measuring things and writing that stuff down, and eventually the 441 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:23,639 Speaker 1: more we discovered, the more accurate the maps were, and 442 00:25:24,040 --> 00:25:25,760 Speaker 1: they were just sort of it was a big group 443 00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:29,520 Speaker 1: effort basically to land on what eventually was an accurate 444 00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:31,920 Speaker 1: map took a long time. It did take a long time. 445 00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:36,040 Speaker 1: The oldest maps date back to I think the Babylonians 446 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:41,920 Speaker 1: were making maps and they they're anthropologists and archaeologists disagree. Um, 447 00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:46,080 Speaker 1: but there may be even earlier maps. But among the drawings. Yeah, 448 00:25:46,119 --> 00:25:49,680 Speaker 1: but the anthropologists are like, well, is that a painting 449 00:25:49,720 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: of an area or is it a map? Yeah, you 450 00:25:52,920 --> 00:25:55,159 Speaker 1: can't really say what the intention of of I call 451 00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:58,080 Speaker 1: it a map. I mean it might just be here's 452 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:01,919 Speaker 1: took Took's fortress, here is where the fire is, and 453 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:04,520 Speaker 1: here's where the dinosaurs are. But that's still a very 454 00:26:04,520 --> 00:26:08,440 Speaker 1: crude map to me, So I vote for map okay. Um, 455 00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:11,360 Speaker 1: surveyors are going to come in handy obviously to um 456 00:26:11,480 --> 00:26:15,800 Speaker 1: take these precise measurements of both land and water. Um. 457 00:26:15,880 --> 00:26:19,200 Speaker 1: These days they have GPS is gonna make things a 458 00:26:19,280 --> 00:26:22,080 Speaker 1: lot easier and more accurate. Um. They have something called 459 00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:26,200 Speaker 1: remote sensing or aerial and satellite photography. They use that 460 00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:28,280 Speaker 1: a lot now and that actually actually was used back 461 00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:33,159 Speaker 1: in the eighteen hundreds. Um. Yeah, that was when they 462 00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:36,840 Speaker 1: first used aerial photography. But it really like came into 463 00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:38,479 Speaker 1: its own in World War Two when we had all 464 00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:41,960 Speaker 1: these reconnaissance photos to use that sort of to map 465 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,800 Speaker 1: out your data. Yeah, cartographers were like, um, can we 466 00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:48,359 Speaker 1: have those when you're done? Yeah, exactly, and matt Making 467 00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:51,080 Speaker 1: kind of exploded after that. So chok. We talked about 468 00:26:51,119 --> 00:26:54,439 Speaker 1: thematic maps, right, Yeah, like where all the trout in 469 00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:57,639 Speaker 1: the United States. So it's basically like the basis is 470 00:26:57,680 --> 00:27:00,920 Speaker 1: of physical map. You've got mountains, rivers, all that stuff. 471 00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:03,439 Speaker 1: You can overlay political maps if you start to carve 472 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:07,159 Speaker 1: that rain up by national or state or county or 473 00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:11,480 Speaker 1: city borders, um. And then on top of that you 474 00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:15,520 Speaker 1: can lay a thematic map, right like a census or whatever. 475 00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:18,440 Speaker 1: And that's when you become That's when the cartographer becomes 476 00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:22,160 Speaker 1: um researcher basically and uses a lot of the same 477 00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:25,280 Speaker 1: methods at a writer would. Uh. They need accurate information, 478 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:28,080 Speaker 1: they need it as up to date as possible. Most 479 00:27:28,119 --> 00:27:32,560 Speaker 1: maps like that will actually have citations, just like a 480 00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:35,399 Speaker 1: research paper might like, hey, we got in touch with 481 00:27:35,480 --> 00:27:38,679 Speaker 1: the the World Bank for this map, or the World 482 00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:41,760 Speaker 1: Health Organization is who we're siting for these numbers, right, 483 00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:45,760 Speaker 1: I mean, if you're doing something like, um, smallpox outbreaks 484 00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:50,320 Speaker 1: from eighteen seventy two to nineteen fifteen, then you could 485 00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:53,840 Speaker 1: cite World Health Organization statistics and show that on a 486 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,960 Speaker 1: map just by using some colors. Yeah, that's bam, that's 487 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:02,360 Speaker 1: a thematic map right there. Yeah. And the two Frances Guthrie, 488 00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:05,000 Speaker 1: he was in England and he said, you know what 489 00:28:05,119 --> 