1 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:04,400 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works 2 00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:13,039 Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh 3 00:00:13,119 --> 00:00:16,280 Speaker 1: Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant as always, and there's 4 00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:20,160 Speaker 1: Jerry over there fiddling around with stuff. So it's stuff 5 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:23,480 Speaker 1: you should know the podcast, not stuff you should know. 6 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:27,880 Speaker 1: The movie. That's right. You know we were one secrecy 7 00:00:27,920 --> 00:00:29,600 Speaker 1: about that. That'd be a good movie. That'd be a 8 00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:32,000 Speaker 1: bad movie. I don't know, man, I could go either way. 9 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:37,000 Speaker 1: I always see I imagine it like strange brew. Oh yeah, 10 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:39,880 Speaker 1: yes they could. Uh, they could based it on the 11 00:00:39,920 --> 00:00:42,840 Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know tell all book I'm writing. Oh yeah, 12 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:45,640 Speaker 1: that would be exciting. That would be very exciting. I'm 13 00:00:45,640 --> 00:00:48,200 Speaker 1: looking forward to that book like a lifetime movie the Week. 14 00:00:48,520 --> 00:00:51,280 Speaker 1: Do you like um switch people's names like in my 15 00:00:51,520 --> 00:00:57,880 Speaker 1: um Joe Joe Clack. Yeah, exactly. No, it's sort of like, 16 00:00:58,080 --> 00:01:00,960 Speaker 1: uh like did you see the uh Saved by the 17 00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:03,720 Speaker 1: Bell movie? Oh yeah, I didn't Screech write a book. 18 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:06,520 Speaker 1: It was based on a book by Screech. Right, yeah. 19 00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:09,040 Speaker 1: It wasn't it like all sex and drugs and stuff? 20 00:01:09,520 --> 00:01:10,920 Speaker 1: Oh it was, you know, it was a bunch of 21 00:01:10,959 --> 00:01:14,120 Speaker 1: teenagers in Hollywood. So sure, there was some of that 22 00:01:14,200 --> 00:01:15,959 Speaker 1: in there, but it was I didn't read the book. 23 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:19,880 Speaker 1: But the movie was bad and not nearly as salacious 24 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:22,440 Speaker 1: as you wanted it to be, right. I remember a 25 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:25,119 Speaker 1: lot of people being disappointed, and I remember, I mean 26 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:27,920 Speaker 1: I recalled it like two weeks ago when people were 27 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:30,080 Speaker 1: talking about it when it came out. It stunk. I'll 28 00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:33,640 Speaker 1: watch Emily and I'll watch some of those, um just terrible, 29 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 1: terrible biopics occasionally on TV, and it's it can be fun. 30 00:01:38,120 --> 00:01:43,160 Speaker 1: Like we watched the who was the one actor Brittany Murphy? 31 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:46,000 Speaker 1: The Britney Murphy story? Oh? Really? Does she have a 32 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: heck of a story? Is she alive still? Or did 33 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 1: she die? She passed away because under kind of weird 34 00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: circumstances because she and her husband both passed away within 35 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: weeks of each other, and there were all these strange 36 00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:00,560 Speaker 1: claims that her house was poisoned, that they were poisoned, 37 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:05,480 Speaker 1: and um, yeah, it was it was fun. What's your 38 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:08,680 Speaker 1: take on it? Oh, I don't know, you just that 39 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:11,280 Speaker 1: the movie wasn't very good. Who played Brittany Murphy? Do 40 00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:17,640 Speaker 1: you remember someone who didn't look very much like Brittany Murphy? 41 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:21,239 Speaker 1: Julie Bowen but I was right. The Ashton Kutcher guy 42 00:02:21,280 --> 00:02:23,680 Speaker 1: was pretty good, though. I gotta say Steve Jobs played him. 43 00:02:23,800 --> 00:02:26,320 Speaker 1: They should have just gotten Ashton Kutcher to play himself. 44 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:28,600 Speaker 1: He's not doing much. He's not my two and a 45 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:31,240 Speaker 1: half Men. I don't know. That's got to require fifteen 46 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:34,160 Speaker 1: minutes of work a week. He's selling cameras. Do you 47 00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:35,840 Speaker 1: remember when that whole Two and a half Men thing 48 00:02:35,840 --> 00:02:38,160 Speaker 1: was going down? We were in l a And for 49 00:02:38,200 --> 00:02:40,480 Speaker 1: the one and only time in my entire life, I 50 00:02:40,480 --> 00:02:44,760 Speaker 1: see John Cryer that day. Oh, during the Charlie Sheen meltltown, 51 00:02:44,800 --> 00:02:47,480 Speaker 1: like the day of the meltown, like it happened at night. 52 00:02:47,560 --> 00:02:50,440 Speaker 1: And within eight hours I saw John Cryer for the 53 00:02:50,440 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 1: first time in Personeta McDonald's did you feel Duckie? No, 54 00:02:54,120 --> 00:02:57,400 Speaker 1: I left him alone. He looks sturessed out. Well, yeah, 55 00:02:57,400 --> 00:02:59,880 Speaker 1: he's probably like, my career is going down the tubes. 56 00:02:59,880 --> 00:03:02,120 Speaker 1: But little did he know he's a survivor. His career 57 00:03:02,240 --> 00:03:06,040 Speaker 1: is just fine. So x rays, Yeah, that's what we're 58 00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:09,680 Speaker 1: talking about, right, yep. The lightest part of this podcast. 59 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:12,200 Speaker 1: I like this one. This one. It's one of those 60 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:16,440 Speaker 1: things where if you can just hang on by your fingernails. 61 00:03:16,960 --> 00:03:19,760 Speaker 1: It can click and then you lose it again, but 62 00:03:19,840 --> 00:03:23,119 Speaker 1: that means that it could click again later on. That's 63 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:26,440 Speaker 1: what I like about it. Good. I'll leave that to you. 64 00:03:26,520 --> 00:03:29,320 Speaker 1: I got lots of other stuff about it. I totally 65 00:03:29,360 --> 00:03:32,640 Speaker 1: understand good Good. Um, So, have you ever broken anything 66 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:34,720 Speaker 1: and needed an X ray? Or has it all just 67 00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:37,240 Speaker 1: been dental stuff? You know? Dude? Never broken a bone? 68 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:41,280 Speaker 1: Knock on wood? Yeah, I mean I've had My injuries 69 00:03:41,320 --> 00:03:45,160 Speaker 1: were always um stitches. I was always getting busted open 70 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:49,880 Speaker 1: rocks and sprinklers, and I was always getting cut and 71 00:03:49,960 --> 00:03:52,839 Speaker 1: sewed back up. But I never broke a bone. That's great. Yeah, 72 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:55,080 Speaker 1: you should probably knock on lee more time, just to 73 00:03:55,120 --> 00:03:58,160 Speaker 1: be safe. Uh So, Yeah, all of my X rays 74 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:00,400 Speaker 1: to have been like just going to the dentist or whatever. 75 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:02,600 Speaker 1: You never had a bone broken? I don't want to say, 76 00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:04,640 Speaker 1: because I I don't even know if knocking on wood 77 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:07,080 Speaker 1: will do it on laminate ikea. That would just be 78 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:12,040 Speaker 1: so horribly interesting if both of us broke a bone 79 00:04:12,080 --> 00:04:14,080 Speaker 1: after this. Yeah, and we're at the age where like 80 00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:15,960 Speaker 1: you should break bones when you're a kid, were you 81 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:18,200 Speaker 1: like whatever? I get a cast at this age. It's 82 00:04:18,240 --> 00:04:21,520 Speaker 1: it's a drag. Yeah. I remember reading like a Tom 83 00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:25,000 Speaker 1: Clancy novel and like some kid got an arm torn 84 00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:27,160 Speaker 1: off or whatever, and one of the surgeons was like, 85 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:29,440 Speaker 1: if the arms in the same room as the kid, 86 00:04:29,520 --> 00:04:32,440 Speaker 1: it can be healed. That doesn't hold true in your 87 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:38,440 Speaker 1: Tom Clancy's age. No, So, um, you are familiar with 88 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:40,360 Speaker 1: X rays, so you've seen them before You've watched the 89 00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:42,919 Speaker 1: er surely, Yeah, I mean I've had X rays