1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,120 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:14,000 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:17,680 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. We are 4 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:21,360 Speaker 1: concluding a two part episode today. In part one of 5 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:24,320 Speaker 1: this show, we gave some background about the Fort Shaw 6 00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:27,560 Speaker 1: Indian School, which was part of the federally run system 7 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: of off reservation boarding schools that were meant to assimilate 8 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:35,280 Speaker 1: in sort of scare quotes, native students into white culture, 9 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:39,000 Speaker 1: or at least to get Native students to conform with 10 00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:43,280 Speaker 1: white culture. It didn't actually assimilate. There was still a 11 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:46,400 Speaker 1: lot of racism and discrimination after people went through these programs. 12 00:00:47,159 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: We also talked a bit about the history of basketball 13 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:54,280 Speaker 1: and how girls basketball at Fort Shaw quickly became the 14 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:58,280 Speaker 1: best basketball team in Montana. Today, we are picking up 15 00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:00,880 Speaker 1: with the St. Louis World's Fair, where the team spent 16 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:04,200 Speaker 1: about four months in nineteen o four becoming the world 17 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:07,120 Speaker 1: champions there. As was the case in the previous episode, 18 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:10,280 Speaker 1: we are still getting into some pretty abhorrent racism here, 19 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:14,160 Speaker 1: and there is also a brief mention of animal cruelty. 20 00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:18,039 Speaker 1: In nineteen o three, Fort Shaw Indian School was as 21 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:21,280 Speaker 1: we mentioned at the end of the previous episode invited 22 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:24,399 Speaker 1: to participate in the nineteen o four St. Louis World's Fair, 23 00:01:24,880 --> 00:01:29,000 Speaker 1: also known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, so named because 24 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:31,839 Speaker 1: it was meant to start a year earlier and mark 25 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:35,480 Speaker 1: the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase. This was, of course, 26 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:38,559 Speaker 1: also the subject of the nineteen forty four film starring 27 00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:43,200 Speaker 1: Judy Garland, which is spectacular. It's also totally not surprising 28 00:01:43,240 --> 00:01:47,680 Speaker 1: that forty years later Metro Goldwyn Mayor made a musical 29 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:51,000 Speaker 1: out of this. This fair was huge. The nineteen o 30 00:01:51,080 --> 00:01:53,920 Speaker 1: four World's Fair ran from April thirtieth to December one, 31 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,760 Speaker 1: during which time more than twenty million people attended it. 32 00:01:58,360 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 1: The fair site, which was the largest ever for a 33 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:04,520 Speaker 1: World's Fair, covered twelve hundred acres that was dotted with 34 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:10,000 Speaker 1: about nine hundred buildings, including fifteen exhibit palaces. The exhibitors 35 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:13,720 Speaker 1: included sixty two nations and forty three of the then 36 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:18,640 Speaker 1: forty five United States states. A mile long avenue called 37 00:02:18,680 --> 00:02:22,880 Speaker 1: the Pike was full of vendors and amusements. It seems 38 00:02:22,919 --> 00:02:26,200 Speaker 1: like every ubiquitous American food, from hot dogs to ice 39 00:02:26,200 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 1: cream cones, was supposedly introduced at the nineteen o four 40 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:32,280 Speaker 1: World's Fair, but most of those stories just f y 41 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:36,320 Speaker 1: I are apocryphal. Uh. There were carnival rides, the massive 42 00:02:36,360 --> 00:02:41,880 Speaker 1: ferris wheel, boer War reenactments, award of babies, and incubators. 43 00:02:41,919 --> 00:02:44,760 Speaker 1: It just goes on and on and on. A running 44 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:47,360 Speaker 1: theme for this fair, as was often the case in 45 00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 1: these kinds of expositions, was progress. Some of this progress 46 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 1: was related to science and industry. The incubators are actually 47 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: one example. There were meteorological balloon experiments, There was a 48 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:03,240 Speaker 1: demonstrate and of the first ground to air wireless telegraph. 49 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:07,560 Speaker 1: New technologies from X rays to electric typewriters got their 50 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:11,120 Speaker 1: first public display. Some things that were still pretty novel 51 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:13,120 Speaker 1: to the world at the time got their time to 52 00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:18,240 Speaker 1: shine to including all kinds of other electrical appliances, gasoline engines, 53 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:23,639 Speaker 1: and automobiles. But some of it was also about cultural progress. 54 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:27,919 Speaker 1: The general idea was that the United States culture was superior, 55 00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:31,840 Speaker 1: and that the nation was having a civilizing influence on 56 00:03:31,919 --> 00:03:34,320 Speaker 1: the rest of the world as well as within its 57 00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:39,279 Speaker 1: own borders. This cultural progress was displayed through large pavilions 58 00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:43,440 Speaker 1: of living exhibits of thousands of people from around the world. 59 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:47,040 Speaker 1: These living exhibits were a common element of the world's 60 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 1: fairs and expositions of the era. They functioned almost like 61 00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: temporary human zoos. People actually lived in these where the 62 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: duration of the fair and living exhibits were frequently arranged 63 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:02,040 Speaker 1: to suggest a pro Russian from the least to the 64 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:06,760 Speaker 1: most civilized people's One example in St. Louis was the 65 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:10,800 Speaker 1: Philippine Village, which covered forty seven acres and housed more 66 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:13,880 Speaker 1: than a thousand people from at least ten different Filipino 67 00:04:13,960 --> 00:04:18,080 Speaker 1: ethnic groups. Often, the cultural practices that were considered the 68 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:23,360 Speaker 1: most taboo from a white Christian American perspective, uh were 69 00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:26,680 Speaker 1: the biggest draw. In the case of the Philippine Village, 70 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:30,640 Speaker 1: this was the eager rote, who occasionally consumed dog for 71 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:35,279 Speaker 1: ceremonial purposes, and during the fair, organizers gave them dog 72 00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:39,559 Speaker 1: to eat every day so that spectators could watch. Fort 73 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:43,400 Speaker 1: Shaw's invitation was to participate in the Model Indian School. 