00:28:07,399 Speaker 1: I have is this theorem that all you need is 490 00:28:07,440 --> 00:28:09,760 Speaker 1: four colors? And everyone said shut up and he said 491 00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:12,360 Speaker 1: no really, they said shut up. He said you need 492 00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:14,119 Speaker 1: to blue. Well, I actually don't know the four colors 493 00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:18,480 Speaker 1: I guess would be blue, brown, green, and apparently, apparently 494 00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:23,080 Speaker 1: you just need tan's brown. But that became known as 495 00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:25,760 Speaker 1: the four color theorem. And um, he proposed that you 496 00:28:25,760 --> 00:28:28,119 Speaker 1: could map out all the counties of England just with 497 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:30,680 Speaker 1: those four colors. Why make it more complicated than that? 498 00:28:30,920 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 1: And people say, okay, maybe you're right, and he was, Um, 499 00:28:35,160 --> 00:28:37,440 Speaker 1: you need skill as an artist obviously if you want 500 00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:42,040 Speaker 1: to be a cartographer. Um. With computers these days, geographic 501 00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:45,760 Speaker 1: information systems g i s, they have automated a lot 502 00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:49,640 Speaker 1: of these tasks. But um, as Tracy points out, the 503 00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:53,200 Speaker 1: best maps still come from skilled artists. Yeah. Um, and 504 00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:56,520 Speaker 1: map making is I get the impression that, like it 505 00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:59,880 Speaker 1: really blew up after World War Two thanks to aerial photography. Yeah, 506 00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:03,680 Speaker 1: and we had some really great maps that were created 507 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:07,160 Speaker 1: as a result. But I feel like the Internet has 508 00:29:07,280 --> 00:29:11,400 Speaker 1: really ushered in a new era for maps that has 509 00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:15,480 Speaker 1: not been seen since, like the age of exploration, where 510 00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:18,040 Speaker 1: it's like people are making maps for everything. They're a 511 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:22,160 Speaker 1: lot easier to make. Um, although they still require a 512 00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:24,480 Speaker 1: great deal of skill. I think what I mean is 513 00:29:24,480 --> 00:29:28,280 Speaker 1: the tools are there to make a map easier to make. 514 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:31,080 Speaker 1: They're more accurate, the more up to date, the time 515 00:29:31,120 --> 00:29:34,200 Speaker 1: between starting and releasing a map or publishing a map 516 00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:37,680 Speaker 1: is a lot shorter, and people just I think, tend 517 00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:39,240 Speaker 1: to use them a lot more and they're having a 518 00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:43,080 Speaker 1: lot more impact thanks to things like Google Maps. People 519 00:29:43,120 --> 00:29:47,160 Speaker 1: are discovering entire lost cities thanks to Google maps, like 520 00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:53,200 Speaker 1: Google Earth. Um. There was a war that broke out 521 00:29:53,720 --> 00:29:58,680 Speaker 1: over Google Maps, I believe between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Maybe. Yeah. 522 00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:02,280 Speaker 1: And two thousand eight, two dozen nine there was a skirmish, uh, 523 00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:05,280 Speaker 1: and I believe it was Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Um. 524 00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:08,760 Speaker 1: There was this little disputed bit of land, and some 525 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:12,640 Speaker 1: rogue lieutenant said, you know what I found. I found 526 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:14,800 Speaker 1: a Google map that sites this is ours, and I'm 527 00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:18,400 Speaker 1: gonna go colonize it. And it started an international incident 528 00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:21,880 Speaker 1: between the two countries. Yeah. Um, So I mean they 529 00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:25,720 Speaker 1: still have, like very maps have a huge impact on 530 00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:30,720 Speaker 1: you know, world and culture, and I think also a 531 00:30:30,720 --> 00:30:32,880 Speaker 1: lot of people assert that they have an impact on 532 00:30:32,920 --> 00:30:35,880 Speaker 1: the way people think of a nation or a continent 533 00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:39,400 Speaker 1: or a group of the people who inhabit that area. 534 00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:42,200 Speaker 1: Something that's big and in the center of a map 535 00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:45,600 Speaker 1: that must be an important place. Something that's small and 536 00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:48,280 Speaker 1: off to the side is marginal, and I think that 537 00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:51,840 Speaker 1: that has a an impact on the psychology behind maps, 538 00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:55,640 Speaker 1: and I think probably a good cartographer takes that into consideration. 