for 90 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: like the dental ones, like you said, and then um 91 00:04:45,279 --> 00:04:49,000 Speaker 1: just other various like uh like chess X rays for 92 00:04:49,160 --> 00:04:51,120 Speaker 1: sicknesses and things like that, which I think maybe a 93 00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:54,600 Speaker 1: little frivolous to be honest, Yeah, and kind of dangerous 94 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:58,760 Speaker 1: really conceivably, which we'll get into later. But um, did 95 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:01,040 Speaker 1: you were you familiar with X raised it all beyond that? 96 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:05,560 Speaker 1: Did you know that they were invented or discovered accidentally? Yeah? 97 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:07,800 Speaker 1: I did know that. Um I did not. That's one 98 00:05:07,800 --> 00:05:09,080 Speaker 1: of the few things I know. I thought I saw 99 00:05:09,080 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: a little like Quickie short on something like it might 100 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:14,880 Speaker 1: have been actually Science Channel. I looked all over. The 101 00:05:14,880 --> 00:05:18,919 Speaker 1: most I could find was a dude on siemens Um 102 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 1: just describing it in the most flat affic I've watched 103 00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:26,080 Speaker 1: video yeah, I got to five and five wind Low 104 00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:27,960 Speaker 1: and I was like, forget this. Yeah, if I've never 105 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:30,599 Speaker 1: loaded for me, I watched the other fourteen though, and 106 00:05:30,839 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: the whole time I was going, man, these are a 107 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:36,360 Speaker 1: minute long, please join them all together into one six 108 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:38,880 Speaker 1: minute video. You know. It was so weird. Yeah, it 109 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:41,120 Speaker 1: was pretty silly, but and he was he was good. 110 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:45,040 Speaker 1: He was just very dry. Yeah, and they spent zero 111 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:49,479 Speaker 1: pennies on any kind of soundtrack or anything like what 112 00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:53,520 Speaker 1: if he grabs papers? You hear papers wrestling in the classrooms. 113 00:05:53,600 --> 00:05:57,520 Speaker 1: It was. It was pretty straightforward. Yes, but that's a 114 00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:02,160 Speaker 1: very wind about, round about way of getting to uh, 115 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:09,040 Speaker 1: it's discovering German physicists named Wilhelm uh Runtigan, and he 116 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:13,080 Speaker 1: was testing whether cathode rays could pass through glass. And 117 00:06:13,160 --> 00:06:16,960 Speaker 1: he saw that the fluorescent screen was glowing when he 118 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,839 Speaker 1: turned on his electron electron beam, which wasn't a big deal, 119 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:22,560 Speaker 1: but he was like, wait, he's got cardboard around it, right, 120 00:06:22,600 --> 00:06:25,520 Speaker 1: there shouldn't be any visible light escaping, which is silly 121 00:06:25,560 --> 00:06:27,039 Speaker 1: to think of. Now, well, yeah it is, but you 122 00:06:27,080 --> 00:06:29,159 Speaker 1: have to put yourself in his shoes, like X rays 123 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:32,280 Speaker 1: hadn't been discovered because he was literally on the verge 124 00:06:32,320 --> 00:06:35,080 Speaker 1: of discovering them. Right then, that's right, and uh yeah, 125 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:36,920 Speaker 1: so he was like, this is very curious that this 126 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:39,839 Speaker 1: is fluorescing. Yeah, and he noticed other things were glowing, 127 00:06:40,080 --> 00:06:44,760 Speaker 1: and eventually he started putting other objects between the tube 128 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:47,279 Speaker 1: and the screen. They glowed the screen. Did that is 129 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:50,320 Speaker 1: finally put his hand there. I read his wife's hand. 130 00:06:50,560 --> 00:06:53,760 Speaker 1: Oh really, it's like, come in here for a second. Yeah, 131 00:06:53,800 --> 00:06:58,919 Speaker 1: I want you to try something. Saw bones projected and 132 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:03,240 Speaker 1: then I guess probably poo pooed his pants. It's a man, 133 00:07:03,360 --> 00:07:05,440 Speaker 1: I think, come onto something here. Yeah. It was really 134 00:07:05,440 --> 00:07:09,840 Speaker 1: that quickly. He was like immediately the application was clear. 135 00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:12,280 Speaker 1: It wasn't one of those things where it took twenty years. 136 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:15,040 Speaker 1: He's like, hold on, you can see bones. This could 137 00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:19,360 Speaker 1: be really helpful. And he won a Nobel Prize very rightfully, so, 138 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,280 Speaker 1: the first one ever for physics, and he named him 139 00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 1: X rays because he didn't know what the heck it was, no, 140 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:28,800 Speaker 1: exactly kind of signing your name he'd probably right. I 141 00:07:28,840 --> 00:07:32,600 Speaker 1: think he assumed that later on future scientists would fill 142 00:07:32,640 --> 00:07:34,280 Speaker 1: in the blanks, but they were like, no, we're cool 143 00:07:34,280 --> 00:07:36,400 Speaker 1: with X rays. Well, he probably thought that someone would 144 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:39,880 Speaker 1: eventually call it like the Rundkin ray for something. He 145 00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:42,680 Speaker 1: wasn't much of a self promoter. He was just like 146 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:45,200 Speaker 1: all is calling X rays as a place hold. And 147 00:07:45,240 --> 00:07:47,360 Speaker 1: he didn't patent any anything, you know, he never like 148 00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:50,120 Speaker 1: made money off of it. Uh. And then just as 149 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:53,840 Speaker 1: his wife had hand cancer as a result. Really I 150 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:57,480 Speaker 1: was laughing, but it was it was just a joke. 151 00:07:57,560 --> 00:07:59,800 Speaker 1: He can proceed with the la plus. I've never heard 152 00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:03,480 Speaker 1: of hand to cancer. It's got to be out there. Uh. 153 00:08:03,520 --> 00:08:05,080 Speaker 1: And then a couple of years later they were already 154 00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:07,080 Speaker 1: using it. Um in the Balkan War was the first 155 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:10,119 Speaker 1: time it was really put to practical use. The first 156 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:15,120 Speaker 1: Balkan War, the one around World War One. Well, oh 157 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:18,400 Speaker 1: that Balkan War. Um. I didn't know that existed until 158 00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:21,320 Speaker 1: just now. And they said we can see bullets and 159 00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:24,320 Speaker 1: trapnel and stuff now, um, which is helpful. It is 160 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:28,760 Speaker 1: extremely helpful. So like this guy Rundkin discovers X rays 161 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:32,640 Speaker 1: and their most practical application and one fell swoop basically 162 00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:36,760 Speaker 1: and a little further study revealed the X rays are 163 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:42,960 Speaker 1: actually just a another part of the electromagnetic spectrum, of 164 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:48,840 Speaker 1: which radio waves, microwaves what we call visible light. UM. 165 00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:53,800 Speaker 1: What else is there. Well, I've got handy wallet electromagnetic 166 00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:59,400 Speaker 1: spectrum card, and X rays fall between gamma rays and 167 00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 1: ultra bio let rays on that spectrum, which are all below. 