Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Flow Your Mind from how Stuff
Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, wasn't it stuff to blow your Mind?
Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamp and I'm Julie Douglass. And
Speaker 1: before we started recording this episode, we were just talking
Speaker 1: about yoga studios, which ties in nicely with today's episode,
Speaker 1: which is of course about body odor. What body odor
Speaker 1: can tell us, because I find it. When I noticed
Speaker 1: body odor, it's generally two different situations. One is, I'm
Speaker 1: on the train and there's a lot of body odor
Speaker 1: going on, and it's generally an unpleasant situation because I
Speaker 1: realize I'm way too close to a lot of people
Speaker 1: and some of them smell varying degrees of bad or rancid,
Speaker 1: and sometimes there's a there's some spoiled pants in there
Speaker 1: as well, I'm sure, but there's also a body odor
Speaker 1: component to it. Whereas after a yoga class, who good
Speaker 1: yoga class, there's also a kind of a um, you know,
Speaker 1: a milange of body odors in the air as well.
Speaker 1: And I tend like that because it's kind of a
Speaker 1: kind of a hey, we all just worked out, kind
Speaker 1: of a smell, and generally, and maybe maybe arguably, the
Speaker 1: body odors. The individual body odors I'm picking up in
Speaker 1: that yoga class are simply better body odors. Is that
Speaker 1: possible that that these are healthy body odors that I'm
Speaker 1: picking up on the train or unhealthy body odors? So,
Speaker 1: in other words, on the train you get a cross
Speaker 1: section of humanity, right, And some of them I'm sure
Speaker 1: smell fabulous, but then some maybe on death's door possibly,
Speaker 1: But in a yoga class, for the most part, you
Speaker 1: probably have a lot of healthy people working out, and
Speaker 1: maybe that contributes to your sense that what you're smelling
Speaker 1: is quite good. Yeah, And I don't know, Lamb, I
Speaker 1: don't know. Actually if there's some interesting information that may
Speaker 1: support that um and we'll get into that, but before
Speaker 1: we do, we should probably just sort of review the
Speaker 1: fact that we all have this invisible cloak of odor
Speaker 1: on us at all time times. An odor artist Cecil
Speaker 1: told us, who I think, it's just the greatest thing
Speaker 1: since Slice bread says that we are carrying a database
Speaker 1: of smells around with us at all times, on her bodies,
Speaker 1: in her hair, and in our clothing, and these culminate
Speaker 1: into a kind of autobiography of smell. This is the
Speaker 1: smell artists the German lady. Yes, yes, yes, the woman
Speaker 1: who has collected seven thousand different smells, the woman who
Speaker 1: went to this high falutint gala wearing like this crazy
Speaker 1: gorgeous dress, looking like Marilyn Monroe on steroids, but then
Speaker 1: doused herself in molecules of dog crap just so that
Speaker 1: when she had interactions with people, she could um, you know,
Speaker 1: both elicit their they're sort of like gross response, but
Speaker 1: also through our visual process have people come to her. Right.
Speaker 1: And she was the lady that was on the panel
Speaker 1: we saw the World Science Festival years back, uh, and
Speaker 1: she she was the most interesting person on the panel
Speaker 1: for a number of reasons. But one of the things
Speaker 1: I always come back to is her argument that we
Speaker 1: don't give our children enough language to describe smell. That
Speaker 1: we have a very limited vocabulary genuinely generally speaking on
Speaker 1: an individual level and also just linguistically as a whole
Speaker 1: when it comes to describing smells, So we end up saying, oh,
Speaker 1: well that's stinky, or oh that's that smells gross, when
Speaker 1: there's really there's a lot more nuanced than any given uh,
Speaker 1: comparing any given smell to another. Right, because you always
Speaker 1: take a shoe with stinky cheese. Right for you, it's
Speaker 1: not stinky, it's delightful blue cheese. Right, or at the
Speaker 1: very least, we should use a different term to describe
Speaker 1: cheese that is maybe a little too pungent for us,
Speaker 1: you know, uh, and even pungent. I feel like pungent
Speaker 1: is a better word for the cheese, but it's not
Speaker 1: necessarily the best. I mean again, language kind of fails
Speaker 1: us to an extent when we start trying to describe
Speaker 1: the complexities of the scent world that we live in, well,
Speaker 1: it might fail us because you could make the case
Speaker 1: that humans really got the short end of the smelling stick.
