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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from How Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark,

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Speaker 1: and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and there's Jerry So

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Speaker 1: it's Stuff you Should Know and we're doing one of

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Speaker 1: my favorite things, Chuck archaeology. Yeah. We've done a few

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Speaker 1: of these over the years, guests, specifically one called Archaeology

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Speaker 1: and a Nutshell, which was mostly about archaeology. Yeah. And boy,

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Speaker 1: it's hard to find an archaeology article on the Internet

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Speaker 1: that doesn't mention Indiana Jones say that, including this one

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Speaker 1: from Stuff you Should Know or from How Stuff Works.

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Speaker 1: It was the one to third and fourth word in

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Speaker 1: this article. Forget the Indiana Jones fedora. Yeah, but you

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Speaker 1: know what, like no pun intended, hats off to that character,

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Speaker 1: for I mean, he he's that's that that character has

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Speaker 1: done so much for the field of archaeology just by existing,

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Speaker 1: you know. Yeah, for sure, he definitely opened my eyes.

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Speaker 1: Archaeology was one of the first complicated words I could

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Speaker 1: spell as a youngster. Yeah, thanks thanks to Indiana Jones.

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Speaker 1: I bet of archaeologists between the ages of UH thirty

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Speaker 1: and fifty five are there because of Indiana Jones, and

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Speaker 1: you can usually pick him out because they tend to

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Speaker 1: dress like him as well, Like you really don't need

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Speaker 1: a whip enough, I don't need it, I want it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but yeah, he he represents though this kind of um, well,

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Speaker 1: he represents a type of archaeologists that never actually existed,

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Speaker 1: you know, pulp pulp fiction kind of archaeologists from the

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Speaker 1: like the nineteen thirties adventures, right, so that that didn't

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Speaker 1: actually Indiana Jones and his ilk didn't never really exist.

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Speaker 1: But he also kind of represents this type of archaeology that,

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Speaker 1: um that has become old school for sure, and it's

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Speaker 1: starting to be replaced. I was gonna say slowly being replaced,

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Speaker 1: but I get the impression that is fairly quickly being

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Speaker 1: replaced by this kind of new method These new techniques

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Speaker 1: that put together all fall under the name of bioarchaeology, right,

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Speaker 1: which is a sub genre, not genre, but sub field,

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Speaker 1: sub field. There's a word I'm looking for. I can't

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Speaker 1: find it. I think subspecialty works or a specialty. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it is a specialty, but I can't. I can't A

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Speaker 1: sub umbrella of the umbrellas term, a subbrella. Man, it's

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Speaker 1: gonna bug me. I'll think of it later. Uh So anyway, UM,

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Speaker 1: we're we're talking about the combining of a lot of

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Speaker 1: different disciplines in archaeology, and they all have great long

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Speaker 1: names like paleo DeMar graphy, just studying ancient populations, the

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Speaker 1: demographics of those, paleogenetics, which is a big deal, as

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Speaker 1: you will see with DNA scraping some old teeth, you know,

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Speaker 1: finding out what's going on there. Yeah, mortuary studies, which

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Speaker 1: that's the best way to get a date in college,

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Speaker 1: right if you say her, you're minoring and mortuary studies.

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Speaker 1: But else well, UM, basically anything where you can apply

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Speaker 1: new scientific techniques to um, the study of of bones

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Speaker 1: in particular, um bones coop that that kind of yeah,

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Speaker 1: that kind of um lends itself to being called bioarchaeology.

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Speaker 1: But the the field, this little thing that started out,

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Speaker 1: I think is kind of a kind of a fairly

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Speaker 1: specialized subdiscipline of archaeology. It's the word subdiscipline. I think

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Speaker 1: I suggested that, didn't I. Um it it's starting to

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Speaker 1: replace archaeology as a whole. From what I can see

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Speaker 1: and just from the outside looking in, it's becoming archaeology exactly.

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Speaker 1: It's replacing some of these old techniques with these new techniques.

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Speaker 1: It's kind of a technocratic approach to archaeology, and the practices,

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Speaker 1: the best practices they're coming up with are so good

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Speaker 1: that they're kind of undoing old archaeology. And so this

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Speaker 1: specialized field is kind of taking over the field as

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Speaker 1: a whole, and it seems to be the way that

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Speaker 1: archaeology is going. And one of the reasons. Just initially

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Speaker 1: it was just like dig up the bones and try

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Speaker 1: to read them in even better ways than the old

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Speaker 1: style of archaeology did. But as it's growing as a

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Speaker 1: field or as a subdiscipline, it's it's starting to try

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Speaker 1: to answer bigger and bigger questions about the people that

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Speaker 1: are being dug up and the populations that they belong to. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: kind of putting it in a historic context and not

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Speaker 1: just um, let me look at this one set of

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Speaker 1: bone owns and what this says about this person. But

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Speaker 1: like you said, they're trying to almost reconstruct societies as

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Speaker 1: a whole, uh, and social strata and what they ate

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Speaker 1: and what kind of things killed them and whether or

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Speaker 1: not they accepted outsiders. Like it's really kind of neat.

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Speaker 1: It really is. I like it. And plus I mean,

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Speaker 1: this is stuff that archaeology, UM, I guess you could

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Speaker 1: call it old school archaeology concerned itself with as well.

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Speaker 1: But I get the impression that, um, the old school

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Speaker 1: archaeology was not rooted enough in science, so they were

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Speaker 1: at risk of making grand pronouncements that were not necessarily

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Speaker 1: UM correct. So you just have limited evidence like this

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Speaker 1: one skeleton or maybe one burial area, and just from

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Speaker 1: a few things that we're basically based on observation. UM.

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Speaker 1: Just like visual observation, you would make these extrapolating you

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Speaker 1: would extrapolate onto the population as a whole, and you

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Speaker 1: could get that wrong really easily. So what bioarchaeology does

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Speaker 1: is the same thing still bury up dead bodies. You

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Speaker 1: you surmise things from the way that they were situated,

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Speaker 1: the stuff they were buried with, and all that. But

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Speaker 1: then you also apply scientific investigation like genetics and like UM,

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Speaker 1: like using mass spectrometers to to isolate isotopes and in bones,

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Speaker 1: and then you take that evidence and you apply it

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Speaker 1: to the visual observations you've made, and you get a

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Speaker 1: clearer picture and you're at less risk of getting it wrong.

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Speaker 1: I think that's why it's becoming archaeology. Yeah, and um,

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Speaker 1: we'll probably talk about this a little more later on,

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Speaker 1: but one of the things I thought was really neat

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Speaker 1: about this is they make the point in our article

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Speaker 1: here that you know, history is written by historians, so

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Speaker 1: you often just get stories or the history of the

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Speaker 1: more important people, right and uh, they even quoted a

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Speaker 1: bioarchaeologist in here that says that their goal is to

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Speaker 1: kind of work from the bottom up and to find

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Speaker 1: out what was going on with some of these marginalized

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Speaker 1: people in society or the very least society as a whole,

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Speaker 1: and not just you know, let's dig up King Tut's tomb,

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Speaker 1: which is great, but who who worked on King Tut's tomb?

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Speaker 1: Like that's interesting exactly. Yeah, And so the that's basically

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Speaker 1: what's called diplomatic or great Man historiography, which is the

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Speaker 1: study of well, that's the that's just digging up King

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Speaker 1: Tutt and focusing on him and leaders and rulers, and

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Speaker 1: that's based on the idea that they're the ones who

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Speaker 1: really push society forward or in whatever direction. It won't

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Speaker 1: love it. It was on the rulers and that's the

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Speaker 1: way that it's been. Like, that's like kind of the western,

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Speaker 1: white patriarchical approach to studying history. What what you love

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Speaker 1: and what bioarchaeology has test itself with is called history

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Speaker 1: from below, which is, like you said, it's it's sussing

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Speaker 1: out that the common people's lives and and figuring out

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Speaker 1: society from there. And one of the neat things about that, Chuck,

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Speaker 1: is it like imagine if you're just part of a

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Speaker 1: marginalized group today and you find out from some archaeologists

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Speaker 1: down the road or some historians down the road that

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Speaker 1: actually the group that you're a part of did some

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Speaker 1: really amazing things in this one civilization, at this one

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Speaker 1: period in time, that that's inspiring. That can inspire people

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Speaker 1: alive today to do great things with their own lives

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Speaker 1: based on, you know, finding out some neat stuff about

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Speaker 1: their ancestry that would have otherwise been overlooked if their

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Speaker 1: ancestry had never been part of the leadership of a society.