168 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:05,959 Speaker 1: Well you say below, I don't know if it's it's 169 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:10,360 Speaker 1: not really an above or below situation. Visible light and 170 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:13,360 Speaker 1: then infrared, microwaven, radio waves, so it would be a 171 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:15,760 Speaker 1: higher or lower frequency, because that's how the whole thing 172 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:18,960 Speaker 1: is divided. Yeah. So, like the visible spectrum of light 173 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 1: consists of electromagnetic radiation that has a frequency, a wavelength 174 00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: that our eyes are sensitized too, so we can pick 175 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:31,360 Speaker 1: up visible light. There's plenty of other stuff on this 176 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:35,600 Speaker 1: spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, and all of it is delineated 177 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:38,959 Speaker 1: by the frequency the wavelengths. So at the highest end 178 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:42,240 Speaker 1: you have gamma rays, They're like, yeah, that means the 179 00:09:42,280 --> 00:09:45,599 Speaker 1: squiggly line is very close together exactly. And then on 180 00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:50,640 Speaker 1: the farthest end you have radio waves. Are like, and 181 00:09:50,679 --> 00:09:53,400 Speaker 1: that means the squiggly line is far apart exactly, and 182 00:09:53,480 --> 00:09:58,040 Speaker 1: that is called chuck science. That's good stuff. Yeah. So 183 00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:00,640 Speaker 1: back in my wallet, x RA right next to the 184 00:10:01,640 --> 00:10:04,640 Speaker 1: what else you have in there? I just have my 185 00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:09,520 Speaker 1: PEPs blue ribbon membership, which actually do do you really? Yeah? 186 00:10:09,559 --> 00:10:13,439 Speaker 1: But I've had it for like twenty years. When you 187 00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:17,760 Speaker 1: you got it, when you're like seven eight, flatter me. So, uh, 188 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:22,400 Speaker 1: X rays fall, I guess we're about in the well, Yeah, 189 00:10:22,559 --> 00:10:24,640 Speaker 1: the higher and they have a higher frequency as far 190 00:10:24,679 --> 00:10:27,840 Speaker 1: as the electro magnetic spectrum goes. But the point is 191 00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:30,240 Speaker 1: is that it is ultimately the same thing. It's a 192 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:33,880 Speaker 1: it's a type of electro magnetic energy that is carried 193 00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:36,800 Speaker 1: on a photon, which is a particle of what we 194 00:10:36,840 --> 00:10:39,839 Speaker 1: would call light. Yeah, and we talked about photons a 195 00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:44,640 Speaker 1: plenty in the show, and uh the same like photons 196 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:48,800 Speaker 1: produce the visible light that we can see photons blast 197 00:10:48,840 --> 00:10:51,520 Speaker 1: out from the sun. How long does it take? Like 198 00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:53,800 Speaker 1: it takes like a hundred dozen years to get from 199 00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,120 Speaker 1: the core to the surface and then like eight minutes 200 00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:58,680 Speaker 1: to get from the surface to Earth. That's right, man, 201 00:10:58,679 --> 00:11:01,600 Speaker 1: that's I love that pack. So this is the only 202 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:04,640 Speaker 1: part I understand, So I'll lead with it. If you 203 00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: want to imagine um an atom, the nucleus of an 204 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:15,400 Speaker 1: atom and rings around that adiom adium and adam as orbitals. Uh, 205 00:11:15,480 --> 00:11:19,680 Speaker 1: when an electron drops to a lower orbital it releases 206 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:22,719 Speaker 1: energy in the form of a photon, and the electron 207 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:25,600 Speaker 1: will always drop to the lower orbital. That's right. So 208 00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:28,080 Speaker 1: like if an orbital is if an electron is kicked 209 00:11:28,080 --> 00:11:30,760 Speaker 1: off of a lower orbital, an electron in the higher 210 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:33,920 Speaker 1: orbital goes and drops down to that one. Yes, And 211 00:11:33,960 --> 00:11:36,080 Speaker 1: depending on how far it drops is going to determine 212 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:39,120 Speaker 1: the energy level of that photon that it's that it 213 00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:41,439 Speaker 1: releases his energy when it drops, right, yeah, because it 214 00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:43,720 Speaker 1: doesn't have to, you know, drop more than one orbital. 215 00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:46,319 Speaker 1: You can skip down I don't even know how far, 216 00:11:46,520 --> 00:11:48,440 Speaker 1: but a long way, yeah, I can. And like you 217 00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:51,640 Speaker 1: said that, the greater the distance between the two orbitals are, 218 00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:55,360 Speaker 1: the greater the energy differential, the greater the energy that photon, 219 00:11:55,760 --> 00:11:59,000 Speaker 1: when released, will have, right, that's right. And as we said, 220 00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: photons are the energy carriers of the electromagnetic spectrum. And 221 00:12:03,679 --> 00:12:07,439 Speaker 1: depending on that energy or the frequency the wavelength of 222 00:12:07,480 --> 00:12:11,000 Speaker 1: that photon, that determines what kind of photon it is, right, 223 00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:14,840 Speaker 1: whether it's a radio photon or a an X ray photon, 224 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:17,360 Speaker 1: or a photon that we can see that's in the 225 00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:21,400 Speaker 1: visible spectrum. That's right. Uh. Sometimes when these photons are 226 00:12:21,520 --> 00:12:25,559 Speaker 1: flying around, they will collide with other atoms, and sometimes 227 00:12:26,040 --> 00:12:29,839 Speaker 1: those atoms absorb that photons energy and then kick it 228 00:12:29,920 --> 00:12:32,760 Speaker 1: up to that higher level again, right, but it has 229 00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:35,120 Speaker 1: to be from what I understand, and I saw that 230 00:12:35,160 --> 00:12:39,760 Speaker 1: there's like, of course it's science, so there's like atomic science, 231 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:42,719 Speaker 1: so there's little exceptions to this and that. But from 232 00:12:42,720 --> 00:12:47,240 Speaker 1: what I can see, Chuck, there is the energy of 233 00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:52,120 Speaker 1: that photon has to exactly match the energy differential between 234 00:12:52,760 --> 00:12:56,880 Speaker 1: one orbital and another on an atom so that it 235 00:12:56,920 --> 00:12:59,319 Speaker 1: can kick it up, so that it hits that one 236 00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: electron and lower orbital kicks it up to the higher 237 00:13:02,040 --> 00:13:06,079 Speaker 1: orbital and thus transfers its energy, which means that atom 238 00:13:06,160 --> 00:13:10,079 Speaker 1: just absorbed that energy that that photon was carrying. Right. 239 00:13:10,120 --> 00:13:12,040 Speaker 1: But if it's a little less, it's not going to 240 00:13:12,120 --> 00:13:14,760 Speaker 1: have the energy to kick that electron up, which makes 241 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:17,600 Speaker 1: sense to me, right. But if it's a little more, 242 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,760 Speaker 1: this is what doesn't make sense to me. It doesn't 243 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:23,800 Speaker 1: kick the electron up, and then the photon carries on 244 00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:28,120 Speaker 1: in a diminished energetic state. It just doesn't do anything. 245 00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:31,600 Speaker 1: It doesn't interact with that. It has to be exactly, say, 246 00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:36,160 Speaker 1: like the energy differential between orbits is eight, so photon 247 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:39,160 Speaker 1: has to have an energy of eight or else it's 248 00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:43,800 Speaker 1: not gonna do anything with the atom. That's right, okay. Uh, 249 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:48,000 Speaker 1: and so depending on the um, Well, let's say you 250 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:50,480 Speaker 1: have a radio wave. They don't have very much energy, 251 00:13:50,559 --> 00:13:54,440 Speaker 1: so they can't move electrons between these orbitals. They just 252 00:13:54,480 --> 00:13:57,880 Speaker 1: passed through things. X rays are super powerful. There's lots 253 00:13:57,880 --> 00:14:01,400 Speaker 1: of energy, so they can through things, which is key 254 00:14:01,440 --> 00:14:04,600 Speaker 1: if you want to check out your bones from outside 255 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:06,800 Speaker 1: of your body. It is. And we're going to explain 256 00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:13,320 Speaker 1: exactly how right after this. Okay, so we're back chucking. 257 00:14:13,360 --> 00:14:16,760 Speaker 1: You tantalized everybody by saying that this, this difference in 258 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:21,000 Speaker 1: absorption is what produces X rays. Right was that tantalizing? 