Speaker 1: And if we don't have the full spectrum of smell
Speaker 1: smells available to us, then we might not have the
Speaker 1: full spectrum of language to describe them. This is a
Speaker 1: metaphorical smelling stick, not the one that a like a
Speaker 1: third grade or might bring up to you and tell
Speaker 1: you to smell one end of it. As far as
Speaker 1: I know, and would you smell it if they offered it.
Speaker 1: Absolutely never smell the smelling stick. So one of the
Speaker 1: examples of how we got the short end of the
Speaker 1: smelling stick is that no two people smell things the
Speaker 1: same way. Yeah, this is really fascinating because, I mean
Speaker 1: it matches up perfectly with with experience, because we're always encountering,
Speaker 1: you know, people who don't like a smell that we like,
Speaker 1: that we think that we think of smells is too strong,
Speaker 1: and they love it. I mean, just think of individual
Speaker 1: perfume that you walk into a house, and they'll be
Speaker 1: a particular odor that is it might be an instance,
Speaker 1: it might be some sort of a cleaning product, and
Speaker 1: to our noses is just too much, it's just too abrasive.
Speaker 1: But to the other person, that's a pleasant smell to
Speaker 1: wrap your life in. And and indeed, when you start
Speaker 1: looking at the genetics of the situation, um, it's it's
Speaker 1: pretty startling. According to the Thousand Genomes Project, they're about
Speaker 1: four hundred genes coding for the receptors in our noses,
Speaker 1: and there are more than nine hundred thousand variations of
Speaker 1: those genes. So, given odor is going to activate a
Speaker 1: suite of different receptors in the nose, creating a specific
Speaker 1: signal for the brain, and that signal is gonna going
Speaker 1: to differ from individual to individual. Yeah. Hiroaki ma Tsunami
Speaker 1: at Duke's School of medicine and his colleagues found that
Speaker 1: between two people about of the odor receptors are different,
Speaker 1: and they think that's probably on the low end actually
Speaker 1: bearing out this idea that you smell, the smells you
Speaker 1: detect and the smell I detect could be very different.
Speaker 1: And so then that gives you this idea that we're
Speaker 1: not even all working off the same page when it
Speaker 1: comes to smell, right, it kind of gets down to
Speaker 1: that classic argument, you know, what if what if the
Speaker 1: color I see as our engine call orange actually looks
Speaker 1: very different to you? And that's generally generally a kind
Speaker 1: of abstract discussion to get into, because how do you
Speaker 1: really break that down and improve it? But in this
Speaker 1: we see we see far more concrete evidence for the
Speaker 1: for the for the notion that, yes, each person, me, you,
Speaker 1: the listener out there right now, we're all living in
Speaker 1: slightly different sensory worlds, because again, the world we live
Speaker 1: in is ultimately just this, this this picture of of sight, sound,
Speaker 1: and smell that we form in our minds based on
Speaker 1: the information of feeding into our skulls, through our through
Speaker 1: our organs, and uh, the the final product is slightly
Speaker 1: different with each person. It's kind of like the whole uh,
Speaker 1: you know, blind men in the elephant scenario. So, yes,
Speaker 1: of the sensory landscape, the human smell landscape is very
Speaker 1: different from person to person. In addition to that, the
Speaker 1: reason why bloodhounds may be much better at seeking out
Speaker 1: sense and identifying them is because in humans were a
Speaker 1: bit hamstrung, and Professor Dorin Lancet of the Wiseman Institute's
Speaker 1: Molecular Genetics department discovered that more than half of these
Speaker 1: genes and humans contain a mutation that prevents them from
Speaker 1: working properly. Yeah. These are the the olfactory genes involved
Speaker 1: in the recepting these different smells. Yeah, so it's kind
Speaker 1: of weird that we would have these but they'd be
Speaker 1: shut off. But there's another study that has come out
Speaker 1: that that gives us a reason for why that may be. Yeah.
Speaker 1: This is a March three, UH study from the proceedings
Speaker 1: of the National Academy of Science. Uh. The scientists looked
Speaker 1: at the obvious question that arises from from from door
Speaker 1: and lance it's u previous findings, and that is what
Speaker 1: what what? What's the deal with this genetic loss? Uh?
