1 00:00:03,080 --> 00:00:06,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind from housetop work 2 00:00:06,200 --> 00:00:17,960 Speaker 1: dot com. Modern science has not only shown us how 3 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:21,479 Speaker 1: fragile human life is, but even the entire planet, or 4 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:24,200 Speaker 1: the entire universe as we know it, is on the 5 00:00:24,360 --> 00:00:29,120 Speaker 1: edge of extinction. Perhaps only the already dead, the zombies, 6 00:00:29,120 --> 00:00:32,199 Speaker 1: and the vampires, will have the strength to survive the 7 00:00:32,240 --> 00:00:38,400 Speaker 1: apocalyptic disasters so often predicted these days, involving exploding sun spots, 8 00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:44,320 Speaker 1: gigantic volcanoes, meteor attacks, and rampaging epidemics that can wipe 9 00:00:44,320 --> 00:00:49,880 Speaker 1: out whole populations in an instant. Hey, welcome to Stuff 10 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:51,680 Speaker 1: to Blow your Mind. My name is Robert Lamb and 11 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: I'm Christian Sager, and we just began the show with 12 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:58,760 Speaker 1: a quote from Mary Halab from her article Vampires and 13 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:03,040 Speaker 1: Medical Science that is printed in the February two fifteen 14 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:06,880 Speaker 1: issue of the Journal of Popular Culture. Why, because we're 15 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:10,160 Speaker 1: going to talk about the physics and mathematics of vampire 16 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:13,560 Speaker 1: blood sucking today. Yeah. Now, if you're a long time 17 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:15,720 Speaker 1: listening to Stuff to Blow your Mind, uh, and you 18 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:19,400 Speaker 1: visit our website, perhaps you're familiar with the Monster Science 19 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:22,319 Speaker 1: the video series. You know from all these avenues that 20 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:26,760 Speaker 1: we've we've touched on vampires before in the past. Uh, 21 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:29,760 Speaker 1: this time, we're we're largely going to deal with you know, 22 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:33,120 Speaker 1: a little a little physics, a little um fluid mechanics, 23 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 1: a little mathematics, as well as just taking you through 24 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:43,199 Speaker 1: the the evolution of natural world vampires as well. Uh. 25 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:46,200 Speaker 1: But yeah, certainly we love vampires. Here's stuff to blow 26 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:48,880 Speaker 1: your mind. I think as as uh you know, as 27 00:01:48,920 --> 00:01:55,120 Speaker 1: a people humans uh cannot get over the Yeah, as 28 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:58,920 Speaker 1: you know, we are fans of and did an episode 29 00:01:58,920 --> 00:02:01,200 Speaker 1: on the Strange, that's right. Uh, and it was interesting. 30 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:03,960 Speaker 1: There was stuff in the research for today's episode that 31 00:02:04,040 --> 00:02:06,000 Speaker 1: brought up the strain for me that I didn't find 32 00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: when we were doing research on the strain um, like 33 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:12,160 Speaker 1: in particular different kinds of tongues and bats and how 34 00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:15,800 Speaker 1: they consumed blood. Yeah. I mean, we could really just 35 00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:20,079 Speaker 1: do vampire episode after vampire episode and find just probably 36 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:23,200 Speaker 1: a whole podcast out there vampires. I mean, and even 37 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:25,200 Speaker 1: when you're getta do this, our fascination with it, just 38 00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:30,960 Speaker 1: the mythological appeal of vampires, you know, despite our best 39 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,480 Speaker 1: efforts to just totally kill it with with with a 40 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: steak in the party, with a steak in the heart, 41 00:02:36,639 --> 00:02:39,239 Speaker 1: especially a cinematic steak in the heart. Through some of 42 00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:42,560 Speaker 1: just the sort of trite rehashes that we see over 43 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:45,880 Speaker 1: and over again, we still can't get enough. There's still 44 00:02:45,919 --> 00:02:49,880 Speaker 1: something just hideously romantic about the vampire. Oh yeah, I'm 45 00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:54,400 Speaker 1: always on the lookout for a good new vampire movie. Um. 46 00:02:54,919 --> 00:02:57,960 Speaker 1: And I think the last one that I saw, did 47 00:02:57,960 --> 00:03:00,280 Speaker 1: you see Byzantium? I did not think. I have it 48 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: in my cute. It's an interesting movie. It's not it's 49 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:05,920 Speaker 1: not like mind blowing or anything like that, but it was. 50 00:03:05,960 --> 00:03:09,680 Speaker 1: It was a nice take on the vampire mythos um. Well, like, 51 00:03:09,760 --> 00:03:12,560 Speaker 1: I love how the Strain has done and we talked 52 00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:14,600 Speaker 1: about this in the Strain episode, how they've like really 53 00:03:14,639 --> 00:03:19,400 Speaker 1: taken into account like anatomical differences in nature incorporate and 54 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:23,640 Speaker 1: incorporated that into their vampire mythos um. But yeah, I 55 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:26,680 Speaker 1: just as a horror fan, or maybe just as a 56 00:03:26,680 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 1: cinema fan, I'm always waiting for somebody to find like 57 00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:33,320 Speaker 1: the next cool hook on it. You know. I'm like, 58 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: I'm thinking of Near Dark a lot of fun. Yeah. Um, 59 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:41,840 Speaker 1: Bill Paxton roll on that, yeah, Lance Hendrickson too, pretty 60 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,480 Speaker 1: much everybody from Aliens, Yeah, yeah, it was a Katherine 61 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:47,160 Speaker 1: Bigelow film. It was. Yeah. Now, for the purposes of 62 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:50,440 Speaker 1: this episode again, we're gonna we're going to limit our 63 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:55,240 Speaker 1: discussion of vampires to physics, mathematics, and evolution, um, you know, 64 00:03:55,360 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: basic real world biology without getting very you know, without 65 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:02,960 Speaker 1: doing too much the way of dragging in anymore folklore, mythology, 66 00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:06,920 Speaker 1: film history, etcetera. And really the best place to start, 67 00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:11,240 Speaker 1: in my opinion is um is by looking at bats. 68 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:13,560 Speaker 1: I mean, bats are pretty much the vampire bat is 69 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:18,520 Speaker 1: one of our most prevalent modern examples. Uh. The the 70 00:04:18,560 --> 00:04:22,040 Speaker 1: main parallel between the idea of a blood drinking human 71 00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:27,920 Speaker 1: uh in fiction is a real life blood drinking um vertebrate. 72 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:31,160 Speaker 1: You know. It's interesting about that that I learned doing 73 00:04:31,240 --> 00:04:34,040 Speaker 1: research for this episode was I had always assumed that 74 00:04:34,080 --> 00:04:37,640 Speaker 1: we called them. Sorry, I had always assumed that the 75 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:42,320 Speaker 1: vampire myth came out of people having witnessed vampire bats. 76 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: I did not realize that it was sort of like 77 00:04:45,680 --> 00:04:49,080 Speaker 1: the hydra that we've talked about recently, that it was 78 00:04:49,120 --> 00:04:52,160 Speaker 1: actually the myth that came first, and then when we 79 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,560 Speaker 1: discovered vampire bats, we gave them the name. Yeah, that's right, 80 00:04:55,839 --> 00:04:58,120 Speaker 1: because these areas where you many of the areas in 81 00:04:58,120 --> 00:05:01,680 Speaker 1: the world where you had the vampire mythology that you 82 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:05,960 Speaker 1: didn't actually have any blood drinking bats. There are million 83 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:08,400 Speaker 1: South America and and part of that has to do 84 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:10,839 Speaker 1: I mean, most of it has to do with some 85 00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:13,920 Speaker 1: of the limitations of blood drinking. So let's talk about 86 00:05:13,920 --> 00:05:15,760 Speaker 1: the bats and the birds. They have a great deal 87 00:05:15,839 --> 00:05:18,479 Speaker 1: in common. They're very different organisms. And the birds we 88 00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:21,760 Speaker 1: have the avians that emerged about a hundred and fifty 89 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,360 Speaker 1: million years ago in the Jurassic Period. They went out 90 00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:28,159 Speaker 1: to fly, swim, trot, burrow all over the world. Meanwhile, 91 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:31,800 Speaker 1: mammalian bats date back between seventy five and a hundred 92 00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:37,000 Speaker 1: million years and uh, it's harder to say because um quote, 93 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:40,239 Speaker 1: bats are one of the most diverse groups of mammals today, 94 00:05:40,279 --> 00:05:42,159 Speaker 1: they are one of the least common groups in the 95 00:05:42,200 --> 00:05:45,960 Speaker 1: fossil record. Bats have small light skeletons that do not 96 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:49,880 Speaker 1: preserve well, and we have very little information on the 97 00:05:49,920 --> 00:05:52,520 Speaker 1: early evolution of the group. And that's from a University 98 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:54,719 Speaker 1: of Edinburgh page that I'll link to in the landing 99 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:56,600 Speaker 1: page for this episode that deals with just sort of 100 00:05:56,640 --> 00:06:00,280 Speaker 1: the basic evolution of bats. Have you ever been to 101 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:03,200 Speaker 1: or heard of the bridge that's in Austin, Texas that 102 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:06,360 Speaker 1: just has like millions of bats underneath it and if 103 00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:08,479 Speaker 1: you like hang out there at the right time of night, 104 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:10,360 Speaker 1: you can just see them all swarming out. I've seen 105 00:06:10,480 --> 00:06:13,640 Speaker 1: video of it. I went to Austin on vacation two 106 00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:16,120 Speaker 1: years ago and it was awesome, Like we got to 107 00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:20,120 Speaker 1: see it and it was really, uh, really something to behold. 