259 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:24,560 Speaker 1: I was tantalized and I even know it's coming, all right, 260 00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:28,760 Speaker 1: that's how excited I am about X rays. So consider this, 261 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:36,400 Speaker 1: Like different atoms have different atomic weights, they have different densities, 262 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:40,640 Speaker 1: they're just different. Like different atoms are different, and atoms 263 00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:46,360 Speaker 1: also have order called differences in radiological density. Okay, so 264 00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:52,480 Speaker 1: a really high energy, high atomic weight, very dense atom 265 00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,440 Speaker 1: is going to be able to absorb a lot of energy. 266 00:14:56,200 --> 00:14:59,000 Speaker 1: Smaller atoms that maybe are looser and have a lower 267 00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:01,880 Speaker 1: atomic weight are gonna get kicked around by any old 268 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:06,400 Speaker 1: photon that wants to come along. Yeah, and that's that's key. 269 00:15:06,640 --> 00:15:08,480 Speaker 1: Like I said, if you want to see bones because 270 00:15:08,560 --> 00:15:10,480 Speaker 1: you're soft tissue. If you've ever noticed when you have 271 00:15:10,520 --> 00:15:13,480 Speaker 1: an X ray, you'll see the bones, but you know 272 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:17,120 Speaker 1: the rest is sort of a grayish black mess because 273 00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:21,560 Speaker 1: your soft tissue has smaller atoms. Your bones, Uh, calcium 274 00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:25,400 Speaker 1: atoms are much larger, so they're gonna absorb those X 275 00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:28,800 Speaker 1: ray photons. It's exactly right to do it, really well exactly. 276 00:15:28,840 --> 00:15:33,480 Speaker 1: So um, imagine you have uh, let's say, Chuck, let's 277 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:36,200 Speaker 1: go back and hang out with Tuck Tuck right, Oh man, 278 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:37,760 Speaker 1: let's get back in the way back when it's been 279 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:49,800 Speaker 1: a while. Okay, look at him over there. So here 280 00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:52,640 Speaker 1: we are in France in this cave, um Tuck. Tuck 281 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:56,440 Speaker 1: has his hand up against the cave wall, as you'll see, 282 00:15:56,680 --> 00:15:58,760 Speaker 1: and in his other hand he's got that little straw 283 00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:02,440 Speaker 1: filled with pig meant red pigment. He's blowing it on 284 00:16:02,480 --> 00:16:06,760 Speaker 1: his hand right and now that he moves his hand away, 285 00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:11,160 Speaker 1: there's the outline of his hand right exactly. He's just 286 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:14,520 Speaker 1: made an early stencil. He's like a banks He basically 287 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:17,160 Speaker 1: like a caveman Banksy. But if you look at the 288 00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:19,240 Speaker 1: back of Tuk Tuk's hand, don't get too close, but 289 00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:21,600 Speaker 1: look at the back of his hand. It's covered in 290 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:24,880 Speaker 1: red pigment, right, So if you can, if you want 291 00:16:24,880 --> 00:16:30,040 Speaker 1: to equate this to an X ray, the hand absorbed 292 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:33,720 Speaker 1: all of that pigment and the stuff that passed through 293 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:37,080 Speaker 1: left the picture on the cave wall. That's kind of 294 00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:40,120 Speaker 1: what happens with an X ray, except with an X 295 00:16:40,240 --> 00:16:44,720 Speaker 1: ray photograph. The X ray photons are absorbed by the denser, 296 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: calcium rich bones and they passed through the softer tissue. 297 00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:53,120 Speaker 1: So the picture that we have is the outline the 298 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,880 Speaker 1: silhouette of the bones because the X rays made it 299 00:16:57,160 --> 00:16:59,600 Speaker 1: through the tissue. Didn't make it through the bones. They 300 00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:02,000 Speaker 1: made it are the tissue and onto the X ray plate, 301 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:05,400 Speaker 1: which absorbed the picture in negative. That's right, And I'm 302 00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:07,679 Speaker 1: glad he said picture, because that's all it is. On 303 00:17:07,720 --> 00:17:10,280 Speaker 1: the other side of the human being. You know that 304 00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:14,199 Speaker 1: they're shooting the X ray at there's a camera and 305 00:17:14,720 --> 00:17:17,800 Speaker 1: you're just gonna get a regular negative and they could 306 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:19,280 Speaker 1: make it a positive, but they leave it as a 307 00:17:19,320 --> 00:17:23,399 Speaker 1: negative because you really don't need the positive image. Uh, 308 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:25,720 Speaker 1: And that's what they'll put on that little screen to 309 00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:29,359 Speaker 1: show you your cracked femur exactly. And they can see 310 00:17:29,359 --> 00:17:31,840 Speaker 1: the crack because some of those X rays will make 311 00:17:31,880 --> 00:17:34,960 Speaker 1: it through the gap, that's right, right, So all you're 312 00:17:34,960 --> 00:17:37,960 Speaker 1: seeing is the result of X rays that made it 313 00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:42,400 Speaker 1: through the tissue were absorbed by the bone, so those 314 00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:44,840 Speaker 1: don't make it to the plate. The ones that make 315 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:47,120 Speaker 1: it to the plate cause the chemical reaction that gives 316 00:17:47,119 --> 00:17:50,600 Speaker 1: you your negative your X ray. And it's it's pretty simple, really, 317 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:53,240 Speaker 1: like if you think about it, at least in principle. 318 00:17:53,960 --> 00:17:59,320 Speaker 1: It's also extraordinarily difficult to conceive of. But if you 319 00:17:59,520 --> 00:18:02,040 Speaker 1: if you understand like the principle behind it, it makes 320 00:18:02,119 --> 00:18:05,720 Speaker 1: uttering complete sense. Yeah. And it's a pretty focused shot 321 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:08,280 Speaker 1: that they're using there. It's not like they don't fill 322 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:11,080 Speaker 1: the entire room with X rays. You know, they've got 323 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:15,159 Speaker 1: a thick lead shield around the whole device and it 324 00:18:15,359 --> 00:18:17,800 Speaker 1: you know, contains contains everything. It's got a little small 325 00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:21,240 Speaker 1: window that's just gonna let that narrow beam pass through 326 00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:25,520 Speaker 1: through a series of filters and basically hit you wherever 327 00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:27,359 Speaker 1: they want to hit you. Yeah, And the reason that 328 00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:30,080 Speaker 1: the they use lead is because lead is an extremely 329 00:18:30,119 --> 00:18:35,800 Speaker 1: dense uh yeah element, yes right, sure, oh god, I 330 00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:39,040 Speaker 1: hope so with a with a very high atomic number, 331 00:18:39,080 --> 00:18:41,720 Speaker 1: which means it can absorb tons of energy. Right. Yeah, 332 00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:44,440 Speaker 1: that's why you're gonna wear a lead apron. Um if 333 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:46,679 Speaker 1: you're not, you know, if you're getting your skull done, 334 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:48,720 Speaker 1: you're probably gonna wear an apron in your chest. Let's say, 335 00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:52,680 Speaker 1: so you're you're so this lead is being bombarded with 336 00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:55,960 Speaker 1: X ray photons and electrons and it's just taking it. 337 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:58,760 Speaker 1: It's fine, and it's not being able to it's not 338 00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:02,920 Speaker 1: able to pass through because it doesn't have high enough energy. Um. 339 00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:05,280 Speaker 1: But yes, they when they put that little window in 340 00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:08,600 Speaker 1: the X ray generating machine, it passes right through there 341 00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:13,400 Speaker 1: in a concentrated beam. And Chuck, let's talk about the machine, right. So, 342 00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:16,159 Speaker 1: and and this is basically what we use as X 343 00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:20,639 Speaker 1: ray machines is essentially what Rooken was made, what made 344 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:24,800 Speaker 1: was experimenting with when he accidentally discovered them. Because if 345 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:28,320 Speaker 1: you look for X rays like they're they propagate naturally. 