539 00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:59,600 Speaker 1: Yeah sure, I think. Um well, something else that you 540 00:30:59,640 --> 00:31:01,600 Speaker 1: have to cider is like, what what is your purpose 541 00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:04,200 Speaker 1: of the map period? Like what information you're trying to 542 00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,480 Speaker 1: get across, because that will determine what kind of data 543 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:09,200 Speaker 1: they're into. Uh. And then what's the audience, Just like 544 00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:11,640 Speaker 1: if you're writing a story or a paper, you want 545 00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:15,080 Speaker 1: to cater your map to who's going to be using it? Right, 546 00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:17,600 Speaker 1: you know this is for a children's website or is 547 00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:22,160 Speaker 1: it for getting around the big city? Um? But also 548 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:25,560 Speaker 1: I mean, are you asserting the dominate, the domination of 549 00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,880 Speaker 1: Europe over the rest of the world. Then you're Gerardist 550 00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:33,040 Speaker 1: Mercat and it's the sixteenth century, so you put Europe 551 00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:36,080 Speaker 1: in the center of your world and make it way 552 00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:41,240 Speaker 1: bigger than South America, which is actually twice its size. Um. 553 00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:48,040 Speaker 1: I think these days cartographers fall into their different niches. Um, 554 00:31:48,080 --> 00:31:50,200 Speaker 1: Like you might be into political maps and so that's 555 00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,320 Speaker 1: what you do, or like, actually, we can just get 556 00:31:53,360 --> 00:31:55,640 Speaker 1: to this now. One of my best friends, one of 557 00:31:55,640 --> 00:32:00,320 Speaker 1: my oldest friends is a illustrator and cartographer and he 558 00:32:00,360 --> 00:32:02,600 Speaker 1: does well. Here, let me show you what he's done. 559 00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:07,880 Speaker 1: He does uh everything from like ski maps to like 560 00:32:07,880 --> 00:32:11,000 Speaker 1: like of ski slopes. Oh that's a nice map, isn't it, 561 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:14,920 Speaker 1: to like the rivers of Utah or the rivers of 562 00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:17,480 Speaker 1: this certain part of Africa. It's like really cool maps 563 00:32:17,520 --> 00:32:20,960 Speaker 1: like that, and yeah, it's very pretty. His name is 564 00:32:21,040 --> 00:32:26,560 Speaker 1: Rad Smith and we're looking at Raddington rad Key Radford. 565 00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:31,040 Speaker 1: I told you mentioned him before. Um So I sent 566 00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,360 Speaker 1: Rad a few questions actually, just to spice this thing up, 567 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:37,240 Speaker 1: because when you have a cartographer at you're, you know, 568 00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:40,320 Speaker 1: Beck and call, might as well use them, right, Ben Franklin, 569 00:32:40,360 --> 00:32:42,880 Speaker 1: I think said that. I think so. So I just 570 00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:44,640 Speaker 1: threw a few quick questions out him earlier in the 571 00:32:44,680 --> 00:32:46,960 Speaker 1: day and he was kind enough to respond. And you 572 00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:48,800 Speaker 1: can see Rad's work by the way. It red Smith 573 00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:53,160 Speaker 1: Illustrations dot com. If you're so inclined or illustration no 574 00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:57,719 Speaker 1: as um So I asked him what kind of personality traits, 575 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:01,600 Speaker 1: because like what what kind of person becomes a cartographer? 576 00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:06,320 Speaker 1: And he said, um, patients is obviously a big, big 577 00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:08,240 Speaker 1: thing because you can't just like whittle off a map 578 00:33:08,240 --> 00:33:11,360 Speaker 1: in a few minutes or a few days. UM. He says, 579 00:33:11,480 --> 00:33:14,440 Speaker 1: especially in relation to having the ability to source and 580 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:19,160 Speaker 1: seek out existing data, because every county, state, university, federal agency, etcetera. 