1 00:00:04,960 --> 00:00:09,160 Speaker 1: Hey, welcome to it could happen here podcasts, but things 2 00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:12,840 Speaker 1: fallen apart and putting them back together. And this is 3 00:00:12,880 --> 00:00:18,319 Speaker 1: another Andrew episode. So hello Ulu, yes, greetings, we have 4 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:22,320 Speaker 1: we have we have Chris, we have James, we have myself, 5 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:26,720 Speaker 1: and we have Andrew. Obviously who I'm going to hand 6 00:00:26,720 --> 00:00:32,000 Speaker 1: the reins off too awesome. So hello again to another 7 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:41,320 Speaker 1: episode of me talking about different stuff. Um and quite fittingly, 8 00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:47,519 Speaker 1: considering to these the d that Queenlizabeth has passed into 9 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:51,159 Speaker 1: the pits of hell Um, we are we are deeply 10 00:00:51,280 --> 00:00:53,800 Speaker 1: as as a citizen under the Commonwealth, we are deeply 11 00:00:53,840 --> 00:01:00,600 Speaker 1: saddened by the loss we do. Listen there reached out 12 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:07,840 Speaker 1: to me today and I am okay, guys. Today we 13 00:01:07,920 --> 00:01:14,600 Speaker 1: will be discussing a current member of the Commonwealth UM, 14 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:20,120 Speaker 1: one of quite a few twin island nations in the Caribbean, 15 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:26,319 Speaker 1: that being Antigua and Barbuda, and more specifically Barbuda. Barbuda 16 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:30,200 Speaker 1: is an example of African resilience. It's an example of 17 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:34,440 Speaker 1: a society in touch with this environment. It's an example 18 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:39,080 Speaker 1: of the capability of the Commons as an institution, and 19 00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: it's an example of sticking it to the Crown. To 20 00:01:45,959 --> 00:01:50,520 Speaker 1: be quite honest as you nice, I mean, I'm excited 21 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:54,720 Speaker 1: to learn more about that. How how yes, So I 22 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:57,800 Speaker 1: don't think many people know about bob Uda and its history. 23 00:01:57,920 --> 00:01:59,960 Speaker 1: I doubt most people could place it on a map. 24 00:02:00,920 --> 00:02:11,520 Speaker 1: But it's it. It represents quite the interesting story. So 25 00:02:11,639 --> 00:02:15,880 Speaker 1: to begin, I should probably explain what what is a Barbuda. 26 00:02:16,919 --> 00:02:19,880 Speaker 1: Bobbuda is an island located in the Eastern Caribbean, forming 27 00:02:19,919 --> 00:02:22,680 Speaker 1: part of the sovereign state of Antigua and Barbuda. It's 28 00:02:22,760 --> 00:02:25,280 Speaker 1: located north of the island of Antigua and it's part 29 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:28,560 Speaker 1: of the Leeward Islands for the West Indies. It comprises 30 00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:33,720 Speaker 1: about sixty two square miles, so it is about sixty 31 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:38,000 Speaker 1: two square miles which is a hundred and sixty kilometers, 32 00:02:38,120 --> 00:02:42,240 Speaker 1: and it's one of the flattest islands in the Caribbean. 33 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:45,200 Speaker 1: It's soils are very shallow and in foods. Island is 34 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:51,320 Speaker 1: a very arid island with very little rainfall and very 35 00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 1: frequent routs. It's scrub willderness is roamed by day and 36 00:02:55,919 --> 00:03:01,280 Speaker 1: pigs and descendants of the animals early European traders and 37 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:04,799 Speaker 1: settlers would have imported. It also has a pre settlement, 38 00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:09,240 Speaker 1: ever green woodland that consists of white cedar, turpentine and 39 00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:14,760 Speaker 1: white wood, alongside columnar cactus and thorny shrubs and grassy 40 00:03:14,840 --> 00:03:19,680 Speaker 1: glades and soils that have been another species that have 41 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:23,400 Speaker 1: grown up in soils that have been degraded by the 42 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:30,800 Speaker 1: clearance of charcoal burning and crazing and just general human activity. 43 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:36,400 Speaker 1: Most bob Udans, I would say, engage in shifting cultivation, 44 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:40,240 Speaker 1: but none of them are full time farmers. The countryside 45 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:44,600 Speaker 1: is mostly uninhabited because the law required that all bob 46 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:47,800 Speaker 1: Udans lived in or near the islands one village, which 47 00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:53,560 Speaker 1: is Quadrington, and there, according to twenty eleven census, there 48 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: were roughly one thirty four people on the island. Of course, 49 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:00,240 Speaker 1: that has changed in recent times, and we'll get into 50 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:07,520 Speaker 1: that shortly. Barbuda is yet another example of a distinctive 51 00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:13,560 Speaker 1: community emerging out of the colonial era that swept through 52 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:18,280 Speaker 1: the Caribbean. I've mentioned the Maroons before, the different marine 53 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:20,960 Speaker 1: communities that have existed on the different Caribbean islands and 54 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:27,600 Speaker 1: in Guyana and Surnam, but I think bob Uda and 55 00:04:27,880 --> 00:04:34,720 Speaker 1: their story represents really the diversity of how colonialism manifested 56 00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:40,599 Speaker 1: um in the region. Barbula's people have a sense of 57 00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:49,120 Speaker 1: identity and attachment to locality that is I think very 58 00:04:49,160 --> 00:04:54,520 Speaker 1: distinctive and very unique among people of the Caribbean. Not 59 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:56,039 Speaker 1: to say that the rest of us don't have a 60 00:04:56,080 --> 00:05:00,800 Speaker 1: sense of identity or an attachment locality, but their story 61 00:05:02,400 --> 00:05:09,719 Speaker 1: and the tradition reaches back over two centuries of near 62 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:17,840 Speaker 1: independence and quite significant levels of autonomy, which was unheard 63 00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:21,560 Speaker 1: of in most of the Caribbean due to the legacy 64 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:26,640 Speaker 1: of slavery. Representing a very close knit and traditional community. 