108 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:22,799 Speaker 1: But also apparently are co workers who were in Austin 109 00:06:22,839 --> 00:06:25,240 Speaker 1: recently for south By Southwest. We're gonna try to do 110 00:06:25,279 --> 00:06:26,880 Speaker 1: a video on it, but the bats wouldn't come out. 111 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: They were not cooperative. Um, so both bats and birds 112 00:06:31,839 --> 00:06:34,760 Speaker 1: learned to fly in their own ways. Uh. And there 113 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:38,520 Speaker 1: are there are other fascinating examples of their conversion evolution. Uh. 114 00:06:38,560 --> 00:06:42,200 Speaker 1: Several dozen bats species and more than three hundred species 115 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:47,159 Speaker 1: of hummingbirds evolved to resemble each other anatomically and behaviorally 116 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:51,000 Speaker 1: solely because they existed in similar environments and exploited a 117 00:06:51,080 --> 00:06:56,279 Speaker 1: similar resource, that being nectar. Yeah, so nectar feeding bats 118 00:06:56,680 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 1: they have pretty strange anatomies as well. Like I think 119 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: we hyper focus on the vampire bats, but really I 120 00:07:04,040 --> 00:07:06,960 Speaker 1: think it's something like three out of like a thousand 121 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 1: and one hundred bats species drink blood, so it's kind 122 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:14,240 Speaker 1: of interesting that we focus so much on that. But 123 00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:17,600 Speaker 1: so these nectar feeding bats, there's one called the orange 124 00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:23,640 Speaker 1: nectar feeding back, or it's a Latin name is Lancophilia Robustah. 125 00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:26,520 Speaker 1: It can extend its tongue out to drink the nectar, 126 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:31,200 Speaker 1: and it has grooves on its tongue that undulate like waves, 127 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:35,120 Speaker 1: forming a conveyor belt to just basically conveyor belts drag 128 00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:38,400 Speaker 1: the nectar up to it. It's a it's gullet. And 129 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:40,720 Speaker 1: the way, the reason why is that these bats way 130 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: fifteen grams each. They have to drink one point five 131 00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:47,680 Speaker 1: times their own weight every single night. So that means 132 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:49,840 Speaker 1: that each one of these bats has to visit somewhere 133 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:52,640 Speaker 1: between eight hundred and a thousand flowers every night in 134 00:07:52,760 --> 00:07:56,200 Speaker 1: order to survive. Um. So it has to be really quick. 135 00:07:56,360 --> 00:07:59,360 Speaker 1: That's why it's evolved this crazy tongue. It only has 136 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: two second visit, so it's just like boom, flies into 137 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:04,840 Speaker 1: the flower, sucks out the nectar with its crazy tongue, 138 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:08,160 Speaker 1: and flies away. Now imagine something like this with somebody 139 00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:11,240 Speaker 1: who drinks blood, right, um, And in fact there's also 140 00:08:11,280 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 1: a bat in South America that has a tongue like 141 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:16,480 Speaker 1: the vampires in the strain that we had talked about. 142 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:20,640 Speaker 1: Its tongue is one point five times the length of 143 00:08:20,680 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: the rest of its body, and it reaches all the 144 00:08:23,480 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 1: way down its throat between its sternam and its heart. 145 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 1: So it's just this huge organ that's shooting up out 146 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:33,720 Speaker 1: of its body through its mouth, grabbing this is a nectar, 147 00:08:33,840 --> 00:08:38,280 Speaker 1: drinking one again, grabbing the nectar and the yankee back down. Um. 148 00:08:38,320 --> 00:08:41,560 Speaker 1: But those are nectivores, right, and we're here to talk 149 00:08:41,559 --> 00:08:46,160 Speaker 1: about san guivores. Yes, sanguavar is the blood drinkers. And 150 00:08:46,200 --> 00:08:49,600 Speaker 1: there's little or no convergence between birds and bats when 151 00:08:49,600 --> 00:08:52,480 Speaker 1: it comes to drinking blood. And now there are birds 152 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:56,080 Speaker 1: that occasionally or even frequently feed on on blood. Um. 153 00:08:56,240 --> 00:09:00,199 Speaker 1: Vampire finches of the Glastical Sylands occasionally feed by drinking 154 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:02,840 Speaker 1: of the blood of other birds. Meanwhile, you have, you know, 155 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:04,880 Speaker 1: plenty of examples of birds that feed on ticks and 156 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: other ectoparasites on large animals, and they sometimes cross that 157 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:12,839 Speaker 1: line between dining on stolen blood and stealing it for themselves. 158 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:16,760 Speaker 1: But none of these birds is an obligate cyclevore an 159 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:21,199 Speaker 1: obligate blood drinker. The vampire bat stands alone among all vertebrates, 160 00:09:21,240 --> 00:09:25,800 Speaker 1: is the only aerial or terrestrial obligate blood drinker. It's 161 00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:29,000 Speaker 1: all they consume aside from their mother's milk. And so, 162 00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:31,800 Speaker 1: to give you a comparison to those nectar drinking bats 163 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:34,880 Speaker 1: that I was talking about earlier, blood is actually pretty 164 00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:37,880 Speaker 1: skimpy when it comes to protein and fat. The kind 165 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:41,960 Speaker 1: of energy they need water, so vampire bats get almost 166 00:09:42,040 --> 00:09:45,000 Speaker 1: no fat at all out of it. Subsequently, they have 167 00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:47,360 Speaker 1: to consume this is different from the nectar ones. They 168 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:49,760 Speaker 1: only have to consume half their weight in blood each 169 00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:51,959 Speaker 1: night to stay alive. Imagine if you and I had 170 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:53,840 Speaker 1: to do that, if we had to consume half our 171 00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:58,680 Speaker 1: way in blood, Like that's even uh fantastic by the 172 00:09:58,679 --> 00:10:01,520 Speaker 1: imagination of vampires, right, Like, that's a lot of blood. 173 00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:03,640 Speaker 1: And we're gonna get to that later on when we 174 00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:06,680 Speaker 1: talk about the physics of actually drinking blood from a 175 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:10,200 Speaker 1: thrall if you're a vampire. Yeah, I think that's certainly, 176 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:12,400 Speaker 1: certainly something that's very important to keep in mind here though, 177 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:15,480 Speaker 1: is that that blood is not this just font of 178 00:10:15,640 --> 00:10:19,320 Speaker 1: energy and resources. Uh, there's there's very little power in 179 00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:22,440 Speaker 1: the blood and for a vampire bat and certainly if 180 00:10:22,440 --> 00:10:26,080 Speaker 1: you're gonna extrapolate that and say a vampiric human, if 181 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:30,679 Speaker 1: they're going to make this their soul um feeding method, 182 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:32,400 Speaker 1: if this is gonna be the only place they get 183 00:10:32,440 --> 00:10:35,040 Speaker 1: their energy, it is it's pretty skimpy. You're talking about 184 00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:38,520 Speaker 1: living on the very edge here. Yeah, and there was 185 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:42,560 Speaker 1: a you know, I think it's easy for us to say, like, well, 186 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 1: for for us, you and me, because we love our 187 00:10:45,240 --> 00:10:47,480 Speaker 1: monster science, it's easy for us to go, yeah, there's 188 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:49,880 Speaker 1: science to be had there, but it's easy for us 189 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:51,960 Speaker 1: as a culture to go, well, vampires, that's just some 190 00:10:52,040 --> 00:10:55,400 Speaker 1: made up stuff. Uh, there's there's nothing real going on there. 191 00:10:55,559 --> 00:10:57,960 Speaker 1: But in fact, there is a collision in the seventeen 192 00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:02,559 Speaker 1: hundreds between medicine science in the myth of the vampire um. 193 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:04,840 Speaker 1: And this comes from that Mary Hallab article that I 194 00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:07,840 Speaker 1: quoted at the beginning of the episode Rural People's in 195 00:11:07,840 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: the seventeen hundreds, they relied on traditional medicine to ward 196 00:11:11,679 --> 00:11:15,440 Speaker 1: off vampires, and to them, taking an interest in something 197 00:11:15,480 --> 00:11:19,600 Speaker 1: like the supernatural was their means of conducting scientific inquiry. 198 00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:21,880 Speaker 1: So what they would do is they would pay a 199 00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:25,960 Speaker 1: fee to somebody who said, yes, I'm a vampire expert, 200 00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:29,360 Speaker 1: I have been trained, uh, and I can prevent the 201 00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:32,200 Speaker 1: spread of this right. So an example, UM, and I 202 00:11:32,200 --> 00:11:34,240 Speaker 1: wonder I thought of you when I was reading this, 203 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:36,200 Speaker 1: because I'm sure you've heard of this before. In a 204 00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:39,360 Speaker 1: Serbian village, people thought there was a deceased soldier named 205 00:11:39,440 --> 00:11:42,640 Speaker 1: Arnold Paul and he kept coming back quote unquote as 206 00:11:42,640 --> 00:11:46,880 Speaker 1: a vampire and attacking villagers. Uh. And what happened was, 207 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:49,040 Speaker 1: you know, it resulted in two waves of sort of 208 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:52,720 Speaker 1: a vampire panic that lasted one was three weeks and 209 00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:56,560 Speaker 1: one was forty days. After he died. They eventually had 210 00:11:56,679 --> 00:12:00,600 Speaker 1: surgeons show up uh and disenter his audi so they 211 00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:05,000 Speaker 1: could attest yes, this is indeed a vampire. Uh. And 212 00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:09,000 Speaker 1: so one of these doctors, his name was Dr Fluckinger 213 00:12:09,840 --> 00:12:14,280 Speaker 1: and Dr Flukinger, brought this story to Western Europe where 214 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:18,960 Speaker 1: it was actually debated amongst a lot of medical professionals, 215 00:12:19,160 --> 00:12:22,200 Speaker 1: in particular in Germany. And there was also a doctor 216 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:25,640 Speaker 1: John Polar Doori, who wrote an influential story about vampires 217 00:12:25,679 --> 00:12:28,040 Speaker 1: that has actually uh. Mary Shelley talks about at the 218 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:33,120 Speaker 1: beginning of Frankenstein. These two events together by two medical 219 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:37,800 Speaker 1: professionals may have been responsible for establishing vampires as fantasy 220 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:44,040 Speaker 1: and not as rural, you know, a supernatural fact. Uh. 221 00:12:44,080 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 1: And so basically the German academics and doctors debating this 222 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:52,720 Speaker 1: led to uh, the original Pope Benedict in seventeen forty 223 00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:57,040 Speaker 1: nine declaring these vampires are superstition, they don't actually exist. 