581 00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:21,960 Speaker 1: Has our own data clearinghouse and g i S library, 582 00:33:22,240 --> 00:33:24,600 Speaker 1: so finding the right data for your needs can really 583 00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:27,920 Speaker 1: be a challenge. UM. It also has become a crowdsourced 584 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:31,120 Speaker 1: resource as data libraries are growing every day. I think 585 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:34,920 Speaker 1: having a strong mathematical background and understanding of scale and 586 00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:38,000 Speaker 1: perspective is important too, and enjoying looking at the world 587 00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:41,000 Speaker 1: from a map perspective as a plus. Um. He said 588 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:42,920 Speaker 1: he never gets tired of looking at maps, old and new. 589 00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:44,800 Speaker 1: And this was a dude that we used to sit 590 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:47,400 Speaker 1: around watch the Weather Channel together in high school just 591 00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:49,560 Speaker 1: for fun. That really panned off for him. Yeah, and 592 00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:51,200 Speaker 1: he would be doodling and I would be like writing 593 00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:54,240 Speaker 1: stories and like look at us now, you know, Um, 594 00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:57,400 Speaker 1: that's pretty interesting stuff. Yeah. He uses the g I 595 00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:00,800 Speaker 1: S systems and GPS. UM has asked him if, like, 596 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:04,160 Speaker 1: how much is actually field work and I think generally 597 00:34:04,200 --> 00:34:09,000 Speaker 1: he works in in conjunction with people out in the field. Uh, 598 00:34:09,360 --> 00:34:10,759 Speaker 1: and then asked him how he got started, and he 599 00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:14,080 Speaker 1: said he always loved maps, but he started painting watercolor 600 00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:19,080 Speaker 1: maps for magazine. He would paint background textures to suggest terrain, water, 601 00:34:19,520 --> 00:34:22,960 Speaker 1: and other geographic features. Bet he didn't paint it brown. 602 00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:26,719 Speaker 1: I bet rat he's all about the blue water. He's 603 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:29,040 Speaker 1: a surfer. That may have been when we talked about it. 604 00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:33,239 Speaker 1: Um oh, and finally asked him, like how long? And 605 00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:35,080 Speaker 1: that's the worst question ever, like, hey, how long does 606 00:34:35,120 --> 00:34:37,879 Speaker 1: it take to do a map? But that moonlight base 607 00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:39,720 Speaker 1: and scheme map I did, he said, took a hundred 608 00:34:39,719 --> 00:34:43,200 Speaker 1: and seventy hours to create. It looks like Yeah, he said. 609 00:34:43,239 --> 00:34:47,120 Speaker 1: He worked from dozens of aerial photos, topographic maps, satellite images, 610 00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:51,319 Speaker 1: building plans to piece it all together. So it's very cool. 611 00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:53,759 Speaker 1: It's like kind of figuring out a puzzle, I think, 612 00:34:54,239 --> 00:34:56,560 Speaker 1: and then relaying it in a way that is both 613 00:34:56,600 --> 00:34:59,799 Speaker 1: accurate and interesting to the user. Yeah, and I like 614 00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:03,359 Speaker 1: connect maps to um. There's a bunch of cool ones 615 00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,200 Speaker 1: all over the internet. I think if you just search 616 00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,960 Speaker 1: like strange maps, yeah, it'll bring up some pretty cool sites. Yeah, 617 00:35:09,960 --> 00:35:11,640 Speaker 1: and it's fun to look at too. The old I'm 618 00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:15,480 Speaker 1: into the what people used to think the world look 619 00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:19,239 Speaker 1: like and the land masses were shaped like you know, well, 620 00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:21,839 Speaker 1: if you look at certain projections now that are supposedly 621 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:24,920 Speaker 1: very accurate, it looks really weird and nothing like what 622 00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:32,400 Speaker 1: we think of as well. Maps is done. Uh, you 623 00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:36,600 Speaker 1: got any more way to add? Uh the cartographer then 624 00:35:36,719 --> 00:35:38,960 Speaker 1: it's nice. Yeah, thanks d Thanks buddy, thanks a lot. RD. 625 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:41,919 Speaker 1: He's pretty excited about this. I think. Oh yeah, well, 626 00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:45,200 Speaker 1: anytime someone's highlighting your field. He does other illustrations too. 627 00:35:45,239 --> 00:35:48,920 Speaker 1: He's not just a cartographer. Oh yeah, yeah, exact, that's 628 00:35:48,920 --> 00:35:51,840 Speaker 1: just what he does on the side. Uh. If you 629 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:54,279 Speaker 1: want to know more about maps and cartography, you can 630 00:35:54,320 --> 00:35:57,040 Speaker 1: type maps into the search bar how stuff works dot com, 631 00:35:57,080 --> 00:36:00,400 Speaker 1: which means since I said search bar, it's time for 632 00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:11,120 Speaker 1: listener message, Rick, and how about some listener mail? All right, 633 00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:15,759 Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this uh fraternity and drag. Okay, all right, 634 00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:18,680 Speaker 1: this is from Cameron. Hey, guys and Jerry. First off, 635 00:36:18,680 --> 00:36:20,279 Speaker 1: I'm a big fan of the show, recently listened to 636 00:36:20,320 --> 00:36:22,600 Speaker 1: the episode on Drag Queens and I thought