346 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:31,760 Speaker 1: But I think like the X rays on Earth come 347 00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:35,480 Speaker 1: from humans. Yeah, like we generate a lot of X rays. 348 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:38,800 Speaker 1: They don't they don't come like, you don't find them 349 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:41,680 Speaker 1: normally on Earth. They're coming from outer space to us, 350 00:19:42,359 --> 00:19:45,800 Speaker 1: hence X ray astronomy. But the ones here on Earth 351 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:49,040 Speaker 1: that are generated on Earth, they don't. It's not like 352 00:19:49,119 --> 00:19:52,520 Speaker 1: rocks put out X rays or something like that. We do. 353 00:19:52,920 --> 00:19:56,440 Speaker 1: We humans, humans and lead aprons put out X rays 354 00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:59,320 Speaker 1: and they use this machine like Rootkin made. Yeah. What 355 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:01,359 Speaker 1: you have in the machine and you have an electrode pair, 356 00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:04,560 Speaker 1: a cathode and an anode, and that's inside a good 357 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:08,639 Speaker 1: old fashioned glass vacuum tube, which, um, it's amazing how 358 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:10,720 Speaker 1: vacuum tubes are still like the best way to do 359 00:20:10,840 --> 00:20:13,359 Speaker 1: many of these things. Well, it allows things to travel 360 00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:15,719 Speaker 1: at the speed of light easily, that's right, and allows 361 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:18,880 Speaker 1: guitar amps to sound great. I didn't know these vacuums 362 00:20:18,880 --> 00:20:21,160 Speaker 1: in that. Oh is that a cathode tube? Yeah, yeah, 363 00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:24,879 Speaker 1: like a like the best amps are still made with 364 00:20:25,040 --> 00:20:27,560 Speaker 1: vacuum tubes. You can get solid state amps, but they're 365 00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:29,760 Speaker 1: just the sound isn't as rich, So it's kind of 366 00:20:29,760 --> 00:20:32,919 Speaker 1: like this old technology that's still superior. They're all pumped 367 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:35,600 Speaker 1: out by hand by a ninety year old man in Tennessee. 368 00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:41,080 Speaker 1: Mr Marshall yes. Uh So the cathode is a heated 369 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:43,399 Speaker 1: filament just like you might see in a light bulb, 370 00:20:44,119 --> 00:20:46,520 Speaker 1: and the machine's gonna pass the current through that and 371 00:20:46,560 --> 00:20:49,680 Speaker 1: heat that thing up, and then it's gonna spit electrons 372 00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:53,760 Speaker 1: off that surface, and it's gonna hit a disc made 373 00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:57,399 Speaker 1: of punksten and it's gonna draw those across the tube. 374 00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:00,320 Speaker 1: It's basically the tube is sort of the key peat, right, 375 00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:04,240 Speaker 1: because you've got the positive and the and the negative 376 00:21:04,320 --> 00:21:08,520 Speaker 1: charge the cathode and the anode, right, um, and that 377 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:15,240 Speaker 1: difference that electrical charge draws his electrons down to the anode. Yeah, 378 00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:19,440 Speaker 1: And that force means that when those electrons hit the 379 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:24,080 Speaker 1: tungusten anode, it knocks a bunch of electrons off, creates 380 00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 1: a bunch of X rays in the process, and um, 381 00:21:28,160 --> 00:21:32,040 Speaker 1: you have a whole box filled with X ray radiation. 382 00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:35,919 Speaker 1: That's exactly what it is, like you're just I mean, 383 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:37,679 Speaker 1: there there might as well be like a foot crank 384 00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:40,199 Speaker 1: to this thing, like an old sewing machine. For as 385 00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:43,280 Speaker 1: as technologically advanced as it is, there may be for 386 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:44,760 Speaker 1: all I know, I don't know what goes on in 387 00:21:44,760 --> 00:21:48,960 Speaker 1: that other room, right, Yeah, there's some dude in there 388 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,520 Speaker 1: with like his right leg is three times more muscular 389 00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:54,720 Speaker 1: than his left leg because that's the only one he uses. 390 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:58,480 Speaker 1: So um. In addition, like I said to to X 391 00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:03,480 Speaker 1: rays being created, the the other X rays, other photons 392 00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:06,359 Speaker 1: can go on and knock more electrons off. So you 393 00:22:06,359 --> 00:22:09,240 Speaker 1: you have what's like a process of chain reactions starting, right. 394 00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:11,560 Speaker 1: It's not like one gets hit and then that's it, 395 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:14,280 Speaker 1: and the photons creating it just hangs around until it's 396 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:17,800 Speaker 1: beamed out. But you're just generating this huge amount of 397 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:20,760 Speaker 1: X rays, and the X rays are also continuing to 398 00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:24,399 Speaker 1: propagate themselves because they're knocking more electrons free. And the 399 00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: more free electrons you have, the more interactions you have. Right, 400 00:22:28,320 --> 00:22:30,879 Speaker 1: So one of the ways that more electrons can be 401 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:34,119 Speaker 1: knocked off, you don't even need a direct transfer of 402 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,879 Speaker 1: energy where a photon is absorbed or knocks an electron 403 00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:40,800 Speaker 1: from one orbit to another, or knocks it loose entirely. 404 00:22:41,119 --> 00:22:46,080 Speaker 1: A photon actually has this really cool um capability of 405 00:22:46,560 --> 00:22:50,959 Speaker 1: just orbiting close by the nucleus of an atom, and 406 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:54,320 Speaker 1: when the nucleus basically draws it into its orbit, the 407 00:22:54,359 --> 00:22:57,480 Speaker 1: photon just takes a hard left turn, just bumps it 408 00:22:57,480 --> 00:23:00,080 Speaker 1: off its course. But even like the dodge via for 409 00:23:00,160 --> 00:23:02,680 Speaker 1: it has to like slow down to take a left turn, 410 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:06,320 Speaker 1: slow a little bit, right, just a little, just a little. 411 00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:11,040 Speaker 1: But that little bit in photon world means a transfer 412 00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:16,760 Speaker 1: of energy from the photon outward. Yeah. And then the photon, 413 00:23:16,920 --> 00:23:19,840 Speaker 1: like the photon takes that left turn and and the 414 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:22,680 Speaker 1: energy is transferred to the atom. Yeah. And one of 415 00:23:22,720 --> 00:23:25,919 Speaker 1: the byproducts. If this sounds like it's gonna create a 416 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:28,920 Speaker 1: lot of heat, it's because it will. And in order 417 00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:31,439 Speaker 1: to combat this, they rotate this anode to keep it. 418 00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:33,200 Speaker 1: It would just melt down if you kept it in place. 419 00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:38,199 Speaker 1: And apparently there's a cool oil bath that helps absorb 420 00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:40,640 Speaker 1: heat as well, which I never have heard of that either. 421 00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:44,640 Speaker 1: It sounds oily oil bath. Yeah, it doesn't sound refreshing 422 00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:46,920 Speaker 1: at all. It sounds like the opposite of refreshing. Yeah. 423 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:49,960 Speaker 1: Cool and oil don't really go together. Yeah, and I misspoke. 424 00:23:50,040 --> 00:23:53,399 Speaker 1: That's an electron that can be drawn too into the 425 00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:57,080 Speaker 1: nucleus of an anom appropriately enough, because they orbit nuclei anyway. 426 00:23:57,480 --> 00:24:00,520 Speaker 1: But it doesn't have to hook hook up with that them. 427 00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:03,280 Speaker 1: When it takes that hard left it admits the photon. 