74 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:47,160 Speaker 1: This was a mock boarding school where students would demonstrate 75 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:50,240 Speaker 1: the academic, domestic and vocational skills that they were taught 76 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:53,520 Speaker 1: at school. The Fort Shaw School was not the only 77 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:56,760 Speaker 1: Indian school to participate the Model Indian School was to 78 00:04:56,839 --> 00:05:00,440 Speaker 1: house about a hundred and fifty students selected from all 79 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:04,640 Speaker 1: across the nation's network of Indian boarding schools, specifically schools 80 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:09,200 Speaker 1: that were located within what had been Louisiana Purchased territory. 81 00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:11,800 Speaker 1: The school was part of a section of the fair 82 00:05:11,880 --> 00:05:15,000 Speaker 1: that came to be known as Indian Hill, where about 83 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,640 Speaker 1: five hundred fifty Native Americans, mainly from tribes within the 84 00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: Louisiana Purchased territory or on display. At this so called 85 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:29,120 Speaker 1: Indian Reservation. Fourteen different tribes had individual areas that demonstrated 86 00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:34,279 Speaker 1: their traditional housing and living arrangements, clothing, food, and cultural practices. 87 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:40,240 Speaker 1: This simultaneously illustrated the diversity among the nation's indigenous peoples 88 00:05:40,279 --> 00:05:43,240 Speaker 1: while also sending a message that they were, at least 89 00:05:43,240 --> 00:05:48,040 Speaker 1: in the organizer's view, primitive. The Model Indian School was 90 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:50,560 Speaker 1: in the middle of Indian Hill. It was a three 91 00:05:50,600 --> 00:05:53,120 Speaker 1: story building that faced an open plaza when it was 92 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:57,480 Speaker 1: surrounded by these spourteen miniature communities. School was in session 93 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:00,280 Speaker 1: from nine am to five pm, and visitor us could 94 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: observe a kindergarten class from Human Indian School and Arizona Territory. 95 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:07,360 Speaker 1: A seventh grade class from Chillico Indian School and what's 96 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:11,159 Speaker 1: now Oklahoma, but was an Indian territory and a wide 97 00:06:11,279 --> 00:06:16,080 Speaker 1: array of domestic and vocational courses. These classes and workshops 98 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:19,880 Speaker 1: were arranged along one side of a wide hallway, and 99 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:23,120 Speaker 1: on the other side were open stalls where Native Americans 100 00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:27,520 Speaker 1: sold baskets, pots, and other indigenous art and handiwork. This 101 00:06:27,680 --> 00:06:30,360 Speaker 1: contrast was part of the point of the Model Indian 102 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:34,800 Speaker 1: Schools existence. It sent a message. Without these schools, the 103 00:06:34,839 --> 00:06:37,960 Speaker 1: students would grow up to be selling so called primitive 104 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:42,000 Speaker 1: crafts from a blanket on the ground. The school also 105 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:44,440 Speaker 1: had a chapel, and that was where the students gave 106 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:49,080 Speaker 1: performances and recitations in the afternoons. As the fair war on. 107 00:06:49,400 --> 00:06:52,720 Speaker 1: This actually became a really popular attraction. The crowds got 108 00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:55,240 Speaker 1: a lot too big to fit inside the chapel, so 109 00:06:55,279 --> 00:07:00,359 Speaker 1: whenever the weather allowed, these performances were moved outdoors. When M. 110 00:07:00,440 --> 00:07:04,400 Speaker 1: Mcowen contacted Fred Campbell to ask fort Shaw Indian School 111 00:07:04,680 --> 00:07:07,960 Speaker 1: to participate in the Model Indian School, it was up 112 00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:11,240 Speaker 1: to Campbell to choose which students should attend, and for 113 00:07:11,320 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 1: him this was an incredibly easy decision. The basketball team 114 00:07:15,440 --> 00:07:18,600 Speaker 1: was famous all across the state of Montana. They were 115 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:22,640 Speaker 1: all exemplary students as well as being very responsible and mature. 116 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:25,920 Speaker 1: Remember they're all traveling together all the time and seemed 117 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:29,640 Speaker 1: to have no problems. Uh So, upon receiving this invitation, 118 00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 1: Campbell told them that if they continued to do so 119 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:34,800 Speaker 1: well in their academic and vocational work, and if they 120 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:37,520 Speaker 1: kept playing as well as they had been until it 121 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 1: was time to travel to St. Louis, they would be 122 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:43,800 Speaker 1: the ones to go. This is a strategic move on 123 00:07:43,880 --> 00:07:46,880 Speaker 1: Campbell's part. The team had become well known enough in 124 00:07:46,960 --> 00:07:50,239 Speaker 1: Montana that they could easily arrange games as they traveled 125 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: to the state to help raise money for the trip, 126 00:07:53,280 --> 00:07:56,240 Speaker 1: and as the word spread, he thought crowds would probably 127 00:07:56,280 --> 00:07:58,800 Speaker 1: follow them if they as they got farther and farther 128 00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:02,120 Speaker 1: away from home. Knowing that there was a chance they 129 00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: would pass through towns that didn't yet have a basketball team, 130 00:08:06,040 --> 00:08:09,600 Speaker 1: Campbell also expanded the size of the team's roster so 131 00:08:09,640 --> 00:08:11,920 Speaker 1: that if there was no local team, or if the 132 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:14,640 Speaker 1: local team didn't think it could make a respectable showing 133 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:18,360 Speaker 1: against fort shot team, they'd have enough players on hand 134 00:08:18,400 --> 00:08:21,760 Speaker 1: for scrimmage games. This would also let them play five 135 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:24,880 Speaker 1: on five exhibitions at the World's Fair if there was 136 00:08:24,920 --> 00:08:27,800 Speaker 1: no team to play against there, and we're going to 137 00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:30,480 Speaker 1: talk about who the players were and how they got 138 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:38,679 Speaker 1: ready after we first paused for a little sponsor break. 