i'd share 637 00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:25,680 Speaker 1: a little bit about my organization. I'm the president of 638 00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:28,960 Speaker 1: the ZI chapter. I think that's right. I think if 639 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:33,640 Speaker 1: it's to ZI of Delta Lambda Phi International social fraternity 640 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:36,840 Speaker 1: at u C. Davis in California. We're a special interest 641 00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:40,640 Speaker 1: fraternity for gay, bisexual, and progressive men. For the past 642 00:36:40,719 --> 00:36:44,040 Speaker 1: almost twenty five years, we put on Northern California's largest 643 00:36:44,080 --> 00:36:47,960 Speaker 1: drag show called Davis Is Burning. The name inspired obviously 644 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,280 Speaker 1: by the documentary Harris Is Burning, which you guys mentioned. 645 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:53,759 Speaker 1: The show is a night of gender bending fund as 646 00:36:53,840 --> 00:36:56,600 Speaker 1: many of our brothers dress up and perform and drag 647 00:36:57,040 --> 00:37:00,560 Speaker 1: for an audience of almost one thousand students, staff and 648 00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:05,880 Speaker 1: community members. So that's awesome, Like everyone's getting involved in Additionally, 649 00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:10,360 Speaker 1: we have local celebrity drag performers from Sacramento. Their Sacramento 650 00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,759 Speaker 1: celebrities uh in San Francisco. Okay, there you go. The 651 00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:17,200 Speaker 1: audience gets involved too in our famous drag king and 652 00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:20,440 Speaker 1: queen competitions. While the show serves mainly as a fundraiser 653 00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:23,359 Speaker 1: for the chapter, we donate a large amount of money 654 00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:26,759 Speaker 1: from the show to the Trevor Project, an anti suicide 655 00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:31,120 Speaker 1: hotline for at risk l g ptuth Um. I think 656 00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:33,480 Speaker 1: it's great and you guys that you guys featured this 657 00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:36,239 Speaker 1: piece on the show about drag queens and had some 658 00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:38,799 Speaker 1: fun with the lingo. Did a great job. Feel free 659 00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,840 Speaker 1: to check out our website for the show at Davis 660 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:45,680 Speaker 1: is Burning dot com. That is from Cameron. Thanks Cameron. 661 00:37:45,760 --> 00:37:47,560 Speaker 1: We got some good replies. Did you see the guy 662 00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:50,840 Speaker 1: who Um he and his partner met one of the 663 00:37:51,120 --> 00:37:53,959 Speaker 1: veterans of the Stone Wall, right, Yeah, done in Puerto Rico. Yeah, 664 00:37:54,040 --> 00:37:57,400 Speaker 1: he's still in drag and uh just like living history 665 00:37:57,480 --> 00:38:00,239 Speaker 1: right there. So very cool. So thanks to them. I'm 666 00:38:00,239 --> 00:38:02,080 Speaker 1: sure she would not like you to refer to her 667 00:38:02,120 --> 00:38:05,279 Speaker 1: as living history. Hopefully she doesn't listen to this. What 668 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:09,759 Speaker 1: living history? What's wrong with that? It just makes her 669 00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:12,640 Speaker 1: sound old? She is whold, but she's part of history 670 00:38:12,680 --> 00:38:15,920 Speaker 1: and she's alive. Anyway. I hope she's not listening. He 671 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:17,960 Speaker 1: also hit him at the end of the email and 672 00:38:18,040 --> 00:38:20,200 Speaker 1: the PS oh yeah what he's saying. He's like, y, Chuck, 673 00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,120 Speaker 1: if you ever decided to swing over our way, give me. 674 00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:26,520 Speaker 1: He's like, Josh is too skinny for me, But that's hilarious. Yeah, 675 00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:29,400 Speaker 1: I guess he's into the Bears. Yeah, the chubby bearded 676 00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:34,320 Speaker 1: ones Bears. Yeah. Um, I didn't even notice that. Yeah. 677 00:38:34,680 --> 00:38:36,640 Speaker 1: To scroll down further AMO emails from now on you 678 00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:40,640 Speaker 1: should The PS is always riveting. Um, If you've got 679 00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:44,319 Speaker 1: a ps that you want us to hear, you can 680 00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:47,560 Speaker 1: tweet to us yeah s y s K podcast. You 681 00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:50,520 Speaker 1: can join us on Facebook dot com, slash stuff you 682 00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:53,520 Speaker 1: Should Know. You can send us an email to Stuff 683 00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:57,840 Speaker 1: Podcast at Discovery dot com and uh as always, you 684 00:38:57,880 --> 00:38:59,680 Speaker 1: can join us at our home on the web, Stuff 685 00:38:59,719 --> 00:39:07,640 Speaker 1: you Should dot com for more on this and thousands 686 00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:17,480 Speaker 1: of other topics. Is it how Stuff Works dot com