428 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,119 Speaker 1: Like you said, that's right, And like I said earlier, 429 00:24:06,160 --> 00:24:07,879 Speaker 1: there's a camera on the other side of the patient 430 00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:11,280 Speaker 1: and it's going to record that pattern of light when 431 00:24:11,280 --> 00:24:14,720 Speaker 1: it passes through the body. And it's not so different 432 00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:17,400 Speaker 1: from a regular camera. Um. And then the and you're 433 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:19,960 Speaker 1: just gonna get a picture, like I said, a negative image. Yeah. 434 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:22,160 Speaker 1: And if you hook it up with a computer that 435 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:25,639 Speaker 1: allows you to take X rays basically in slices, you 436 00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:29,800 Speaker 1: can come up with commuter computerized tomography. If you ak 437 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:34,000 Speaker 1: a CT right, let's scan exactly. Um. If you uh, 438 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:36,240 Speaker 1: if you use if you get a breast exam, you're 439 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,840 Speaker 1: using a type of X ray called momography. Um. And 440 00:24:39,880 --> 00:24:44,480 Speaker 1: then there's a fluoroscopy, which the man in the extraordinarily 441 00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:50,320 Speaker 1: dry presentation from Siemens said, um was basically like moving picture. 442 00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:53,959 Speaker 1: It's like a movie exactly. And then he showed us 443 00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:56,680 Speaker 1: what the movie is with a flipbook, right, that old 444 00:24:56,720 --> 00:24:59,919 Speaker 1: flipbook trick. And if you listen to this podcast, I'm sorry, 445 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,320 Speaker 1: I just want to apologize for both of us. Semens guy, 446 00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:07,440 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, uh, like, hats off to you for doing 447 00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:10,199 Speaker 1: that at all. Yeah, um, because he's probably saying, well, 448 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:13,800 Speaker 1: at least that was correct, and everything I said it's 449 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:17,160 Speaker 1: a good point, sir um. But with fluoroscopy, it's basically 450 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:20,760 Speaker 1: like a movie of an X ray movie, and you 451 00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:22,800 Speaker 1: would do this to make sure like a heart is 452 00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:25,840 Speaker 1: beating correctly because you wanted to see it. But you 453 00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:30,040 Speaker 1: have to have an additional um instrument because as we said, 454 00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,399 Speaker 1: X rays will pass through tissue like heart tissue and 455 00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:37,199 Speaker 1: muscle tissue and all and blood vessels and all the 456 00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: stuff you want to get pictures of using an X ray, 457 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:42,159 Speaker 1: so you have to use something called a contrast media 458 00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:45,919 Speaker 1: for it. Yeah, a contrast agent is basically more dense 459 00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:49,880 Speaker 1: than the soft tissue. So if you want to uh, 460 00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:53,960 Speaker 1: let's say, swallow, it's usually like a barium compound. If 461 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:55,959 Speaker 1: you want to examine like your blood vessels or your 462 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:59,639 Speaker 1: circulatory system, you're sometimes they can inject that, or you 463 00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:01,720 Speaker 1: might drink it to see if you're doing like a 464 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:05,679 Speaker 1: gastro intestine, like a GI tract. You're gonna swallow that stuff, 465 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:07,800 Speaker 1: which I've never had to do. I think my dad 466 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,120 Speaker 1: had to do that. Yeah, I don't think it's super pleasant. 467 00:26:10,440 --> 00:26:12,959 Speaker 1: I get the impression not too, but my dad did 468 00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:15,920 Speaker 1: as well. Yeah, it's an old guy thing, so I 469 00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:19,200 Speaker 1: should be getting one soon. Uh, and then it allows you, 470 00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,640 Speaker 1: you know to see him moving image. Uh. Basically how 471 00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:26,600 Speaker 1: that liquid is if there's any blockage. Uh, there's all 472 00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:29,240 Speaker 1: sorts of applications for it. Yeah, because you're that liquid 473 00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:35,159 Speaker 1: has a high radiological density, which means that the X 474 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:38,199 Speaker 1: rays don't just pass right through your the tissue that 475 00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:42,240 Speaker 1: it's being suspended in, like your blood vessels. It absorbs 476 00:26:42,280 --> 00:26:43,959 Speaker 1: it for it. So you get a picture of your 477 00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:46,760 Speaker 1: blood vessels, your circulatory system, which is pretty cool. It's 478 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:52,720 Speaker 1: pretty clever. It's also extraordinarily elementary and principle, my dear Watson. Uh. 479 00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:54,560 Speaker 1: And that single picture I think we you know, we 480 00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,639 Speaker 1: mentioned CT and momography and all that in philoscopy, but 481 00:26:57,680 --> 00:27:00,840 Speaker 1: the single picture is just called standard radiography. And that's 482 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:03,439 Speaker 1: when you're you know, taking a photo of your skull 483 00:27:04,119 --> 00:27:07,719 Speaker 1: or your lungs, or your bones or your teeth and 484 00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:10,360 Speaker 1: so so. Speaking of the lead apron thing, man, it's 485 00:27:10,359 --> 00:27:13,119 Speaker 1: always made me kind of nervous, Like if I the 486 00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:16,159 Speaker 1: rest of my body has to wear lead apron, but 487 00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 1: you're shooting an X ray into my head, am I 488 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:22,080 Speaker 1: going to be? Okay? Well we'll answer that right after 489 00:27:22,119 --> 00:27:34,920 Speaker 1: this message. All right, X rays. Are they bad for you? 490 00:27:35,359 --> 00:27:39,760 Speaker 1: The answer is yes, uh, pretty unequivocally. Um. But like 491 00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:43,400 Speaker 1: all things, it's it's in moderation is the key. Uh. 492 00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:46,240 Speaker 1: In the nineteen thirties and forties and into the fifties, 493 00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:50,200 Speaker 1: they had X ray machines at shoe stores. Oh yeah, 494 00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:52,360 Speaker 1: I can extra your feet to get a better fit, 495 00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,160 Speaker 1: and um, they didn't realize at the time that they 496 00:27:55,160 --> 00:27:58,480 Speaker 1: were X raying people way way too much. Yeah, talkative 497 00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:00,480 Speaker 1: kids in class. They just shoot him with an X 498 00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:05,000 Speaker 1: ray and they probably did I've got you like twice. Well, 499 00:28:05,080 --> 00:28:06,840 Speaker 1: now I would believe that, like, hey, let's look at 500 00:28:06,880 --> 00:28:09,520 Speaker 1: his brain. There may be a mouse running around inside 501 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:13,080 Speaker 1: of it. People in the thirties were dumb. Well, it's 502 00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:17,800 Speaker 1: basically radiation sickness. Um, it's a form of ionization or 503 00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:21,480 Speaker 1: ionizing radiation. So what can happen? Like, if just normal 504 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:24,000 Speaker 1: light hits an atom, is no big deal. But when 505 00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:27,480 Speaker 1: an X ray hits an atom, it knocks electrons off 506 00:28:27,520 --> 00:28:31,639 Speaker 1: of it creates an ion, which is an electrically charged atom, 507 00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:36,800 Speaker 1: and basically anything from uh, cellular death to mutation can 508 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:39,680 Speaker 1: happen at that point, and mutation can spread and it 509 00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:43,760 Speaker 1: can cause cancer. Right because stable atoms are neutral, right, 510 00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:46,400 Speaker 1: because they have an equal number of protons and electrons. 