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Speaker 1: There's a lot of value to it. Yeah, and the

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Speaker 1: term itself, you're more likely at least at this point,

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Speaker 1: and I think you're right, it is changing um to

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Speaker 1: hear it in America, even though it was first used

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Speaker 1: by a British archaeologist name Sir John Graham Douglas Clark,

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Speaker 1: great British name, and then ninteen seventies, but an American

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Speaker 1: anthropologist named Jane Ellen. Uh, Bookstra, that's as good as

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Speaker 1: I could have done. Bookstra b U I K S

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Speaker 1: t r a UM. She's the one who kind of

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Speaker 1: popularized it and Americans kind of picked up on the

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Speaker 1: term a little more, at least at this point. You're

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Speaker 1: not as likely to hear it uh in Europe right now? Right, Well,

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Speaker 1: we're just gonna call her Jane Ellen. Okay, So Jane Ellen.

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Speaker 1: She was an anthropologist and she basically took that term

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Speaker 1: bioarchaeology and basically said it was the integration of archaeology

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Speaker 1: and human osteology, which is the study of human bones

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Speaker 1: and what they can tell us, um put together to

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Speaker 1: investigate biocultural change. That was her definition of bioarchaeology, and

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Speaker 1: she came up with it in in nineteen seventy seven, and

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Speaker 1: that really kind of is the uh, the definition for

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Speaker 1: the field today. Yeah, she was awesome. Actually I looked

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Speaker 1: into her a little bit. So does she wear a

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Speaker 1: pith helmet too. She's probably she's probably been a pith

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Speaker 1: or at some point. I had a dude right in.

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Speaker 1: Actually that was a fellow pither. Nice. I saw a

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Speaker 1: couple of people on Twitter saying like, I had to

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Speaker 1: go look this up, but this is what you're wearing

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Speaker 1: in the pool? Well, I mean there, to be fair,

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Speaker 1: there are the like the British soldier uh type, tall

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Speaker 1: pith helmets with the red feather. Yeah, that's not what

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Speaker 1: I'm talking about. I'm talking about the low safari type

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Speaker 1: that provides the coverage. That's precisely what I assumed you

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Speaker 1: were talking about. Yeah, that it would be just weird

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Speaker 1: to wear the tall one in a swimming pool. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: this guy was a mail carrier, so oh yeah, it

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Speaker 1: seems like that might be standard issue for um, for

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Speaker 1: the post office, now that you mentioned it. I've seen

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Speaker 1: him before. I have to for the walkers, at least

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Speaker 1: the undead ones. All right, well, I think I think

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Speaker 1: we should already take a break since we provided such

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Speaker 1: a nice broad overview. Gosh, that's all right, and we'll

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Speaker 1: come back, can talk more and more about bones and poop. Hi,

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Speaker 1: all right, so we promised talk of bones and poop. Uh,

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Speaker 1: we'll deal with bones first and um bones most times,

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Speaker 1: and less like recently when they found did you hear,

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Speaker 1: like just a couple of days ago they found this

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Speaker 1: couple from World War Two frozen in the Swiss Alps. Yes,

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Speaker 1: and okay, so this couple, it's so tragic, right, This

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Speaker 1: is they had tons of kids that were at home.

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Speaker 1: The mom finally the dad used to go hiking in

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Speaker 1: the mountains all the time. The mom finally went with

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Speaker 1: them for the first time and they get lost and

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Speaker 1: felt they fall into a crevass and or lost for

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Speaker 1: seven a year again. Yeah. And the reason why she

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Speaker 1: never went with them before with her husband before because

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Speaker 1: she's pregnant all the time. Yeah. So she reared a

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Speaker 1: bunch of kids, fell into crovoss, died, was lost for

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Speaker 1: seventy years, and then was found again by a ski

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Speaker 1: lift company. Could you imagine coming across something like that

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Speaker 1: and be grizzly in World War two outfits? I mean

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Speaker 1: uniform obviously, but period era clothing. Yeah. So anyway, barring

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Speaker 1: something like that, generally, what you're gonna be left with

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Speaker 1: when people die, that flesh goes away very quickly, and

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Speaker 1: you know, as far as in a relative sense, and

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Speaker 1: you're gonna be left with bones. These skeletons, Uh, they're

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Speaker 1: very durable, they're very hard, uh, and they last a

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Speaker 1: very long time. So, um, the best evidence that that

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Speaker 1: bioarchaeologists work with, for the most part, like bones and teeth, right,

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Speaker 1: because those, like you said, they lasted very very long time.

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Speaker 1: And there's actually quite a bit you can tell from

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Speaker 1: those things. In fact, I saw um an explanation of

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Speaker 1: bioarchaeology because it's such an evolving field. Still check that

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Speaker 1: the definition. Even though Jane Ellen's definition holds pretty well,

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Speaker 1: there's it's it's just not set in stone, know and

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Speaker 1: says this is the definition. Right. So one explanation for

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Speaker 1: bioarchaeology I saw so that it as a discipline, it

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Speaker 1: views the skeleton as a form of material culture crafted

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Speaker 1: through lived experience. Right. So the skeleton itself has the

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Speaker 1: markers of all these different things that this person did

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Speaker 1: in their lifetime, had done to them in their lifetime,

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Speaker 1: like say an infliction of violence, um, suffered from in

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Speaker 1: their lifetime, like a disease eight in their lifetime. Um, yeah,

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Speaker 1: all of this stuff is left behind in your bones,

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Speaker 1: and we've just recently really figured out how to read

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Speaker 1: this beyond looking at it and visually inspecting it. We've

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Speaker 1: learned how to apply scientific tools like DNA analysis to

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Speaker 1: to to glean more information from them. Yeah, it's really neat,

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Speaker 1: like did these people like it really puts a human

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Speaker 1: a more broad human aspect to it all. I think, uh, like,

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Speaker 1: did these people suffer as a society? Did they thrive?

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Speaker 1: Were they healthy? Were they sick? What did they overcome?

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Speaker 1: What was there? What was their environment? Like? Like did

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Speaker 1: they was it social upheaval that brought them down? Or

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Speaker 1: was it, uh, you know, a large wave or was

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Speaker 1: it a disease from eating the wrong thing? Uh? It's

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Speaker 1: really interesting. I know a couple of I think it

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Speaker 1: was in two thousand fourteen. I believe we talked about

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Speaker 1: this on some show, but it might have even been

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Speaker 1: an Internet round up. But they discovered the oldest human poop, uh,

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Speaker 1: fifty thousand year old Neanderthal poop, and they found out

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Speaker 1: that it was a bit of surprise that they ate

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Speaker 1: a lot of vegetable. Yeah. I saw this um documentary

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Speaker 1: recently called What the Health I think is what it

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Speaker 1: was called or whatever? Right, um, But there's an ongoing

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Speaker 1: discussion in it about whether humans are actually herbivores or omnivores. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: which was it was a bit of surprise because they

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Speaker 1: thought that Neander talls. I think it's talls, right us,

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Speaker 1: But I think I think it is supposed to be talls.

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Speaker 1: I don't know. Well that they ate largely only meat. Uh,

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Speaker 1: And then they found that no, that in the it's

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Speaker 1: called copper light, this these fossil feces. Um they did

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Speaker 1: eat a lot of meat obviously, but they were eating

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Speaker 1: and they couldn't tell from the chemistry analysis of the

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Speaker 1: poop itself, but they did pollen analysis of the area

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Speaker 1: and found that they were eating like berries and nuts

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Speaker 1: and tubers, and uh. It just you know, overall, just

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Speaker 1: gives kind of a more complete picture of something like

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Speaker 1: you were talking about earlier. They previously were like, no,

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Speaker 1: all they did was eating meat. Well yeah, plus also,

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Speaker 1: I mean, think about it. So there's this whole idea

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Speaker 1: that all of the megafauna in North America collapsed like

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Speaker 1: around twelve thousand years ago, and humans get blamed for it,

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Speaker 1: like we overhunted the megafauna. Well, if we find evidence

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Speaker 1: down the road through bioarchaeology, that. No. Actually, most of

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Speaker 1: the ancestors who made it to North America UM and

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Speaker 1: we're living here twelve thousand years ago were vegetarians for

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Speaker 1: the most part. They probably didn't overhunt and drive to

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Speaker 1: extinction these the mega fauna. It was probably something else

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Speaker 1: that did it. And so, you know, laying it at

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Speaker 1: the feet of these early humans has been kind of

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Speaker 1: a cautionary tale, like, look, what happened. You can lead

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Speaker 1: to environmental collapse if you don't manage the wildlife correctly.