65 00:05:26,920 --> 00:05:30,960 Speaker 1: Probably Runs approach to using and student the resources reflects 66 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:35,360 Speaker 1: that long legacy of isolation, of ecological constraint being on 67 00:05:35,400 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: such a small island, of familial closeness having such a 68 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:44,479 Speaker 1: small population, and of social interdependence. Considering the series of 69 00:05:44,480 --> 00:05:47,000 Speaker 1: administrators that they had dealt with and how each of 70 00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:51,960 Speaker 1: those administrators neglected or ignored them. Bobby Runs, both whom 71 00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:54,799 Speaker 1: and abroad, are still very much attached to their island 72 00:05:55,240 --> 00:06:03,039 Speaker 1: because they have long held in common. So we'll be 73 00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:06,960 Speaker 1: diving into a brief history of exactly how they reached 74 00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:12,080 Speaker 1: this point, what institutions they've developed for common ownership and 75 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:16,760 Speaker 1: communal land use, and how emigration has played a role 76 00:06:16,839 --> 00:06:23,480 Speaker 1: in that, and unfortunately, how the combination of Hurricane Irma 77 00:06:24,040 --> 00:06:30,640 Speaker 1: and the doctrine and the shock doctrine have contributed to 78 00:06:30,839 --> 00:06:44,880 Speaker 1: their current situation. So for more than two hundred years, 79 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:48,960 Speaker 1: from the late seventeenth century, Barbuda was leased by the 80 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:53,719 Speaker 1: crown to one family, the Cardringtons, hence the name of 81 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:57,400 Speaker 1: the village being Cardrington. The originally c was a guy 82 00:06:57,440 --> 00:06:59,920 Speaker 1: named Christopher Cardrington. He was the governor of the Lead 83 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:06,400 Speaker 1: World Islands and his ears lived in England, so they 84 00:07:06,720 --> 00:07:12,720 Speaker 1: pretty much neglected it after year died. Barbuda would have 85 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:18,440 Speaker 1: supplemented the lucrative sugar states that Cardrickton had an antigua 86 00:07:19,040 --> 00:07:23,520 Speaker 1: with timber and ground provisions and fish and livestock and 87 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:29,520 Speaker 1: draft animals. Barbuda, being surrounded by coral reefs, often had 88 00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:32,560 Speaker 1: ships wrecked near the island, and so they also salvage 89 00:07:32,600 --> 00:07:35,840 Speaker 1: resources from lead ships and so as late as in 90 00:07:35,880 --> 00:07:39,880 Speaker 1: the eighteen fifties, the Cardrington's were getting four thousand pounds 91 00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:42,880 Speaker 1: a year from Barbuda and stock, and three hundred pounds 92 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:46,840 Speaker 1: a year from salvage in operations on the island. That's 93 00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:51,640 Speaker 1: just over sixty three thousand pounds today per year, and 94 00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:54,760 Speaker 1: it just demonstrates, of course, and even though they were 95 00:07:55,520 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: more independent than bost other enslaved people US, the island 96 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:07,920 Speaker 1: wasn't as profitable. They were still being exploited. Initially the 97 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:10,680 Speaker 1: island was only worked by a few indentured whites, but 98 00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:14,880 Speaker 1: then when enslaved people were brought in from Africa, the 99 00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:19,560 Speaker 1: enslaved population began to rise, and they began to establish 100 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:22,520 Speaker 1: that sort of culture and community that we see to 101 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:26,920 Speaker 1: this day. Because they were neglected because the island was 102 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:31,240 Speaker 1: very little inhabited. They housed and they fed themselves through 103 00:08:31,280 --> 00:08:36,120 Speaker 1: their own efforts and well basically spared of the rigors 104 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:41,920 Speaker 1: of the plantation regiment because of how unprofitable the island 105 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:46,760 Speaker 1: was because it's soils were so sandy and arid and unfertile. 106 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:53,360 Speaker 1: So between eighteen hundred and eighteen thirty two, being free 107 00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: in many respects, probably this population was able to rise 108 00:08:57,760 --> 00:09:01,600 Speaker 1: from three hundred to five hundred and able to a 109 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:07,360 Speaker 1: cohesive creole community whose solidarity was able to thwart the 110 00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:13,080 Speaker 1: efforts of local overseers and absentee proprietors to try to 111 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:16,760 Speaker 1: get them to labor on anti United States or to 112 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:21,440 Speaker 1: get them to be more quote and quote productive um 113 00:09:21,520 --> 00:09:28,160 Speaker 1: for their overseers because they had such a several hundred 114 00:09:28,280 --> 00:09:33,960 Speaker 1: strong community on that island that had established itself for generations. 115 00:09:33,960 --> 00:09:36,440 Speaker 1: No overseer, no manager, could just pull up in there 116 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 1: and just say try and cooce them into doing what 117 00:09:40,360 --> 00:09:43,040 Speaker 1: he wanted them to do. This is installed contrast to 118 00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:44,880 Speaker 1: a lot of the other Criban islands, where managers and 119 00:09:44,920 --> 00:09:47,960 Speaker 1: overseers had a lot more presence and a lot more 120 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:53,720 Speaker 1: power to destroy families, to split up communities, to ferment divisions. 