Speaker 1: Is it relatively old phenomenon that affects all primates or
Speaker 1: only occur in humans. And they they looked at they
Speaker 1: looked at the data, and they were able to conclude
Speaker 1: that the drop and sharpness of spell is indeed a
Speaker 1: purely Homo sapien feature. Uh, and it probably stems from
Speaker 1: the development of our brain. Our brain ends up developing
Speaker 1: to depend more and more on visual data uh than
Speaker 1: it does on anything else where. When it comes to
Speaker 1: navigating the world around us, both the physical world and
Speaker 1: the social world. We're depending more on distinguishing colors uh
Speaker 1: and the you know, remembering faces, etcetera, compared to simply
Speaker 1: going off on what does that person smell like? You know,
Speaker 1: Not to be crass, but from an evolutionary perspective, the
Speaker 1: more bipetle we got, the less we were on all fours. Yeah.
Speaker 1: The less we are on all fours, the less sort
Speaker 1: of sense we might be butting up against. Oh well, yeah,
Speaker 1: I guess that would be a decent argument to make
Speaker 1: less less butt sniffing, if you will. Gosh, can you
Speaker 1: imagine mass transit that that was not bipeedle. Well, you
Speaker 1: know you say that, uh, you know, bear in mind
Speaker 1: that on any given train, some people are setting down
Speaker 1: and some people were standing up. So there are a
Speaker 1: lot of people that end up with strangers butts or groins,
Speaker 1: you know, just right there in front of their faces.
Speaker 1: So we haven't managed to get away from a completely
Speaker 1: In fact, public transportation is in a in a way,
Speaker 1: kind of a return home I returned to form. Suddenly
Speaker 1: we are forced to, uh maybe not actively, but passively,
Speaker 1: uh you know, smell the rump and nether regions of
Speaker 1: the stranger on the train, and those rumps, those nether
Speaker 1: regions are telling us something. And we're gonna take a
Speaker 1: quick break when we get back. We're gonna find out
Speaker 1: what that is. All right, we're back. Before we start
Speaker 1: talking about humans smelling other humans, we've got to talk
Speaker 1: about dogs smelling humans. I mean, and I'm not just
Speaker 1: talking about like, you know, a dog bounding into the
Speaker 1: room and automatically attaching it's nose to your crutch. I
Speaker 1: am talking about dogs that are actually ferreting out certain
Speaker 1: sense that might portend uh your degree of health or illness. Yeah,
Speaker 1: obviously dogs live in a far richer uh smell world
Speaker 1: than us poor humans. I mean, anyway, if you've ever
Speaker 1: owned a dog, you know that they've basically just set
Speaker 1: around just going crazy with the smells in their general vicinity.
Speaker 1: And if you get them in a car, I mean
Speaker 1: that just must be like uh, you know, for for
Speaker 1: a dog putting it's his or her head out the
Speaker 1: window and smelling, it must be like that scene in
Speaker 1: UH in two thousand and one, a Space Odyssey where
Speaker 1: all the lights start flashing past past your eyes. You know,
Speaker 1: it just must just must be a psychedelic experience for them.
Speaker 1: And so it shouldn't come as any surprise that dogs
Speaker 1: have been been observed to detect certain cancers by smelling
Speaker 1: breath and urine samples. The latest research, published in two
Speaker 1: thousand eleven in the journal Gut, showed a laborator retriever
Speaker 1: trained in cancer scent detection correctly identified of breath samples
Speaker 1: and ninety seven percent of stool samples from patients with
Speaker 1: colon cancer. And of course that's because there are biochemical
Speaker 1: changes that would give a person a different scent, which
Speaker 1: would we think largely be undetectable by us humans. But
Speaker 1: there are a couple of studies out there that give
Speaker 1: us this idea that we might be picking up on
Speaker 1: things subconsciously. And I'm thinking about this this one research project,
Speaker 1: This is from the Caroline Scott Institutete, and they wanted
Speaker 1: to see if humans could detect illness and one another
Speaker 1: through smell. They had eight healthy people who were injected
Speaker 1: with either Libo polly saccharide, bacterial toxin that produces a
Speaker 1: really strong immune response, or just saltwater, which doesn't have
Speaker 1: any sort of immune response. And four hours later, just
Speaker 1: four hours later, the researchers cut out the sweaty pits
Speaker 1: of t shirts that participants had been wearing and stuffed
Speaker 1: them into bottles. And of course you know what they
Speaker 1: did with those bottles, They inflicted them on test subjects. Yes,
Speaker 1: forty universe these students had those bottles shoved up under
Speaker 1: their noses and they had to smell these samples and
Speaker 1: rate the intensity, pleasantness, and the perceived health of the odor.