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Speaker 1: But if that's not actually true, and we find out

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Speaker 1: what did lead to the collapse of the mega fauna,

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Speaker 1: then maybe we can protect against that instead, you know

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Speaker 1: what I mean, and just forget the rest of wildlife. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you can overhunt all you want. Well, it's definitely calling

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Speaker 1: into question a lot of things that we took for

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Speaker 1: granted because of oh, just sort of limited science, I guess,

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Speaker 1: is the best way to say it. Yeah, And there's

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Speaker 1: this Atlas Obscure article we both read about um human feces,

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Speaker 1: about copper light the study of it. I think it

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Speaker 1: was something like to know ancient civilization, you have to

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Speaker 1: study its feces or something something along tho it's a

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Speaker 1: truly known ancient society, one must analyze its species, right.

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Speaker 1: And it gives an example of this one archaeologist who

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Speaker 1: was working back in the sixties and is working today,

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Speaker 1: and back in the sixties, when they would find copper light,

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Speaker 1: they would be like, oh, this is interesting, and then

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Speaker 1: they'd use it for like flying disc contests at lunch.

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Speaker 1: This is like, this is not that long ago that

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Speaker 1: the archaeologists were doing this, and today it's like, you

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Speaker 1: find copper light, you bag it separately from the other

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Speaker 1: copper light found. You're it's going back for genetic analysis.

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Speaker 1: You take half of the sample and preserve it so

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Speaker 1: that you can use it for later analysis when our

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Speaker 1: tools become even more advanced. Like it's it's just been.

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Speaker 1: It's just such a great example of old school archaeology

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Speaker 1: and the new um archaeology that's coming up today. Like

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Speaker 1: they're looking at it as which is as it is,

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Speaker 1: which is a legitimate, important fine that can tell you

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Speaker 1: a lot about a society, instead of playing frisbee baseball

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Speaker 1: with it. I guess it's frisbee football, right, frisbee frollf

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Speaker 1: playing frollf with the poop. Did you ever play that

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Speaker 1: frisbee golf. No, they have courses for that stuff. I know, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I know, they definitely do. I'm sure they did in Athens.

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Speaker 1: If they don't still well, in true Chuck form, I

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Speaker 1: went so far as to buy a couple of different

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Speaker 1: frisbee golf frisbees and never went Oh you never did hunt. Nope, nope.

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Speaker 1: That's kind of my thing. Nothing beats sitting around when

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Speaker 1: you're in college. Yeah, pretty much. Uh so. Yeah, So

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Speaker 1: copper Light, I mean it took. I mean it took

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Speaker 1: from the nineteen sixties until just recently, like even through

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Speaker 1: the eighties and nineties. It said that it was a

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Speaker 1: pretty small field of people that took it seriously, and

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Speaker 1: other people were still even in the nineties, like what

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Speaker 1: are you studying poop for um? And to be fair

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Speaker 1: at the time, especially like back in the sixties as

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Speaker 1: recently as like the eighties or nineties, I guess like

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Speaker 1: you're saying, we didn't have anything that we could do

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Speaker 1: with the human poop. Besides all, yeah, there wasn't anything

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Speaker 1: you could do. I mean, you could break it open

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Speaker 1: and be like, oh, look a corn corn seed. They

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Speaker 1: were eating corn. That's about the best you could hope

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Speaker 1: for right, So there there wasn't much you could do.

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Speaker 1: But even still, if you look at what we're doing

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Speaker 1: with it today, which is preserving half of the sample

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Speaker 1: for future analysis with better tools that haven't been adventagure,

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Speaker 1: that definitely um underscores a mentality that wasn't present before either,

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Speaker 1: which is this is not the apex yet, where we

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Speaker 1: haven't reached the apex of science. Yeah, I mean now

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Speaker 1: nowadays they can rehydrate it. Uh, they can say, hey,

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Speaker 1: they were recites in this poop and in fact, in

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Speaker 1: all the poop of all these people that lived here,

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Speaker 1: so perhaps that's what killed them. Yeah, And they don't

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Speaker 1: even have to have the stool sample. They can find

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Speaker 1: in like an set an ancient latrine and learn a

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Speaker 1: lot from that. And you know it sounds kind of funny,

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Speaker 1: but it's you can learn a lot from this stuff. Well.

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Speaker 1: I remember when I was writing the cannibalism article years back,

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Speaker 1: finding like right around that time, they had found evidence

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Speaker 1: of cannibalism from copper light and they had done it

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Speaker 1: really round about. Um, they found some protein that is

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Speaker 1: only found in human muscle, and they found it in

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Speaker 1: the poop of some South Southwestern Uh, indigenous groups poop

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Speaker 1: and they think that it was the result of climate

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Speaker 1: change because the climate had changed and people were starving

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Speaker 1: and they engaged in cannibalism as a result. But um,

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Speaker 1: that's a pretty sterling example of bioarchaeology and action. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: This one guy, Pierce Mitchell from University of Cambridge, go,

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Speaker 1: I don't know, go fighting chaplains, fighting chaplains. Uh. He

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Speaker 1: learned through studying fecal matter that King Richard the Third

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Speaker 1: had round worm. Yeah, so you know that's great man.

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Speaker 1: His storiography though, who cares? All right, so what man?

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Speaker 1: I didn't expect to go right into poop, but there

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Speaker 1: we did it. Well, let's talk teeth. Let's go from

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Speaker 1: poop to teeth, you know the standard. Yeah, teeth are

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Speaker 1: a big marker. Um, Like, if they dug me up

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Speaker 1: one day, they would say, well, this gentleman had at

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Speaker 1: least two bad teeth, because the only thing left. And

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Speaker 1: and I had a brief conversation with the very famous

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Speaker 1: Microw for just kind of weirdly had a conversation with

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Speaker 1: him one day about my implants and he said, oh,

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Speaker 1: you have those implants and he went, well, just know,

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Speaker 1: in a thousand years that will be the only thing

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Speaker 1: left of you. Right, So that's kind of good to know. Sure, yeah,

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Speaker 1: they'll they'll be like obviously this person was of higher

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Speaker 1: social status, he had implants, Yeah, or at least into

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Speaker 1: intern he was probably venerated. Uh and bury me with

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Speaker 1: my flippers is all I'm gonna say to So what

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Speaker 1: they could find out from teeth or can find out maybe, um,

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Speaker 1: if the children suffered from malnutrition, Well there's a whole

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Speaker 1: there's a whole thing where when you are malnourished as

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Speaker 1: a child, your teeth formed these little lines in them

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Speaker 1: as the development is kind of stunted, and they stay

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Speaker 1: there for life, even if you managed to become nourished

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Speaker 1: and survive. Right, So they can tell what your diet

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Speaker 1: was like as a child from just looking at your teeth. Well,

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Speaker 1: and can also tell I guess when I was talking

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Speaker 1: about how society may have overcome something. Uh maybe they

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Speaker 1: you know, we're close to death and overcame disease to

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Speaker 1: end up thriving, but they still had those lines and

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Speaker 1: the right exactly. Um, they can also tell from teeth

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Speaker 1: if you crush teeth up and powder them and run

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Speaker 1: them through a mass spect spectrometer. There's some pretty neat

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Speaker 1: stuff you can do with that. Actually, Um, when you're

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Speaker 1: a little kid and you start eating and drinking the

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Speaker 1: local water, there's something um called strontium and it's a

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Speaker 1: it's a stable isotope that's found in the bedrock of

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Speaker 1: your area, and it's specific to your area, your region.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty localized, right, the type of strontium isotope that's

386
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Speaker 1: going to be where you live and when you when

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Speaker 1: the when rain water filters through the bedrock into groundwater

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Speaker 1: and then comes back out, and it's taken up by

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Speaker 1: plants and enters the water supply, and then your mom

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Speaker 1: eats that plant and then breastfeeds you. Those strontium isotopes

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Speaker 1: get transferred to you and they get locked into your

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Speaker 1: teeth for life. Right, So where you're born can be

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Speaker 1: isolated by using a mass spectrometer to find what strownium

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Speaker 1: isotopes are in your teeth. That can be done whether

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Speaker 1: you were whether you live fifty thousand years ago or

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Speaker 1: we're born yesterday, either way, and that amazing. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: feel like we talked about that before. There's no way

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Speaker 1: we haven't, right, Yeah, Like something about the water that

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Speaker 1: you drank as a child. Yeah, that would be it

400
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Speaker 1: totally right. So you're taking in stronium isotopes and you've

401
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Speaker 1: got those embedded in your teeth that you also get

402
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,280
Speaker 1: different kinds of isotopes as well, stroni um, lead, oxygen.