121 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:57,080 Speaker 1: Because the island just they basically neglected it, and in 122 00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:00,480 Speaker 1: that neglect, they took advantage of that nicol of the 123 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:03,920 Speaker 1: material conditions that created that neglect to strengthen their community 124 00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:09,720 Speaker 1: bonds and to strengthen their autonomy. As emancipation came around, 125 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:16,520 Speaker 1: car Drinton himself even was like, wow, good for them 126 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:20,200 Speaker 1: pretty much because almost all of them, who were, like 127 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:24,839 Speaker 1: to quote him directly, one united family so attached to 128 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:28,240 Speaker 1: bob Udell that force alone or extreme drought can alone 129 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 1: take them from that island. In other words, as an exploit. 130 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:36,440 Speaker 1: As a displaced indigenous African people, they reforged the connection 131 00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:41,120 Speaker 1: to the new land. They inhabited and rooted themselves in 132 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:43,800 Speaker 1: that land. The one, one particular tradition they have is 133 00:10:43,840 --> 00:10:47,120 Speaker 1: the burial of ones in Biblical Code on the island itself, 134 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:48,920 Speaker 1: and so that has been going on for generations with 135 00:10:49,840 --> 00:10:52,199 Speaker 1: a new child is born and the Embiblical code is 136 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:55,520 Speaker 1: buried on the island. And so even Mobudens move abroad, 137 00:10:55,600 --> 00:10:58,920 Speaker 1: they still have that strong tie to the island itself. 138 00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:04,640 Speaker 1: So after emancipation ruled around in eighteen thirty four, Bobby, 139 00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:07,640 Speaker 1: their life didn't change that much. That the transition from 140 00:11:07,880 --> 00:11:12,560 Speaker 1: slavery to being free was not as abrupt or as 141 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:15,360 Speaker 1: consequential as it was in other parts of the Cariban. 142 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 1: They didn't become landowners, they didn't necessarily get any political 143 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 1: power automatically because probably there was still being assigned to 144 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:29,840 Speaker 1: crown leases which had certain um agreements and contracts in 145 00:11:29,880 --> 00:11:33,840 Speaker 1: place with the crown, that kind of thing. But they 146 00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:38,320 Speaker 1: were I mean, they were still being exploited, but things 147 00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:41,040 Speaker 1: were a bit easier for them to transition compared to 148 00:11:41,679 --> 00:11:46,079 Speaker 1: other places. In eighteen thirty five, agreements had secured Bobby 149 00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:50,880 Speaker 1: the unemployment on contracturn Empress enterprises at specific rates of pay, 150 00:11:51,440 --> 00:11:55,360 Speaker 1: but after the contract had lapsed, it really really voted 151 00:11:55,400 --> 00:12:00,200 Speaker 1: to a sort of relationship of coersion. They wouldn't pay um, 152 00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,440 Speaker 1: they wouldn't pay them their wages. They would take quote 153 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:07,880 Speaker 1: and quote ricalcu and prob Udans and transport them to 154 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:13,680 Speaker 1: antigue and jails or plantations, and they would continue to 155 00:12:13,679 --> 00:12:16,480 Speaker 1: just siphon off of the island. One of the only 156 00:12:16,559 --> 00:12:21,000 Speaker 1: exports really on the island at the time was cattle, 157 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:28,679 Speaker 1: mostly for Cardrington's estates and Antigua cattle, sheep and firewood. 158 00:12:29,160 --> 00:12:33,880 Speaker 1: And the people themselves were engaged in cultivating provisions yams, potatoes, 159 00:12:33,960 --> 00:12:39,000 Speaker 1: corn and supplying their own farming history. They were including 160 00:12:39,440 --> 00:12:45,000 Speaker 1: the necessities. So Abudans would continue with their different occupations, 161 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:49,400 Speaker 1: their hunting and they're fishing, their provision intending their cutting 162 00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:52,400 Speaker 1: wood and put in charcoal and salvage and wrecks. Sometimes 163 00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:55,079 Speaker 1: the would they would be employed by proprietors with governments, 164 00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:59,360 Speaker 1: but most times they either disregarded these authorities or acted 165 00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:02,000 Speaker 1: and opened the siance and so each ones the state 166 00:13:02,040 --> 00:13:06,839 Speaker 1: would often complain about prob Uduans and their disregard for 167 00:13:07,920 --> 00:13:12,679 Speaker 1: the crowns property and the estates property. They would often 168 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:16,800 Speaker 1: be accused of coaching Cortinon's cattle, and so they will. 169 00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:20,480 Speaker 1: There was one attempt in particular to seize all their 170 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:24,720 Speaker 1: guns and send them off of the island. And so 171 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:29,160 Speaker 1: when the government did step in and condemned Bobby Duns 172 00:13:29,280 --> 00:13:34,079 Speaker 1: for you know, taking cattle when they wanted to take cattle, 173 00:13:34,679 --> 00:13:39,800 Speaker 1: Bobby Duns basically pull a reverse card and demanded redress 174 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:45,439 Speaker 1: against interference with their livelihoods. They basically were like, I'll 175 00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:49,640 Speaker 1: quote one petition that was written by Bobby Duns in 176 00:13:49,679 --> 00:13:53,439 Speaker 1: eighteen We are deprived of the use of our firearms, 177 00:13:53,440 --> 00:13:56,400 Speaker 1: where by most of us live in shooting any large fish, 178 00:13:56,440 --> 00:13:59,320 Speaker 1: tootle or wild birds. We are told to take out licenses. 