WEBVTT - How Apartheid Worked 0:00:01.120 --> 0:00:04.280 Welcome to you stuff you should know front House stuff 0:00:04.320 --> 0:00:12.639 Works dot Com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 0:00:12.720 --> 0:00:15.440 Josh Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and that 0:00:15.480 --> 0:00:19.040 makes this stuff you should know the podcast. I've been 0:00:19.040 --> 0:00:23.320 working on. My Africana accent was that it sort of. 0:00:24.120 --> 0:00:26.640 I've also been told by some people Chuck, we love 0:00:26.680 --> 0:00:28.720 your accents because they're kind of bad, but they're funny. 0:00:29.040 --> 0:00:31.840 And other people said, oh my god, please don't ever 0:00:31.880 --> 0:00:34.600 do accents again. Oh, you gotta keep doing it. Of course, 0:00:34.880 --> 0:00:37.919 people can't tell me what to do. I think your 0:00:37.960 --> 0:00:41.240 African or um is a little rough, you know, on 0:00:41.360 --> 0:00:45.880 the edges, especially compared to your Italian. Sure that's easy though, 0:00:46.000 --> 0:00:48.640 but um, that's no problem. So do you want to 0:00:48.640 --> 0:00:50.960 say a word in African er? I think I know 0:00:51.000 --> 0:00:55.920 that you know one apartoteid yes, and it means a 0:00:56.000 --> 0:01:01.480 partners in Africana and yeah in Afrikaans, sure, which is 0:01:01.480 --> 0:01:05.280 the language? Yeah? Well where did I get African er? Uh? 0:01:05.440 --> 0:01:08.919 That is the person is an Africana the speak Afrikaans. 0:01:09.080 --> 0:01:14.399 So in Afrikaans, apartheid means a partners and you capitalize it. 0:01:14.880 --> 0:01:18.919 And the reason you capitalize it is because for about 0:01:19.120 --> 0:01:22.200 fifty years, a little less than fifty years, it was 0:01:22.319 --> 0:01:27.160 a national policy in South Africa and it was brutal 0:01:28.040 --> 0:01:31.039 and awful, and the whole world said, you know what, 0:01:31.120 --> 0:01:34.880 South Africa, we judge you, and for good reason. Yeah. 0:01:34.959 --> 0:01:37.080 I remember being a kid, and we'll get to this later. 0:01:37.120 --> 0:01:39.280 But the artist against Apartheid was the first time I 0:01:39.360 --> 0:01:44.200 ever heard that word as a young teenager, Bano telling me, 0:01:44.400 --> 0:01:48.280 don't play some city. Sun City was built in eighty one. Okay. 0:01:48.320 --> 0:01:51.960 Sun City, first of all, is a resort in South Africa. 0:01:52.160 --> 0:01:57.080 And you know, little Stephen Van's aunt of the Sopranos 0:01:57.440 --> 0:02:00.160 and the E Street Band wrote the song called Ain't 0:02:00.160 --> 0:02:02.160 Gonna play some City, got all these people to sing 0:02:02.160 --> 0:02:04.360 on it, sort of in the It was like you 0:02:04.520 --> 0:02:09.720 two to Curtis Below, to um Africa Boombada to Peter 0:02:09.840 --> 0:02:12.280 Gabriel did like so many people are on that song, 0:02:12.320 --> 0:02:15.359 all these Miles Davis was on there like everybody was. 0:02:15.760 --> 0:02:18.720 It was a good song. Um, it was a good 0:02:18.720 --> 0:02:21.280 ish song, Okay, but it was like I ain't gonna 0:02:21.320 --> 0:02:23.160 play some City. And not only was it a song, 0:02:23.760 --> 0:02:27.200 but it was like a movement and in an agreement, 0:02:27.320 --> 0:02:29.960 like a creed that you were kind of signing. So 0:02:30.000 --> 0:02:31.920 who played. I saw that Elton John and Queen and 0:02:31.960 --> 0:02:35.840 Linda Ronstadt played during apartheid, Sinatra played. I mean yeah, 0:02:35.880 --> 0:02:38.360 they knew ahead of time that there was like a 0:02:39.000 --> 0:02:41.200 you know, Sun City was not a good place to 0:02:41.320 --> 0:02:44.760 be and it was in apartheid. It was a good 0:02:44.760 --> 0:02:47.640 place to be if you were in a pro apartheid 0:02:47.720 --> 0:02:49.440 South African with a lot of money, because it was 0:02:49.440 --> 0:02:51.560 a very nice resort and you want to gamble and 0:02:51.600 --> 0:02:54.280 they would get big name acts. But um, if you 0:02:54.360 --> 0:02:57.079 went there and played there and made money there, even 0:02:57.120 --> 0:02:59.799 if you didn't make money