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Speaker 1: They all have stabil isotopes that get embedded into your

404
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Speaker 1: into your skeleton, whether it's your teeth or your your bones.

405
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Speaker 1: But the stuff and your teeth from when you're young

406
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Speaker 1: stays in there, it's permanently locked in. But the stuff

407
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Speaker 1: in your bones. Remember we did like does the body

408
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Speaker 1: replace itself every seven or years? Um? Since your skeleton

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Speaker 1: replaces itself pretty pretty on a pretty regular basis, the

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Speaker 1: strown e um and the isotopes that are found in

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Speaker 1: your bones later in life are going to be a

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Speaker 1: marker of where you lived close to your death. Right.

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Speaker 1: So if the strawny of isotopes in your teeth are

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Speaker 1: different from the strawney of isotopes in your bone, well

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Speaker 1: a bioarchaeologist is going to say, this person, mindgraded where

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Speaker 1: did they come from? Why did they migrate? Why were

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Speaker 1: they buried with all these great grave goods? Did they

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Speaker 1: come from a different culture? And basically end up, you know,

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Speaker 1: becoming venerated in this new culture where they like a

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Speaker 1: high priest or what what's the deal? Where did this

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Speaker 1: person come from? Yeah, and that's just kind of um

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Speaker 1: laying the groundwork now. And we might not have the

423
00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:36,680
Speaker 1: to the technology to say, oh, well, this is where

424
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:39,520
Speaker 1: he came from. We don't have the interpretation yet to

425
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:41,440
Speaker 1: say this is where, this is where they came from,

426
00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:44,800
Speaker 1: and this is what happened when they arrived. But we can,

427
00:25:45,119 --> 00:25:49,520
Speaker 1: we can create raw data from that for successive generations

428
00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:52,920
Speaker 1: of archaeologists to look at and use to to UM

429
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,200
Speaker 1: to include it into a better understanding of the population

430
00:25:56,240 --> 00:25:59,680
Speaker 1: they're examining. Yeah. And with the the mass spectrometer, which

431
00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:02,080
Speaker 1: we've talked about another shows too, they do something called

432
00:26:02,119 --> 00:26:06,760
Speaker 1: stable isotope analysis in terms of also finding out what

433
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:10,800
Speaker 1: what people ate. That if there's a difference in molecular weight,

434
00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:14,840
Speaker 1: like the ratio of heavy to light particles, they can

435
00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:19,280
Speaker 1: determine whether someone consumed more carbon or more nitrogen in

436
00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:22,160
Speaker 1: their lifetime. If they have a lot of nitrogen, maybe

437
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,119
Speaker 1: they ate a lot of meat or most likely had

438
00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:26,199
Speaker 1: a lot of meat, or they just ate handfuls of

439
00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:31,320
Speaker 1: nitrogen maybe so uh, nice nitrogen fields could come across

440
00:26:31,920 --> 00:26:34,240
Speaker 1: you know, Uh, if they have a high ratio of

441
00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:36,840
Speaker 1: the carbon, maybe they ate a lot of like corn

442
00:26:37,040 --> 00:26:40,480
Speaker 1: or I guess, maze, Um, it's sorghum. That's such a

443
00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:44,119
Speaker 1: great word, low carbon. It's an old timey word. Like

444
00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,800
Speaker 1: any time I hear sorghum, I immediately think overalls. Yeah,

445
00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:52,399
Speaker 1: me too. Low ratio of carbon isotopes might mean they

446
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:55,960
Speaker 1: ate more potatoes and wheat and stuff like that. So, like,

447
00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,000
Speaker 1: it's just amazing that science has gotten to this point.

448
00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:02,399
Speaker 1: You can dig up a bone, find out where someone

449
00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:05,760
Speaker 1: was from where they died, and what they ate yep,

450
00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:10,080
Speaker 1: like largely in their life. And again you're putting it

451
00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:13,560
Speaker 1: in context with where you're finding this, like, yeah, that's

452
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:16,720
Speaker 1: already like the story that's already there exactly. You know,

453
00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:19,639
Speaker 1: because people if you if you put if you bury

454
00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:24,040
Speaker 1: somebody with something, um, that says a lot like it

455
00:27:24,240 --> 00:27:26,400
Speaker 1: just as much as as what your bones say about

456
00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:29,480
Speaker 1: how you lived. I saw somebody say like the way

457
00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:33,480
Speaker 1: that you're treated in death by the people who you're

458
00:27:33,520 --> 00:27:35,919
Speaker 1: survived by, that says quite a bit as well. So

459
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:38,720
Speaker 1: the type of burial, the way that your your grave

460
00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:41,600
Speaker 1: was marked, um, says a lot about not just you

461
00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:44,760
Speaker 1: and how you were treated, but also what the society was,

462
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,280
Speaker 1: you know, found important. That's true because you can ask

463
00:27:48,359 --> 00:27:53,000
Speaker 1: for whatever you want in your burial, right, but someone's

464
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:54,760
Speaker 1: got to feel good enough about you to carry that

465
00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,960
Speaker 1: out out. They might be like, you know, I want

466
00:27:58,960 --> 00:28:01,439
Speaker 1: to keep this this wooden fallus. I don't want you

467
00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:04,600
Speaker 1: to be buried with it. Did you see that thing them,

468
00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:11,440
Speaker 1: those mummies that were discovered in China? I don't think so. No.

469
00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:14,639
Speaker 1: I think that was like um Middle Eastern artifacts the

470
00:28:14,640 --> 00:28:17,119
Speaker 1: hobby lobby had, But I don't know anything about that,

471
00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:20,440
Speaker 1: do you. I read briefly after I saw the words

472
00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:23,040
Speaker 1: hobby lobby. What were they doing with that stuff? I

473
00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:27,720
Speaker 1: don't know. It's it's very bizarre. Maybe they were collectors,

474
00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:31,280
Speaker 1: maybe where they were going to turn it into a

475
00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:36,440
Speaker 1: line of like um tasteful home decor. Probably so well

476
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,040
Speaker 1: that there was a group of mummies found that belonged

477
00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:42,320
Speaker 1: to an unnamed population that lived about four thousand years

478
00:28:42,320 --> 00:28:47,479
Speaker 1: ago in um, a part of an autonomous part of

479
00:28:47,560 --> 00:28:51,920
Speaker 1: China that's now a desert. It's called the Tacklemmcin Desert.

480
00:28:52,280 --> 00:28:56,360
Speaker 1: I'm sure I got that right. But the the area

481
00:28:56,360 --> 00:28:59,080
Speaker 1: of the district that they were um found near is

482
00:28:59,160 --> 00:29:05,720
Speaker 1: called the show Hood You district, and um, the there's

483
00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:08,920
Speaker 1: the mummies are just incredibly well preserved, so much so

484
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:12,080
Speaker 1: that their hair is totally intact. They were buried with

485
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:15,160
Speaker 1: these um felt hats and fur lined boots that are

486
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:17,760
Speaker 1: totally intact. I think one of them had like a

487
00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:21,400
Speaker 1: feather in their cap that was intact. Like the preservation

488
00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:24,240
Speaker 1: is just unheard of. And one of them is so

489
00:29:24,320 --> 00:29:27,640
Speaker 1: well preserved that she's called the Beauty of show Hood

490
00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:32,080
Speaker 1: you right where. Um she's just kind of good looking

491
00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:33,920
Speaker 1: as far as mummies go, Like, go look her up.