179 00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:01,760 Speaker 1: Yet if we have seen with a gun, not even shooting, 180 00:14:01,960 --> 00:14:06,480 Speaker 1: we're taken before the Mages Street of Antigua and severely 181 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 1: punished punished for it. Our little gardens are gone to waste, 182 00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:13,559 Speaker 1: and if such as are still in a little cultivation, 183 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:16,160 Speaker 1: was to be injured by weather, and we, by sickness, 184 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:19,000 Speaker 1: are not able to have the fences repaired directly. It 185 00:14:19,040 --> 00:14:21,520 Speaker 1: has taken and Brune say nour intention is willing to 186 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:27,280 Speaker 1: catch the wild beast sub Mr Cardington's. Eventually, I guess 187 00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 1: the Cardington's got tired of having to not profit as 188 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:36,440 Speaker 1: well as they could have, of having to deal with 189 00:14:36,440 --> 00:14:39,600 Speaker 1: these independent people. Their relinquished on their least. In eighteen 190 00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:42,440 Speaker 1: seventy they took all their horses and cattle off the island, 191 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,880 Speaker 1: leaving only the day and sheep because he currently round 192 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:49,720 Speaker 1: up day and sheep as effectively at that point, and 193 00:14:49,760 --> 00:14:53,320 Speaker 1: they basically they left um. And I was find it 194 00:14:53,320 --> 00:14:56,640 Speaker 1: interested when Europeans bring like a bunch of European animals 195 00:14:56,680 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: wherever they go. It's like, let me just go and 196 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 1: set up in a state here in a middle of 197 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:03,400 Speaker 1: no way and introduce a bunch of deer and sheep 198 00:15:03,480 --> 00:15:05,240 Speaker 1: and rabbits and stuff. I mean, I think it happened 199 00:15:05,280 --> 00:15:07,320 Speaker 1: in Australia as well. They just let a bunch of 200 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,560 Speaker 1: rabbitshes school loose just for hunting. It's like, oh, let 201 00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:17,480 Speaker 1: me like get a hobby that's not shooting animals. But anyway, 202 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:23,320 Speaker 1: so because Bobby, they was seen as unprofitable. Each lea 203 00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:26,840 Speaker 1: see that you know, got their least from the crown, 204 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:29,600 Speaker 1: got it its resources as much as they could and 205 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:36,240 Speaker 1: neglected its inhabitants. William and Robert Dougal of William and 206 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: Robert Dougal's probably with the island company never invested the 207 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:44,400 Speaker 1: annual one point five or one hundred pounds required by 208 00:15:44,440 --> 00:15:47,600 Speaker 1: their least only seven hundred pounds rather than they promised. 209 00:15:47,640 --> 00:15:51,080 Speaker 1: Six thousand worth of stock were introduced with Bailey with 210 00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:55,360 Speaker 1: barely a score. Pubulans employed as crazy as and even 211 00:15:55,400 --> 00:16:00,760 Speaker 1: though they allegedly attempted to plant certain coffee cooler, cuckoo 212 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:09,360 Speaker 1: another fruits, they neglected that too, and eventually a derelict 213 00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:11,880 Speaker 1: Bobido was forfeited to the crown for a non payment 214 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:16,280 Speaker 1: of friend. When a government official visited the island, we 215 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:20,680 Speaker 1: found the day were almost exterminated. The satin wooden log 216 00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:24,040 Speaker 1: would be depleted, the cattle were famished, the fences would disrepair. 217 00:16:24,720 --> 00:16:28,040 Speaker 1: They had four mens around up about horses, ate, a 218 00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:31,760 Speaker 1: cattle and a bunch of cows, and the two products 219 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:34,640 Speaker 1: that existed on the island had long since become filthy 220 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 1: and faiously overgrown not only with bush but dense tickets. 221 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:43,080 Speaker 1: Dr Dougal's gunners also apparently had a really bad sense 222 00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:46,600 Speaker 1: of aim, because a lot of defences were just riddled 223 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:50,160 Speaker 1: with bullets, and so because the island and the people 224 00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:53,360 Speaker 1: were starved and degraded by the dow calls UM, the 225 00:16:53,360 --> 00:17:00,440 Speaker 1: Colonial Office had you know, revoked their lease and basically 226 00:17:00,440 --> 00:17:03,120 Speaker 1: excused the few villages were taken some of the cattle 227 00:17:04,080 --> 00:17:11,320 Speaker 1: for themselves. Babbulans had also protested the fact that whenever 228 00:17:11,359 --> 00:17:14,520 Speaker 1: these leases would put up on their island, they would 229 00:17:14,560 --> 00:17:19,879 Speaker 1: always be taking their stock, closing their provision grounds, trying 230 00:17:19,960 --> 00:17:25,920 Speaker 1: to evict them basically doing everything they could be hostile 231 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,760 Speaker 1: towards people on the island, and so only their own 232 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:34,040 Speaker 1: traditional hunting and farming and and stuff enabled Baby Lands 233 00:17:34,080 --> 00:17:38,200 Speaker 1: to survive. Of course, government being the government didn't really 234 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,159 Speaker 1: care about the people that much, so even though the 235 00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:45,600 Speaker 1: lease holders were gone, didn't really get much out of 236 00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:50,879 Speaker 1: it the people that is. So after determination lease, the 237 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:56,159 Speaker 1: Cluonial Government, the Leeward Islands Cluonial Government and Antigua basically 238 00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:59,879 Speaker 1: took over the island and they established the government stock 239 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 1: farm on some cotton plots in nineteen three UM. They 240 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:09,159 Speaker 1: gave some grants to pay for fencing and cutting wood 241 00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:13,240 Speaker 1: and cotton experiments and cattle purchases and mule breeding, and 242 00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:17,040 Speaker 1: the Bobby runs took the government gres and lands for 243 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:23,240 Speaker 1: their own