511 00:28:46,560 --> 00:28:48,480 Speaker 1: You lose an electron, all of a sudden you have 512 00:28:48,520 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: a positively charged ion and that negatively charged electron running 513 00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:56,800 Speaker 1: around and it just causes trouble. And you said light. 514 00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:59,280 Speaker 1: Visible light can be absorbed and it's no big deal 515 00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:03,320 Speaker 1: because visible light is exists on a wavelength that's about 516 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:05,960 Speaker 1: in tune with the soft tissues of our body, right, 517 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:07,920 Speaker 1: so we know how to absorb it and it makes 518 00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:12,000 Speaker 1: us tan and that's cool, right. But um, with these 519 00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:16,760 Speaker 1: ionized atoms, these positively charged atoms like going around in 520 00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:20,360 Speaker 1: your body, it can cause a lot of problems, like 521 00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:23,120 Speaker 1: mutations like cancer. Right, yeah, I mean if you break 522 00:29:23,160 --> 00:29:26,000 Speaker 1: that DNA chain, that's not good. No, it is, And 523 00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:29,080 Speaker 1: one of the results is the d The DNA can 524 00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:34,200 Speaker 1: basically lose its ability to regulate itself and the cell 525 00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:37,760 Speaker 1: replicates more frequently than it should, and all of a sudden, 526 00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:39,920 Speaker 1: you have a tumor on your hands and that can spread. 527 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:44,360 Speaker 1: It can also be a problem if that DNA break 528 00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:47,920 Speaker 1: occurs in utero, because then that can lead to birth defects, 529 00:29:48,280 --> 00:29:51,440 Speaker 1: which is why pregnant women shouldn't get X rays UM, 530 00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: and it can also just lead to plain old cellular death. 531 00:29:54,880 --> 00:29:57,680 Speaker 1: If you have cellular death and the tissues that UM 532 00:29:57,880 --> 00:30:01,200 Speaker 1: are made up by those cells break down, uh, you 533 00:30:01,240 --> 00:30:02,960 Speaker 1: have a problem on your hands with that as well. 534 00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:06,800 Speaker 1: So here's the deal. We get exposed to radiation every 535 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:10,680 Speaker 1: day just walking around on the planet. Um. It depends 536 00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:14,000 Speaker 1: on where you live. But every year, um, the average 537 00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:16,720 Speaker 1: person is going to be exposed to anywhere from one 538 00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:21,720 Speaker 1: to four. Uh. It's measured in millisieverts per year UM. 539 00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:23,320 Speaker 1: Like I said, depending on where you are. I think 540 00:30:23,320 --> 00:30:27,640 Speaker 1: in higher elevations it's less then at sea level. So 541 00:30:27,640 --> 00:30:29,760 Speaker 1: if you live in Denver, Colorado, you're gonna be exposed 542 00:30:29,760 --> 00:30:33,240 Speaker 1: to less well yeah, because you're higher up in the 543 00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:37,200 Speaker 1: atmosphere and that makes a difference. Exactly, you have less protection, 544 00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:40,840 Speaker 1: right yeah. So um, you know what they what they 545 00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:43,960 Speaker 1: want to do medically speaking, they want to use, or 546 00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:48,040 Speaker 1: they're supposed to use the minimum amount to achieve the 547 00:30:48,040 --> 00:30:50,240 Speaker 1: pictures you need. It's not like the old days where 548 00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:53,920 Speaker 1: they're just like let's X rays. Yeah, Like let's do 549 00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:55,960 Speaker 1: the minimum amount we need to get the information that 550 00:30:56,040 --> 00:31:00,760 Speaker 1: we need. A CT scan can can get your you know, 551 00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:02,720 Speaker 1: you lay down in the tube and it rotates around 552 00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:04,960 Speaker 1: you and your whole body can be photographed in less 553 00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:08,840 Speaker 1: than five seconds these days. But um, you know there 554 00:31:08,840 --> 00:31:12,520 Speaker 1: are concerns if you get too many X rays still, Uh, 555 00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:15,600 Speaker 1: like a dental panorama, I think, would I say one 556 00:31:15,680 --> 00:31:19,200 Speaker 1: to four millisy verts per year and it's cumulative to 557 00:31:19,360 --> 00:31:21,720 Speaker 1: you should yeah, Like it's not. It's not like you 558 00:31:21,760 --> 00:31:25,000 Speaker 1: get one and then you know, eight months later you 559 00:31:25,040 --> 00:31:27,480 Speaker 1: get another one in that first one went away, Like 560 00:31:27,560 --> 00:31:30,240 Speaker 1: it accumulates over the course of a year. Yeah. So 561 00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:33,000 Speaker 1: here's just a few examples of how much radiation you're 562 00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:36,600 Speaker 1: being exposed to with X rays. Um, a dental panorama 563 00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:39,600 Speaker 1: is going to be point zero one millisy verts, so 564 00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:43,360 Speaker 1: not very much. Um, Like two chest X rays might 565 00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:47,840 Speaker 1: be point one mam or grammas around point four. Uh, 566 00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:51,840 Speaker 1: your pelvis point six, your back upper back maybe one 567 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:58,200 Speaker 1: point zero. Uh. I wonder why because there's maybe, yeah, 568 00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:01,280 Speaker 1: maybe you have to do with exposure to Uh. Yeah 569 00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:04,120 Speaker 1: that makes sense. I got a ton of bone in 570 00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:08,320 Speaker 1: my upper back. A full CT scan, it depends on 571 00:32:08,440 --> 00:32:12,240 Speaker 1: what you are, Um, it depends on what you're X raying. 572 00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:15,920 Speaker 1: But a CT scan is obviously more like an abdominal 573 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:19,000 Speaker 1: or pelvis c T CT scan could be as many 574 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:22,280 Speaker 1: as ten millis everts, So that's like up to two 575 00:32:22,360 --> 00:32:25,160 Speaker 1: or three years worth of radiation in a single CT scan, 576 00:32:25,840 --> 00:32:28,440 Speaker 1: which can be problematic, which is why they don't say 577 00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:32,640 Speaker 1: get in the CT machine like every other week. Um, 578 00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: but you know some of the reasons you might if 579 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:36,960 Speaker 1: you had a traumatic injury, they're gonna X ray you 580 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,560 Speaker 1: a lot of times for disease confirmation. They'll use an 581 00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:44,320 Speaker 1: X ray machine. Uh, during surgery as a visual guide, 582 00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:48,760 Speaker 1: Like if you do endoscopic surgery, the surgeons actually needs 583 00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:52,000 Speaker 1: to look at something, so sometimes the X rays for 584 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:55,680 Speaker 1: that or to monitor your healing process. Um, you know, 585 00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:57,440 Speaker 1: when you break a bone, it's not just that first 586 00:32:57,560 --> 00:32:59,560 Speaker 1: X ray. You're gonna keep getting them to see how 587 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:03,520 Speaker 1: your healing up. Right out of the Siemens video, huh no, 588 00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:07,880 Speaker 1: they isn't okay, I don't think so. I mean I 589 00:33:07,920 --> 00:33:12,920 Speaker 1: looked at so much stuff together, cumulative research. So uh, 590 00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:15,760 Speaker 1: I did a brain stuff on siverts and how many 591 00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:19,200 Speaker 1: we can take and uh yeah, it's it's kind of 592 00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:22,360 Speaker 1: like it's a little alarming how much radiation we're expected 593 00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:24,720 Speaker 1: to People who fly a lot too are exposed to 594 00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:27,920 Speaker 1: tons of radiation because you're again higher up in the atmosphere, 595 00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:31,360 Speaker 1: so you're less protected by the atmosphere. Speaking of flying, 596 00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:35,600 Speaker 1: of course, baggage that is X rayed. The food industries 597 00:33:35,680 --> 00:33:38,239 Speaker 1: is X rays a lot um. Archaeologists use it if 598 00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:41,160 Speaker 1: they don't want to like destroy an object and they 599 00:33:41,160 --> 00:33:44,360 Speaker 1: want to see what's inside, or earth sciences they'll use 600 00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:47,080 Speaker 1: X rays for rocks to see what kind of mineral composition. 