224 00:12:57,160 --> 00:12:59,720 Speaker 1: And that was sort of the beginning of it of 225 00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:04,040 Speaker 1: us acknowledging it as fictional. Interesting, Now, I know a 226 00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:06,440 Speaker 1: lot of you are probably wondering. Okay, So so we 227 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:10,120 Speaker 1: we've already talked about the rarity of of a of 228 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: a mammal drinking blood is its soul of form of sustenance? Uh? 229 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:18,319 Speaker 1: And and we we talked about what a poor form 230 00:13:18,360 --> 00:13:20,720 Speaker 1: of sustenance blood is. So how do we get to 231 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:23,480 Speaker 1: that part via evolution? Why are there so few species 232 00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:28,120 Speaker 1: that do it well? The vampires in question likely emerged 233 00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:31,560 Speaker 1: twenty six million years ago, but we already mentioned bat 234 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:35,320 Speaker 1: fossils are not too easily come by. Uh. And sure 235 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:38,360 Speaker 1: we have a few fossil vampire bats, including a thirty 236 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:43,960 Speaker 1: percent larger does Moodius dracula. Uh Yeah, that's that's a wonderful. 237 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:48,679 Speaker 1: And but but these are these are total vampires that 238 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:51,520 Speaker 1: you know, we don't really have those transitional forms. Uh. 239 00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:53,680 Speaker 1: And and then part of this comes from the fact 240 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:55,560 Speaker 1: that you see so many of these bats that have 241 00:13:55,640 --> 00:13:59,800 Speaker 1: delicate bones and they're tropical region. Fossils of them are rare. 242 00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:03,240 Speaker 1: So we just have a few hypotheses as to how 243 00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:08,600 Speaker 1: vampires emerged. Uh. One hypothesis is that the proto vampire 244 00:14:08,679 --> 00:14:12,240 Speaker 1: bats that they these ancient species, they weren't quite vampires 245 00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:15,360 Speaker 1: yet they fed on blood and gorged ectoparasites found on 246 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:18,880 Speaker 1: large animals, much like these various you know, tick eating birds, 247 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:23,600 Speaker 1: you know, oxen and rhinos and whatnot. UM. So we're 248 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:26,520 Speaker 1: you know, we're talking fat fall off the rump, prehistoric 249 00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:30,120 Speaker 1: kicks um. And you know earlier we mentioned the blurring 250 00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 1: the term fall off the rump. They fell up. They're 251 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:38,960 Speaker 1: just they're just there. There's there. It's say, once they're full, 252 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:41,720 Speaker 1: they can't hold on anyone. Yeah, they're and they're mostly 253 00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:45,360 Speaker 1: the blood of another species. Um. And they're just there 254 00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:47,840 Speaker 1: for the picking. And we already mentioned that the blinds 255 00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:51,480 Speaker 1: are often blurred between parasite eater and just just an 256 00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:54,640 Speaker 1: eater of blood. And it's the same deal here, supported 257 00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:59,520 Speaker 1: by the fact that se bats um are insectivores, so 258 00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:02,000 Speaker 1: you know, anttis are iractants. But still you get the 259 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:03,600 Speaker 1: idea they're used to eat. These are the type of 260 00:15:03,640 --> 00:15:06,720 Speaker 1: creatures that they eat already. And then if certain bats 261 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:10,960 Speaker 1: began to depend more and more on on parasites, you 262 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:14,040 Speaker 1: can see where the transition could take place. Plus, there 263 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:18,360 Speaker 1: are anecdotal reports of vampire bats preying on vampire moths, 264 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:21,480 Speaker 1: which is interesting. And and yes there is a vampire 265 00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:24,960 Speaker 1: moth and you'll find it in Malaysia, uh, the Ural 266 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:29,040 Speaker 1: mountains and also southern Europe. Uh. And just like imagining 267 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:32,400 Speaker 1: as we're explaining all these various different types of species 268 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: with vampire in front of their name, that there's like so, 269 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:37,440 Speaker 1: I'm sure there's gotta be a fictional account there somewhere 270 00:15:37,520 --> 00:15:41,480 Speaker 1: of like u mythical vampires, but they like turn like 271 00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:43,880 Speaker 1: a bear or something like that. And then you've got 272 00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,480 Speaker 1: like vampire bears duking it out with vampire humans. You 273 00:15:47,520 --> 00:15:51,280 Speaker 1: know who's gonna eventually survive on the food chain, Right, 274 00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:56,840 Speaker 1: vampire bats are eating vampire moths, what's eating vampire humans? Yeah? Yeah, 275 00:15:56,920 --> 00:16:00,640 Speaker 1: vampire whales vampire whales. See that that has not been 276 00:16:00,680 --> 00:16:03,080 Speaker 1: explored at all yet. I think we've gotta we should 277 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:07,680 Speaker 1: copy right that. So Bill Shoot wrote a wonderful book 278 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:10,320 Speaker 1: a titled Dark Banquet Blood and the Curious Lives of 279 00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:14,280 Speaker 1: Blood Feeding Creatures. Highly recommend anyone interesting this topic check 280 00:16:14,320 --> 00:16:16,200 Speaker 1: it out. I noticed that this book was cited in 281 00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:19,640 Speaker 1: multiple of the resources that we're looking at for this. Yeah, 282 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:22,160 Speaker 1: it's it's a great one. It's it's one that's you know, 283 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:24,880 Speaker 1: very readable for a general audience. And he goes into 284 00:16:24,880 --> 00:16:28,200 Speaker 1: not only vampire bats, that he goes into various insects 285 00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: as well, so it's a you know, a thorough engaging 286 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:35,600 Speaker 1: exploration of the topic. But he points out that mutual 287 00:16:35,680 --> 00:16:38,080 Speaker 1: grooming behavior may have played a role in the evolution 288 00:16:38,080 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: of vampire bats as well. Because the vampire bats are 289 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:43,520 Speaker 1: highly social, they spend five percent of their time grooming 290 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,600 Speaker 1: one another, and Shoot suggests that they may have had 291 00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:50,280 Speaker 1: their first taste of blood consuming each other's kicks and 292 00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:54,200 Speaker 1: bedbug species, so you know it kind of you know, 293 00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:56,120 Speaker 1: they're in this situation with like, oh, these are great, 294 00:16:56,480 --> 00:16:58,080 Speaker 1: we should go try and get more of these, and 295 00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: we just get it direct from the tap yeah, yeah, 296 00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:04,760 Speaker 1: take out the middleman. Now. It's also worth noting that 297 00:17:04,840 --> 00:17:09,240 Speaker 1: bat expert Brock Finton disagrees with another great name Brockton. 298 00:17:10,040 --> 00:17:15,359 Speaker 1: I'm a I'm a fauna expert. Brock points out that 299 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:20,359 Speaker 1: ectoparasites are small, ecto parasites are difficult to find on 300 00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:23,480 Speaker 1: other animals, and vampire bats are restricted to the Americas. 301 00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:26,920 Speaker 1: So those impossible problems with this hypothesis. But Finton presents 302 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,639 Speaker 1: hypothesis too, and that's the proto vampire bats fed on 303 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:35,320 Speaker 1: insects and larva crawling around the wounds of large prehistoric mammals. 304 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:37,760 Speaker 1: You know where I first heard this theory was on 305 00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:41,720 Speaker 1: Dr Anton Jessup's episode of Monster Science. So we talked 306 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: about vampires because that was where I learned the term 307 00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:48,520 Speaker 1: mega fauna. Yes, yeah, mega fauna the large you know, 308 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:51,160 Speaker 1: today we pretty much are down to, you know, just 309 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:54,919 Speaker 1: elephants is like the really great example of megafauna in 310 00:17:54,960 --> 00:17:58,080 Speaker 1: the old days when they could be sustained and you 311 00:17:58,160 --> 00:18:02,760 Speaker 1: had plenty of other creatures as well. With a whale, Yeah, yeah, 312 00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,800 Speaker 1: exactly similar. Yeah, because you have this large creature, this 313 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,159 Speaker 1: just bounty of resources, it gets a cut on it, 314 00:18:09,240 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: right that becomes a just an area of increased economic activity, 315 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:17,360 Speaker 1: a lot of organisms trying to feed off of it, 316 00:18:17,520 --> 00:18:20,119 Speaker 1: and then who's gonna feed on the feeders? Well, then 317 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:23,040 Speaker 1: perhaps that's where this this begins. The vampire bats or 318 00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:26,400 Speaker 1: the proto vampire bats, they volunteer and jump in there 319 00:18:26,440 --> 00:18:29,040 Speaker 1: to get some of the the goods. So there's a 320 00:18:29,080 --> 00:18:31,159 Speaker 1: lot of back and forth in this hypothesis as well. 321 00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:34,920 Speaker 1: And then finally there's an arboreal feeding hypothesis, and this 322 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:37,680 Speaker 1: is the idea that proto vampires foraged in trees, feeding 323 00:18:37,720 --> 00:18:40,919 Speaker 1: on small vertebrates, and over time they evolved uh to 324 00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:45,160 Speaker 1: capitalize on larger prey uh that they couldn't kill. At first, 325 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:47,240 Speaker 1: they bit the animals that slept in the trees, and 326 