492
00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,520
Speaker 1: Don't think I'm a weirdo. You'll feel odd about this

493
00:29:36,560 --> 00:29:38,920
Speaker 1: after you see her yourself. What was the name again,

494
00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:43,600
Speaker 1: the Beauty of show jew So Um, it's not at

495
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:47,120
Speaker 1: all pronounced like that, but just type in beauty Mummy

496
00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:49,480
Speaker 1: China or something like that and they will definitely bring

497
00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:54,480
Speaker 1: it up. But this this unknown group, Um, they were

498
00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:58,480
Speaker 1: like they would bury they're dead with Phallus's or Volva's.

499
00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,480
Speaker 1: They were buried with like thirteen foot fallacies sticking out

500
00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:05,320
Speaker 1: of like their graves. They were really into sex for

501
00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:08,160
Speaker 1: one reason or another, right, and the hats that they

502
00:30:08,160 --> 00:30:12,840
Speaker 1: were buried in UM were found in burials in the

503
00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:16,320
Speaker 1: area two thousand years later. And so this unknown group

504
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:19,760
Speaker 1: that no one has any idea what they what they

505
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:21,520
Speaker 1: were like, or what they were into, aside from they

506
00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:25,720
Speaker 1: were super sexy, right. Um. They they think that they

507
00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:31,920
Speaker 1: know what language they spoke, Um, because the the group

508
00:30:32,040 --> 00:30:35,640
Speaker 1: that had similar hats two thousand years later was known

509
00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:38,960
Speaker 1: to speak this one lost language and it was more

510
00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:42,600
Speaker 1: related to Latin than say, like Central Asian, which doesn't

511
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:45,120
Speaker 1: really make sense until you find out that some of

512
00:30:45,160 --> 00:30:48,520
Speaker 1: these mummies actually had red hair and European features. And

513
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:51,720
Speaker 1: they think that they were a pastoral group that basically

514
00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:54,880
Speaker 1: herded their cows all the way from western Europe over

515
00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:59,840
Speaker 1: to the the deserts of central China, and that is

516
00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:05,880
Speaker 1: funding yeah, holy cow. Yeah, but again bioarchaeology. All right, well,

517
00:31:05,920 --> 00:31:07,719
Speaker 1: let's take another break here. We'll talk a little bit

518
00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:12,120
Speaker 1: about d n A and UM, a little bit about

519
00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:29,880
Speaker 1: how hobby lobby kind of figures into this in a way.

520
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:37,680
Speaker 1: All right, So we talked about mass spectrometers, talked about

521
00:31:37,880 --> 00:31:41,960
Speaker 1: good old fashioned tooth scraping, good looking mummies, talked about

522
00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:47,480
Speaker 1: the sexiest mummies in history, right. I'm sure that's a

523
00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:50,040
Speaker 1: there's a top ten list on the internet somewhere. I'm

524
00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:53,600
Speaker 1: telling you you'll be like, oh, there's number one. I

525
00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:58,680
Speaker 1: gotta see this. Um So, I guess DNA is sort

526
00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:00,120
Speaker 1: of is sort of the next place to get Oh

527
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:03,640
Speaker 1: it's uh. They've been using DNA in archaeology for a while.

528
00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:06,480
Speaker 1: Obviously since the advent of DNA, they've been trying to

529
00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:09,520
Speaker 1: apply it. But they use it as as much as

530
00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:14,280
Speaker 1: they can now ancient DNA because obviously with DNA you

531
00:32:14,280 --> 00:32:17,840
Speaker 1: can find out all kinds of things from relatedness, uh,

532
00:32:17,880 --> 00:32:22,800
Speaker 1: to other individuals within a population, marriage patterns maybe, and

533
00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:26,120
Speaker 1: obviously just something is I mean, they can tell largely

534
00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:29,720
Speaker 1: from the bones what kind of sex of an individual.

535
00:32:29,760 --> 00:32:33,560
Speaker 1: But DNA is the shoe in. Yeah, supposedly, even even

536
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:37,080
Speaker 1: if you are sexing an individual by the bone structure,

537
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:41,120
Speaker 1: you're it's still an educated guest. It's not definitive. It's

538
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:43,520
Speaker 1: d N A that that's the only definitive way to

539
00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:45,240
Speaker 1: say this is a man, or this is a woman

540
00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:49,640
Speaker 1: that could could have been a man. With very dainty frame. Um,

541
00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:53,840
Speaker 1: there's this. Uh. So the mummy is called the Beauty

542
00:32:54,040 --> 00:32:58,360
Speaker 1: of x I A O h e. Which, believe it

543
00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:02,000
Speaker 1: or not, is show hood you? Yeah? Show who would you?

544
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:06,000
Speaker 1: How's my Chinese? That was pretty good? Actually, thanks man.

545
00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:09,840
Speaker 1: I actually I'm going the extra step these days and

546
00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:13,360
Speaker 1: looking up pronunciations and then practicing, which is the second step.

547
00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:18,120
Speaker 1: What what word was it that shamed you into doing that? Oh?

548
00:33:18,160 --> 00:33:23,120
Speaker 1: There's been so many. Uh. I can't bring any of mine.

549
00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:25,360
Speaker 1: I think I blocked them out to keep any level

550
00:33:25,360 --> 00:33:28,040
Speaker 1: of self respect. But there have been plenty, as you're

551
00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:33,640
Speaker 1: well aware. Can you think of one? No, okay, nothing recently.

552
00:33:34,080 --> 00:33:36,240
Speaker 1: I'm sure everyone will let us know on the internet.

553
00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:40,280
Speaker 1: Oh I just found the money? Yeah? Am I right?

554
00:33:40,360 --> 00:33:43,960
Speaker 1: Or what that's a good looking mummy? Well, I don't know.

555
00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:46,760
Speaker 1: It's a little weird to say it is, but I

556
00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:49,320
Speaker 1: think when you when you approach it from like, oh wow,

557
00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:51,800
Speaker 1: that's a mummy. I can't believe how well preserved it

558
00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:58,800
Speaker 1: is this place instead of like a mummy. Yeah, although, hey, man,

559
00:33:58,840 --> 00:34:03,960
Speaker 1: to each his own, does that extend to that? Yeah? Sure?

560
00:34:04,200 --> 00:34:08,960
Speaker 1: All right? Uh all right? What else about DNA lineages?

561
00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:12,880
Speaker 1: Obviously it's a very big deal. Um well, yeah, you

562
00:34:12,880 --> 00:34:15,600
Speaker 1: can you can find a group of a group burial

563
00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:21,120
Speaker 1: or basically a cemetery. And now bioarchaeologists like to show

564
00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:26,600
Speaker 1: off by showing who's related to whom. Yeah, just by saying, well,

565
00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:29,759
Speaker 1: let's look at their their their genes, their d NA,

566
00:34:30,920 --> 00:34:34,120
Speaker 1: which is pretty neat. Yeah, and as a whole, if

567
00:34:34,120 --> 00:34:36,439
Speaker 1: you look at a cemetery, I mean that's I mean,

568
00:34:36,480 --> 00:34:40,040
Speaker 1: finding an individual is great. But when archaeologists can uncover

569
00:34:40,280 --> 00:34:43,040
Speaker 1: a burial ground, that's when they really kind of lick

570
00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:46,200
Speaker 1: their chops because they can learn a lot about like

571
00:34:46,239 --> 00:34:50,839
Speaker 1: the hierarchy of the society, what different ones of them

572
00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:55,040
Speaker 1: eight Like you said, if they migrated, Uh, maybe they're

573
00:34:55,080 --> 00:34:57,920
Speaker 1: from somewhere else where were they born, which says a

574
00:34:57,960 --> 00:35:01,200
Speaker 1: lot about a population, if they took in people from

575
00:35:01,239 --> 00:35:07,000
Speaker 1: other societies. Yeah, that's a great point actually, yeah, um,

576
00:35:07,080 --> 00:35:10,600
Speaker 1: And that that actually gives a pretty good example of um,

577
00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:14,720
Speaker 1: like the social hierarchy thing. That gives a good example

578
00:35:14,719 --> 00:35:18,839
Speaker 1: of bioarchaeology. And that whereas before you would find a

579
00:35:18,840 --> 00:35:21,120
Speaker 1: grave and this one had like a marker and the

580
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:23,799
Speaker 1: person was buried with a lot of cool stuff, and

581
00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:26,560
Speaker 1: then it's next to a grave or there's a grave

582
00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:29,960
Speaker 1: nearby that isn't really buried with as much stuff, so

583
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,880
Speaker 1: you would say, well, this, this person was obviously venerated,

584
00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:37,200
Speaker 1: and this was a socially unequal society. And it's a

585
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:40,719
Speaker 1: pretty good guess. You know, you're you, you're you're probably right.