139 00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:41,400 Speaker 1: When building out the team that would travel to the 140 00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:44,520 Speaker 1: World's Fair, Fred Campbell, who was coach, kept the trio 141 00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:48,480 Speaker 1: who had performed so well in earlier games. Nettie Worth 142 00:08:48,559 --> 00:08:51,760 Speaker 1: remained center, and Many Burton and Emma Sansavor were both 143 00:08:51,760 --> 00:08:56,200 Speaker 1: still forwards. Nettie's older sister, Lizzie, who was twenty three, 144 00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:59,600 Speaker 1: had recently graduated from Carlisle Indian School, and she came 145 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:02,800 Speaker 1: on board as a chaperone and a substitute player. J 146 00:09:02,920 --> 00:09:05,480 Speaker 1: Sephine Langley, who had been with the team from the 147 00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:09,120 Speaker 1: beginning and had previously taken on a similar role, was 148 00:09:09,160 --> 00:09:11,520 Speaker 1: at this point engaged to be married, and she left 149 00:09:11,559 --> 00:09:13,720 Speaker 1: the team to take a full time job at the school. 150 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:18,240 Speaker 1: Also remaining from the nineteen o two team was Belle Johnson, 151 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:20,959 Speaker 1: who had been friends with Josie Langley when they were 152 00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:25,360 Speaker 1: both living on the Blackfeet Reservation. Bell's mother sent her 153 00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:29,080 Speaker 1: and her siblings to Fort Shaw on Josie's encouragement, and 154 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:31,679 Speaker 1: Josie took them under her wing when they were orphaned 155 00:09:31,760 --> 00:09:35,640 Speaker 1: after their mother's death in nineteen hundred. Rounding out the 156 00:09:35,679 --> 00:09:39,720 Speaker 1: nineteen o four team where Katie Snell, Jenny Butch Rose, Larrose, 157 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 1: Flora Lucero, Sarah Mitchell, and Genevieve Healey who was known 158 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:48,480 Speaker 1: as Jen. Katie, Jenny, and Sarah were all a Sinna boy. Rose. 159 00:09:48,559 --> 00:09:51,520 Speaker 1: LaRose was Shohony and Chippewa on her father's side and 160 00:09:51,559 --> 00:09:55,800 Speaker 1: Bannock on her mother's. Jen Healy was Gravant and Flora 161 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:59,400 Speaker 1: was Chippewa. Most of them had been substitute players in 162 00:09:59,440 --> 00:10:03,320 Speaker 1: their previous season. Part of the agreement for their getting 163 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 1: to go to St. Louis was continuing to play as 164 00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:08,920 Speaker 1: well as they had been, but they didn't exactly get 165 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,800 Speaker 1: that opportunity. The state had not developed a formal structure 166 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:16,480 Speaker 1: for pairing teams against one another. There was no statewide 167 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:21,360 Speaker 1: association or organization setting standards for games, playoffs, and championships. 168 00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:25,040 Speaker 1: It was the responsibility of individual schools to work out 169 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:28,920 Speaker 1: game schedules, and Fort Shaw did not get that done. 170 00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:33,520 Speaker 1: The reasons for not getting that done are not entirely clear, 171 00:10:33,559 --> 00:10:35,959 Speaker 1: and it could have been a product of several factors, 172 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:40,000 Speaker 1: like the general difficulties of scheduling games all across the 173 00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:42,360 Speaker 1: state when there was not an organized way to do it, 174 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,760 Speaker 1: reluctance by other teams to play against Fort Shaw, which 175 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:49,520 Speaker 1: by this point had proven itself to be a powerhouse, 176 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 1: and just being more focused on preparing for a multi 177 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:57,040 Speaker 1: month trip to St. Louis. According to the Anaconda Standard, 178 00:10:57,120 --> 00:10:59,560 Speaker 1: it was because quote, there is no girls team in 179 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:01,880 Speaker 1: the state that can give them anything like a tussle. 180 00:11:02,120 --> 00:11:06,960 Speaker 1: They stand alone and unrivaled. Whatever the reason, Fort Shaw 181 00:11:07,080 --> 00:11:09,679 Speaker 1: just didn't get much of a competitive schedule together for 182 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:13,160 Speaker 1: the nineteen or three season, so instead of playing against 183 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:16,240 Speaker 1: other teams, Fort Shaw spent most of the season playing 184 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:20,320 Speaker 1: scrimmage games. This gave the new players more opportunities to 185 00:11:20,360 --> 00:11:24,000 Speaker 1: play and practice performing in front of a crowd. Meanwhile, 186 00:11:24,160 --> 00:11:28,120 Speaker 1: the school's vocational classes made new uniforms, still with long 187 00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:31,600 Speaker 1: sleeve tops with sailor collars and bloomer like pants with 188 00:11:31,679 --> 00:11:35,479 Speaker 1: red and white trim to distinguish between the two scrimmage teams. 189 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: In addition to all their scrimmage exhibitions, the young women 190 00:11:39,559 --> 00:11:42,240 Speaker 1: had a lot of other skills to brought to brush 191 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:45,400 Speaker 1: up on before going to the World's Fair. In addition 192 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:48,240 Speaker 1: to doing their academic and vocational work in front of 193 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:51,200 Speaker 1: an audience at the Model Indian School, they would be 194 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:56,679 Speaker 1: performing in mandolin recitals, doing literary recitations, and giving demonstrations 195 00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:01,880 Speaker 1: of gymnastics and calisthenics. Lizzie Worth acted as choreographer for 196 00:12:01,920 --> 00:12:06,400 Speaker 1: their demonstrations, and Fort Shaw's music teacher, Fern Evans set 197 00:12:06,440 --> 00:12:10,959 Speaker 1: the program and trained them for their musical recitals. Lily B. 198 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:14,600 Speaker 1: Crawford trained them in their literary recitations, which was the 199 00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:17,480 Speaker 1: one aspect of their preparation that the girls struggled with. 200 00:12:18,360 --> 00:12:20,760 Speaker 1: Most of the girls had been playing team games together 201 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:23,719 Speaker 1: since childhood, and they had been studying music since they 202 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:28,240 Speaker 1: entered Fort Shaw. The school's music program was also highly regarded, 203 00:12:28,280 --> 00:12:31,920 Speaker 1: with the band accompanying the basketball team and holding performances 204 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:35,320 Speaker 1: at halftime and after the game, but almost none of 205 00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:37,880 Speaker 1: them really had any experience speaking in front of a 206 00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:41,760 Speaker 1: crowd or reciting a literary piece for a crowd's enjoyment. 