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:50,360 Speaker 1: eventually they adapted to prey on ground dwelling animals as well. 327 00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 1: Because that gets into how vampire bats actually work. If 328 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:58,719 Speaker 1: they swoop down um uh and they they open up 329 00:18:58,960 --> 00:19:01,440 Speaker 1: just a small opening on a like a sweeping cow 330 00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:03,800 Speaker 1: or what have you, and then lap the blood. Yeah, 331 00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:07,240 Speaker 1: they're not draining and cow dry. And it's the interesting 332 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:10,360 Speaker 1: connection here to the studies we're gonna be talking about later, 333 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:13,040 Speaker 1: as the premise really is the same for like, uh, 334 00:19:13,119 --> 00:19:17,600 Speaker 1: the vampire human myths, right, which is is that you know, 335 00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:20,800 Speaker 1: essentially it's not economical for a vampire bat or a 336 00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: vampire human to drain you dry. They need to come 337 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:26,320 Speaker 1: in do it quick in such a way that you 338 00:19:26,320 --> 00:19:29,480 Speaker 1: probably won't even notice, right. And that's where that like 339 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:32,600 Speaker 1: comparing it to the nectivores is important because they've only 340 00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:34,760 Speaker 1: got that two second windows. So if a vampire bat 341 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,520 Speaker 1: just flies up to a cow, makes a small incision, 342 00:19:37,840 --> 00:19:39,280 Speaker 1: laps up a little bit of blood for a couple 343 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:41,159 Speaker 1: of seconds, and then flies away, cow is probably not 344 00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:44,560 Speaker 1: even gonna notice until the next day when it starts itchin. Yeah, 345 00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:47,600 Speaker 1: because it's also it's very much a stealth activity again there, 346 00:19:48,640 --> 00:19:51,280 Speaker 1: it's kind of like a business model, right. They can 347 00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:54,560 Speaker 1: only extend so much energy to pull off this heist 348 00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:58,040 Speaker 1: and still make a profit. Like the vampire bat cannot 349 00:19:58,040 --> 00:19:59,920 Speaker 1: get into a situation where it's going to try and 350 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:04,280 Speaker 1: wrestle a cow. It's not gonna work. It has I'd 351 00:20:04,280 --> 00:20:06,840 Speaker 1: love to see it, Yeah, And I suppose vampire bats 352 00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:09,879 Speaker 1: are also probably not cooperative enough that they've come to 353 00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:11,879 Speaker 1: the point where like they're just gonna swarm onto a 354 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:14,520 Speaker 1: cow and just drink it dry, you know. Yeah, well 355 00:20:14,560 --> 00:20:16,600 Speaker 1: I think it's one of those things where one vampire 356 00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:19,400 Speaker 1: bats gonna get away with it, Like one one criminal 357 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:22,639 Speaker 1: can rob one store, all six criminals cannot rob the 358 00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:26,840 Speaker 1: same store at one competition for resources. Al Right, So 359 00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:30,320 Speaker 1: this brings us to the the process of drinking blood itself. 360 00:20:30,359 --> 00:20:33,240 Speaker 1: How do you drink blood as a mammal, as a 361 00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: vampire bat? And then what could that possibly tell us 362 00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:39,720 Speaker 1: about how it might work for a human um? And uh, 363 00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:44,120 Speaker 1: it's a lot of this is chemical. Um, the vampire 364 00:20:44,119 --> 00:20:47,800 Speaker 1: bat makes a small cut and laps, does not suck 365 00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:51,359 Speaker 1: the blood. And uh, while the average wound inflicted by 366 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:53,480 Speaker 1: a vampire bat would likely stop bleeding in one to 367 00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:56,639 Speaker 1: two minutes, they are key ingredients in the vampire bats 368 00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:01,080 Speaker 1: saliva that interfere with clotting for several hours. So you 369 00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:05,879 Speaker 1: you're talking about really a complex chemical cocktail in the saliva. 370 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:08,520 Speaker 1: So yeah, we would definitely have to assume that any 371 00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:13,639 Speaker 1: kind of vampire, uh, humanoid sized vampire would also be 372 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:17,520 Speaker 1: producing an anticoagulant. That's right. I wonder if they get 373 00:21:17,560 --> 00:21:19,840 Speaker 1: I haven't watched enough of like True Blood or anything 374 00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:21,199 Speaker 1: like that, but I wonder if they get into that 375 00:21:21,240 --> 00:21:24,840 Speaker 1: with those shows. I do not remember from all my 376 00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 1: time watching True Blood. Um. Now, now, some people, some 377 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,399 Speaker 1: experts also speculate that there's often a pain killing and 378 00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:35,560 Speaker 1: or skin softening enzyme in the saliva as well as 379 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:39,080 Speaker 1: the bat will lick before they bite. So again, the 380 00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:44,160 Speaker 1: saliva is it's just a cocktail of essential blood drinking 381 00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:48,560 Speaker 1: chemicals and that they lick, they cut, then they lap 382 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:51,040 Speaker 1: it up and those times work very similar to that 383 00:21:51,080 --> 00:21:53,320 Speaker 1: nectivore I was describing that. It's just kind of like this, 384 00:21:53,960 --> 00:21:56,880 Speaker 1: uh conveyor belt. It's just like working like a piston. 385 00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:59,000 Speaker 1: The way that it licks. When you watch the slow 386 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: motion videos of these things, it's kind of stunning. Yeah, 387 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:03,840 Speaker 1: it causes that this movement causes the blood to flow 388 00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:05,919 Speaker 1: along a pair of grooves on the bottom of the 389 00:22:05,960 --> 00:22:08,240 Speaker 1: tongue and into the mouth. There's even a cleft in 390 00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:12,400 Speaker 1: the lip that allows the flow of blood. And wasn't 391 00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:15,200 Speaker 1: there like a period of time where some scientists thought 392 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:18,480 Speaker 1: that that U the flaps on their nose, we're what 393 00:22:18,520 --> 00:22:22,000 Speaker 1: we're making the cuts themselves and things. Yeah, there, yeah, 394 00:22:22,119 --> 00:22:23,960 Speaker 1: there was, But of course it turns out that all 395 00:22:24,119 --> 00:22:25,760 Speaker 1: most of that has to do with that called location 396 00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:28,639 Speaker 1: has nothing to do with feeding. But but yeah, if 397 00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:31,840 Speaker 1: you're just looking at these these crazy looking or gamy 398 00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:36,879 Speaker 1: back faces, you could I can imagine one producing that 399 00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:38,879 Speaker 1: theory like, oh those look kind of sharp. Maybe they 400 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:41,040 Speaker 1: kind of slashed their face back and forth in a 401 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:44,119 Speaker 1: open a vein. So again, think of this though, is 402 00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:46,800 Speaker 1: as a heist. It's really a high stakes heist for 403 00:22:46,920 --> 00:22:51,080 Speaker 1: the vampire back um so that they're they're absorbing, Uh, 404 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,919 Speaker 1: they're taken in this blood and absorption of the of 405 00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 1: the of the water that makes up the ingested blood. 406 00:22:58,280 --> 00:23:01,840 Speaker 1: This carrious to the kidneys, noon to the bladder for excretion. 407 00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:04,320 Speaker 1: So they may have to fly off at any moment 408 00:23:04,520 --> 00:23:06,480 Speaker 1: when that cow begins to wake up, wake up and 409 00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:09,520 Speaker 1: they're peeing. Yeah, because they're having to process this in 410 00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:12,040 Speaker 1: real time that a sudden weight gain could be lethal. 411 00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:14,080 Speaker 1: Can't carry a one out around that much useless water, 412 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:17,720 Speaker 1: so it needs to just pass it as quickly as possible. Um, 413 00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,520 Speaker 1: So these cows are getting back golden showers at the 414 00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,680 Speaker 1: same time. You can put it that way. Yeah, there's 415 00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:25,879 Speaker 1: that they end up having to to urinate a little 416 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:30,480 Speaker 1: as they're feeding. Um approximate and approximately the blood volume 417 00:23:30,520 --> 00:23:34,240 Speaker 1: consume is excreted as urine in the first hour after feeding, 418 00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:36,359 Speaker 1: so again you gotta you gotta get rid of the 419 00:23:36,440 --> 00:23:38,760 Speaker 1: useless water as quickly as possible, and still at the 420 00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:42,040 Speaker 1: same time, there's a constant dehydration risk because we're talking 421 00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:45,040 Speaker 1: about a lot of urine here, and mammals break down 422 00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:48,560 Speaker 1: amino acids into uria in order to prevent the toxic 423 00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: build up of ammonia. The vampire batch digestive system cranks 424 00:23:51,880 --> 00:23:54,359 Speaker 1: up more and more with feeding to eliminate the waste, 425 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,480 Speaker 1: but in doing so, this is just constant risk of dehydration. 