purposes and basically enclosed a portion of that 244 00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:28,920 Speaker 1: land and left it for the government stock and left 245 00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:31,040 Speaker 1: the rest of the pasture, the richest parts of the 246 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: pasture for their own horses and cattle and donkeys. So 247 00:18:35,359 --> 00:18:39,639 Speaker 1: while the government had to deal with like this small 248 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:46,800 Speaker 1: portion of land with like some very weak, insufficient meadow, 249 00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:50,960 Speaker 1: the rest of the community was able to flourish with 250 00:18:51,119 --> 00:18:55,359 Speaker 1: a nice, rich pasture for their cattle. And still despite that, 251 00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:58,240 Speaker 1: the stock farm, the government stock farm, still flourished with 252 00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:00,639 Speaker 1: a hundred and sixty one horses, a hundred to eat cattle, 253 00:19:00,680 --> 00:19:07,240 Speaker 1: and five mules. And then the cotton surprisingly also became 254 00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:12,119 Speaker 1: profitable on the island um I called a crop that 255 00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:15,440 Speaker 1: really didn't flourish. They are told during slavery, was now 256 00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:18,360 Speaker 1: trying to pick up. In the beginning of the early century. 257 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,960 Speaker 1: We began shipping cotton note and employing a bunch of 258 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:26,399 Speaker 1: Bobby Dan's, and now Bobby there was being scheme is 259 00:19:26,440 --> 00:19:34,200 Speaker 1: a super profitable place. However, because of that cotton boom, 260 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:37,240 Speaker 1: Bobby Dan's were able to buy passage overseas, they were 261 00:19:37,280 --> 00:19:41,440 Speaker 1: able to raise the standard of living, and it ended 262 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:49,399 Speaker 1: up causing a labor shortage that led to conflict. After 263 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:56,480 Speaker 1: a shipwreck off the island. The island manager went to 264 00:19:56,560 --> 00:19:59,480 Speaker 1: check out what was going on with the salvage, and 265 00:19:59,480 --> 00:20:03,639 Speaker 1: and he caught a bunch of Bubu Dan's salvage in 266 00:20:05,840 --> 00:20:08,320 Speaker 1: but salvage and for their own profits instead of his profits. 267 00:20:08,359 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: And so, in retaliation, in retaliation for him trying to 268 00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:15,359 Speaker 1: stop them from salvage and for themselves, the Bobby Duns 269 00:20:16,359 --> 00:20:21,800 Speaker 1: burnt his boat and his wagon, and so in retaliation 270 00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:25,880 Speaker 1: for that, the governor of Antigo started to impose these 271 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:30,280 Speaker 1: previously uninforced rents and cultivated plots, so like he wanted 272 00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 1: to charge like five shillings per equal per year, and 273 00:20:34,160 --> 00:20:41,119 Speaker 1: he also doubled animal head taxes. And so by introducing 274 00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:44,960 Speaker 1: these taxes, introducing these rents, the government's basically trying to 275 00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:48,959 Speaker 1: get not just to punish the people for you know, 276 00:20:49,440 --> 00:20:51,920 Speaker 1: daring to be free, but also trying to force them 277 00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:56,920 Speaker 1: to work on their cotton plantation. Of course, Bob you don's, 278 00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:00,600 Speaker 1: having lived so freely for so long, the want to 279 00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:07,199 Speaker 1: work on these cotton plantations, especially not after slavery um. 280 00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:12,400 Speaker 1: And so the people petitioned the crown against this kind 281 00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:16,520 Speaker 1: of semi intentioned suitude that the governor was trying to introduce, 282 00:21:18,760 --> 00:21:23,439 Speaker 1: and it seems that Mother Nature was on their side 283 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:29,040 Speaker 1: because they want their case. Due to drought, all the 284 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:34,920 Speaker 1: crops were basically ruined by drought, cutting on cotton profits, 285 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:42,280 Speaker 1: um cutting on cattle profits, cuttling on crops on corn profits. 286 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:45,960 Speaker 1: And all this happened in nineteen six and then in 287 00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:52,600 Speaker 1: Barbado was hit by a hurricane more severe than they've 288 00:21:52,640 --> 00:21:58,560 Speaker 1: ever seen before. And so that brief period where Barbarido 289 00:21:58,640 --> 00:22:03,280 Speaker 1: was seen as striking google for the government came to 290 00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: an end, and Bob Dan's continued to cling on to 291 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:11,679 Speaker 1: their customary modes subsistence, of self reliance, of survival of 292 00:22:11,880 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 1: their plots and their livestock and their fishing grounds, of 293 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,760 Speaker 1: continuing to be their own masters, because two d and 294 00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:22,239 Speaker 1: fifty years of experience had taught them how unreliable and 295 00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: exploitative all these other alternatives that bosses non natives that 296 00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:33,919 Speaker 1: the government was trying to introduce woo to them, and 297 00:22:33,960 --> 00:22:37,760 Speaker 1: they learned that only ownership in common would guarantee their 298 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:44,840 Speaker 1: access and guarantee the protection of their island from environmental exploitation. 