there, actually, um, the you 0:03:00.040 --> 0:03:04.240 when had an anti apartheid unit and they kept track 0:03:04.400 --> 0:03:06.360 of who was playing there and they would publish a 0:03:06.400 --> 0:03:11.120 blacklist and there was a huge, huge um backlash against it. 0:03:11.200 --> 0:03:13.960 Most people were just like sorry, sorry. If you said publicly, 0:03:14.320 --> 0:03:16.840 I'm very sorry that I went and played Sun City, 0:03:17.040 --> 0:03:20.360 I'm not gonna go to apartheid South Africa again. Um, 0:03:20.400 --> 0:03:22.720 as a performer, they would take you off the list, 0:03:23.520 --> 0:03:25.679 but it was still like that. It's really smacked of 0:03:25.800 --> 0:03:29.880 McCarthyism because they used a blacklist for suspected communists in 0:03:30.240 --> 0:03:32.760 the entertainment industry. And this is the same thing, but 0:03:32.800 --> 0:03:35.160 in this case, in this case they were on the 0:03:35.200 --> 0:03:38.960 side of right, the black listeners were. But but yeah, so, um, 0:03:39.200 --> 0:03:40.800 if you went to Sun City, you ended up on 0:03:40.840 --> 0:03:44.680 this list. And actually, really interestingly, Tim Reid Venus fly Trap, 0:03:45.200 --> 0:03:48.360 he went down to South Africa with Howard Hussman, Johnny 0:03:48.360 --> 0:03:51.880 Fever w Carapean Cincinnati because w CA Arapian Cincinnati was 0:03:51.960 --> 0:03:55.360 a really huge hit down there. Yeah, so they had 0:03:55.760 --> 0:03:59.520 Venis and uh and Johnny Fever come down and Tim 0:03:59.560 --> 0:04:04.960 Reid is one of the first African Americans invited to 0:04:05.240 --> 0:04:09.000 apartheid South Africa to not perform like this was just 0:04:09.040 --> 0:04:12.680 a publicity tour, and he spent the whole time speaking 0:04:12.680 --> 0:04:15.720 out against apartheid. And he still ended up on the 0:04:15.760 --> 0:04:19.039 UN's blacklist because he received like a per diem or 0:04:19.080 --> 0:04:22.360 something during his his publicity tour there, and he uh, 0:04:22.440 --> 0:04:25.960 he spoke out. There's a Chicago Tribune article from the time, 0:04:26.040 --> 0:04:28.880 from like night six that interviews him and he was 0:04:28.920 --> 0:04:32.400 a really smart guy speaking out against this blacklist, or 0:04:32.440 --> 0:04:35.280 at the very least, like how um clumsy it was 0:04:35.320 --> 0:04:37.240 that they weren't using a scalpel at all. They were 0:04:37.279 --> 0:04:38.800 just like, oh, you went to South Africa and they 0:04:38.880 --> 0:04:41.719 gave you some money and now you're blacklisted. He's like, 0:04:41.720 --> 0:04:45.320 I was speaking out against apartheid, Like you get what 0:04:45.360 --> 0:04:48.719 are you doing? So let's talk. Let's talk apartheid. Let's 0:04:48.720 --> 0:04:50.960 where did this come from, Chuck. I mean, it's it 0:04:51.120 --> 0:04:55.479 was instituted in but it was way older than that. Yeah, 0:04:55.680 --> 0:05:00.640 racial suppression was going on sort of from the seventeenth 0:05:00.680 --> 0:05:04.200 century on in Africa, or at least in Southern Africa. 0:05:04.560 --> 0:05:06.359 And it wasn't South Africa at the time. We should 0:05:06.360 --> 0:05:08.479 point out. We'll get to that though. Um. But the 0:05:08.560 --> 0:05:11.880 Dutch came there in the seventeenth century just as a 0:05:11.920 --> 0:05:14.440 little stop off station. They wanted to set up on 0:05:14.440 --> 0:05:16.839 the Spice Route Dutch East Indy Company. They're like, we 0:05:16.880 --> 0:05:18.760 need a place to kick back a little bit and 0:05:18.839 --> 0:05:22.480 rest on this trip. And so I was about to say, 0:05:22.480 --> 0:05:25.000 they said, do you mind? They I don't think they asked. 0:05:24.680 --> 0:05:26.680 They did not. They just sort of set up shop there. 