586
00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:45,000
Speaker 1: But what bioarchaeology does now is they take that that

587
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:48,280
Speaker 1: that's surmising and then they say, okay, well this person

588
00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:50,839
Speaker 1: had a diet that was rich and meat, and this

589
00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:54,120
Speaker 1: person ain't nothing but vegetables. So the rich and meat

590
00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:57,600
Speaker 1: person who had the nicer grave was probably richer. And

591
00:35:57,680 --> 00:35:59,799
Speaker 1: let's look at their bones. Well, their bones are less,

592
00:36:00,160 --> 00:36:02,560
Speaker 1: which would indicate they had not engaged in hard labor

593
00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:05,919
Speaker 1: during their lifetime, whereas this other person's bones are very dense,

594
00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:08,200
Speaker 1: which meant that they probably did engage in hard labor.

595
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:11,080
Speaker 1: And so you start putting all this stuff together, and

596
00:36:11,160 --> 00:36:15,319
Speaker 1: you're backing up that that um, the surmise that you

597
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:24,120
Speaker 1: made about the um social strata her stratiography. Yes, you

598
00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:28,120
Speaker 1: know what I'm saying. I'm glad at least one person does. Uh.

599
00:36:28,160 --> 00:36:31,040
Speaker 1: And and you're you're basically backing it up rather than

600
00:36:31,080 --> 00:36:34,120
Speaker 1: just jumping to conclusions and leaving it at that. Yeah,

601
00:36:34,160 --> 00:36:37,719
Speaker 1: it's a much more firm science for sure. Yeah, So uh,

602
00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:40,680
Speaker 1: I kind of teased before the break that hobby lobby

603
00:36:40,719 --> 00:36:44,120
Speaker 1: kind of plays apart, but I was referencing in general

604
00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:50,080
Speaker 1: when it's kind of the UM. Anytime we talk about archaeology,

605
00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:53,520
Speaker 1: there's a certain amount of controversy involved because what you're

606
00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:59,520
Speaker 1: inherently doing is disturbing UM, ancient graves. UH. In almost

607
00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,719
Speaker 1: all cases is unless you know there are no humans there.

608
00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:05,560
Speaker 1: But UM, that's there's gonna be some controversy within that.

609
00:37:05,719 --> 00:37:09,080
Speaker 1: Some people think you shouldn't do it at all, uh,

610
00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:11,640
Speaker 1: and then other people have come along the way to

611
00:37:11,719 --> 00:37:14,440
Speaker 1: at least kind of give a framework of how best

612
00:37:14,480 --> 00:37:18,839
Speaker 1: to do this best practices. UNESCO, the United Nations Educational,

613
00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:24,480
Speaker 1: Scientific and Cultural Organization UM, in nineteen seventy adopted a

614
00:37:24,520 --> 00:37:30,560
Speaker 1: convention called the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export,

615
00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:35,520
Speaker 1: and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. That's a mouthful,

616
00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:39,120
Speaker 1: It is a mouthful, but basically what it says is, UM,

617
00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:41,640
Speaker 1: you know, try not to let happen, which is what

618
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:45,080
Speaker 1: hobby lobby did, which is obviously pay for a cultural

619
00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:51,239
Speaker 1: object that didn't belong to your people, right, individually and

620
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:54,040
Speaker 1: right that's the key. If if somebody, even if it's

621
00:37:54,040 --> 00:37:56,680
Speaker 1: somebody who is a member of, say like the tribe

622
00:37:56,719 --> 00:38:00,759
Speaker 1: that that artifact comes from, that that skeleton come from.

623
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:04,719
Speaker 1: There's something called cultural patrimony, which is that that is

624
00:38:04,719 --> 00:38:06,760
Speaker 1: an object that belongs to the tribe as a whole,

625
00:38:07,080 --> 00:38:10,640
Speaker 1: and no individual, including an individual from that tribe, can

626
00:38:10,680 --> 00:38:15,960
Speaker 1: claim ownership over it or over the tribe. Right. So yeah,

627
00:38:16,080 --> 00:38:19,120
Speaker 1: so if the tribe says no, that's ours, the tribe

628
00:38:19,120 --> 00:38:23,080
Speaker 1: wands that individual doesn't. Yeah, And there's been a really

629
00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:25,160
Speaker 1: big and I know we talked about this on other episodes,

630
00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:27,640
Speaker 1: but there's been a really big push um in the

631
00:38:27,680 --> 00:38:31,880
Speaker 1: past ten years, but really in the past like years

632
00:38:31,880 --> 00:38:36,000
Speaker 1: for repatriation of these cultural items here in the US.

633
00:38:36,080 --> 00:38:40,919
Speaker 1: And I think they um, yeah, George H. W. Bush. Yeah,

634
00:38:40,960 --> 00:38:44,440
Speaker 1: they passed the legislation called the Native American Graves Protection

635
00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:52,120
Speaker 1: and Repage Repatriation Act nag PRO. Sure, why not not

636
00:38:52,160 --> 00:38:55,719
Speaker 1: as catchy as UNESCO. That's a good one. But you know,

637
00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:59,080
Speaker 1: like I said, the idea is that you just can't

638
00:38:59,120 --> 00:39:04,920
Speaker 1: come in here and and uh, steal is such a

639
00:39:04,960 --> 00:39:09,759
Speaker 1: harsh word, but it's yeah, it's really tough. I think

640
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:12,359
Speaker 1: Gray Robbing we did one on that right as a whole. Yeah,

641
00:39:12,360 --> 00:39:15,560
Speaker 1: I remember that one that one audience member in London

642
00:39:15,600 --> 00:39:17,520
Speaker 1: called me out, was like, are you saying my parents

643
00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:20,239
Speaker 1: are gray Robberts because they're both archaeologists, And I was like,

644
00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:22,879
Speaker 1: of course that was our life topic. I said, some

645
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:28,440
Speaker 1: people would say that, for sure. I do remember that. Uh.

646
00:39:29,239 --> 00:39:32,360
Speaker 1: There's a little bit of like pushback though in some cases,

647
00:39:32,440 --> 00:39:36,440
Speaker 1: because sometimes they end up having to rely on oral history,

648
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:42,200
Speaker 1: and I think that the cynics, uh would are saying, um, well,

649
00:39:42,239 --> 00:39:45,320
Speaker 1: you know, how do we know they're just saying this stuff,

650
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:47,880
Speaker 1: yeah that was passed down orally like show it to

651
00:39:47,960 --> 00:39:51,400
Speaker 1: me in writing there, like we didn't have writ didn't

652
00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:54,920
Speaker 1: have an alphabet, dude. Or you might have to be uh,

653
00:39:54,960 --> 00:39:57,759
Speaker 1: you might have to negotiate with a religious leader and

654
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,359
Speaker 1: then another um jerk might come along and say, oh

655
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,600
Speaker 1: wait a minute, Uh, these are their religious beliefs and

656
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:06,560
Speaker 1: this is federal law, like we have to keep those

657
00:40:06,560 --> 00:40:10,719
Speaker 1: things separate. So, I mean, those are all very cynical viewpoints.

658
00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:15,600
Speaker 1: I think generally, bioarchaeologists try as much as possible to

659
00:40:15,640 --> 00:40:19,320
Speaker 1: work with the the local people or the indigenous people

660
00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:22,040
Speaker 1: and say, hey, you know, this is your stuff, let

661
00:40:22,120 --> 00:40:27,120
Speaker 1: us uncover some of your secrets. Here unless they're like, no, don't,

662
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:31,160
Speaker 1: we don't want the secrets out right, right, but you know,

663
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,279
Speaker 1: they try to have a good working relationship with the

664
00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:38,200
Speaker 1: indigenous people. Uh well that's the best way to go forward,

665
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:44,759
Speaker 1: of course. Yeah, um yeah, Like I would think, I mean,

666
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:47,400
Speaker 1: you never know, I'm not gonna obviously, what's important to

667
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:50,720
Speaker 1: like one Native American tribe might be different for another.