299 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:51,199 Speaker 1: As as we get to the interesting part, because they 300 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:54,320 Speaker 1: had already long thought to themselves as owners of the 301 00:22:54,359 --> 00:22:58,159 Speaker 1: island as possessing the island for themselves, even though on 302 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:02,199 Speaker 1: people it wasn't the key, even though on people they 303 00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:06,320 Speaker 1: were being handled between the Crown and the different lease holders, 304 00:23:06,320 --> 00:23:15,119 Speaker 1: that the Crown would introduce Barbuda to Barbuda's being so small, 305 00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:21,359 Speaker 1: being so homogeneous, having such meager soils, having such strong 306 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:25,560 Speaker 1: and type connections and bonds, they saw it as all 307 00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:35,200 Speaker 1: of theirs collectively. It wasn't like and when I say 308 00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:37,320 Speaker 1: strong connections, family bonds, I don't mean it in the 309 00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:44,000 Speaker 1: sense that some of the other in lands in the Caribbean. 310 00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:45,959 Speaker 1: And was sort of puzzled out because in the Caribbean 311 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:49,399 Speaker 1: there are lands that are held by certain families and 312 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:52,920 Speaker 1: it passes down the family and going on for generations. 313 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:57,080 Speaker 1: But it wasn't this idea that all these particular families 314 00:23:57,119 --> 00:24:00,480 Speaker 1: owned the land. It was that all of them together 315 00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:12,240 Speaker 1: wound the land serious real communal landownership. They'd use the 316 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:19,240 Speaker 1: land for generations, to raise ground provisions, to hunt there 317 00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:23,760 Speaker 1: and wild pigs, to keep goats and sheep, to keep cattle, 318 00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:27,640 Speaker 1: to cut firewood, to fish and so on. They had 319 00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:29,720 Speaker 1: no documents and said that they had these collective rights 320 00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:33,320 Speaker 1: in the island, and yet they all insisted with one voice, 321 00:24:33,640 --> 00:24:38,680 Speaker 1: the Barbuda was theirs salon. No outsiders could tell them otherwise. 322 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:45,920 Speaker 1: And furthermore, they had proven again and again and again 323 00:24:47,119 --> 00:24:52,360 Speaker 1: that outside proprietors were powerless in the face of their 324 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,160 Speaker 1: attempts to run the island for themselves, because they would 325 00:24:56,160 --> 00:25:00,119 Speaker 1: continue to graze their cattle wherever they wanted to is 326 00:25:00,160 --> 00:25:02,639 Speaker 1: the cattle. They'll continued to fish wherever they wanted to fish, 327 00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:07,080 Speaker 1: salvage whatever they wanted to salvage, cultivate wherever they wanted 328 00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:13,080 Speaker 1: to cultivate. Who's gonna stop them, You know, clearly nobody. 329 00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:18,280 Speaker 1: They couldn't even get outside, It couldn't even get like 330 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:24,840 Speaker 1: a rent out of prob you done so. In nineteen twenty, 331 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:28,960 Speaker 1: Barbudans had gotten legal entitlement roughly half of the island, 332 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:36,439 Speaker 1: and by three they controlled futually all of its resources, 333 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:45,719 Speaker 1: basically the facto. Unfortunately, against their will. Honestly, Antigua and 334 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:50,440 Speaker 1: Barbuda were joined together by putting administrators, and so Antigua 335 00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:55,200 Speaker 1: and Barbuda is the country that exist city. But one 336 00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:59,359 Speaker 1: of the primary concerns of Brobudans were that they were able, 337 00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:04,560 Speaker 1: were that they be able to maintain soul ownership, soul control, 338 00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:11,040 Speaker 1: soul compunal control over the lands of Barbuda. Land ownership 339 00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:13,800 Speaker 1: has been an issue that bobby udn't have had with 340 00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:17,080 Speaker 1: Antigua for a very very long time now, for decades now, 341 00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:23,320 Speaker 1: and really all bob Udan's want is to maintain their 342 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:28,560 Speaker 1: common ownership for themselves alone, and so they have maintained 343 00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: that through the Barbudaan Council defending the land and declaring 344 00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:37,040 Speaker 1: that no land in Barbuda can be sold or developed 345 00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:52,160 Speaker 1: without the permission of the Bubbudan Council, and so down. 346 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:56,200 Speaker 1: To explain basically how common land use boots in Barbuda, 347 00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:01,000 Speaker 1: there are two distinctive and useful move of land use 348 00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:06,399 Speaker 1: shifting cultivation for provision grounds and open range pastured for livestock. 349 00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,920 Speaker 1: Because the soil is so weak, shifting cultivation is a necessity, 350 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:16,240 Speaker 1: and so after one or two years of planting exhausted soil, 351 00:27:16,720 --> 00:27:21,080 Speaker 1: they move their fencing, they move their grounds of between 352 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:25,560 Speaker 1: half an acre to two or three acres, and plants 353 00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:33,119 Speaker 1: they are sweet potatoes, yarms, me is beans, pigeon ps, squash, peanuts, etcetera. Elsewhere, 354 00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:38,199 Speaker 1: So the old land could you know, regenerate, but this 355 00:27:39,080 --> 00:27:44,280 Speaker 1: constant cultivation is something that occurs. The grants really no 356 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:49,199 Speaker 1: permanent rights any one individual. You do have use rights, 357 00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:53,880 Speaker 1: it's the principle of use of fruct over the areare cultivating, 358 00:27:54,680 --> 00:28:00,040 Speaker 1: but you don't have permanent ownership over that piece of 359 00:28:00,119 --> 00:28:04,159 Speaker 1: land that you're cultivating. And they have that system in 360 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:07,040 Speaker 1: place because they recognize living on