0:05:26.800 --> 0:05:30.800 And they were not there to colonize um. Initially, it 0:05:30.960 --> 0:05:35.159 was just just to set up a station and um. 0:05:35.200 --> 0:05:39.160 But the because they were Europeans, they did bring um 0:05:39.200 --> 0:05:44.800 along with them. The thought that white people are supreme 0:05:45.040 --> 0:05:50.160 to black people with them, that's right. Um, So that 0:05:50.240 --> 0:05:54.000 notion is immediately set up, like, hey, we're better than you. 0:05:54.000 --> 0:05:55.800 You can't tell us what to do. We have guns, 0:05:55.880 --> 0:05:59.760 and uh, we're more quote unquote advanced if if you 0:06:00.320 --> 0:06:04.240 following those European lines of what advanced is. And because 0:06:04.279 --> 0:06:07.400 they were Europeans during the Age of Exploration, they said, 0:06:07.560 --> 0:06:11.839 let's colonize anyway, let's do it. So they did, um, 0:06:11.920 --> 0:06:15.000 and they started setting up settlements that weren't united but 0:06:15.040 --> 0:06:19.040 we're basically the Dutch and then later on the British 0:06:19.160 --> 0:06:23.000 into a much lesser extent of French. UM basically saying 0:06:23.120 --> 0:06:27.599 just undergoing a land grab that involved basically taking land 0:06:27.720 --> 0:06:31.520 from the indigenous people there and then setting up farms. 0:06:31.520 --> 0:06:34.719 Sounds like another country. It sounds really familiar, doesn't it. Yeah. 0:06:34.720 --> 0:06:36.880 They basically would try and negotiate for land and if 0:06:36.880 --> 0:06:39.080 that broke down, they were like, all right, we're taking it, right, 0:06:39.120 --> 0:06:41.080 and then they would take the land, turning and turning 0:06:41.240 --> 0:06:44.120 the land into plantations, start growing stuff for export, and 0:06:44.160 --> 0:06:47.480 then the people would say, um, we're starving out here, 0:06:48.120 --> 0:06:50.240 and the Dutch people would say, well, come on in 0:06:50.279 --> 0:06:52.160 and work for us for like next to nothing at 0:06:52.200 --> 0:06:55.480 the very least, you'll live long enough to till our fields. 0:06:56.240 --> 0:06:59.159 And that's how the whole thing began. Yeah, basically they 0:06:59.200 --> 0:07:01.120 would end up killing the fields that they at one 0:07:01.200 --> 0:07:07.200 point owned themselves or used themselves as slaves. And this 0:07:07.279 --> 0:07:10.200 was the Dutch at first until about the mid seventeen hundreds. 0:07:10.280 --> 0:07:14.680 Then uh, British activity picked up in the region and 0:07:15.000 --> 0:07:18.480 um they uh you know at the time, it was 0:07:18.880 --> 0:07:22.920 I think you said, just like various separate societies farming, 0:07:23.280 --> 0:07:26.520 live in a grarian lifestyle, ranching, hunter gathering, and then 0:07:26.880 --> 0:07:29.720 the Dutch and then the Brits came down there with 0:07:29.760 --> 0:07:32.160 their own slaves and took the land and said, you 0:07:32.160 --> 0:07:35.560 know what, We're gonna battle with each other over this area. 0:07:35.960 --> 0:07:39.440 And eventually Britain gained control in the early nineteenth century 0:07:39.480 --> 0:07:42.040 from the Dutch even but the Dutch were still there 0:07:42.080 --> 0:07:44.720 sort of running things. Is that how it worked. Yeah, 0:07:44.720 --> 0:07:47.440 there were way more Dutch settlers than British, but the 0:07:47.480 --> 0:07:50.160 British had managed to gain control of it and know 0:07:50.320 --> 0:07:52.520 it was a British colony and they said, but slavery 0:07:52.560 --> 0:07:56.280 is not legal, no, but you can be uh you 0:07:56.280 --> 0:07:59.200 you are a servant. Basically and we're going to codify this. 0:07:59.280 --> 0:08:02.040 And now for the first time in this area, UM, 0:08:02.120 --> 0:08:06.000 blacks were legally subservient to whites. So instead of master slave, 0:08:06.080 --> 0:08:09.120 that was master servant. But big. And even though the 0:08:09.120 --> 0:08:11.640 British it was a British colony, it was still basically 0:08:11.720 --> 0:08:16.200 run and operated by the Dutch. That's right, UM, And 0:08:16.320 --> 0:08:18.440 some Dutch didn't like that, so they pressed further and 0:08:18.480 --> 0:08:23.960 further inward and UM ultimately uh, creating more and more 0:08:24.000 --> 0:08:26.880 of an area for the future South Africa by dominating 0:08:26.920 --> 0:08:32.320 these tribes with guns, germ, steel, you know that whole thing. UM. 0:08:32.400 --> 0:08:35.720 And then around about eighteen sixty something really big happened. 