426 00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:00,520 Speaker 1: So they're just constantly one step ahead of the hydration, 427 00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:04,280 Speaker 1: which is another reason that you you only find vampire 428 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 1: bats and very very moist envied Okay, And that's uh 429 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:11,680 Speaker 1: somewhat similar to what we talked about when we looked 430 00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:13,639 Speaker 1: at the science of the strain, Right you remember, the 431 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:16,360 Speaker 1: vampires in the strain are just like I think, as 432 00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:20,120 Speaker 1: they're feeding, they're constantly emitting ammonia or something like that, right, 433 00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:23,080 Speaker 1: as like a waste product. And that's I haven't watched 434 00:24:23,119 --> 00:24:24,359 Speaker 1: a lot of the TV, so I don't think they 435 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,119 Speaker 1: tracked them that way, and I think they do that 436 00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:30,160 Speaker 1: in the TV show. Don't they like they tracked the 437 00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:34,000 Speaker 1: ammonia stains with like UV lights or something like that. Yeah, yeah, yeah, 438 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:35,720 Speaker 1: I believe they do, and that that would fit in 439 00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:38,760 Speaker 1: nicely with this with the research here del Toro once 440 00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:43,520 Speaker 1: again looking at his anatomical manuals. Yeah so um so. Again, 441 00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:45,560 Speaker 1: it just comes back to this idea that that it's 442 00:24:45,680 --> 00:24:50,040 Speaker 1: a very very high risk fringe lifestyle that the vampire 443 00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:52,600 Speaker 1: bat is left with. They can't really store up a 444 00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,280 Speaker 1: lot of fat. They can't. This another reason you don't 445 00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:58,200 Speaker 1: find vampire bats and cold environments. They can't. They can't 446 00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:00,400 Speaker 1: se question themselves away for the winter and a cave 447 00:25:00,440 --> 00:25:03,000 Speaker 1: because they constantly have to get that blood. They're more 448 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:06,560 Speaker 1: like a hunting bird than a true carnivore. If only 449 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:11,640 Speaker 1: vampire bats could keep thralls, if they could keep like, 450 00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:15,200 Speaker 1: like uh, like maybe a mouse sized thrall in their 451 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:17,600 Speaker 1: nest and they just drink a little bit here and there. 452 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:21,119 Speaker 1: But the problem is they have to drink so much, right, Yeah, indeed, 453 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:22,680 Speaker 1: if they could do something like they need a lot 454 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:24,640 Speaker 1: of thralls. Yeah, they would need a lot of thralls 455 00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:27,200 Speaker 1: or set up some sort of honeybee environment where they're 456 00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:29,720 Speaker 1: they're essentially making like blood honey and storing it away. 457 00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:33,000 Speaker 1: I like that. Maybe they'll get there one day, but 458 00:25:33,080 --> 00:25:37,200 Speaker 1: for now, we we've got this earth vampire bats. Yeah. Well, 459 00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:40,880 Speaker 1: that actually leads pretty nicely into uh, what really brought 460 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:43,359 Speaker 1: us into talking about this. We're gonna take a quick break, 461 00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:45,680 Speaker 1: but when we come back, we're going to talk about 462 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:49,320 Speaker 1: a brand new study that looks at the physics of 463 00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:53,360 Speaker 1: how we would drain blood from a human being if 464 00:25:53,400 --> 00:26:04,600 Speaker 1: they were our vampick Thrall. Alright, we're back, and we 465 00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:07,400 Speaker 1: had so far we're looking at we're trying to imagine 466 00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:11,440 Speaker 1: a humanoid vampire. We're looking at an emaciated, stealthy nonsperrato 467 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:13,959 Speaker 1: that slips into your bedroom, licks your neck with us, 468 00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:16,840 Speaker 1: and then with a strange groove tongue, then slices it 469 00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:19,720 Speaker 1: with a specialized tooth and then lapse up the blood 470 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:22,640 Speaker 1: before and peas a little bit before slinking away into 471 00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:27,159 Speaker 1: the night. But how long does this non sperato in 472 00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:30,560 Speaker 1: question have to fee? Well, the answer has been discovered, 473 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:34,440 Speaker 1: and it was actually just discovered last fall, and uh, 474 00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:38,440 Speaker 1: actually Robert has written about it already. We were inspired 475 00:26:38,520 --> 00:26:40,840 Speaker 1: by this. We both saw the study on the same day. 476 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:43,240 Speaker 1: Oh no, actually, you found it, did I? Oh, I 477 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:44,399 Speaker 1: was the one who found that. You were the one 478 00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:46,840 Speaker 1: who felt okay, and we we we have pitch meetings 479 00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:49,359 Speaker 1: here and at the beginning of the week we both 480 00:26:49,359 --> 00:26:52,479 Speaker 1: pitched the story and then the uh you know, our 481 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:55,280 Speaker 1: editor said, you guys gotta do this, and I said, well, 482 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:59,960 Speaker 1: it's monster science. That's Robert. Robert's gonna do the vampire 483 00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:01,440 Speaker 1: long as we get to do it for the podcast. 484 00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:03,840 Speaker 1: And I ended up writing about Batman Superman did about 485 00:27:03,840 --> 00:27:08,000 Speaker 1: the various Superman Vatman uh interactions, So you got the 486 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,199 Speaker 1: bat kind of a little bit. Yeah. Yeah. So but 487 00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:13,199 Speaker 1: that was the inspiration for us to dive into this 488 00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,040 Speaker 1: because we said, this study is so cool, let's extrapolated 489 00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:17,800 Speaker 1: outwards and really look at the physics of it. And 490 00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:19,959 Speaker 1: turns out a lot of people have done research into this, 491 00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:23,320 Speaker 1: so let's talk about this study. Yeah. This comes to 492 00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:26,960 Speaker 1: us from the University of Leicester in the UK. It 493 00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:30,600 Speaker 1: was published in the Journal of Physics Special Topics. Uh, 494 00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:33,520 Speaker 1: and it's a whole team of researchers here worked on it. 495 00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:35,960 Speaker 1: They decided to just weigh in on just how much 496 00:27:36,040 --> 00:27:38,920 Speaker 1: blood a human vamppire would drink and how long it 497 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:41,520 Speaker 1: would take them to drink, because I don't think this 498 00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:44,280 Speaker 1: is anything anyone really uh put a lot of thought 499 00:27:44,359 --> 00:27:46,760 Speaker 1: to in the past. But there are you know, there 500 00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:48,800 Speaker 1: there are going to be limits here. I hope people 501 00:27:48,920 --> 00:27:52,080 Speaker 1: making vampire movies and television going forward to take this 502 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:56,359 Speaker 1: science into account and use it in their calculations, including 503 00:27:56,480 --> 00:27:58,880 Speaker 1: the mathematics that we'll talk about after this too, because 504 00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:01,880 Speaker 1: there's a large your game at play here. But let's 505 00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:05,119 Speaker 1: we're gonna zoom right in and look at a vampire 506 00:28:05,240 --> 00:28:09,000 Speaker 1: lord and their thrall. Premise here being that you don't 507 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:11,400 Speaker 1: want to just drain your thrall dry, right, You want 508 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:13,240 Speaker 1: to keep them on hand so that you've got a 509 00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:15,639 Speaker 1: constant tap of blood available. Yeah, you want to be 510 00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:19,720 Speaker 1: able to come back. However often I'm guessing, uh, you know, 511 00:28:20,040 --> 00:28:23,240 Speaker 1: if you're going by like blood donation standards, it's gonna 512 00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:26,520 Speaker 1: be over a month between visits if they're playing by 513 00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:30,119 Speaker 1: the rules. Yeah. Well, and that's assuming that this humanoid 514 00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:33,400 Speaker 1: sized vampire doesn't have to drink as much blood uh 515 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:36,640 Speaker 1: comparative to its body weight as a vampire bat does. 516 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:40,920 Speaker 1: Otherwise they just have like a basement full of people 517 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,959 Speaker 1: that they're drinking from constantly, right, So the first thing 518 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:46,840 Speaker 1: they had to decide is, yeah, how much, um, how 519 00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:49,200 Speaker 1: much blood are they going to drink? And so, based 520 00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,520 Speaker 1: on information from the American College of Surgeons Advanced Trauma 521 00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:56,520 Speaker 1: Life Support or a t l S program, the researchers 522 00:28:56,760 --> 00:29:01,680 Speaker 1: figure that that amount would be about of your blood volume. Technically, 523 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:03,840 Speaker 1: that is that that's the upper limit of a class 524 00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,959 Speaker 1: one hemorrhage. So hey, if your thraw out there, do 525 00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:10,959 Speaker 1: not let your vampiric overlord talk you into a class 526 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:15,000 Speaker 1: to hemorrhage. That's over unless he's willing to make good 527 00:29:15,080 --> 00:29:18,400 Speaker 1: on his promise. And actually the gist here is that 528 00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:21,240 Speaker 1: it's similar to the vampire bat scenario in that the 529 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:24,600 Speaker 1: percent is from the model that a vampire would be 530 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:28,719 Speaker 1: able to drink enough secretly, uh that you wouldn't notice 531 00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: and it would be able to get away. So like, 532 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:32,920 Speaker 1: maybe it sneaks into your bedroom at night and it 533 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:37,040 Speaker 1: just like opens a vein and it starts going is 534 00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:39,880 Speaker 1: the cap before your heart rate starts to change and 535 00:29:39,920 --> 00:29:43,480 Speaker 1: you would notice effects on your circulatory system. Uh. And 536 00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:47,200 Speaker 1: in particular, the model for this study, they have their 537 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:52,240 Speaker 1: vampires specifically drinking from the external kartid artery. And they've 538 00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:55,520 Speaker 1: also modeled the A order and coatid arteries as being 539 00:29:55,800 --> 00:30:00,000 Speaker 1: smooth tubes when the assumed air pressure of one standard 540 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:04,600 Speaker 1: atmospheric pressure unit. So obviously this is not uh true 541 00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:07,360 Speaker 1: to life, right, Like, we don't all have perfectly smooth 542 00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:10,840 Speaker 1: tubes with the exact perfect atmospheric pressure in it. But hey, 543 00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:12,880 Speaker 1: we got to solve these problems somehow. So, as we 544 00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:15,480 Speaker 1: previously mentioned, they decided to go with the bat model 545 00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:18,280 Speaker 1: of blood drinking makes more sense than looking mosquitoes, right, 546 00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,160 Speaker 1: they were looking at free flowing lapping as we've discussed, 547 00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:26,360 Speaker 1: rather than sucking from a pair of point five millimeter 548 00:30:26,760 --> 00:30:30,360 Speaker 1: neck punctures. And then they calculated the average diameter of 549 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,200 Speaker 1: the orda and the five connected arteries, as well as 550 00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:36,600 Speaker 1: blood pressure and the heart driving velocity of the flowing blood. 