207 00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:45,120 Speaker 1: I should make it clear that they likely all had 208 00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:48,080 Speaker 1: experience with music from before they entered the school, but 209 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:51,240 Speaker 1: the school was really really where they had formal education 210 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:55,520 Speaker 1: and music. The piece they prepared for Their literary recitation 211 00:12:55,679 --> 00:12:59,960 Speaker 1: was from Henry Wadsworth Longfellows, the Song of Hiawatha, in particular, 212 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:03,320 Speaker 1: it was part twenty the Famine. They also did an 213 00:13:03,320 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: interpretive performance called Song of the Mystic, which was a 214 00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:10,079 Speaker 1: dance that they performed in white robes, and the whole 215 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:13,320 Speaker 1: dance and the robe that they're wearing was described as 216 00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:18,160 Speaker 1: just dazzlingly beautiful to watch. For their recitation UH, they 217 00:13:18,160 --> 00:13:21,480 Speaker 1: were to wear ceremonial buckskin dresses, which was a challenge. 218 00:13:22,080 --> 00:13:24,320 Speaker 1: At Fort Shaw, the girls were only allowed to wear 219 00:13:24,480 --> 00:13:28,880 Speaker 1: uniforms and back Home Indian Agents, which were government appointees 220 00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:32,760 Speaker 1: that sort of served as liaisons with UH native people's, 221 00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:36,880 Speaker 1: had strongly discouraged the wearing of traditional native garments, so 222 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,600 Speaker 1: finding enough buckskin dresses and beaded breastplates for this recitation 223 00:13:40,679 --> 00:13:44,640 Speaker 1: actually proved to be very difficult. As they prepared to 224 00:13:44,679 --> 00:13:48,720 Speaker 1: go to St. Louis, the basketball team added these recitations, dances, 225 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:51,320 Speaker 1: and recitals to their schedules so they would follow up 226 00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:54,520 Speaker 1: their exhibition games with concerts afterward, and the cost of 227 00:13:54,520 --> 00:13:58,040 Speaker 1: admission went toward their funds for the trip. Through the 228 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:01,240 Speaker 1: early spring of nineteen o four, the fort Shaw team, 229 00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:03,640 Speaker 1: the band, and a few other students who had a 230 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:08,240 Speaker 1: particular knack for performance, traveled to Anaconda, Butte and Missoula, 231 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:11,760 Speaker 1: playing what was billed as a farewell game and performance, 232 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:14,800 Speaker 1: the public's last chance to see them before they left 233 00:14:14,840 --> 00:14:18,680 Speaker 1: for St. Louis. After the scrimmage game, they change out 234 00:14:18,679 --> 00:14:21,400 Speaker 1: of their uniforms and into their traditional attire for an 235 00:14:21,440 --> 00:14:26,560 Speaker 1: evening of music, recitation and dance. The Model Indian School 236 00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:29,040 Speaker 1: at the St. Louis World's Fair was scheduled to open 237 00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:31,960 Speaker 1: on June first, nineteen o four, and the Fort Shaw 238 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:34,840 Speaker 1: team had to join a little later. Because of their 239 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:38,120 Speaker 1: school commitments. They weren't actually able to leave until the 240 00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 1: start of June. They traveled by wagon and then train, 241 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:45,480 Speaker 1: doing something of a whistle stop tour through Montana, North Dakota, 242 00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:49,720 Speaker 1: and Minnesota before turning south toward Missouri. They arrived on 243 00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: the Fairs Montana day that was June fourteenth, nineteen o four, 244 00:14:53,840 --> 00:14:56,520 Speaker 1: and they played a mandolin recital not long after they 245 00:14:56,520 --> 00:14:59,280 Speaker 1: got off the train. I'm just gonna say that sounds 246 00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:02,720 Speaker 1: exhausting to I can barely get off the airplane and 247 00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:04,760 Speaker 1: come right to the office and start working and they 248 00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,120 Speaker 1: had been in transit on a train for a couple 249 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:09,800 Speaker 1: of weeks, got off the train and played amndaland recital. 250 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:12,800 Speaker 1: All of this sounds exhausting. Go play a basketball game 251 00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:15,000 Speaker 1: and then change clothes and you're gonna dance for a while, 252 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,280 Speaker 1: and you're gonna play some music and you're gonna do recitation. Yes, 253 00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:21,400 Speaker 1: that's exhausting, it is. And we're gonna talk about the 254 00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:23,720 Speaker 1: time that they spent doing this in St. Louis after 255 00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:33,240 Speaker 1: another quick sponsor break. As we alluded to before the break, 256 00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: it had taken the Fort Shaw basketball team and their 257 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:39,560 Speaker 1: coach and chaperons about two weeks to travel from school 258 00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:42,400 Speaker 1: to St. Louis. Once they got there, they kept up 259 00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:46,080 Speaker 1: a busy schedule. In addition to their demonstration classes at 260 00:15:46,080 --> 00:15:49,840 Speaker 1: the Model Indian School, they had regularly scheduled performances of 261 00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:54,080 Speaker 1: their Hiawatha recitation song on the Mystic and their mandolin concertos. 262 00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:58,440 Speaker 1: Twice a week, weather permitting, they held basketball exhibitions in 263 00:15:58,480 --> 00:16:03,280 Speaker 1: the courtyard outside of the Model School. The players had downtime, 264 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:06,040 Speaker 1: they usually spent it down at the Pike, which became 265 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:09,120 Speaker 1: a favorite place to wander and watch and try out 266 00:16:09,160 --> 00:16:13,360 Speaker 1: new foods. Most of their games on the fairgrounds were scrimmages, 267 00:16:13,640 --> 00:16:16,360 Speaker 1: but they did actually leave the fairgrounds to play against 268 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:20,000 Speaker 1: several local high school teams. Even though they never had 269 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:22,480 Speaker 1: a home court advantage and they did not have the 270 00:16:22,520 --> 00:16:25,920 Speaker 1: welcoming crowd that they had grown used to back in Montana, 271 00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:29,480 Speaker 1: they still won every single time. If you've listened to 272 00:16:29,520 --> 00:16:32,760 Speaker 1: our live show from Dallas on Pierre de Freddy and 273 00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:36,560 Speaker 1: the Modern Olympic Games, you'll know that in nineteen o four, 274 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:39,560 Speaker 1: the Olympic Games were held in St. Louis at the 275 00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:42,720 Speaker 1: same time at the as the World Spare. Unsurprisingly, this 276 00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:47,640 Speaker 1: led to some problems, but it also meant there were 277 00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:51,080 Speaker 1: a lot of athletic activities to take in in St. Louis, 278 00:16:51,160 --> 00:16:55,280 Speaker 