0:08:35.800 --> 0:08:39.040 A little bit into the interior. They discovered diamonds and 0:08:39.160 --> 0:08:42.360 gold and said, oh, we're staying. Yeah, and they said, 0:08:42.360 --> 0:08:44.200 you know, we know you love farming and all that 0:08:44.280 --> 0:08:46.920 good stuff, but we think you'd be much happier working 0:08:46.960 --> 0:08:49.800 in a mine for next to nothing. At the very least, 0:08:49.840 --> 0:08:52.240 it would make us happier if you were working in 0:08:52.280 --> 0:08:54.199 our minds, that's right. And you know what we're gonna 0:08:54.400 --> 0:08:58.640 um brutalize you. We're gonna segregate you. Uh, We're gonna 0:08:58.720 --> 0:09:02.760 give you the most dangerous shot and humiliate you and 0:09:02.840 --> 0:09:05.040 do cavity searches and you know what, Now you have 0:09:05.080 --> 0:09:08.240 to have a passbook to go to your job as 0:09:08.240 --> 0:09:11.640 a minor, and uh, you're gonna be paid a lot less. 0:09:11.840 --> 0:09:15.080 And the passbooks. The reason we mentioned that is it 0:09:15.320 --> 0:09:18.600 soon became a staple that you couldn't go anywhere you 0:09:18.600 --> 0:09:20.760 weren't supposed to go without a passbook. Right. It was 0:09:20.960 --> 0:09:23.160 initially started as a work thing though in the in 0:09:23.240 --> 0:09:25.959 the minds of South Africa, that's where apartheid was born. 0:09:26.520 --> 0:09:29.640 And a lot of the apartheid techniques like like you say, 0:09:29.720 --> 0:09:36.320 pass books, um, and just the general degradation of blacks 0:09:36.440 --> 0:09:40.480 in South Africa area. Um, it all began. I mean 0:09:40.679 --> 0:09:43.520 it was already in place, but just the brutality of it, 0:09:43.760 --> 0:09:48.359 I take it really picked up in the minds. Um. 0:09:48.480 --> 0:09:52.280 So that was what the eighteen sixties and that was 0:09:52.280 --> 0:09:55.040 pretty much the way it was. Um. It was a 0:09:55.040 --> 0:09:58.160 British colony in South Africa. It was. It wasn't South 0:09:58.200 --> 0:10:00.319 Africa yet, but it was a British colony, Dutch re 0:10:00.440 --> 0:10:03.800 ruling it. The blacks, Um, they're the African the indigenous 0:10:03.840 --> 0:10:08.120 indigenous natives, um were on the losing end. Of all 0:10:08.160 --> 0:10:11.240 of this in a very brutal fashion. And then in 0:10:11.280 --> 0:10:14.559 the early nine hundreds and I think nineteen o eight, um, 0:10:14.800 --> 0:10:17.600 the people who were running this British colony, the Dutch, 0:10:17.679 --> 0:10:22.080 said hey man, we want a little more authority here. Yeah, 0:10:22.120 --> 0:10:24.880 And they were at this point they were Afrikaaner. Like 0:10:25.720 --> 0:10:28.520 in the past century, they had changed a lot. They 0:10:28.559 --> 0:10:32.880 had this weird hybrid language that developed, and they were 0:10:32.880 --> 0:10:36.840 not they were Dutch in heritage, but they were starting 0:10:36.880 --> 0:10:39.120 to become a new people in southern Africa, which is 0:10:39.160 --> 0:10:41.720 African or they probably felt about as Dutch as like 0:10:41.760 --> 0:10:44.520 you and I feel British, right, you know, yeah, that's 0:10:44.520 --> 0:10:46.400 a good point. But yeah, so yeah, they were like 0:10:46.440 --> 0:10:48.559 a whole new, whole new group. But the basis of 0:10:48.640 --> 0:10:51.080 this was that they were a whole new group who 0:10:51.080 --> 0:10:55.160 had grown up in charge of another group and they 0:10:55.200 --> 0:10:57.120 wanted to make sure that they had a free hand 0:10:57.160 --> 0:11:00.960 in dealing with these other sub classes. Um. And also 0:11:01.000 --> 0:11:03.080 I want to say, like, any time you hear me 0:11:03.120 --> 0:11:06.439 say subclasses, I'm making air quotes, everybody. Yeah, and when 0:11:06.480 --> 0:11:09.600 I say big difference between master slave and master servant, 0:11:09.640 --> 0:11:15.280 I was being sarcastic. We're anti apartheid, yeah, okay. Um, 0:11:15.360 --> 0:11:19.680 so the the these Afrikaners running the show sent a 0:11:19.720 --> 0:11:22.959 new constitution to Britain, and Britain