551 00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:39,120 Speaker 1: So they really got into the biology and the fluid 552 00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: mechanics of the whole. But they didn't They didn't factor 553 00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:44,360 Speaker 1: in anti coagulants, So this is assuming that there's no 554 00:30:44,440 --> 00:30:48,920 Speaker 1: anti coagulant chemical applied by the vampire. Interesting, I didn't 555 00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:52,040 Speaker 1: notice that during my first read of this. Now, a 556 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:55,600 Speaker 1: few equations later, the researchers determined this that any self 557 00:30:55,640 --> 00:31:00,080 Speaker 1: respecting vampire needs six point four minutes to drain a 558 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:04,200 Speaker 1: polite point seven five liters of blood from his earth draw. 559 00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:06,880 Speaker 1: So to put that in perspective, it takes less than 560 00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:10,600 Speaker 1: an hour to give point four seven leaders during a 561 00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:15,520 Speaker 1: blood drive where they take eight of your blood. Yeah, 562 00:31:15,520 --> 00:31:18,040 Speaker 1: but they don't drink any of it. I know they drink. Well, 563 00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:21,160 Speaker 1: we don't know. I mean they might be that's what 564 00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:23,520 Speaker 1: those curtains are there. Yeah, I mean, in a sense 565 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:26,680 Speaker 1: it is. If it is used, it is it becomes 566 00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:29,160 Speaker 1: a part of another person. So it's as well in 567 00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:33,920 Speaker 1: a sense it's it's concerned. Now, these results are based 568 00:31:33,920 --> 00:31:36,880 Speaker 1: on a couple of mathematical assumptions that the people doing 569 00:31:36,880 --> 00:31:40,440 Speaker 1: the research made specifically about human biology. So I'm gonna 570 00:31:40,520 --> 00:31:43,520 Speaker 1: run through these real quick. The first one is that 571 00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:46,840 Speaker 1: the five arteries that split out of our a orda 572 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:50,120 Speaker 1: have total even thickness, which you know, I doubt that's true, 573 00:31:50,120 --> 00:31:54,240 Speaker 1: and everybody the diameter of the aorta is four centimeters, 574 00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:58,760 Speaker 1: which is that's known as the known carotid artery diameter. Right. 575 00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:01,520 Speaker 1: That seems big to me. You think about that four centimeters. 576 00:32:01,560 --> 00:32:05,200 Speaker 1: I guess that makes sense, but it's a major highway to. Uh. 577 00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:07,560 Speaker 1: The velocity of blood coming out of your a or 578 00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:11,000 Speaker 1: to has a mean speed not not like means speed, 579 00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:14,959 Speaker 1: but at average speed of point one milliseconds. Uh. The 580 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:19,040 Speaker 1: internal arteries have a point five centimeter diameter. The average 581 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:23,480 Speaker 1: human blood pressure would be one millimeters of mercury, and 582 00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:28,120 Speaker 1: the average density of whole blood is one thousand sixty 583 00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:31,680 Speaker 1: kms per cubic meter at room temperature. So they thought 584 00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:35,720 Speaker 1: of it all, uh, and they calculated it out based 585 00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:38,880 Speaker 1: on the average human body having a total of five 586 00:32:38,960 --> 00:32:42,920 Speaker 1: liters of blood inside of it. Okay, alright, so that 587 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:46,040 Speaker 1: gives us, uh, that gives us some you know physics 588 00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:50,160 Speaker 1: grounding on exactly how much blood is gonna be taken, 589 00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:55,000 Speaker 1: how long uh it takes to consume it. Yeah, so 590 00:32:55,080 --> 00:33:00,000 Speaker 1: to crunch that at six point four minutes, that scene, 591 00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:02,080 Speaker 1: I mean, I guess, like maybe I'm a light sleeper, 592 00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:05,880 Speaker 1: but that seems to me like I would notice, um, 593 00:33:05,920 --> 00:33:08,600 Speaker 1: but you you know, like I'm thinking, no s Feratu style, 594 00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:11,800 Speaker 1: like sneaks into the room and there's a a woman 595 00:33:12,160 --> 00:33:16,560 Speaker 1: whose neck is is just a positioned just the right way. Um, 596 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:19,120 Speaker 1: I don't know. Maybe they just don't notice. Yeah, I mean, 597 00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:21,480 Speaker 1: as long as she didn't have a neck pillow or anything, 598 00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:23,880 Speaker 1: or if she's you know, she's sleeping under the covers 599 00:33:23,920 --> 00:33:28,600 Speaker 1: completely and neck pillows like modern enemy of Vampires never 600 00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:31,160 Speaker 1: even thought about that, Yeah, because he can't very well 601 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:36,120 Speaker 1: just pull that off, right. So all right, that's the 602 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:39,280 Speaker 1: micro version of it, right of how the drinking of 603 00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:42,520 Speaker 1: the blood would work on one vampire on one human 604 00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,240 Speaker 1: if they were trying to drink it real quick, get 605 00:33:45,240 --> 00:33:47,400 Speaker 1: away with it without getting caught, or just have a 606 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:51,000 Speaker 1: thrall on hand and keep them alive. Let's broaden this 607 00:33:51,040 --> 00:33:55,360 Speaker 1: a little bit. So we turned to Anissa Mary Ramia, 608 00:33:55,680 --> 00:33:58,280 Speaker 1: who is at the University of Ottawa in eleven and 609 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:03,000 Speaker 1: for a mathematic model ling of infectious diseases class, wrote 610 00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:06,440 Speaker 1: the paper vampires do they want to suck our blood? 611 00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:08,800 Speaker 1: And I want to I want to take an aside 612 00:34:08,800 --> 00:34:11,360 Speaker 1: here to say I was disappointed in you, and I 613 00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:14,840 Speaker 1: am disappointed in Ramia for spelling want with a W. 614 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:18,000 Speaker 1: It should have been do they vant to suck our blood? 615 00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:20,600 Speaker 1: Because that would have that would have been because I 616 00:34:20,640 --> 00:34:22,840 Speaker 1: believe you had the do they want to suck our blood? 617 00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:25,239 Speaker 1: Or want to suck your blood in the title of 618 00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:29,480 Speaker 1: the original piece of the story we just talked about, Okay, 619 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: so Ramya's goal here was to use mathematical models to 620 00:34:33,160 --> 00:34:39,000 Speaker 1: deduce whether vampires could exist. In particular, could we as 621 00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:42,279 Speaker 1: human beings live alongside a creature who wants to suck 622 00:34:42,320 --> 00:34:46,200 Speaker 1: our blood? So is it a sustainable creature? Yeah? So 623 00:34:46,239 --> 00:34:49,000 Speaker 1: she looks at she proposes several models and I'll present 624 00:34:49,080 --> 00:34:54,160 Speaker 1: them here, and she uses theoretical data based off of 625 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:57,600 Speaker 1: the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. So she's working 626 00:34:57,640 --> 00:35:00,560 Speaker 1: off of some of the premises within that mythos, because 627 00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:03,400 Speaker 1: you know, vampire mythos varies from yeah you gotta you 628 00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:05,200 Speaker 1: gotta choose one and if you gotta go with one, 629 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:07,560 Speaker 1: I guess it seems like a pretty good one. Yeah. 630 00:35:08,040 --> 00:35:10,480 Speaker 1: So um, she starts with the first model that was 631 00:35:10,480 --> 00:35:12,920 Speaker 1: actually written by somebody else. It was written by Dr 632 00:35:13,360 --> 00:35:18,040 Speaker 1: Sohan Gandhi and Dr Costas J. I'm gonna butcher this 633 00:35:18,160 --> 00:35:25,600 Speaker 1: name ft the EMU sure sorry, uh cost Us. Anyways, 634 00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:28,759 Speaker 1: that they had this really cool paper called Ghosts, Vampires 635 00:35:28,760 --> 00:35:32,920 Speaker 1: and Zombies Cinema Fiction Versus Physics Reality. It was published 636 00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:36,200 Speaker 1: in Skeptical inquirer in seven and we're gonna call this, 637 00:35:36,360 --> 00:35:38,759 Speaker 1: or at least Ramia does the s V model. Okay, 638 00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:42,680 Speaker 1: this is the bare bones model. So going with statistics 639 00:35:42,680 --> 00:35:45,920 Speaker 1: that say that the present human population is six point 640 00:35:46,040 --> 00:35:50,000 Speaker 1: nine billion people in rising, these guys argued that vampires 641 00:35:50,440 --> 00:35:53,680 Speaker 1: never existed and could have never existed, because if they did, 642 00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:56,960 Speaker 1: the human race would have been wiped out in three years. 643 00:35:57,960 --> 00:35:59,919 Speaker 1: The way that they figured this out was by using 644 00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:04,759 Speaker 1: a mathematical concept called geometric progression, and this is used 645 00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:08,680 Speaker 1: to calculate the interest in economics and finance, or to 646 00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:13,120 Speaker 1: find the quantity of decaying radioactive elements in geology and physics. 