601 00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:49,920 Speaker 1: So there's all sorts of applications. It's not just medical. 602 00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:55,560 Speaker 1: Um space. Yeah, X ray telescopes out on on satellites 603 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,720 Speaker 1: apparently you can see a lot um. You can see 604 00:33:58,720 --> 00:34:02,560 Speaker 1: things you can't detect from an earthbound telescope because X 605 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:05,240 Speaker 1: rays are absorbed by our atmospheres. He can't like shoot 606 00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:08,040 Speaker 1: it into space like that. So this article makes a 607 00:34:08,040 --> 00:34:10,959 Speaker 1: pretty good point if you ask me, it says like, yes, 608 00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:15,520 Speaker 1: X rays are like are bad for you, and you 609 00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:19,279 Speaker 1: should use them with care and caution. And one one 610 00:34:19,280 --> 00:34:22,319 Speaker 1: good point is to always ask if there's an alternative 611 00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:25,200 Speaker 1: to an X ray, just to basically say, hey, doc 612 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,640 Speaker 1: or Dennis, slow your role. Let's is there another way 613 00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:30,840 Speaker 1: we can get this information without an X ray. I 614 00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:33,920 Speaker 1: know it's the easiest, But what are the alternatives? But 615 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,760 Speaker 1: then the article makes the point like it's still safer 616 00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:40,440 Speaker 1: than the ultimate alternative, the thing that X rays replaced, 617 00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:43,520 Speaker 1: which was exploratory surgery. Yeah, back in the day, if 618 00:34:43,560 --> 00:34:45,440 Speaker 1: you they thought you had cancer, they would cut you 619 00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:48,279 Speaker 1: open and see. And this is definitely better than that 620 00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:51,680 Speaker 1: or broken bone. Imagine getting that arm cut open just 621 00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:56,000 Speaker 1: to see how it's doing. They're like, no, it's not broken, right, 622 00:34:57,160 --> 00:35:00,920 Speaker 1: And we haven't invented anesthetic yet. So good luck with 623 00:35:00,920 --> 00:35:04,319 Speaker 1: your dentist, by the way, because um, I always get 624 00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:07,480 Speaker 1: the feeling that the dentists are like, no, your insurance 625 00:35:07,480 --> 00:35:09,439 Speaker 1: allows us to build for so many per years, he said, 626 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:10,920 Speaker 1: that's how many you are going to get. These X 627 00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:14,319 Speaker 1: rays are putting my kid through college. Yeah. Uh, you 628 00:35:14,320 --> 00:35:16,719 Speaker 1: got anything else on X rays? That was a fine 629 00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,399 Speaker 1: amount of stuff. I'm feeling good about it. You feel 630 00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:22,400 Speaker 1: good about this one, sure too? Yeah. Uh. If you 631 00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:24,239 Speaker 1: want to know more about X rays, you can check 632 00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:27,759 Speaker 1: out this really informative article on how stuff works dot com. 633 00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 1: It's got some great diagrams that explain a lot of 634 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:33,000 Speaker 1: the stuff we were saying visually. Uh, And you can 635 00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:35,520 Speaker 1: type x ray into the search part how stuff works 636 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:37,520 Speaker 1: and it will bring that up. Since I said search 637 00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:42,360 Speaker 1: parts time for listener mail. Uh this is from my 638 00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:45,560 Speaker 1: buddy Poppy and Vancouver. Uh stuff you shouldn't listener to. 639 00:35:45,560 --> 00:35:49,319 Speaker 1: That meant while I was there, and um, Poppy as 640 00:35:49,320 --> 00:35:51,400 Speaker 1: this to say he's got a pretty cool job. He 641 00:35:51,440 --> 00:35:53,480 Speaker 1: listened to the PTSD show and wanted to write in 642 00:35:53,520 --> 00:35:56,760 Speaker 1: about another option that he works with. He's a registered 643 00:35:56,800 --> 00:36:00,880 Speaker 1: acupuncturist in Vancouver with special training and AMMA and addictions. 644 00:36:01,360 --> 00:36:05,840 Speaker 1: He's a program called neurotrophic stimulation Therapy NTSD. In a 645 00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:09,520 Speaker 1: large part of the program uses ear acupuncture and electro 646 00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:13,520 Speaker 1: acupuncture to promote neuroplasticity in the brain. He says, you 647 00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:16,920 Speaker 1: can't necessarily directly fix the brain, but you can stimulate 648 00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:21,200 Speaker 1: the ear nerves will help the brain reregulate certain functionality 649 00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:24,080 Speaker 1: so it can heal itself. He's been treating trauma and 650 00:36:24,120 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: PTSD patients for several years and the evidence for his 651 00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:30,240 Speaker 1: efficacy is high. It can be done with acupuncture needles 652 00:36:30,239 --> 00:36:34,600 Speaker 1: alone or in combination with a mild electrical stimulation. UM. 653 00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:41,680 Speaker 1: Remember we talked about UM. Transcranial electromagnation. Yeah, transdermal cranial stimulation. 654 00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:44,279 Speaker 1: He says that's one of the things that he's also 655 00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,440 Speaker 1: using to treat PTSD, which is pretty cool, and he 656 00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:50,120 Speaker 1: said it makes cognitive behavioral therapies so much easier to 657 00:36:50,160 --> 00:36:53,120 Speaker 1: introduce because it promotes neuroplasticity and the results help a 658 00:36:53,160 --> 00:36:56,120 Speaker 1: PTSD suffer to be more open to and able to 659 00:36:56,200 --> 00:37:00,520 Speaker 1: receive positive social programming. So he has a program we 660 00:37:00,560 --> 00:37:02,279 Speaker 1: want to promote. If you want to see all the 661 00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:05,600 Speaker 1: components in action in this program, you can visit Last 662 00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:09,520 Speaker 1: Door Recovery Society at last door dot org slash nt 663 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:13,880 Speaker 1: s T, or you can donate funds to help purchase 664 00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:16,680 Speaker 1: a brain scanner so that they can scientifically measure the 665 00:37:16,719 --> 00:37:19,000 Speaker 1: results of the program, which would really help show the 666 00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:22,600 Speaker 1: validity of the therapies. And if you're interested in helping 667 00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,960 Speaker 1: out Poppies, cause there because he's really big on treating 668 00:37:26,120 --> 00:37:29,520 Speaker 1: veterans in Canada. In the US, um I shortened as 669 00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:32,400 Speaker 1: a little U R L too bitley b I T 670 00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:36,920 Speaker 1: dot L Y slash one one y n l o 671 00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:41,120 Speaker 1: Q and that is from Poppy and he says not 672 00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:44,040 Speaker 1: misstay thanks a lot, Poppy. Is it poppy with the 673 00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:47,200 Speaker 1: O P O P P I nice? Uh if you 674 00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:50,200 Speaker 1: want to get in touch with us, you can tweet 675 00:37:50,239 --> 00:37:53,160 Speaker 1: to us at s y s K podcast. You can 676 00:37:53,239 --> 00:37:56,239 Speaker 1: join us on Facebook dot com, slash stuff you Should Know. 677 00:37:56,719 --> 00:37:59,040 Speaker 1: You can send us an email to Stuff Podcast to 678 00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:02,400 Speaker 1: how Stuff workstt com. That's right, uh and as always, 679 00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:04,600 Speaker 1: joined us at home on the web, Stuff you Should 680 00:38:04,640 --> 00:38:11,920 Speaker 1: Know dot com. For more on this and thousands of 681 00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:21,480 Speaker 1: other topics, visit how Stuff Works dot com