the island for the 361 00:28:07,119 --> 00:28:12,600 Speaker 1: generations that bob ut As ecology is extremely fragile, extremely 362 00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:18,159 Speaker 1: limited UM. Its resources are limited, and so they have 363 00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:26,080 Speaker 1: to safeguard there um their sustenance for generations to come. Yeah, 364 00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:31,160 Speaker 1: it's fascinating, Actually it's really I didn't know anything about that. Yeah, yeah, 365 00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:35,159 Speaker 1: it really is. Similarly with them with the slash and 366 00:28:35,160 --> 00:28:38,720 Speaker 1: boom cultivation, they also had the management of open range 367 00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:48,200 Speaker 1: livestock being very much unrestricted. UM. They're actually feral cattle 368 00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:51,400 Speaker 1: that exists on the island in addition to the more 369 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:55,400 Speaker 1: teamed and pen animals UM. And so how they basically 370 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:58,000 Speaker 1: they allow all the animals, you know, mixed and mingo 371 00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:04,520 Speaker 1: of different families of different individuals would have their specific 372 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:07,240 Speaker 1: cattle or horses or sheep or whatever a marked or 373 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:12,600 Speaker 1: branded but for the most part they they've maintained this 374 00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:15,480 Speaker 1: sort of open range husbandry because it helps to sustain 375 00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:21,040 Speaker 1: their unity. It helps to maintain their strengthen their social 376 00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:27,080 Speaker 1: bonds and their community solidarity, to basically ensure that everyone 377 00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:29,680 Speaker 1: has taken care of in a place that is so 378 00:29:29,920 --> 00:29:38,680 Speaker 1: scant resources. Lastly, through one of the ways that they 379 00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:42,640 Speaker 1: maintain in the balance of the island is through it's 380 00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:47,400 Speaker 1: through emigration. The population has basically stayed at that level 381 00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:52,360 Speaker 1: because they've stayed within the limits of the resources they 382 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:57,400 Speaker 1: have on the island, and so young Baby don't have 383 00:29:57,440 --> 00:30:04,160 Speaker 1: had to leave um the island um while still maintaining 384 00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:08,800 Speaker 1: their communal use rights to the land. And then eventually 385 00:30:09,320 --> 00:30:14,600 Speaker 1: they would make remittances of money or resources and periodic 386 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:21,160 Speaker 1: returns that would help to introduce you know, healthcare resources 387 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:25,680 Speaker 1: and housing resources and education resources to the island. Just 388 00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:28,960 Speaker 1: another day, like completely isolated from the outside world, living 389 00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:31,360 Speaker 1: in this sort of bubble. They do still have that 390 00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:35,480 Speaker 1: exchange going on. Most of the immigrants live in three 391 00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:40,560 Speaker 1: primary communities seeing John's Antigua of course, seeing as it's 392 00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:43,480 Speaker 1: the neighbor um. A lot of them are in New 393 00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:45,520 Speaker 1: York City. I mean a lot of Korean people in 394 00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,760 Speaker 1: general in New York City, but Bob Dun's are in 395 00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:51,320 Speaker 1: New York City, and all of them also live in 396 00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:56,800 Speaker 1: Britain in Leicester as part of the West Indian exodus 397 00:30:56,960 --> 00:30:58,640 Speaker 1: that took place all the way back in the late 398 00:30:58,680 --> 00:31:11,240 Speaker 1: nineteen fifties. Yeah, so sort of wrap things up here. Um. 399 00:31:11,320 --> 00:31:15,160 Speaker 1: Their communities and their solidarity have allowed them to cope 400 00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:20,080 Speaker 1: with a harsh environment and to successfully navigate a succession 401 00:31:20,280 --> 00:31:28,440 Speaker 1: of misinformed aloof sometimes actually hostile and mostly incompetent proprietors, 402 00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:33,400 Speaker 1: managers and administrators. Being so unified and holding themselves in solidarity, 403 00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:36,920 Speaker 1: they have managed to maintain their traditional resource ownership, their 404 00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:45,320 Speaker 1: communal land tenure, and their fragile ecology completely and totally, 405 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:52,360 Speaker 1: um rejecting the assocutions that the economist carried hard and 406 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:56,920 Speaker 1: made about the tragedy of the commons, it has not 407 00:31:56,960 --> 00:31:58,840 Speaker 1: been a tragedy for what you've done. It has been 408 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:08,680 Speaker 1: a triumph until recently. Unfortunately, in September seventeen, Hurricane Irma 409 00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:16,080 Speaker 1: damaged and destroyed of the island's buildings and infrastructure, and 410 00:32:16,120 --> 00:32:19,640 Speaker 1: as a result, all of the island's inhabitants had to 411 00:32:19,680 --> 00:32:23,720 Speaker 1: evacuate Antigo, leaving Barbuda empty for the first time in 412 00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:30,680 Speaker 1: hundreds of years. Wow, I mean two years later. By February, 413 00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:34,880 Speaker 1: most of the residents have returned to the island. However, 414 00:32:35,880 --> 00:32:41,200 Speaker 1: the Prime Minister of Antigo, Gaston Alfonso Brown, he's been 415 00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:51,080 Speaker 1: leading since UM, has been making moves essentially to privatize Barbuda. 