647 00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:18,040 Speaker 1: So cool application of pre existing model. The constraint there 648 00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:21,839 Speaker 1: is that the world population is constant, so there's no 649 00:36:22,120 --> 00:36:26,920 Speaker 1: in their study, there's no birth rate or death rate fluctuations. Okay. Uh. 650 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,799 Speaker 1: It also assumes that there is a constant rate that 651 00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:34,360 Speaker 1: vampires turn humans into other vampires, only doing so on 652 00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:36,879 Speaker 1: the first of each month. So I don't know why 653 00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:39,760 Speaker 1: that would be particularly the date. But so the vampires 654 00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:41,439 Speaker 1: have all gotten together and said, okay, we can only 655 00:36:41,440 --> 00:36:45,040 Speaker 1: do this on the first aga. Uh. And so this 656 00:36:45,160 --> 00:36:49,440 Speaker 1: susceptible population would decline over time, while the vampire population 657 00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:53,040 Speaker 1: would increase at the same time. At that rate, there 658 00:36:53,080 --> 00:36:57,480 Speaker 1: would be no humans left on Earth after three years. Now. 659 00:36:57,520 --> 00:37:00,279 Speaker 1: One of the obvious problems I've i've I've had when 660 00:37:00,280 --> 00:37:04,520 Speaker 1: I've encountered this kind of argument before is that you're 661 00:37:04,520 --> 00:37:07,600 Speaker 1: assuming the vampires are not making some efforts to keep 662 00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:10,480 Speaker 1: themselves from destroying each other. Because even if there is 663 00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:13,279 Speaker 1: you know, an unsustainable species, I mean, you can make 664 00:37:13,360 --> 00:37:16,640 Speaker 1: arguments that humans in our present form are also an 665 00:37:16,719 --> 00:37:20,440 Speaker 1: unsustainable species, and you know, and maybe we're doomed, but 666 00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:25,920 Speaker 1: also maybe we're able to stave off extinction by curbing 667 00:37:26,120 --> 00:37:29,799 Speaker 1: our self destructive tendencies at least a little bit. Yeah, 668 00:37:29,920 --> 00:37:34,080 Speaker 1: Ramya keeps adding complexities like that into the various models, 669 00:37:34,280 --> 00:37:36,120 Speaker 1: but she never gets to that one, which is, Yeah, 670 00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:39,880 Speaker 1: I like that idea. Like that, vampires, which are you know, 671 00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:43,520 Speaker 1: based off of our anatomy and our psychology and Russia, 672 00:37:44,080 --> 00:37:46,960 Speaker 1: would probably have as much in fighting as we humans do, right, 673 00:37:47,040 --> 00:37:50,439 Speaker 1: They wouldn't just all cooperate perfectly in order to drain 674 00:37:50,480 --> 00:37:53,200 Speaker 1: blood together? Yeah? Not surely. Not everybody gets the good 675 00:37:53,200 --> 00:37:55,120 Speaker 1: blood now, but not everybody gets to have as much 676 00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:59,719 Speaker 1: blood as they want. So she extrapolates their data out 677 00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:02,720 Speaker 1: to the second model, and this is the SVR model, 678 00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:06,480 Speaker 1: and it includes data for the rate that humans are turned, 679 00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:09,719 Speaker 1: the rate that humans are killed by vampire, as well 680 00:38:09,760 --> 00:38:12,760 Speaker 1: as the birth rate and the death rate uh, and 681 00:38:12,920 --> 00:38:17,480 Speaker 1: as well as all non human related death rates for vampires. 682 00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:22,239 Speaker 1: And that wasn't um extrapolated on other than I think 683 00:38:22,360 --> 00:38:26,120 Speaker 1: that that is just maybe it's vampire on vampire violence, 684 00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:30,360 Speaker 1: like you accidentally like walk into the sun or something 685 00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:33,640 Speaker 1: like that, UM, but there is She later does get 686 00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:36,400 Speaker 1: into human on vampire violence and how that would factor 687 00:38:36,440 --> 00:38:39,520 Speaker 1: into it. So her next one, and this is a 688 00:38:39,880 --> 00:38:43,360 Speaker 1: the SVR plus model. This is her third model. UH. 689 00:38:43,440 --> 00:38:46,320 Speaker 1: It's basically that humans are aware of the existence of 690 00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:50,920 Speaker 1: vampires and they actively hunt and kill them, and it's quantifiable. 691 00:38:50,920 --> 00:38:53,280 Speaker 1: There's a rate that we can quantify how fast humans 692 00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:55,840 Speaker 1: can kill vampires. So that would mean as an employed 693 00:38:55,920 --> 00:38:58,800 Speaker 1: vampire hunter in this scenario, you have a quota that 694 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:01,839 Speaker 1: you're expected to hit it each month, and there's no 695 00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:04,200 Speaker 1: reason you shouldn't be able to hit it. And not 696 00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:08,440 Speaker 1: only that, not only are all the vampire hunters expected 697 00:39:08,440 --> 00:39:11,320 Speaker 1: to meet their quotas, but then there's also a slayer 698 00:39:12,239 --> 00:39:15,440 Speaker 1: that is more efficient at killing vampires than any of 699 00:39:15,480 --> 00:39:18,600 Speaker 1: the other hunters. So this is factoring in the Buffy 700 00:39:18,640 --> 00:39:21,600 Speaker 1: methods obviously. So that's on top of all of the 701 00:39:21,640 --> 00:39:25,000 Speaker 1: other data predictions in the mathematical models presented so far. 702 00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:27,400 Speaker 1: We had two more models to go. Oh, I really 703 00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,000 Speaker 1: hope one includes blade. Would be awesome if they're like 704 00:39:31,080 --> 00:39:34,000 Speaker 1: and then blades there, I think she would just she 705 00:39:34,040 --> 00:39:36,319 Speaker 1: would just be ice skating uphill with that one. All right, 706 00:39:36,719 --> 00:39:40,879 Speaker 1: we'll cut that little bit of awkwardness alright. So, yeah, 707 00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:44,400 Speaker 1: Model four does not include blade, but it adds in 708 00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:48,080 Speaker 1: the rationale that it's not in vampire's best interest to 709 00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:51,160 Speaker 1: turn every single human that they drink from, right, And 710 00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:52,960 Speaker 1: this kind of goes along with the other study that 711 00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:55,360 Speaker 1: we were just talking about with that drinking. So I 712 00:39:55,360 --> 00:39:57,319 Speaker 1: think we can assume that that's kind of how they're 713 00:39:57,360 --> 00:40:00,840 Speaker 1: working here. Uh. And the reasons why, well, there'd be 714 00:40:00,880 --> 00:40:04,040 Speaker 1: too many dead bodies that would arouse suspicion first of all, 715 00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:06,080 Speaker 1: but then there would also be an increase in the 716 00:40:06,080 --> 00:40:09,439 Speaker 1: competition for human blood resources, and then that's probably where 717 00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:13,120 Speaker 1: you get the in fighting between vampires. So it uses 718 00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:17,120 Speaker 1: parameters that in order to be turned. You have to 719 00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:20,040 Speaker 1: both be bitten by a vampire and then you subsequently 720 00:40:20,080 --> 00:40:22,799 Speaker 1: have to drink a vampire's blood and then you turn 721 00:40:22,840 --> 00:40:25,239 Speaker 1: into a vampire. Yes, and that's certainly the model we 722 00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:29,120 Speaker 1: see in a lot of vampire fictions. Yea. And the 723 00:40:29,280 --> 00:40:33,880 Speaker 1: last one, uh, she calls the predator prey model, and 724 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:39,120 Speaker 1: this uses this as an actual population dynamic mathematical theory 725 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:43,040 Speaker 1: called predator prey uh in. In biology, the idea that 726 00:40:43,120 --> 00:40:46,880 Speaker 1: the carrying capacity of a given environment is the maximum 727 00:40:46,960 --> 00:40:49,719 Speaker 1: number of a particular species that can be supported and 728 00:40:49,760 --> 00:40:54,719 Speaker 1: sustained indefinitely, given that food, water, and other necessities are 729 00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:59,640 Speaker 1: all available in that environment. And it was previously approached 730 00:40:59,640 --> 00:41:02,320 Speaker 1: by a guy named Dr Brian Thomas in two thousand 731 00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:06,560 Speaker 1: two in a paper called Vampire Population Ecology. So she 732 00:41:06,840 --> 00:41:09,600 Speaker 1: cleaned that up and applied it here. I love that 733 00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:12,920 Speaker 1: we are not the only ones who are hungry. No 734 00:41:13,040 --> 00:41:16,760 Speaker 1: pun intended for vampire science. Yeah, there's there's a legacy 735 00:41:16,840 --> 00:41:22,719 Speaker 1: here of of sort of epidemic consideration of vampires. So 736 00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:27,560 Speaker 1: the first case here represents that human and vampire populations 737 00:41:27,560 --> 00:41:30,960 Speaker 1: eventually go extinct. The second case that she shows are 738 00:41:31,239 --> 00:41:34,840 Speaker 1: when vampires are extinct but the human population hovers somewhere 739 00:41:34,840 --> 00:41:38,560 Speaker 1: near its carrying capacity. And the third case is where 740 00:41:38,680 --> 00:41:42,719 Speaker 1: human and vampire populations are capable of coexisting. And the 741 00:41:42,719 --> 00:41:45,880 Speaker 1: important thing to notice here is that the human equilibrium 742 00:41:45,960 --> 00:41:50,680 Speaker 1: population does not depend on its own carrying capacity. However, 743 00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:56,280 Speaker 1: the vampire population does depend on the human populations carrying capacity. 744 00:41:56,360 --> 00:42:00,080 Speaker 1: So basically, there needs to be a constant influx of 745 00:42:00,160 --> 00:42:03,759 Speaker 1: human population in order for vampires to have a sustainable 746 00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:07,640 Speaker 1: coexistence with us. Otherwise we go back to scenario number 747 00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:10,520 Speaker 1: one where they drink us dry in three years and 748 00:42:10,560 --> 00:42:12,520 Speaker 1: then what are they left with. It's like that movie 749 00:42:12,719 --> 00:42:14,879 Speaker 1: what is it called Daybreakers, the one with Ethan Hawk 750 00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:19,040 Speaker 1: where everybody is a vampire. Um. So, yeah, the human 751 00:42:19,040 --> 00:42:21,640 Speaker 1: population doesn't depend on its own caring capacity, the vampire 752 00:42:21,680 --> 00:42:25,000 Speaker 1: population does. We are not large enough to support a 753 00:42:25,120 --> 00:42:29,440 Speaker 1: vampire population. So I think by looking at this mathematical model, 754 00:42:29,520 --> 00:42:35,640 Speaker 1: we can deduce that there aren't vampires. Okay, maybe mathematically 755 00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:38,720 Speaker 1: you don't have to. You can take that neck pillow 756 00:42:38,800 --> 00:42:42,719 Speaker 1: off tonight. Nothing is going to drink your blood. Although 757 00:42:42,760 --> 00:42:44,840 Speaker 1: I will point out, and this is a note in 758 00:42:44,880 --> 00:42:47,600 Speaker 1: her actual paper, she says this does not take into 759 00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:54,160 Speaker 1: account quote large scale supernatural events like the apocalypse. So 760 00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:56,200 Speaker 1: she admits, look, there's not a lot of data here 761 00:42:56,239 --> 00:42:57,880 Speaker 1: for her to work with, but she's basing off the 762 00:42:57,880 --> 00:42:59,840 Speaker 1: TV show. Sure, if somebody out there wants to go 763 00:42:59,880 --> 00:43:02,239 Speaker 1: and watch every Buffy episode and note the frequency of 764 00:43:02,320 --> 00:43:05,360 Speaker 1: vampire encounters, feeds, kills, and turns, you can apply that 765 00:43:05,440 --> 00:43:08,080 Speaker 1: in these models and extrapolate the data outward. And well, 766 00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:09,759 Speaker 1: what I like about these studies is they kind of 767 00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:11,759 Speaker 1: give you a starting point and from there you can 768 00:43:11,760 --> 00:43:15,359 Speaker 1: sort of tweak the vampire mythos to make it more 769 00:43:15,360 --> 00:43:19,560 Speaker 1: sustainable or more believable, or throw in certain behaviors or safeguards. 