said, okay, go ahead, Um, 0:11:23.040 --> 0:11:25.720 we're gonna go ahead and grant this. It's going to 0:11:25.760 --> 0:11:28.280 be called the South Africa Act of nineteen ten. And 0:11:28.360 --> 0:11:32.679 with that, British decreed that the state of South Africa 0:11:32.840 --> 0:11:36.720 was born phil British colony, but it was officially under 0:11:37.080 --> 0:11:40.240 African or control. That's right. And uh, oh yeah, one 0:11:40.240 --> 0:11:43.200 other thing black people can't hold off as ever. Yeah, 0:11:43.280 --> 0:11:46.280 that's like the first of what would be many, many, 0:11:46.320 --> 0:11:49.000 many restrictions. And that's a huge one, because all of 0:11:49.040 --> 0:11:52.040 a sudden, you have an all white boye made up 0:11:52.080 --> 0:11:55.559 of white people who feel that this is their white 0:11:55.559 --> 0:12:00.800 man's burden to keep you from being shiftless and lazy 0:12:00.880 --> 0:12:04.480 and thieving and just killing yourselves and cutting off your 0:12:04.480 --> 0:12:06.600 own hands and killing one another. It's up to the 0:12:06.600 --> 0:12:09.600 white man to make sure you don't do that. And 0:12:09.640 --> 0:12:12.440 we're going to keep you, keep you safe by subjugating you. 0:12:12.679 --> 0:12:14.200 And the first way we're gonna do that is to 0:12:14.280 --> 0:12:16.959 just have an all white government. That's right. And uh 0:12:17.040 --> 0:12:19.400 and the second thing we're gonna do is we're gonna 0:12:19.559 --> 0:12:23.520 take your land because even though we only make up 0:12:24.160 --> 0:12:27.600 of the population as white people, we need the land. 0:12:27.760 --> 0:12:31.839 So we're gonna shuffle seven I'm sorry of the people 0:12:32.760 --> 0:12:35.600 on to seven percent of the land, really crappy land, 0:12:36.120 --> 0:12:41.400 really bad land. And UM. That was under the leadership 0:12:41.440 --> 0:12:46.960 of General Louis or Louis or Louis both a first 0:12:46.960 --> 0:12:49.920 Prime Minister of South Africa, and the Native Lands Act 0:12:49.920 --> 0:12:52.680 of nine basically was when they said, you know what, 0:12:53.080 --> 0:12:56.640 We're gonna move all these communities. If we kill you 0:12:56.679 --> 0:12:59.040 along the way or you die, no big deal, if 0:12:59.040 --> 0:13:01.080 your whole life is just didn't no big deal. And 0:13:01.120 --> 0:13:05.000 we're essentially going to shove you onto these tiny parcels 0:13:05.040 --> 0:13:09.000 of crappy land. So that began what's called the segregation period. 0:13:09.040 --> 0:13:13.000 But you can't go here, this is white land. UM. 0:13:13.320 --> 0:13:19.360 And after during the segregation period between the Nine Lands 0:13:19.400 --> 0:13:23.640 Act in the fifties or UM, a bunch of other 0:13:23.679 --> 0:13:27.920 things happened for the UM the blacks who are who 0:13:27.960 --> 0:13:33.800 came to be called Bantus Indigenous Africans UM. They lost 0:13:33.840 --> 0:13:36.840 the right to vote in the thirties. In the twenties, 0:13:36.880 --> 0:13:40.120 they had lost the right to unionize and basically they're 0:13:40.160 --> 0:13:43.640 just being pushed further and further out of a meaningful 0:13:43.679 --> 0:13:47.920 participation in society. Yeah. They they they tried to hamper 0:13:47.960 --> 0:13:51.760 their access to education even early on, and fired them 0:13:51.800 --> 0:13:54.040 from jobs even if they were totally more skilled than 0:13:54.080 --> 0:13:56.760 a white worker. Yeah, if you were a skilled craftsman 0:13:57.240 --> 0:14:00.960 and you had apprenticed, you couldn't you couldn't carry out 0:14:00.960 --> 0:14:03.720 your craft any longer. But legally they could go in 0:14:03.760 --> 0:14:05.240 and be like, you know what, there's a white guy 0:14:05.240 --> 0:14:07.960 who we think is better for this job, so you're fired. Yeah, 0:14:08.000 --> 0:14:11.120 because that was the government, right. Um, and this was 0:14:11.200 --> 0:14:14.640 even before the African or Nationalist Party. This is before 0:14:15.200 --> 0:14:20.640 apartheid officially. That didn't come around until Wayne Again, with 0:14:20.680 --> 0:14:22.680 an