1: including basketball games. But the Ford Shop basketball team was 279 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:59,760 Speaker 1: really the only opportunity to see women's sports. Women weren't 280 00:16:59,760 --> 00:17:02,720 Speaker 1: a actually allowed to participate in the Olympic Games yet, 281 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:05,919 Speaker 1: and women's basketball would not be an Olympic sport for 282 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:10,520 Speaker 1: another seventy plus years. The team did, however, get the 283 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:14,160 Speaker 1: honor of playing an exhibition game at the Olympics. Yeah, 284 00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:18,080 Speaker 1: if you'll recall these two events happening abutted right against 285 00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:20,800 Speaker 1: each other, caused so much confusion some people didn't even 286 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:23,920 Speaker 1: know they that the Olympics were happening. Some of them 287 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,520 Speaker 1: that were actually in the Olympics thought they were playing 288 00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:29,480 Speaker 1: at the World Fair. Aside from those couple of early 289 00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:33,280 Speaker 1: games in their first season of competitive play, at this point, 290 00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 1: the Fort Shaw Indian schoolgirls basketball team was undefeated. News 291 00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:41,680 Speaker 1: coverage of their games suggested that they were unstoppable, speedier, 292 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:44,479 Speaker 1: and more agile than the other teams, and adept at 293 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:47,879 Speaker 1: feints and strategies that their opponents just could not match. 294 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:52,160 Speaker 1: So Philip Strummel of Missouri decided it was time for 295 00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:55,720 Speaker 1: somebody to rise to this challenge. He put together an 296 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:58,359 Speaker 1: all star team to play against Fort Shaw in a 297 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,719 Speaker 1: three game match to determine who would be champion of 298 00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 1: the World's Fair. He hand selected past members of St. 299 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,320 Speaker 1: Louis's Central High School team, taking the best of the 300 00:18:09,359 --> 00:18:12,359 Speaker 1: best from the years that Central had been state champions. 301 00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:17,280 Speaker 1: This alumna team trained together with the specific goal exclusively 302 00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:20,879 Speaker 1: of defeating Fort Shaw. The games were to take place 303 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:26,040 Speaker 1: over three Saturdays. The first game was held on September three, 304 00:18:26,680 --> 00:18:30,960 Speaker 1: and Fort Shaw one twenty four to two. Still not 305 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: the colossal scores that happened today. But that's a big disparity, 306 00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:38,080 Speaker 1: and they did it even though Emma Sansavor was only 307 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:41,359 Speaker 1: recently back on the court, having sprained her ankle in 308 00:18:41,359 --> 00:18:44,040 Speaker 1: one of their games against the local high school. And 309 00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:46,919 Speaker 1: the words of the St. Louis Dispatch quote, to the 310 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,920 Speaker 1: great surprise of several hundred spectators, the girls from Fort 311 00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:55,000 Speaker 1: Shaw were more active, more accurate, and cooler than their opponents. 312 00:18:56,680 --> 00:19:00,880 Speaker 1: At the next scheduled Saturday strummle, and this louis alumna 313 00:19:00,920 --> 00:19:05,760 Speaker 1: team didn't even show up, forfeiting the entire series. Apparently, 314 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,040 Speaker 1: though the team was not actually content to lose the 315 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:12,000 Speaker 1: series by forfeit, they asked for a second match, which 316 00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:14,919 Speaker 1: took place on October eight, this time in front of 317 00:19:14,920 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 1: the Model Indian School. So many people came to watch 318 00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:21,720 Speaker 1: that security had to be called to clear the playing 319 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:26,200 Speaker 1: field and keep the crowd held back. Fort Shaw one 320 00:19:26,240 --> 00:19:30,360 Speaker 1: again seventeen to six, this time making them the undisputed 321 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:34,679 Speaker 1: champions of the nineteen o four Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and 322 00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:37,720 Speaker 1: even though there was no official governing body for a 323 00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:41,240 Speaker 1: World basketball league, the public consensus was that they were 324 00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:45,359 Speaker 1: world champions as well, even though the World's Fare was 325 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:48,760 Speaker 1: to run until December. The Model Indian School was really 326 00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:51,240 Speaker 1: only built as a summer building. It was just not 327 00:19:51,359 --> 00:19:55,399 Speaker 1: equipped to withstand cold temperatures or wintry weather. So not 328 00:19:55,520 --> 00:19:59,040 Speaker 1: long after that October eighth championship, the Fort Shaw students, 329 00:19:59,119 --> 00:20:01,639 Speaker 1: together with the best of the Model Schools student body, 330 00:20:01,680 --> 00:20:04,000 Speaker 1: helped dismantle it. And then they packed up and went 331 00:20:04,119 --> 00:20:08,560 Speaker 1: home and their journals and their letters. The players unsurprisingly 332 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:11,639 Speaker 1: described this as being both a sorrow and a relief, 333 00:20:11,680 --> 00:20:14,240 Speaker 1: like they had they had seemed to have a really 334 00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:16,840 Speaker 1: good time in St. Louis, but they were also eager 335 00:20:16,880 --> 00:20:19,840 Speaker 1: to get back home to the rest of their classmates 336 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:23,920 Speaker 1: and eventually to their families, maybe not to be working 337 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:27,520 Speaker 1: and incredibly grueling sports and performance schedule. It is a 338 00:20:27,680 --> 00:20:32,040 Speaker 1: crueling It surprises me that they that they were able 339 00:20:32,080 --> 00:20:34,240 Speaker 1: to spend as much time on the pike as they did, 340 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:36,960 Speaker 1: like that was really their favorite place to go anytime 341 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:39,639 Speaker 1: they did not have something on their schedule to do. 342 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:44,960 Speaker 1: The fourth Shop girls basketball team continued its undefeated streak 343 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:48,439 Speaker 1: through nineteen oh six as its members became adults and 344 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,960 Speaker 1: either left school or graduated. Though they were invited to 345 00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:55,040 Speaker 1: the Lewis and Clark Exposition of nineteen o five. By 346 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:57,719 Speaker 1: that point, their reputation as a team was so formidable 347 00:20:57,760 --> 00:21:00,679 Speaker 