1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,840 --> 00:00:07,080 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. Consider it a double feature. 3 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:12,360 Speaker 1: Enjoy the show. Hi, I'm Eves, and welcome to This 4 00:00:12,440 --> 00:00:16,000 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a show that uncovers a little 5 00:00:16,040 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 1: bit more about history every day. The day was February four, 6 00:00:33,680 --> 00:00:40,040 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty six. German biblical scholar Constantine von Tisiendorff was 7 00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:44,000 Speaker 1: on his third visit to St. Catherine's Monastery at Mount 8 00:00:44,080 --> 00:00:48,159 Speaker 1: Sinai in Egypt. He was on this trip to the 9 00:00:48,159 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: monastery under the patronage of Russian Czar Alexander the Second. 10 00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:58,680 Speaker 1: In his previous visits, Titiendorff have found parts of the 11 00:00:58,680 --> 00:01:03,640 Speaker 1: Codex Sonida Kiss, an ancient handwritten Greek Bible. But this 12 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:07,640 Speaker 1: time the scholar first saw three dred and forty seven 13 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:12,279 Speaker 1: leaves of the Codex. A leaf is basically a single 14 00:01:12,319 --> 00:01:15,240 Speaker 1: sheet bound in a book, and one leaf can make 15 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:21,160 Speaker 1: two pages. Years later, Titiendorff wrote the following about this 16 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:26,920 Speaker 1: crucial discovery. On the afternoon of this day, I was 17 00:01:26,959 --> 00:01:29,440 Speaker 1: taking a walk with the steward of the convent in 18 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:34,240 Speaker 1: the neighborhood, and as we returned towards sunset, he begged 19 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:36,520 Speaker 1: me to take some refreshment with him in his cell. 20 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:41,240 Speaker 1: Scarcely had he entered the room. When resuming our former 21 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,040 Speaker 1: subject of conversation, he said, and I too have read 22 00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: the Septuagint. I eat a copy of the Greek translation 23 00:01:49,640 --> 00:01:53,680 Speaker 1: made by the seventy and so saying, he took down 24 00:01:53,800 --> 00:01:57,040 Speaker 1: from the corner of the room a bulky kind of volume, 25 00:01:57,680 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 1: wrapped up in a red cloth, and laid it before me. 26 00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:06,360 Speaker 1: I enrolled the cover and discovered, to my great surprise, 27 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:10,520 Speaker 1: not only those fragments which fifteen years before I had 28 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 1: taken out of the basket, but also other parts of 29 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:18,200 Speaker 1: the Old Testament, the New Testament complete, and in addition 30 00:02:18,720 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 1: the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Pastor 31 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 1: of Hermus. The Codex Snidkus or Sinai Book is one 32 00:02:29,720 --> 00:02:33,200 Speaker 1: of the two earliest known manuscripts of the Christian Bible. 33 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: The other is the Codex Vaticanists, which was the gold 34 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:41,880 Speaker 1: standard for the New Testament in Greek text until the 35 00:02:41,960 --> 00:02:48,000 Speaker 1: Codex Snydkus was discovered. The fourth century Codex Snikus is 36 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:51,800 Speaker 1: so significant because it contains a complete copy of the 37 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:57,280 Speaker 1: New Testament, handwritten in an old Greek vernacular language called Kyne. 38 00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:02,760 Speaker 1: It also can us the Septuagint, which is the version 39 00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:06,760 Speaker 1: of the Old Testament adopted by Greek speaking early Christians. 40 00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:12,280 Speaker 1: The distinctive sequence of books in the codex is also notable, 41 00:03:12,919 --> 00:03:16,560 Speaker 1: as it gives insight into the history of the Bible's construction, 42 00:03:17,639 --> 00:03:21,160 Speaker 1: and no other early version of the Christian Bible was 43 00:03:21,200 --> 00:03:26,520 Speaker 1: corrected as extensively as the Codex Snidicus has been. The 44 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:33,040 Speaker 1: codex also demonstrated that large bound books could be produced. Basically, 45 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:37,120 Speaker 1: the Codex is a marvel of biblical history and bookmaking itself. 46 00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:41,760 Speaker 1: Since it was discovered, it has been valuable to scholars 47 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:47,400 Speaker 1: who study biblical texts. But when Titiendorff first visited St. 48 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:51,680 Speaker 1: Catherine's Monastery in eighteen forty four, he didn't know he 49 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:56,320 Speaker 1: would make a discovery of such magnitude. There's record that 50 00:03:56,360 --> 00:04:01,040 Speaker 1: an Italian visitor named Vitaliana do Nazi saw the Codex 51 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:06,160 Speaker 1: at St. Catherine's Monastery in seventeen sixty one, but it 52 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:10,640 Speaker 1: wasn't until nearly a century later, in eighteen forty four, 53 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:15,360 