all white government that had been in power for 0:14:22.760 --> 0:14:29.120 thirty five years. This extreme right wing, basically a fringe movement, 0:14:29.160 --> 0:14:33.600 the Afrikaan or Nationalist Movement, came to power and they 0:14:33.640 --> 0:14:37.520 officially instituted what we call apartheid. There are apartheid policy 0:14:37.560 --> 0:14:40.920 starting in ninety eight, but really kicking off in nineteen 0:14:40.960 --> 0:14:44.400 fifty with the what the Population Registration Act, right, Yeah, 0:14:44.400 --> 0:14:47.760 and this was under Prime Minister DF Malin at the time, 0:14:48.480 --> 0:14:52.440 and with the Population and Registration Act is when they 0:14:52.520 --> 0:14:55.640 created officially the Bantu like you said, and named the 0:14:55.680 --> 0:14:59.240 indigenous black population. Uh. There. So there's Bantou, there's white, 0:14:59.760 --> 0:15:03.160 and and there's colored, which is mixed race, and you 0:15:03.200 --> 0:15:07.480 have to register yourself and be legally classified as one 0:15:07.560 --> 0:15:11.360 of these three races. Everyone was everybody. If you're white, 0:15:11.920 --> 0:15:15.040 goodness for you, Yeah, because you've got of the land. Yeah. 0:15:15.040 --> 0:15:18.920 If you're Bontu or uh, mixed race, then bad luck 0:15:18.960 --> 0:15:21.440 for you. Right and then um at first Indians were 0:15:21.520 --> 0:15:23.800 left out and Indians, I guess because it was a 0:15:23.800 --> 0:15:27.200 British colony, uh, since India was also a British colony. 0:15:27.560 --> 0:15:30.280 South Africa was kind of a place to be force 0:15:30.440 --> 0:15:33.680 for Indians, including Gandhi, who was one of the early 0:15:33.800 --> 0:15:38.120 protesters of the segregationist idea um and was imprisoned for 0:15:38.160 --> 0:15:41.680 I think twenty years in South Africa. Yeah, he was, 0:15:41.920 --> 0:15:44.480 or he was imprisoned while he was there for twenty years. 0:15:44.480 --> 0:15:47.720 He spent part of it in prison for protesting segregation 0:15:48.360 --> 0:15:52.920 of course. But then so ultimately Indians were excluded as foreigners. 0:15:52.920 --> 0:15:57.680 But then just to keep problems from happenings, to keep 0:15:57.680 --> 0:16:02.600 the bureaucracy going, they were added as a fourth race. Um, 0:16:02.680 --> 0:16:05.240 you could not get married between races. If you were 0:16:05.840 --> 0:16:08.120 Bantu and loved with someone of mixed race, you couldn't 0:16:08.120 --> 0:16:12.200 even marry them. Very restrictive. And then next came another 0:16:12.240 --> 0:16:16.120 act called the Group Areas Act, and this really escalated 0:16:16.120 --> 0:16:21.560 the segregation um because now you needed past books essentially 0:16:21.600 --> 0:16:25.280 passports to go from one area to another. Some you 0:16:25.280 --> 0:16:29.800 weren't even allowed in. And um that even went further 0:16:30.000 --> 0:16:34.080 in the Bantu Homelands Homelands Act of ninety one, which 0:16:34.120 --> 0:16:38.880 basically said, you know what, wherever your your area is 0:16:39.040 --> 0:16:41.640 in South Africa, that is now your homeland. And you're 0:16:41.680 --> 0:16:44.600 not even South African anymore. Yeah, if you're if you're 0:16:44.600 --> 0:16:46.640 bannt to you live in this area. If you're a 0:16:46.640 --> 0:16:50.520 banned too married to a colored person, the your colored 0:16:50.520 --> 0:16:53.280 spouse lives in a different area. Yeah, your family's just 0:16:53.480 --> 0:16:55.840 ripped apart. Now, well they took away. Basically they said, 0:16:55.840 --> 0:16:58.480 you're not in South Africa. You're and we're allowing you 0:16:58.520 --> 0:17:00.880 to stay here. Basically if you stay in this one 0:17:00.920 --> 0:17:03.480 area that your past book says that you can stay in, right, 0:17:03.560 --> 0:17:05.960 because you can't stay here because you're not alone, you're 0:17:05.960 --> 0:17:09.399 no longer a member of this country. Believable, Like I 0:17:09.520 --> 0:17:12.440 drew exclamation points next to that one, just because like 0:17:12.840 --> 0:17:17.880 they literally moved in, took over these people and then said, 0:17:17.920 --> 0:17:19.919 you're not even a part of this country right that 0:17:19.960 --> 0:17:23.920 we have established. So they have they've been pushed out 0:17:23.920 --> 0:17:28.359 of participation in society. The um. Anybody who's not white, 0:17:28.920 --> 0:17:33.639 Um is now forced onto a reservation essentially. Um. And 0:17:33.680 --> 0:17:38.000 then they really kind of started indoctrinating the next generation 0:17:38.080 --> 0:17:40.960 with the Ban to Education Act of nineteen fifty three. 