770 00:43:19,680 --> 00:43:21,680 Speaker 1: They're they're gonna help it make sense. This is what 771 00:43:21,719 --> 00:43:24,600 Speaker 1: I feel like del Toro did. Yeah, he maybe didn't 772 00:43:24,640 --> 00:43:27,359 Speaker 1: sit down with these mathematical models, but like they think 773 00:43:27,400 --> 00:43:29,279 Speaker 1: of stuff like this in that show, you know the 774 00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:32,919 Speaker 1: practicalities of a vampire invasion, especially upon New York. Yeah, 775 00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:36,200 Speaker 1: and also looking at it in the strain, Uh, looking 776 00:43:36,239 --> 00:43:37,960 Speaker 1: at it too is what you can have the organism, 777 00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:41,719 Speaker 1: and then you're gonna have sort of offshoots and mutations 778 00:43:41,760 --> 00:43:45,520 Speaker 1: that can be less sustainable and therefore our risk to 779 00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:50,400 Speaker 1: both the humans and the established vampires well. By applying 780 00:43:50,480 --> 00:43:54,680 Speaker 1: these models, she concluded that if an outbreak of vampires 781 00:43:54,680 --> 00:43:58,120 Speaker 1: were to break out in an area like say Sunnydale, California, 782 00:43:58,840 --> 00:44:01,359 Speaker 1: where people were generally really aware and there was a 783 00:44:01,480 --> 00:44:05,239 Speaker 1: slayer involved, and this is not counting hell Mouth, she said, 784 00:44:05,239 --> 00:44:09,440 Speaker 1: no supernatural events exactly, it would be less likely uh 785 00:44:09,480 --> 00:44:12,520 Speaker 1: than an endemic that would occur in a population like 786 00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:16,520 Speaker 1: somewhere like where she lives, Ottawa. Uh. And she says, look, 787 00:44:16,560 --> 00:44:19,680 Speaker 1: there's no slayer in the population, and Ottawa is generally 788 00:44:19,760 --> 00:44:22,719 Speaker 1: unaware of vampires, so it might be a problem there. 789 00:44:23,200 --> 00:44:25,480 Speaker 1: But she takes into account and this is where it 790 00:44:25,480 --> 00:44:29,120 Speaker 1: gets crazy. She applies what she calls the g factor 791 00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:32,920 Speaker 1: to a locale and this is how much garlic is 792 00:44:32,960 --> 00:44:35,640 Speaker 1: in particular areas. And the way that she does this 793 00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:39,600 Speaker 1: is she takes Google Maps and she plots out all 794 00:44:39,640 --> 00:44:43,520 Speaker 1: the swarm of shops that are in Ottawa, and she 795 00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:47,560 Speaker 1: scientifically says that the reasons the scent of garlic would 796 00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:50,839 Speaker 1: make it difficult for vampires to navigate through a populated 797 00:44:50,880 --> 00:44:53,840 Speaker 1: area are because of these swarmer shops. She plots it 798 00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:56,720 Speaker 1: on the map and then she even gives each store 799 00:44:56,760 --> 00:45:01,239 Speaker 1: an effective radius and The way that she mathematically computes 800 00:45:01,239 --> 00:45:03,920 Speaker 1: this radius is based on the rating of the restaurant, 801 00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:07,840 Speaker 1: it's popularity and therefore how much garlic you could assume 802 00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:12,040 Speaker 1: is in each diners system after they leave. So as 803 00:45:12,080 --> 00:45:14,960 Speaker 1: they're leaving the restaurant, they're creating this radius because they've 804 00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:17,240 Speaker 1: got like a certain amount of garlic in their blood 805 00:45:17,320 --> 00:45:20,680 Speaker 1: and on their lips, and that the vampires would smell 806 00:45:20,719 --> 00:45:23,440 Speaker 1: that and basically like veer away from it. Okay, So 807 00:45:23,480 --> 00:45:26,600 Speaker 1: there are certain there there would be certain cuisines that 808 00:45:26,840 --> 00:45:30,279 Speaker 1: and and therefore certain geographical regions the vampires would just 809 00:45:30,280 --> 00:45:32,240 Speaker 1: have to avoid, Like they just could not go to Italy. 810 00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:34,680 Speaker 1: They are parts of China, they would not be able 811 00:45:34,719 --> 00:45:37,839 Speaker 1: to get a firm foothold, and they have to really 812 00:45:37,840 --> 00:45:41,640 Speaker 1: go to those Icelandic countries. Yeah, yeah, yeah, And she 813 00:45:41,719 --> 00:45:44,520 Speaker 1: finally recommends she doesn't break down the math on this, 814 00:45:44,560 --> 00:45:46,520 Speaker 1: but she says, you know what might also be a 815 00:45:46,520 --> 00:45:49,560 Speaker 1: good idea is bless all the bodies of water in town. 816 00:45:49,920 --> 00:45:51,760 Speaker 1: That way, it would make it difficult for the vampires 817 00:45:51,800 --> 00:45:54,759 Speaker 1: to cross them. Uh, And I think they don't they 818 00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:57,320 Speaker 1: do something to that effect in uh in the strain 819 00:45:57,440 --> 00:45:59,480 Speaker 1: or is it just that they can't cross moving bodies. Yeah, 820 00:45:59,480 --> 00:46:02,000 Speaker 1: they plan it at Which is another which is an 821 00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:06,799 Speaker 1: often overlooked a little detail from the Vampire Folklores is 822 00:46:06,840 --> 00:46:10,040 Speaker 1: that they can't cross moving bodies of water, and they 823 00:46:10,120 --> 00:46:11,560 Speaker 1: I think they play into the strain that it might 824 00:46:11,560 --> 00:46:14,200 Speaker 1: have something to do with like essentially their little worms 825 00:46:14,360 --> 00:46:17,560 Speaker 1: something like that. Yeah, and I think, if I remember correctly, 826 00:46:17,680 --> 00:46:19,560 Speaker 1: I hope this isn't a spoiler for the TV show 827 00:46:19,680 --> 00:46:21,279 Speaker 1: that the way they get away with it isn't what 828 00:46:21,360 --> 00:46:23,280 Speaker 1: they just like hop on the back of like subway 829 00:46:23,320 --> 00:46:27,080 Speaker 1: trains that are going underneath the rivers. And yeah, well 830 00:46:27,120 --> 00:46:32,400 Speaker 1: you know another bit from from Vampire Folklores that's rarely explored, 831 00:46:32,680 --> 00:46:35,480 Speaker 1: certainly in the scientific literature, but also in fiction is 832 00:46:35,520 --> 00:46:38,560 Speaker 1: the idea that they're obsessed with with knots and uh 833 00:46:38,560 --> 00:46:42,520 Speaker 1: and like intricate fabrics. I think the only bit of 834 00:46:42,560 --> 00:46:46,920 Speaker 1: fiction that I've seen it used in UH is habit. 835 00:46:47,080 --> 00:46:50,600 Speaker 1: I don't know if you know when Larry Fresden, I believe, No, 836 00:46:50,640 --> 00:46:52,560 Speaker 1: I don't know this one, Okay, yeah, it's it was 837 00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:56,320 Speaker 1: an old indie picture, kind of a slight like nineties 838 00:46:56,440 --> 00:47:00,120 Speaker 1: indie remake of Dracula, but very much a in be 839 00:47:00,160 --> 00:47:02,600 Speaker 1: filmed with an indie vibe, and there's a scene where 840 00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:05,320 Speaker 1: the vampire is transfixed by you know, some sort of 841 00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:09,200 Speaker 1: knotted fact. Interesting, so they're just like constantly tying their shoes. Yeah, 842 00:47:09,280 --> 00:47:11,479 Speaker 1: what's the situation is that if you want to VAMPI 843 00:47:11,480 --> 00:47:13,399 Speaker 1: you want to protect yourself from a vampire, just hang 844 00:47:13,719 --> 00:47:16,919 Speaker 1: like an intricate knot or some sort of woven thing 845 00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:19,360 Speaker 1: outside of your house. The vampire will come to it 846 00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:21,359 Speaker 1: and then they're just transfixed by it and they start 847 00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:23,520 Speaker 1: messing around with it. Then the sun comes up in 848 00:47:23,520 --> 00:47:27,239 Speaker 1: their toes. I wonder if that's connected to knots of garlic. Oh, 849 00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:29,320 Speaker 1: I don't know. Maybe maybe just double up on the 850 00:47:29,440 --> 00:47:33,719 Speaker 1: hunt exactly. Yeah. Well that's it. We got vampire math, 851 00:47:33,840 --> 00:47:38,040 Speaker 1: vampire physics, vampire evolution. I think we've figured it out. 852 00:47:38,080 --> 00:47:44,720 Speaker 1: So what do you think vampires possible? H me? Uh, well, 853 00:47:44,960 --> 00:47:47,719 Speaker 1: so certainly if we based some of those hypotheses for 854 00:47:47,840 --> 00:47:52,000 Speaker 1: vampire bats off of human humanoid vampires, you know, maybe 855 00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:55,760 Speaker 1: they were drinking blood off of mega fauna and they 856 00:47:55,760 --> 00:47:58,400 Speaker 1: but then they went into the shadows. They've been sneaking 857 00:47:58,440 --> 00:48:01,200 Speaker 1: that fifteen percent off of us for a long time now. 858 00:48:01,680 --> 00:48:03,400 Speaker 1: But the only way that they would be able to 859 00:48:03,480 --> 00:48:05,400 Speaker 1: get away with it is if they kept themselves in 860 00:48:05,520 --> 00:48:08,759 Speaker 1: check with that fifteen percent. Otherwise, Uh, they would either 861 00:48:08,840 --> 00:48:10,799 Speaker 1: kill the entire human race or we would figure out 862 00:48:10,800 --> 00:48:13,200 Speaker 1: that they're there and we would hunt them down. Yeah, 863 00:48:13,239 --> 00:48:15,520 Speaker 1: they for them to exist, it would just be this 864 00:48:16,080 --> 00:48:20,719 Speaker 1: very stealthy, very strategic and and just and also just 865 00:48:20,960 --> 00:48:24,920 Speaker 1: very dangerous position. Um, you know, like the vampire bats. 866 00:48:24,920 --> 00:48:27,560 Speaker 1: It would just be it's a heist with high stakes 867 00:48:28,080 --> 00:48:29,680 Speaker 1: and they have to they have to carry it out 868 00:48:29,760 --> 00:48:33,400 Speaker 1: just so in order to avoid capture and extermination. Well, 869 00:48:33,480 --> 00:48:36,040 Speaker 1: I'm gonna sleep better tonight. I'm probably gonna sleep better 870 00:48:36,080 --> 00:48:38,279 Speaker 1: than I have since I was a little kid and 871 00:48:38,320 --> 00:48:40,600 Speaker 1: I saw that episode of The Amazing Spider Man that 872 00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:43,920 Speaker 1: we're Dracula showed up. So um, thank you to the 873 00:48:43,960 --> 00:48:46,319 Speaker 1: scientists involved in all this research. Yes, we can all 874 00:48:46,360 --> 00:48:50,399 Speaker 1: put aside our garlic knight pill lives tonight. All right. 875 00:48:50,480 --> 00:48:53,279 Speaker 1: So so there you have it. Hey, if you want 876 00:48:53,320 --> 00:48:55,799 Speaker 1: more on this topic other topics, go to stuff about 877 00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:57,279 Speaker 1: your mind dot com. That's where we'll find a landing 878 00:48:57,280 --> 00:49:00,760 Speaker 1: page for this episode. Um, various bits of vampire content. 879 00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:02,879 Speaker 1: You can just throw vampire into the search of oar. 880 00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:05,600 Speaker 1: There you'll also find links out to our various social 881 00:49:05,640 --> 00:49:08,719 Speaker 1: medi accounts such as Twitter and Facebook and Tumbler also 882 00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:11,960 Speaker 1: Instagram now and we're blow the Mind on most of those. 883 00:49:12,080 --> 00:49:14,920 Speaker 1: And if you're a vampire and you have a secret 884 00:49:15,000 --> 00:49:17,760 Speaker 1: method for getting away with drinking more than fift percent 885 00:49:17,880 --> 00:49:21,160 Speaker 1: of a person's blood in one sitting, please write us 886 00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:33,280 Speaker 1: at blow the Mind at how stuff works dot com. 887 00:49:33,320 --> 00:49:35,759 Speaker 1: Well more on this and thousands of other topics. Is 888 00:49:35,800 --> 00:49:59,880 Speaker 1: it how stuff works dot com