Speaker 1: when the monks at St. Catherine's showed Titiendorff a hundred 54 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:18,080 Speaker 1: and twenty nine leaves of the Old Testament part of 55 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:23,800 Speaker 1: the Codex. Titiendorff got forty three of those leaves, then 56 00:04:23,960 --> 00:04:27,359 Speaker 1: went back to Leipzig, Germany, where he was from, and 57 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:32,400 Speaker 1: published the leaves in eighteen forty six. He didn't tell 58 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:36,719 Speaker 1: anyone where he found the text, and in eighteen forty 59 00:04:36,800 --> 00:04:42,159 Speaker 1: five Russian archimandright Porphyrious us Pinsky saw three hundred and 60 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:46,039 Speaker 1: forty seven leaves of the Codex, including the eighty six 61 00:04:46,160 --> 00:04:51,760 Speaker 1: Titiendorff had left behind on his first trip. Us Pinsky 62 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: took three fragments from two pages of the codex back 63 00:04:55,360 --> 00:05:00,599 Speaker 1: to Russia, and in eighteen fifty three Titiandorf went back 64 00:05:00,640 --> 00:05:04,839 Speaker 1: to the monastery, where he found other biblical manuscripts, but 65 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:09,520 Speaker 1: only a fragment of a leaf of the codex. But 66 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:14,159 Speaker 1: the third time was the charm. At first, Titiendorff thought 67 00:05:14,200 --> 00:05:17,559 Speaker 1: his visit to the monastery in eighteen fifty nine would 68 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: prove fruitless, but right before he was about to leave, 69 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:24,480 Speaker 1: he was shown the three d and forty seven leaves. 70 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 1: The codex was soon sent to Cairo, where Titiendorff transcribed 71 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:35,640 Speaker 1: it in eighteen sixty two. After he studied the codex 72 00:05:35,680 --> 00:05:40,039 Speaker 1: more in Russia, Titiendorff published a fact simily edition or 73 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:43,240 Speaker 1: an identical copy of the text, and presented it to 74 00:05:43,320 --> 00:05:48,839 Speaker 1: Tzar Alexander the Second. The original manuscript remained in the 75 00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:53,400 Speaker 1: Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg until eighteen sixty nine, 76 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:56,760 Speaker 1: when it was moved to the Imperial Library and donated 77 00:05:56,839 --> 00:06:01,120 Speaker 1: to the Czar. The codex stay at the Russian National 78 00:06:01,200 --> 00:06:05,159 Speaker 1: Library until nineteen thirty three, when the Soviet government sold 79 00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:09,760 Speaker 1: it to the British Museum, but there is controversy over 80 00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:12,800 Speaker 1: exactly how the manuscript got out of the monks and 81 00:06:12,880 --> 00:06:17,200 Speaker 1: into the Czar's hands in the first place. The monastery 82 00:06:17,320 --> 00:06:21,599 Speaker 1: has since accused Titiandorff of theft, while some scholars argue 83 00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:26,200 Speaker 1: those allegations are unfounded. More parts of the codex have 84 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:30,359 Speaker 1: been found since eighteen fifty nine, and though most of 85 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:33,560 Speaker 1: the first part of the manuscript is missing, more than 86 00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:37,839 Speaker 1: four hundred livres of the codex survive. Parts of the 87 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:43,080 Speaker 1: codex are spread across four places, the British Library, the 88 00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:47,080 Speaker 1: Library of the University of Leipzig, the National Library of 89 00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:51,200 Speaker 1: Russia in St. Petersburg, and the Holy Monastery of the 90 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:56,800 Speaker 1: got Trodden Mount Sinai, also known as St. Catharine's. The 91 00:06:56,839 --> 00:06:59,720 Speaker 1: four sections of the codex are also available in a 92 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: did Ties version online. I'm Eve Stephcote and hopefully you 93 00:07:05,279 --> 00:07:09,040 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 94 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:13,960 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on 95 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:17,400 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, the I Heart Radio app, or wherever you 96 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:20,640 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. We'll be back with more history tomorrow. 97 00:07:22,680 --> 00:07:38,000 Speaker 1: M greetings. I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in 98 00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:41,520 Speaker 1: History Class, a show that believes no day in history 99 00:07:41,560 --> 00:07:54,120 Speaker 1: is a slow day. The day was February four, nine four. 100 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:58,320 Speaker 1: Twelve people were killed in a bombing on the M 101 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:02,760 Speaker 1: sixty two motorway in northern England. That Monday. A private 102 00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: coach was carrying more than fifty military personnel and their 103 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: family members as they traveled along the M sixty two. 104 00:08:09,680 --> 00:08:14,080 Speaker 1: Just after midnight, a bomb exploded in the coach's luggage compartment. 