1: that no one wanted to play against them. Only a 348 00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:03,399 Speaker 1: couple of world champion team members were still enrolled in 349 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:05,680 Speaker 1: the school by nineteen o seven, which is the year 350 00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:09,040 Speaker 1: that Fred Campbell left a school superintendent to take a 351 00:21:09,119 --> 00:21:14,040 Speaker 1: job at the Fort Peck Indian Reservation as an allotting agent. Today, 352 00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:16,719 Speaker 1: there is a monuments to the team at the former 353 00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:19,560 Speaker 1: site of Fort Shaw Indian School. It's shaped like an 354 00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:22,720 Speaker 1: arch that reads nineteen o four World Champions Fort Shaw 355 00:21:22,760 --> 00:21:26,600 Speaker 1: Indian School. There's an inscribed stone with a picture of 356 00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:29,600 Speaker 1: the team and the players names on it beneath the arch. 357 00:21:30,760 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 1: It's not actually clear what happened to all of the 358 00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:35,919 Speaker 1: nineteen o four Fort Shaw players after the end of 359 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:38,919 Speaker 1: the season. Most of them went on to finish school 360 00:21:39,080 --> 00:21:44,959 Speaker 1: mary and have families. Some later worked as seamstresses, teachers, nurses, aids, 361 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:50,200 Speaker 1: and interpreters. Several died at sadly early ages, including Minnie Burton, 362 00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 1: who died in childbirth at thirty three, and Emma Sansavor, 363 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:56,520 Speaker 1: who died of septi simia after the birth of her 364 00:21:56,640 --> 00:22:00,200 Speaker 1: ninth child when she was thirty nine. Jenny Butch died 365 00:22:00,240 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 1: in nineteen o nine of a lethal dose of salts, 366 00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:07,680 Speaker 1: with foul play actually suspected in her death. Flora Lucero 367 00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:11,960 Speaker 1: died of diabetes in nineteen fifty eight. Jim Healy outlived 368 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:14,879 Speaker 1: the rest of her team, dying in nineteen eighty one 369 00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:19,080 Speaker 1: at the age of nineties three. Apart from their physical 370 00:22:19,119 --> 00:22:22,160 Speaker 1: talent and skill on the court, the girls basketball team 371 00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:25,080 Speaker 1: at Fort Shaw is an amazing example of resilience in 372 00:22:25,119 --> 00:22:29,000 Speaker 1: the face of adversity. In addition to the general experience 373 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:31,159 Speaker 1: of growing up in a boarding school that was a 374 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,080 Speaker 1: meant to erase their own culture and replace it with 375 00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:38,119 Speaker 1: another one, several of the girls experienced personal tragedies in 376 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,160 Speaker 1: their earlier life or while at school. Many had lost 377 00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:45,840 Speaker 1: immediate family members before being enrolled, or learned of the 378 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:48,879 Speaker 1: deaths of parents, siblings, and other family members back at 379 00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:52,520 Speaker 1: home while they were studying, or actually lived through those 380 00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:56,200 Speaker 1: deaths when illnesses like typhoid and smallpox struck the school. 381 00:22:57,160 --> 00:22:59,680 Speaker 1: This was not limited to their time at Fort Shaw. 382 00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,720 Speaker 1: A five year old died of unknown causes during an 383 00:23:03,720 --> 00:23:06,520 Speaker 1: outbreak of fever that coincided with a heat wave at 384 00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:09,720 Speaker 1: the Model Indian School in July of nineteen o four, 385 00:23:10,280 --> 00:23:13,280 Speaker 1: leading the Pima Indian School Kindergarten to go back to 386 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:18,040 Speaker 1: Arizona Territory early yeah. The unknown causes was the officially 387 00:23:18,080 --> 00:23:21,480 Speaker 1: recorded cause of death, but it was pretty apparent that 388 00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:24,840 Speaker 1: the child was sick and the school was fastly overheated. 389 00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:29,280 Speaker 1: Some of these tragedies took place during the playing season. 390 00:23:30,040 --> 00:23:33,600 Speaker 1: Emma Sansover's mother struggled with alcoholism and she had become 391 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:38,200 Speaker 1: involved with an abusive man. Emma learned from a newspaper 392 00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:41,480 Speaker 1: report that her mother had disappeared and was suspected to 393 00:23:41,560 --> 00:23:44,119 Speaker 1: have been murdered just before a game in nineteen o 394 00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:48,199 Speaker 1: three during the team's tour. In the early spring of 395 00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:51,960 Speaker 1: nineteen o four, Katie Snell's little brother George and their 396 00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:55,639 Speaker 1: cousin Fred Cunahan both ran away from school and they 397 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:59,400 Speaker 1: were caught in a blizzard. George survived but had severe 398 00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:02,760 Speaker 1: frost by and Fred died. The two boys, who were 399 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:05,919 Speaker 1: both just seven, had apparently been inspired by the successful 400 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:09,200 Speaker 1: escape of four older boys who had sneaked away before 401 00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:12,560 Speaker 1: the storm and successfully hopped a train back home before 402 00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:16,760 Speaker 1: the storm hit. That last tragedy really highlights one of 403 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,720 Speaker 1: the disparities of this story. We spent a lot of 404 00:24:19,720 --> 00:24:22,400 Speaker 1: time in part one talking about the system of Indian 405 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:25,359 Speaker 1: boarding schools in the United States and how the conditions 406 00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:28,800 Speaker 1: there were often miserable and even abusive for the students. 407 00:24:29,359 --> 00:24:32,440 Speaker 1: The girls basketball team had a lot of privileges. They 408 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:34,560 Speaker 1: wrote about their time on the team and at the 409 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:37,800 Speaker 1: fair as a joyful one. They made a remarkable name 410 00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:40,919 Speaker 1: for themselves and for the school, but this doesn't erase 411 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:44,560 Speaker 1: the experience of their classmates, who were not so comparatively fortunate. 