Speaker 1: And what were the results. While the researchers found that
Speaker 1: when the students identified samples that were really intense or unpleasant,
Speaker 1: it turned out that those were in fact the the
Speaker 1: individuals who had who had been injected with the bacterial toxin.
Speaker 1: And moreover, the greater immune response to the toxin, the
Speaker 1: greater the unpleasant reading the sample received. Right, So, so
Speaker 1: what's happening here is that in a sense, you're anytime
Speaker 1: there's an infection in your body, there is a battle
Speaker 1: in your body. Uh you know, their their enemy troops
Speaker 1: on the field. So you're a moon immune function sends
Speaker 1: out troops to do battle with them, and you end
Speaker 1: up with what with with what a lot of dead
Speaker 1: soldiers on the field, and then those dead soldiers are
Speaker 1: flushed out of your body. This is a very simplistic,
Speaker 1: uh explanation and simplistic metaphor, but essentially it's changing the
Speaker 1: rest of of your excretions. And then too, if you
Speaker 1: could actually pick up on the smell of the excretion,
Speaker 1: which which this particular study seems to show that we
Speaker 1: can at least subconsciously pick up on those smells, then
Speaker 1: we are picking up on the dead from that battle
Speaker 1: over the infection. Right. There's there's a real message that's
Speaker 1: being communicated there. And if you doubt that, think about
Speaker 1: this next study, which is all about STD and sweat.
Speaker 1: It's a Russian study from the two thousand and eleven
Speaker 1: issue of the Journal of Sexual Medicine, and again it
Speaker 1: involves armpit sweat and the human smell response we'd get
Speaker 1: armpit sweat collected from thirty four Russian men ages seventeen
Speaker 1: to twenty five. Now, thirteen of the men had gone rhea,
Speaker 1: sixteen were healthy, and five had gone a rhia in
Speaker 1: the past, but where they had recovered. The men were
Speaker 1: t shirts with cotton pads in the armpits for one hour.
Speaker 1: Then the pads were placed in glass vials. Eighteen women
Speaker 1: sniff the vials and rated the pleasantness of the smell
Speaker 1: on a ten point scale. Now they were given some
Speaker 1: words to pick out from a list to describe the aromas.
Speaker 1: So they had putrid, floral, vegetative, woody, minty, and fruity
Speaker 1: as descriptors. The women rated the infected men's sweat as
Speaker 1: less than half as pleasant as a healthy men's sweat.
Speaker 1: And the women said about of men who had gonorrhea
Speaker 1: had sweat that smelled putred, whereas only the healthy men
Speaker 1: were described as a putred. And of course this all
Speaker 1: makes perfect sense, right because if if an STD or
Speaker 1: just a simple you know, bacterial infection, you know, whatever
Speaker 1: the scenario, if some sort of of of health situation
Speaker 1: causes your sweat to smell differently, then that is a
Speaker 1: cue to other members of your species that hey, there's
Speaker 1: something wrong with this particular individual. They might not be
Speaker 1: the best mate, they might even be an individual I
Speaker 1: need to distance myself from within the community, uh, to
Speaker 1: avoid and infection myself. Yeah, I mean the messages disengaged, engaged,
Speaker 1: something off. This is a potential other even within my
Speaker 1: own community. Yeah. And to underscore this idea, just to
Speaker 1: make sure that they had a little bit more data
Speaker 1: to press this up against, they found a link between
Speaker 1: the concentration of disease fighting proteins called antibodies, of course,
Speaker 1: and the men's saliva and how pleasant they're sweat smells women.
Speaker 1: The higher the antibody concentration, the lower the score. So
Speaker 1: again we have that correlation there. Now you think about
Speaker 1: this study and you think, well, is it possible that
Speaker 1: you know the this this wasn't a great representative of
Speaker 1: noses smellingness. I mean, after all, they were all women.