0:17:41.560 --> 0:17:43.520 And basically if you were banned too, you would be 0:17:43.560 --> 0:17:45.760 put into a school where the student teacher ratio was 0:17:45.760 --> 0:17:48.200 about fifty six to one on average. You went to 0:17:48.240 --> 0:17:51.880 school three hours a day. Um they did in two shifts. 0:17:51.760 --> 0:17:54.920 A teacher would see two different classes, Um, three hours 0:17:55.240 --> 0:17:57.200 for one and three hours for another, and you would 0:17:57.240 --> 0:18:00.800 be taught basically how um they the history of your 0:18:00.840 --> 0:18:03.879 people was that you were you were kind of dumb 0:18:04.080 --> 0:18:06.520 and meandering, and you hadn't really done anything with the 0:18:06.600 --> 0:18:10.359 land before and um, how you were reliant on the 0:18:10.520 --> 0:18:14.280 white people who came to rescue you and your people. Um. 0:18:14.320 --> 0:18:16.960 You were taught how you could work in a factory. 0:18:17.000 --> 0:18:19.800 And that's about as good as it got for you. Um. 0:18:19.840 --> 0:18:23.720 And basically they were taught to be servile and better 0:18:23.960 --> 0:18:28.919 servants to the the white um afrikanners. Yeah. Well that 0:18:28.960 --> 0:18:32.639 was the plan at least, but it backfired because in 0:18:32.680 --> 0:18:36.320 the nineteen fifties and sixties, instead of becoming more docile, 0:18:37.080 --> 0:18:44.440 they rallied and became uh more upset uh and basically 0:18:44.440 --> 0:18:47.680 he raged against the machine. In the nineteen fifties and sixties, 0:18:47.680 --> 0:18:51.120 at the same time that the U s Civil rights 0:18:51.200 --> 0:18:53.159 movement was going on, the same thing was kind of 0:18:53.160 --> 0:18:56.320 starting to happen in South Africa, and it was the 0:18:56.359 --> 0:19:00.520 beginning of what would be you know, thirty years end 0:19:00.720 --> 0:19:04.800 of apartheid. Yeah, I guess you could say, yeah, um 0:19:04.800 --> 0:19:08.080 people got mad, yeah, and rightly so. Yeah. And this 0:19:08.160 --> 0:19:12.640 wasn't just uh indigenous people. There were also white liberals 0:19:12.760 --> 0:19:15.240 at the time, just like here in the US, that 0:19:15.320 --> 0:19:20.200 were very much against apartheid and also you know suppressed 0:19:20.240 --> 0:19:23.119 when they tried to like you know, raise awareness or 0:19:23.200 --> 0:19:25.840 fight back. Right because one of the things about um, 0:19:26.000 --> 0:19:31.920 the apartheid government, it wasn't just racial segregation. Um. They were, 0:19:31.960 --> 0:19:34.400 like I said, extremely right wing and they were very 0:19:34.480 --> 0:19:40.240 much into isolationism. They kept a very tight control over 0:19:40.280 --> 0:19:45.360 what their their population, white or non white, UM had 0:19:45.359 --> 0:19:48.399 access to as far as the news went music music. 0:19:48.440 --> 0:19:52.000 Have you seen searching for sugar Man. It's a good one, UM, 0:19:52.680 --> 0:19:55.359 and it was you saw what they did with like 0:19:55.400 --> 0:19:57.520 there was a record on there was a song on 0:19:57.600 --> 0:20:01.720 his record Rodriguez yea and m. He scratched the song 0:20:01.800 --> 0:20:04.439 the vinyl so they couldn't be played. They did stuff 0:20:04.480 --> 0:20:09.480 like that. UM just won the Academy Award. And we 0:20:09.480 --> 0:20:11.399 don't want to spoil anything though, because it unfolds in 0:20:11.440 --> 0:20:14.280 a really great, mysterious way. It's good. It's a good documents, 0:20:14.320 --> 0:20:18.879 great documentary, and that's what inspired this decision to do