668
00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:53,120
Speaker 1: But I would think a lot of times they might

669
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:56,480
Speaker 1: want some of the stuff highlighted and even you know,

670
00:40:56,560 --> 00:41:00,160
Speaker 1: put on display as long as it's a temporary thing

671
00:41:00,160 --> 00:41:02,279
Speaker 1: and they can get it back, you know. Yeah, I

672
00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:05,120
Speaker 1: think it also depends on the context. Like you know,

673
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:08,640
Speaker 1: the turn of the last century was really rife with

674
00:41:09,239 --> 00:41:11,359
Speaker 1: I mean, you really can't call it anything much more

675
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:16,400
Speaker 1: than than academically sanctioned grave robbing, where you know, universities

676
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:21,920
Speaker 1: of prestigiousness would send off basically guys who amounted to

677
00:41:22,040 --> 00:41:26,759
Speaker 1: adventurers to go, you know, locate graves and loot them

678
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:31,920
Speaker 1: and bring them back for the universities to to widen

679
00:41:32,040 --> 00:41:36,919
Speaker 1: their prestige with these collections. Right sure, and then if if,

680
00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:39,839
Speaker 1: for if, for decades you said, hey, give that back

681
00:41:39,920 --> 00:41:44,279
Speaker 1: that was taken by anyone's um definition illegally in the

682
00:41:44,320 --> 00:41:48,880
Speaker 1: university is like, oh, sorry, no, you're gonna be upset

683
00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:51,600
Speaker 1: about that. Whereas if the person says, well, oh, yes,

684
00:41:51,640 --> 00:41:53,319
Speaker 1: of course, let's get this back to you. Can we

685
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:56,080
Speaker 1: do this analysis on it first and then get it

686
00:41:56,120 --> 00:42:00,080
Speaker 1: back to you. Um, Or if you've discover something and

687
00:42:00,160 --> 00:42:02,879
Speaker 1: you say, hey, we need to hold a meeting with

688
00:42:02,920 --> 00:42:06,160
Speaker 1: this local indigenous population, saying we found a grave site.

689
00:42:06,719 --> 00:42:08,840
Speaker 1: We'd really like to excavate it, but it's up to

690
00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:11,920
Speaker 1: them whether we do or not. You're probably gonna get

691
00:42:11,960 --> 00:42:14,520
Speaker 1: a lot better reception than than you would if you

692
00:42:14,680 --> 00:42:20,160
Speaker 1: just rolled right over their wishes and didn't take them

693
00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:22,600
Speaker 1: into consideration at all. Well, there's a saying here in

694
00:42:22,640 --> 00:42:25,640
Speaker 1: the South, Josh, that you've probably heard catch more flies

695
00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:29,080
Speaker 1: with honey than you do with vinegar. Right, So true,

696
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:33,080
Speaker 1: It's always been my approach. That's why there's always plenty

697
00:42:33,120 --> 00:42:36,520
Speaker 1: of honey at all of these local meetings of indigenous people.

698
00:42:36,560 --> 00:42:39,360
Speaker 1: When the bioarchaeologists show up, you know they're digging that.

699
00:42:39,440 --> 00:42:42,520
Speaker 1: This is uh, I just learned this today. They're they're

700
00:42:42,520 --> 00:42:47,479
Speaker 1: exhuming Salvador Dali. Yeah you see a paternity test. Yeah,

701
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:52,360
Speaker 1: they're there. Terry springers behind officially. No he's not, is he. No,

702
00:42:53,160 --> 00:42:56,719
Speaker 1: it wouldn't surprise me. No, that wouldn't mean officials in

703
00:42:56,760 --> 00:43:00,040
Speaker 1: Spain are gonna break into his tomb, get a e

704
00:43:00,120 --> 00:43:04,240
Speaker 1: and a sample and see if this lady, Uh, this woman,

705
00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:11,320
Speaker 1: Pillar Abelle is in fact his daughter. It's a good name, Pillar.

706
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:15,320
Speaker 1: She's a fortune teller. Oh yeah, she's a little wacky,

707
00:43:15,360 --> 00:43:18,840
Speaker 1: but uh, well apparently her claims legit enough that they're

708
00:43:18,840 --> 00:43:22,200
Speaker 1: taking the guy up. Yeah, Holly, um from stuff you

709
00:43:22,239 --> 00:43:24,680
Speaker 1: missed in history class and we're talking about this and

710
00:43:24,719 --> 00:43:26,200
Speaker 1: I hadn't heard about it yet, and she was telling

711
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:27,960
Speaker 1: me about She was like, oh this ladies, she's a

712
00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:30,480
Speaker 1: piece of workman, she's wacky. I was like, well, she

713
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:34,120
Speaker 1: probably just waltzed into court and knowing anything about Salvador Dali.

714
00:43:34,480 --> 00:43:36,160
Speaker 1: The judge was like, yeah, maybe we should look into

715
00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:41,120
Speaker 1: this right, like to the Great Odd Figures or at

716
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:44,799
Speaker 1: least one. I'd like, how you just exposed Holly to

717
00:43:44,880 --> 00:43:47,840
Speaker 1: a lawsuit from this lady by saying she was a

718
00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:53,360
Speaker 1: wacky ways I quote Holly Fry said wacky. Uh. And

719
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:57,920
Speaker 1: of course his families, the Salvador Deli Foundation is fighting it,

720
00:43:58,280 --> 00:44:02,000
Speaker 1: but it's going be buried. Yeah. I mean I think

721
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:05,760
Speaker 1: it's interesting when it seems a little sentimental for Salvador Daldy.

722
00:44:07,280 --> 00:44:09,600
Speaker 1: It doesn't seem to fit his character, you know, like

723
00:44:09,640 --> 00:44:11,560
Speaker 1: I'm sure he'd be like, whoa, all right, let's get

724
00:44:11,560 --> 00:44:15,480
Speaker 1: it going. Yeah, dig me up, like, dig me up

725
00:44:15,520 --> 00:44:18,600
Speaker 1: and bury me with the world's good, best looking mummy.

726
00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:23,240
Speaker 1: She said, it's uh uh, she said, it's not about

727
00:44:23,239 --> 00:44:28,279
Speaker 1: the dough. Um, so it's about the money. Yeah, we'll

728
00:44:28,280 --> 00:44:31,440
Speaker 1: see about that. It's like tens of millions of dollars

729
00:44:31,520 --> 00:44:34,280
Speaker 1: at stake here easy. Oh, so she has a claim

730
00:44:34,360 --> 00:44:37,960
Speaker 1: on his estate, is what it is? Huh. Well that

731
00:44:38,080 --> 00:44:40,880
Speaker 1: also explains why the foundation doesn't want me. Yeah, I

732
00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:43,520
Speaker 1: mean that's a good thing. If he if he fathered

733
00:44:43,520 --> 00:44:46,680
Speaker 1: a child, that she is his rightful error because he

734
00:44:46,719 --> 00:44:50,080
Speaker 1: didn't have any kids. I got you. I always could

735
00:44:50,080 --> 00:44:54,759
Speaker 1: feel I have always have mixed feelings about that stuff. Well,

736
00:44:54,960 --> 00:44:57,720
Speaker 1: I mean, on one hand, it seems like Jesus person

737
00:44:57,760 --> 00:45:00,239
Speaker 1: coming along and like trying to get some of this money.

738
00:45:00,560 --> 00:45:02,239
Speaker 1: But then on the other hands, like, well, yeah, but

739
00:45:02,320 --> 00:45:07,640
Speaker 1: that's if that's his daughter that he never cared for. Uh.