Speaker 1: It turns out that you would want a woman doing
Speaker 1: the armpit smelling, specifically a woman, because they may have
Speaker 1: better detection of smells. Exactly, according to a two thousand
Speaker 1: nine research from the Monolf Center. Uh, it's it's more
Speaker 1: difficult to mask under arm odor when women are doing
Speaker 1: the smelling. Uh So, not only are women better smellers
Speaker 1: than men, but male odors were harder to block than
Speaker 1: female odors. Uh So, this this is interesting because it
Speaker 1: it gets back into the the situation we all encounter
Speaker 1: when we're walking through the store and we're looking at
Speaker 1: the various under armed deodorants, and we might it's easy
Speaker 1: to think, well, what's the difference, Well, what's the difference
Speaker 1: between the women's deoterant and the men's deodorant? Like, it's
Speaker 1: we all have armpits. Why does it matter? Why does
Speaker 1: one smell stronger? Why does one need this fragrance? And
Speaker 1: one needs some of its cultural right? Yeah, because otherwise
Speaker 1: we just all be using acts and we call it
Speaker 1: a day. Right. Well yeah, except that, Um, a couple
Speaker 1: of things. One is that again, guys cannot detect smells
Speaker 1: as readily as women can. And to test this, they
Speaker 1: gave some of the women and some of the men
Speaker 1: pure under armed wet and then some sweat that had
Speaker 1: been mixed with another scent. And here's what happened. When
Speaker 1: fragrance was introduced, Only two of thirty two cents to
Speaker 1: fessively blocked under armed odor when women were doing smelling.
Speaker 1: In contrast, nineteen fragrances reduced the strength of underarm odor
Speaker 1: for men, so it's not as readily apparent to men that, um,
Speaker 1: there you know that some sweats might smell. In other words,
Speaker 1: that the detection isn't there. And in addition to this,
Speaker 1: the actual male odors that are omitting these molecules are
Speaker 1: harder to block than female odors. So there's there's a
Speaker 1: case there for a different kind of concentration, a different
Speaker 1: kind of smell in men's deodorance versus women's deodorance. Well,
Speaker 1: this this brings me back to the train again, where
Speaker 1: UH any kind of public transportation system, you're gonna have individuals,
Speaker 1: while reaching up to grab onto a bar or strap,
Speaker 1: exposing that armpit perhaps to the face of other UH
Speaker 1: passengers on the train. And in that situation you find
Speaker 1: individuals who are both tragically lacking in UH in fragrances
Speaker 1: as other than their own body odor. And then you
Speaker 1: have individuals who seem to be way overachieving UH in
Speaker 1: terms of their their their personal perfume. Yeah. I worked
Speaker 1: at a place once where, um, the majority of people
Speaker 1: that were there did not use deodorants. And really didn't um.
Speaker 1: They felt like it was part of the expression of
Speaker 1: them themselves. And this was a printing room, it was
Speaker 1: very hot, and it was just a swirl of fetted
Speaker 1: armpit stink. But I wonder if if this information, if
Speaker 1: this would mean that that females are they going to
Speaker 1: be more inclined to use an overabundance of deodorant or perfume,
Speaker 1: Since if they're going to have a heightened sense of
Speaker 1: body odor, then it seems like they might be more
Speaker 1: inclined to overuse, or at least use an amount of
Speaker 1: perfume that would be interpreted by US males as too
Speaker 1: much perfume. If they better detected them, maybe they would
Speaker 1: avoid certain ones um. But there, I guess you could
Speaker 1: make the case that they could enjoy certain sense more
Speaker 1: and there that's right. We have to go back to
Speaker 1: our original statement about how everyone's sense of smell is
Speaker 1: slightly different everyone's since world is a little bit different
Speaker 1: from the next, and that's probably why we're just constantly
Speaker 1: encountering people who are using too much perfume or not
Speaker 1: enough perfume, too much body uh deodorant or not enough.
Speaker 1: It's because everyone is is everyone has the knobs on
Speaker 1: their their their stink speaker adjusted in a slightly different way.
Speaker 1: Now I'm not bringing up the pheromone angle here because
Speaker 1: this is different. That's a that's a whole other color thing, right,
Speaker 1: which is pretty controversial. But if you think about it,
Speaker 1: you could take say match dot com, and you could
Speaker 1: splice it with armpit samples to gauge at someone's relative
Speaker 1: health and you might be able to get a greater
Speaker 1: match here. And I was thinking about this because I
Speaker 1: was thinking about the hologenium theory that we've talked about before.