this. Actually, right, UM, 0:20:18.960 --> 0:20:22.760 So the government was fairly close to total terrian, Like 0:20:22.800 --> 0:20:27.439 if you descended against the government, white, black, otherwise you 0:20:27.440 --> 0:20:31.320 would go to jail. UM. But despite this, and despite 0:20:31.359 --> 0:20:35.960 the brutality that the police were engaged in, like UM 0:20:36.000 --> 0:20:38.080 there was a for example, there was a strike in 0:20:39.760 --> 0:20:44.560 v Unarmed black miners went on strike, peaceful protest. A 0:20:44.600 --> 0:20:47.640 thousand people were killed by the police. Yeah, they would 0:20:47.680 --> 0:20:52.040 just open fire on crowds. Yeah. So this is right, 0:20:52.119 --> 0:20:54.520 and this is one of the reasons why UM, I 0:20:54.560 --> 0:20:59.880 think people were so so resistant to being indoctrinated into 0:20:59.880 --> 0:21:04.359 apartheid mentality. Um because of the in part because of 0:21:04.400 --> 0:21:07.640 the brutality of the police tactics. But so let's talk 0:21:07.680 --> 0:21:11.160 about this UM. In the sixties, Uh, like you were saying, 0:21:11.200 --> 0:21:13.840 when the U s Civil rights movement was was really 0:21:13.880 --> 0:21:18.600 starting to brew and and take shape, UM, Nelson Mandela 0:21:18.640 --> 0:21:23.720 emerged as a member of the African National Congress, huge organization, 0:21:24.040 --> 0:21:27.880 and then there was also the Pan African Pan Africanist Congress, 0:21:28.520 --> 0:21:32.200 and they were basically peaceful protest groups that were set 0:21:32.280 --> 0:21:36.560 up to counter the apartheid philosophy. Yeah, and like we said, 0:21:36.560 --> 0:21:39.200 even though it was peaceful, it didn't matter. The Sharps 0:21:39.440 --> 0:21:44.159 Sharpville massacre in nineteen sixty thousand black Africans left their 0:21:44.160 --> 0:21:46.200 pass books at home and said, you know what, We're 0:21:46.200 --> 0:21:48.520 just gonna go to the police station and turn ourselves 0:21:48.560 --> 0:21:50.840 in because we don't have our pass books. What are 0:21:50.880 --> 0:21:53.680 you gonna do processes all. No, they're gonna open fire 0:21:53.680 --> 0:21:59.400 on the crowd, killed sixty nine people, uh, wounded hundreds apparently. 0:22:00.160 --> 0:22:01.680 And then they said, you know what, We're going to 0:22:01.760 --> 0:22:05.600 ban public gatherings then, and they also banned the African 0:22:05.680 --> 0:22:08.919 National Congress in the Pan Africans like, you're all illegitimate 0:22:08.960 --> 0:22:12.160 now and Nelson Mandela, you're going to jail, not yet 0:22:12.760 --> 0:22:15.639 now yet they drove the Pan Africanist Congress in the 0:22:15.680 --> 0:22:18.879 African he went to jail, right, but in nineteen sixty 0:22:18.880 --> 0:22:22.760 they drove him underground. And as a result, these groups 0:22:23.040 --> 0:22:27.679 went from being peaceful to becoming actually they formed paramilitary 0:22:27.720 --> 0:22:33.680 wings and Mandela um led the African National Congresses guerilla wing. 0:22:34.359 --> 0:22:38.160 And he actually later on said, yeah, we were we 0:22:38.160 --> 0:22:41.240 were guerillas and possibly terrorists, and like there were human 0:22:41.320 --> 0:22:44.639 rights violations by my group and I regret that. Yeah, 0:22:44.720 --> 0:22:47.560 but they were good theroists right. Um, but he was 0:22:47.640 --> 0:22:50.160 jailed for for uh, we'll send it to a life 0:22:50.200 --> 0:22:52.520 in prison and remain in prison for thirty years. And 0:22:52.880 --> 0:22:56.679 most people, unless you're super young, remember Nelson Mandela for 0:22:56.840 --> 0:23:01.360 Nelson Mandela being a rallying cry up until like freaking eighties, 0:23:01.680 --> 0:23:03.840 which is ridiculous that this is still going on then, 0:23:04.520 --> 0:23:09.080 but um, that's the way it went. There. Um another protest, 0:23:09.400 --> 0:23:13.719 peaceful Soweto. Um. This time it was students and it 0:23:13.760 --> 0:23:17.240 was because they were trying to make Afrikaans the primary 0:23:17.320 --> 0:23:20.320 language in Black upper schools, even though not many of 0:23:20.359 --> 0:23:24.240