412 00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:49,119 Speaker 1: Although their enrollment started to decline in the nineteen teens, 413 00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:53,480 Speaker 1: federal off reservation boarding schools have continued to operate in 414 00:24:53,480 --> 00:24:57,360 Speaker 1: the decades since then. Fort Shaw closed in nineteen ten 415 00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:02,720 Speaker 1: and Carlisle Indian Industrial School closed in nineteen eighteen. Until 416 00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:06,160 Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties, the boarding schools that continue to operate 417 00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:09,800 Speaker 1: still had a goal of westernizing and americanizing their students 418 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: and erasing Native cultures. By nineteen seventy three, about sixty 419 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:18,520 Speaker 1: thousand Native students were enrolled in boarding schools on and 420 00:25:18,680 --> 00:25:22,720 Speaker 1: off reservations. The focus of these schools started to change 421 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:26,719 Speaker 1: in the nineteen seventies, largely through Native activism, and today 422 00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:30,480 Speaker 1: there are still a handful of federal boarding schools in operation, 423 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:33,320 Speaker 1: run by the Bureau of Indian Education at the Bureau 424 00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:35,919 Speaker 1: of Indian Affairs, which is part of the United States 425 00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:40,120 Speaker 1: Department of the Interior. Now, these schools are generally focused 426 00:25:40,119 --> 00:25:43,240 Speaker 1: on students who were at risk for drug abuse, suicide, 427 00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:47,480 Speaker 1: and other serious issues. Rather than teaching only in English 428 00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:52,000 Speaker 1: and discouraging Native practices, the schools today actively teach Native 429 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:56,959 Speaker 1: languages and cultural practices in addition to other academic subjects. 430 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:01,879 Speaker 1: But these boarding schools continued to be the subject of controversy, 431 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:05,679 Speaker 1: everything from government budget cuts to low graduation rates and 432 00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:09,240 Speaker 1: achievement scores, and a general question of whether the federal 433 00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:12,440 Speaker 1: government should be running boarding schools for Native students at all. 434 00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:16,199 Speaker 1: There's an ongoing movement for tribes and nations to assume 435 00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:20,679 Speaker 1: control over those schools themselves. To circle back to basketball 436 00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:23,800 Speaker 1: as we close out, It is a hugely popular sport 437 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:27,480 Speaker 1: today in many Native American communities, with a really fast 438 00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:29,920 Speaker 1: paced style of play that's come to be known as 439 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:33,720 Speaker 1: res ball. Even so, it was only in twenty eleven 440 00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:37,520 Speaker 1: that Tony Robinson became the first Native American woman drafted 441 00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:40,720 Speaker 1: into the w n b A basketball. We did a 442 00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:44,520 Speaker 1: sports episode, Tracy, I know I didn't you did research 443 00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:48,800 Speaker 1: on sportsings. I know I did a two part podcast 444 00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:52,680 Speaker 1: on sports ball, which is uh still kind of astounding 445 00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:54,760 Speaker 1: to me. I said in part one that I would 446 00:26:54,760 --> 00:26:57,720 Speaker 1: be really hard pressed to like sit all the way 447 00:26:57,720 --> 00:27:00,199 Speaker 1: through a football game, which is a thing that I 448 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:04,200 Speaker 1: did in high school as part of the color guard 449 00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:07,120 Speaker 1: in the marching band. But I could not tell you 450 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:09,919 Speaker 1: what was going on on the field at any point. 451 00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:13,479 Speaker 1: I just I yelled when people yelled, and then I 452 00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:18,000 Speaker 1: went out onto the field during halftime and did my 453 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:22,160 Speaker 1: flag routine. Yeah. I never really got into football. Hockey 454 00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:27,640 Speaker 1: and baseball. I have both watched, uh with some fervor, 455 00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:31,400 Speaker 1: but football has never been my my sport. Neither has basketball, 456 00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:33,320 Speaker 1: for that matter, But lots of people love them and 457 00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:35,880 Speaker 1: get great enjoyment from him. My best friend is a 458 00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:40,080 Speaker 1: football fanatic, so I hear a lot about it during 459 00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:44,080 Speaker 1: the season. Yeah. When I um, we made that reference 460 00:27:44,119 --> 00:27:47,119 Speaker 1: in part one to the Carlisle, Indian Schools football team 461 00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:49,720 Speaker 1: and I was listening, I was doing some research about 462 00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:52,080 Speaker 1: that because I felt like we should acknowledge it. It 463 00:27:52,119 --> 00:27:55,560 Speaker 1: would be weird not to say something about it, since 464 00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:59,199 Speaker 1: you know, it has parallels to these two episodes in 465 00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:01,639 Speaker 1: so many different ways. But I was listening to this 466 00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:05,760 Speaker 1: explanation about how the football rules at the time differed 467 00:28:05,840 --> 00:28:08,480 Speaker 1: from the football rules now, and it got into this 468 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:10,679 Speaker 1: whole thing about the first down line, and I was like, 469 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:19,520 Speaker 1: I'm out. I don't know that's good. Uh you know 470 00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:23,120 Speaker 1: where I do. It's it's one of those things where 471 00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:26,520 Speaker 1: I have an almost visceral inability to understand it. So 472 00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:29,600 Speaker 1: many times in my life I have I have read 473 00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 1: what the first down line is, and it's just it 474 00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:34,200 Speaker 1: won't stay in my brain. It falls directly out the 475 00:28:34,280 --> 00:28:37,119 Speaker 1: other side. You got other stuff in your brain? Do 476 00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:39,760 Speaker 1: you have listener mail in your brain? I do, and 477 00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:43,320 Speaker 1: it is really great. Uh. It is from Laura. Laura 478 00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:48,640 Speaker 1: wrote an email titled Aaron Burr and a Mummified Head, 479 00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:51,680 Speaker 1: So of course I had to read that. I love 480 00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:54,600 Speaker 1: everything about it. Right out of the gate, Laura says, Hi, 481 00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:56,800 Speaker 1: Tracy Holly, I just wanted to say thanks for a 482 00:28:56,960 --> 00:29:01,240 Speaker 1: great podcast recently. I enjoyed your feature Theodoja Burr Austin 483 00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:03,920 Speaker 1: and a throwback to the episode about