Speaker 1: Um Eugene Rosenberg took some flies and it was a
Speaker 1: single species of flies, and he cultivated them two different
Speaker 1: groups on two different diets, brought them back together to
Speaker 1: try to find out if they made it, and they
Speaker 1: found that that bacteria and their guts changed the mating
Speaker 1: preferences of those flies. So when I'm thinking here, of course,
Speaker 1: this is really all ground breaking stuff too, because this
Speaker 1: is what drives we think this is a possible explanation
Speaker 1: for speciation. So I'm also thinking that you use splice,
Speaker 1: you know, sort of like I like peanut coladas and
Speaker 1: getting lost in the rain, along with armpit smell and
Speaker 1: diet and maybe you could get the most accurate match
Speaker 1: with a made possible. Well, you know, apparently that is
Speaker 1: a new trend that some some folks are exploiting. Is
Speaker 1: they smell based speed dating system. Sometimes they even market
Speaker 1: is a pheromone based speed dating system. But again that
Speaker 1: that's a complicated issue, like cuddle up to someone's armpit
Speaker 1: or oh no, if I remember correctly, it's based in
Speaker 1: you know, smell samples, like you in an old shirt
Speaker 1: and they're kind of putting a pile and you kind
Speaker 1: of root around in the pile and decide which smells
Speaker 1: appeal to you more. And then that's used as like
Speaker 1: the first level of elimination in choosing potential mates. Interesting, well,
Speaker 1: I kind of feel like if it were that easy,
Speaker 1: then the whole mating and dating process would be pretty
Speaker 1: like black and white. Yeah, so, I I just don't
Speaker 1: think if we're there. I think that's one of the
Speaker 1: things that colors our perception of people. But obviously we
Speaker 1: hope that we're deeper than the smell when it comes
Speaker 1: to connecting with another person. Oh yeah, well, I mean
Speaker 1: any given smell, there's so much more than just the
Speaker 1: there's the sense experience of the smell. But then there's
Speaker 1: the additional information we're ringing to the scenario, the ideas
Speaker 1: about what the smell is. That's what we talked about before.
Speaker 1: You'll have a smell of a fine cheese and an
Speaker 1: athlete's uh, you know, sweaty foot, and the smells can
Speaker 1: easily be confused with each other. But the context, that's
Speaker 1: what that's what's key there, because that's what makes the
Speaker 1: he's merely pungent and the foot grotesquely stinky, you know. Um.
Speaker 1: In Paris a couple of years ago, I took a
Speaker 1: perfume making afternoon workshop and I got to create my
Speaker 1: own scent and I did, and I decided that it
Speaker 1: smells actually like my husband's arm pit. I called it
Speaker 1: like husband down pits or something like that. And the
Speaker 1: person who was leading the workshop was horrified. Um, probably
Speaker 1: for a couple of different reasons, and one of them
Speaker 1: definitely had to do with the scent. And then then
Speaker 1: everybody passed it around and they got that look on
Speaker 1: their face like they were smelling an armpit. I thought
Speaker 1: it was delightful, though, well there you I mean, it
Speaker 1: all comes down to context, It all comes down to
Speaker 1: the different sense worlds that we each live in as
Speaker 1: far as smell goes, and possibly other senses as well,
Speaker 1: but but we can definitely say so with smelled. All right,
Speaker 1: So there you have it, a little insight into the
Speaker 1: world of a body odor and how it can help
Speaker 1: as root outs who's healthy, who's not, and maybe who
Speaker 1: is who's meant to be our soul man. That's right,
Speaker 1: your body order your destiny question mark. So I know
Speaker 1: a lot of people are gonna have some interesting tidkeets
Speaker 1: to share about this episode. We all have noses, we
Speaker 1: all use them to varying degrees, so let us know
Speaker 1: we would love to hear from you. You can get
Speaker 1: in touch with this a number of ways, uh, generally speaking,
Speaker 1: if you have any question and I'll go to stuff
Speaker 1: toboll your mind dot com. Uh. That is our homepage.
Speaker 1: That is where everything begins and ends. That's where we'll
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Speaker 1: out and in the meantime, we'd love to hear from you, guys,
Speaker 1: and we'd love to hear your fragrant, fetted thoughts, and
Speaker 1: you can send them to blow the mind at Discovery
Speaker 1: dot com. For more on this and thou sms of
Speaker 1: other topics, clisit How staff works dot com. H