105 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 1: The explosion could be heard for miles. Eleven people were 106 00:08:18,800 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 1: killed on the scene, and one person died a few 107 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:25,640 Speaker 1: days later. Among the deceased were nine soldiers, a woman 108 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:30,240 Speaker 1: and two children. At the time, people suspected that the 109 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:34,040 Speaker 1: Irish Republican Army or i r A, was responsible for 110 00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:37,240 Speaker 1: the bombing. The previous several years had seen the i 111 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:40,160 Speaker 1: r A carry out a series of deadly bomb attacks 112 00:08:40,200 --> 00:08:44,280 Speaker 1: in Britain. Politicians in the press immediately began blaming the 113 00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:48,800 Speaker 1: paramilitary organization. A quick investigation of the attack led to 114 00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:52,960 Speaker 1: the arrest of Judith Ward. Authorities knew that she attended 115 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:56,640 Speaker 1: sin Fayne Marches shin fag Is, a left wing Irish 116 00:08:56,679 --> 00:09:00,880 Speaker 1: Republican political party, and forensic tests on the explosives done 117 00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:05,000 Speaker 1: by forensic scientists Frank Excuse supposedly linked her to the bombing. 118 00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:09,360 Speaker 1: The grease tests found that she had nitroglycerin on her hands. 119 00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:14,080 Speaker 1: Van and bag Ward was arrested just ten days after 120 00:09:14,120 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 1: the bombing when she was in Liverpool waiting on a 121 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:20,079 Speaker 1: ferry to Ireland. She even had a notebook on her 122 00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:23,439 Speaker 1: with ira A slogans in it. After a couple of 123 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:27,080 Speaker 1: days of questioning, Ward admitted to committing the bombing. The 124 00:09:27,120 --> 00:09:30,079 Speaker 1: police planned on charging her with putting the bomb at 125 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:32,680 Speaker 1: the bus station, but when it became clear that she 126 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:35,199 Speaker 1: was nowhere near the bus station at the time of 127 00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:38,559 Speaker 1: the bombing, they decided to charge her with planning and 128 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:42,520 Speaker 1: organizing the explosion. She went to child in October of 129 00:09:42,600 --> 00:09:46,520 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy four, though she had a history of mental illness. 130 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:49,360 Speaker 1: This information and the potential that she was not fit 131 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:54,920 Speaker 1: to inter aply, was concealed at trial. She had also changed, retracted, 132 00:09:54,960 --> 00:09:58,600 Speaker 1: and made contradictory statements in her confessions, which were made 133 00:09:58,640 --> 00:10:02,679 Speaker 1: under disorienting condition ends. She confessed to two other bombings 134 00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:06,520 Speaker 1: besides the M sixty two one. Her confessions and the 135 00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:09,720 Speaker 1: forensic evidence were used to convict her of murder, and 136 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 1: in November she was sentenced to twelve concurrent life sentences, 137 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:16,560 Speaker 1: one for every person who died in the bombing. The 138 00:10:16,640 --> 00:10:21,040 Speaker 1: media portrayed her as a dangerous criminal. Later, the method 139 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:25,160 Speaker 1: that Skews used to test the explosives was discredited. The 140 00:10:25,240 --> 00:10:28,199 Speaker 1: test could show up positive with harmless materials that had 141 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: nothing to do with the bomb, and the forensic scientists 142 00:10:31,280 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: involved in Ward's case could have manipulated their interpretation of 143 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:39,080 Speaker 1: the evidence. Plus, the prosecution did not reveal that Ward 144 00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:42,000 Speaker 1: had a record of confessing to crimes she did not commit. 145 00:10:43,080 --> 00:10:46,280 Speaker 1: The Court of Appeal determined that her confessions were unreliable 146 00:10:46,400 --> 00:10:50,240 Speaker 1: and quashed her criminal convictions. Wards spent eighteen years in 147 00:10:50,280 --> 00:10:53,240 Speaker 1: prison before she was freed on unconditional bail In nine. 148 00:10:55,120 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little 149 00:10:57,440 --> 00:11:01,440 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. Know any 150 00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:04,240 Speaker 1: fellow history buffs who would enjoy the show, you can 151 00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:07,720 Speaker 1: share it with them. We're on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram 152 00:11:07,760 --> 00:11:12,679 Speaker 1: at t d i h C podcast. If emails your thing, 153 00:11:12,880 --> 00:11:15,320 Speaker 1: send us a note at this day at I heeart 154 00:11:15,400 --> 00:11:18,680 Speaker 1: media dot com. Thanks for listening. We'll see you here 155 00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 1: again tomorrow with another episode. For more podcasts from my 156 00:11:26,160 --> 00:11:28,800 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 157 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:30,640 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.