her father Aaron 484 00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:07,000 Speaker 1: having grown up in Australia. I wasn't familiar with their 485 00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:10,080 Speaker 1: stories and found their lives extremely interesting, so much so 486 00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:12,960 Speaker 1: I went on to do some extra reading and found 487 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,480 Speaker 1: a small connection to my own life. I learned that 488 00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:20,040 Speaker 1: after has failed Mexico venture, Aaron Burr escaped to Europe 489 00:29:20,040 --> 00:29:24,720 Speaker 1: and eventually London. Here he was befriended by the noted 490 00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:29,360 Speaker 1: social reformer Jeremy Bentham. In fact, the pair became so 491 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,400 Speaker 1: close that Burr wrote to Theodosia of his new confidant, quote, 492 00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:36,000 Speaker 1: he is indeed the most perfect model that I have 493 00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:40,280 Speaker 1: seen or imagined of moral and intellectual excellence. He is 494 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:43,680 Speaker 1: the most intimate friend I have in this country and 495 00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,800 Speaker 1: my constant associate. I live in his house and compose 496 00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:50,760 Speaker 1: a part of his family. The reason that this is 497 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,440 Speaker 1: so interesting to me is that I am very familiar 498 00:29:53,480 --> 00:29:56,560 Speaker 1: with old Jeremy Bentham. In fact, I see him pretty 499 00:29:56,640 --> 00:29:58,560 Speaker 1: much every day, despite the fact that he died in 500 00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:03,000 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty two. Begins talking about the University College of 501 00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:05,640 Speaker 1: London and goes on to say, one of my favorite 502 00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:08,400 Speaker 1: parts of the old campus is the auto icon of 503 00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:14,280 Speaker 1: its spiritual founder. You guessed it, Bentham. Essentially, this auto 504 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:17,600 Speaker 1: icon is his mummified remains sitting on top of a chair, 505 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:20,120 Speaker 1: clothed in his actual black suit and hat, complete with 506 00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:24,160 Speaker 1: glasses and cane to fit with his dying wishes. Because 507 00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:26,959 Speaker 1: he left his body to science and it was dissected 508 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:30,120 Speaker 1: in a public lecture by a friend, after which the 509 00:30:30,160 --> 00:30:36,040 Speaker 1: skeleton was preserved. Bentham originally wanted his head preserved, also 510 00:30:36,320 --> 00:30:40,000 Speaker 1: using techniques traditional to the Maori people of New Zealand, 511 00:30:40,360 --> 00:30:44,040 Speaker 1: but the process went horrifically wrong. Please see the attached 512 00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:47,520 Speaker 1: article for a picture. A wax likeness was placed on 513 00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:51,640 Speaker 1: the auto icon instead, and the disfigured head was displayed 514 00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:55,680 Speaker 1: separately until a series of pranks by Arrival University saw 515 00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:59,040 Speaker 1: it stolen and held for ransom. According to legend, it 516 00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:01,760 Speaker 1: was also hidden in a luggage locker in a Scottish 517 00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:05,320 Speaker 1: Strand train station and used for football practice. Not surprisingly, 518 00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:09,600 Speaker 1: it was then locked safely away in the until just 519 00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:13,200 Speaker 1: recently when a new exhibition at the university placed the 520 00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:18,040 Speaker 1: head back on public display to explore life, death and preservation. 521 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:20,800 Speaker 1: And then there's a link to an article about this 522 00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:25,200 Speaker 1: bizarre severed head situation that was just they're lying around 523 00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:29,160 Speaker 1: for people to look at. Uh. Yeah, it was amazing. 524 00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:31,080 Speaker 1: Amazing to me that a piece of history that I 525 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:34,080 Speaker 1: passed by every day was so connected to big events 526 00:31:34,120 --> 00:31:36,760 Speaker 1: happening around the world so many years ago, events that 527 00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:41,040 Speaker 1: I learned about from your podcast. Keep up the excellent work, Laura. 528 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:51,120 Speaker 1: Thank you, Laura. I love that letter. It's really great. Um. 529 00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:55,520 Speaker 1: When so, when when we get email, we have a 530 00:31:55,520 --> 00:31:58,160 Speaker 1: little thing where we can start the email that captures 531 00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:00,400 Speaker 1: our attention in some way, and this is one where 532 00:32:00,400 --> 00:32:04,280 Speaker 1: I started when we got it, which was on Halloween. 533 00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:07,640 Speaker 1: And then, as is the case with what the first 534 00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:10,880 Speaker 1: down line means, my brain just flushed it completely out. 535 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:13,360 Speaker 1: And so this morning when I was getting listener mail 536 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:16,360 Speaker 1: together and I looked at my starred messages, I was like, 537 00:32:16,680 --> 00:32:21,880 Speaker 1: the what with the civiled I love it? I love it. Yes, 538 00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:24,600 Speaker 1: thank you so much, Laura. Do you would like to 539 00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:26,760 Speaker 1: write to us. We're a history podcast at how Stuff 540 00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:30,480 Speaker 1: Works dot com. We're also on Facebook and Facebook dot com, 541 00:32:30,520 --> 00:32:33,480 Speaker 1: slash miss in history. Our Twitter is missed in history. 542 00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:36,600 Speaker 1: Our Tumbler, and our interest in our Instagram are all 543 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:39,680 Speaker 1: also missed in history. If you come to our website, 544 00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:42,200 Speaker 1: which is missed in history dot com, you will find 545 00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:44,960 Speaker 1: a searchable archive of all the episodes we've ever done 546 00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:47,720 Speaker 1: show notes for the episodes Holly and I have done 547 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:52,280 Speaker 1: that includes links to uh slash notations of all of 548 00:32:52,320 --> 00:32:55,200 Speaker 1: the research that we have used for these podcasts, so 549 00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:57,720 Speaker 1: you can do that if you come. Visit us at 550 00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:05,000 Speaker 1: miss in history dot com. For more on this and 551 00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:16,240 Speaker 1: thousands of other topics, visit how stop works dot com. 552 00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:15,840 Speaker 1: M