416 00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:57,360 Speaker 1: His background before entering politics was being a banker and 417 00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:03,920 Speaker 1: a businessman, and he seems to be employing the shock 418 00:33:04,080 --> 00:33:09,960 Speaker 1: doctor and tactic of using environmental catastrophe and social displacement 419 00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:18,160 Speaker 1: two accelerate capitalism. Essentially, after you know, hurricaneum I swept 420 00:33:18,160 --> 00:33:23,040 Speaker 1: through Um and posted residents became homeless, communication systems came 421 00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: went went down Um and taking Bobula God relief pounds 422 00:33:32,080 --> 00:33:37,920 Speaker 1: of relief for Barbuda. Um. That's not very much, not 423 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:46,880 Speaker 1: very much at all, Um, but it would take over 424 00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:49,960 Speaker 1: a hundred million dollars to rebuild the homes. In the 425 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:55,280 Speaker 1: infrastructure in barbdell Um, the old critical infrastructure that existed, 426 00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:58,920 Speaker 1: the food supply, the medicine, the shelter, electricity, water communications, 427 00:33:58,920 --> 00:34:07,680 Speaker 1: waste management and as one person said, UM did are 428 00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:10,680 Speaker 1: active anti in Barbula's National Office of the Disaster Services 429 00:34:10,880 --> 00:34:13,480 Speaker 1: film O Melon he said, in my twenty five years 430 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,840 Speaker 1: of disaster management, I've never seen something like this. It 431 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,719 Speaker 1: is optimistic to think anything like this be rebuilt in 432 00:34:19,760 --> 00:34:23,000 Speaker 1: six months. They have to rebuild entirely all of their 433 00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:31,640 Speaker 1: public utilities. UM. And so essentially what Prime Minister Gaston 434 00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:39,200 Speaker 1: or Funds who Brown is trying to do is revoke 435 00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:44,800 Speaker 1: communal land ownership, allow the residents to buy some land 436 00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:52,680 Speaker 1: and use the rest to basically introduce UM resorts and 437 00:34:53,120 --> 00:35:01,720 Speaker 1: who Tells and other to risk attractions to help fund 438 00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:06,120 Speaker 1: the rebuilding efforts. But of course we know the way 439 00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:10,200 Speaker 1: that money is actually going to go. And that's as 440 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:14,080 Speaker 1: far as I know about the situation. UM. Unfortunately don't 441 00:35:14,120 --> 00:35:22,040 Speaker 1: have any connections in Antiguan Barbuda yet UM, but unfortunately 442 00:35:22,080 --> 00:35:25,040 Speaker 1: that is what it's been going on in another example 443 00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:34,040 Speaker 1: basically of disaster capitalism trying to cease and accumulates through 444 00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:43,120 Speaker 1: violence and for exploitation as usual. I hope that you know, 445 00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,680 Speaker 1: we've seen and been inspired by Barbuda's efforts, and I 446 00:35:46,719 --> 00:35:50,600 Speaker 1: hope that probably don't able to continue to prove themselves 447 00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:57,960 Speaker 1: resilient in the face of this disaster. That's fascinating. And 448 00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:01,480 Speaker 1: do you know, like I'm interested in these diasporic communities, 449 00:36:01,520 --> 00:36:06,040 Speaker 1: like you said, there's one in Leicester and stuff. It's like, 450 00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:09,640 Speaker 1: do they still have like a very strong community coherence 451 00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:14,920 Speaker 1: like when they when they go elsewhere and to like 452 00:36:14,920 --> 00:36:17,040 Speaker 1: like you said, they tend to gather in like certain spots. 453 00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:20,439 Speaker 1: Be interested in like how those folks I guess dealt 454 00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:22,279 Speaker 1: with a very different life in like New York or 455 00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:29,800 Speaker 1: Leicester or wherever. Right. Well, Um, like the Caribbean people 456 00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:35,560 Speaker 1: who have emigrated, we do tend to concentrating suitain places 457 00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:40,319 Speaker 1: where we already have family connections. Um. I think most 458 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:46,040 Speaker 1: Scribbean people have at least a relative living abroad. Yeah, 459 00:36:46,719 --> 00:36:54,440 Speaker 1: an uncle, a great uncle, second cousin, the cousin whatever. Um, 460 00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:58,040 Speaker 1: And so it sort of builds from there. And so 461 00:36:58,080 --> 00:37:00,200 Speaker 1: you try and piece that you create, like a piece 462 00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:03,520 Speaker 1: of home, and sort of settle and concentrate in those 463 00:37:03,560 --> 00:37:06,239 Speaker 1: areas and live in those areas and support each other 464 00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:10,560 Speaker 1: in those areas. Yeah, and that I would say helps 465 00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:16,880 Speaker 1: with the adjustment. Yeah, yeah, that makes a lot of sense. Yeah. Um. 466 00:37:17,040 --> 00:37:20,799 Speaker 1: So you can find me on YouTube dot com slash Andreism, 467 00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:24,400 Speaker 1: on pat dot com slash Saying True, and on Twitter 468 00:37:24,440 --> 00:37:28,640 Speaker 1: dot com slash and discore scene true. If you are Bob, 469 00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:30,759 Speaker 1: you done, Please don't as day to reach out to me. 470 00:37:30,760 --> 00:37:32,560 Speaker 1: I would love to learn more about the situation going 471 00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:43,160 Speaker 1: on and wish all all the best solidarity. It Could 472 00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:45,480 Speaker 1: Happen here as a production of cool Zone Media. For 473 00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:48,120 Speaker 1: more podcasts from the Cool Zone Media, visit our website 474 00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:50,239 Speaker 1: cool zone media dot com, or check us out on 475 00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:52,840 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 476 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:55,680 Speaker 1: listen to podcasts. You can find sources for It Could 477 00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:58,680 Speaker 1: Happen Here, updated monthly at cool zone Media dot com 478 00:37:58,719 --> 00:38:00,640 Speaker 1: slash sources. They thanks for listening.