740
00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:10,840
Speaker 1: I mean, I definitely end up siding with the fact

741
00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:15,520
Speaker 1: that it is family in the end. But I don't know,

742
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:18,839
Speaker 1: it feels little icky sometimes too. Well. Yeah, I mean,

743
00:45:18,880 --> 00:45:21,560
Speaker 1: you're digging up a body. You're you're digging up a

744
00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:24,280
Speaker 1: body so you can make a claim on money, whether

745
00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:28,080
Speaker 1: it is about that or not involved. But I also

746
00:45:28,120 --> 00:45:31,360
Speaker 1: feel like there's a certain amount of like reverence for

747
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:35,520
Speaker 1: the dead body. Yeah, where it's kind of like, no,

748
00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:38,320
Speaker 1: if you've fathered an illegitimate child in life, just because

749
00:45:38,320 --> 00:45:40,839
Speaker 1: he died doesn't really get him off the hook from

750
00:45:40,920 --> 00:45:46,000
Speaker 1: you know, from from that from whatever consequence that might be,

751
00:45:46,080 --> 00:45:48,640
Speaker 1: even in death. I don't I don't know. I hadn't

752
00:45:48,680 --> 00:45:52,440
Speaker 1: really considered it until now, but um, I guess it

753
00:45:52,520 --> 00:45:55,520
Speaker 1: is this kind of an icky thing overall. But it's

754
00:45:55,520 --> 00:45:57,799
Speaker 1: also it's just a dead body, you know what I mean.

755
00:45:58,760 --> 00:46:01,960
Speaker 1: It's a dead body and care. I'm not too precious

756
00:46:01,960 --> 00:46:04,960
Speaker 1: about my remains. That's good to know, because I'm gon

757
00:46:05,320 --> 00:46:07,479
Speaker 1: dig you up based on that could make me into

758
00:46:07,520 --> 00:46:10,440
Speaker 1: a bunch of soccer balls a just kick me around

759
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:15,320
Speaker 1: the world. That man, what a great idea. So Chuck,

760
00:46:15,680 --> 00:46:20,160
Speaker 1: let's let's wrap it up talking about you know, why

761
00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:22,279
Speaker 1: this kind of stuff is important. I think we've hit

762
00:46:22,320 --> 00:46:25,680
Speaker 1: on it. Like here, they're like explaining the history of

763
00:46:25,680 --> 00:46:29,080
Speaker 1: a society from you know, the common people rather than

764
00:46:29,120 --> 00:46:32,759
Speaker 1: just the leadership. Gives a better idea of the society.

765
00:46:32,840 --> 00:46:36,319
Speaker 1: That's definitely one thing, um. But also I think that

766
00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:41,680
Speaker 1: bioarchaeology is kind of tasked itself with using the past,

767
00:46:41,840 --> 00:46:44,600
Speaker 1: getting a clear picture of the past to explain the

768
00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:48,200
Speaker 1: present or predict the near future. You know, Like one

769
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:51,239
Speaker 1: thing that a lot of people are um trying to

770
00:46:51,280 --> 00:46:55,080
Speaker 1: figure out is our humans inherently violent. And one way

771
00:46:55,120 --> 00:46:58,440
Speaker 1: you you could kind of provide evidence for that case

772
00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:01,840
Speaker 1: is were we violent in the past. It's a huge

773
00:47:01,920 --> 00:47:04,160
Speaker 1: I think we even did in an entire episode on

774
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:07,000
Speaker 1: that one that was pretty great about whether humans have

775
00:47:07,040 --> 00:47:12,319
Speaker 1: always been violent? Um. And I think that's one thing

776
00:47:12,360 --> 00:47:16,239
Speaker 1: that bioarchaeologists are trying to solve is finding evidence of

777
00:47:16,320 --> 00:47:19,400
Speaker 1: violence or an evidence of a lack of violence in

778
00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:22,880
Speaker 1: a society that happened before. Another, what big one is

779
00:47:22,920 --> 00:47:26,279
Speaker 1: climate change and how humans have responded to that in

780
00:47:26,320 --> 00:47:28,759
Speaker 1: the past, right, and what we might can do about

781
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:33,080
Speaker 1: it in the future based on that that learning. And

782
00:47:33,120 --> 00:47:36,160
Speaker 1: then there's just something to be said about you know,

783
00:47:37,680 --> 00:47:40,440
Speaker 1: getting bones out of a grave. There's nothing more satisfying

784
00:47:40,480 --> 00:47:42,600
Speaker 1: than that. Put him in a bag, throwing the bag

785
00:47:42,640 --> 00:47:45,280
Speaker 1: over your shoulder and walking back to the lab whistling

786
00:47:45,320 --> 00:47:49,040
Speaker 1: as you do. That's right, the job well done. You

787
00:47:49,080 --> 00:47:52,120
Speaker 1: got anything else? I got nothing else, sir? Okay. Well,

788
00:47:52,160 --> 00:47:54,880
Speaker 1: I'm sure bioarchaeology will have plenty more for us to

789
00:47:54,880 --> 00:47:57,120
Speaker 1: talk about in the future, so maybe we'll revisit it.

790
00:47:57,719 --> 00:48:00,120
Speaker 1: In the meantime. You can type that word by oh

791
00:48:00,239 --> 00:48:03,600
Speaker 1: archeology into the search bar at how stuff works dot com.

792
00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:05,439
Speaker 1: And since I said that, it's time for listener mail,

793
00:48:08,440 --> 00:48:10,359
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this what was in the subject line,

794
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:14,520
Speaker 1: which is am I in a hole? Except she really

795
00:48:14,520 --> 00:48:19,200
Speaker 1: said the word was from michaela uh. And I always

796
00:48:19,239 --> 00:48:21,600
Speaker 1: like these that kind of pose a question to us,

797
00:48:21,719 --> 00:48:25,680
Speaker 1: so this one does that. Here's what went down, guys. Uh.

798
00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:29,000
Speaker 1: There's a recent conversation with my boyfriend. I stopped at

799
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:30,920
Speaker 1: a stop sign at the same time as a car

800
00:48:31,320 --> 00:48:34,200
Speaker 1: coming from the opposite direction who had a turn signal on.

801
00:48:34,600 --> 00:48:37,400
Speaker 1: I was going straight. The guy and I both waved

802
00:48:37,480 --> 00:48:40,440
Speaker 1: for the other to go ahead first. Got a little awkward,

803
00:48:40,920 --> 00:48:43,279
Speaker 1: but that's not the important part. My boyfriend said, he

804
00:48:43,320 --> 00:48:47,400
Speaker 1: notices that it's usually men who do the wave to

805
00:48:47,560 --> 00:48:50,719
Speaker 1: usher people that stop signs, and he thinks it's just

806
00:48:50,840 --> 00:48:54,640
Speaker 1: them trying to be controlling and that they are probably jerks.

807
00:48:56,520 --> 00:48:59,160
Speaker 1: I waved people through all the time, just trying to

808
00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:01,120
Speaker 1: be nice and help them get where they're going a

809
00:49:01,160 --> 00:49:04,680
Speaker 1: little bit faster, without worrying about who should technically go first.

810
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:07,040
Speaker 1: So I've always assumed that when people do the wave

811
00:49:07,160 --> 00:49:09,799
Speaker 1: at me, because they're trying to be nice. So my

812
00:49:09,880 --> 00:49:13,080
Speaker 1: questions to you all are, how do you perceive the wave?

813
00:49:13,280 --> 00:49:17,080
Speaker 1: Am I controlling a whole? Is this how my boyfriend

814
00:49:17,080 --> 00:49:22,399
Speaker 1: perceives the wave? Is he a controlling a whole if

815
00:49:22,400 --> 00:49:24,520
Speaker 1: he sees it that way? And should I stop doing

816
00:49:24,560 --> 00:49:28,040
Speaker 1: the wave? And that's from Mikaela. She said thanks, I'll

817
00:49:28,040 --> 00:49:30,640
Speaker 1: be seeing you in Lawrence, Kansas in a couple of months.

818
00:49:30,640 --> 00:49:33,880
Speaker 1: Have been spreading the good word often. Thank you. So, Josh,

819
00:49:33,880 --> 00:49:38,400
Speaker 1: what are your thoughts on the wave? When I am

820
00:49:38,440 --> 00:49:44,120
Speaker 1: I'm very infrequently wave, you just go no, I guess

821
00:49:44,160 --> 00:49:46,279
Speaker 1: that's not true. I don't actually wave. I do the

822
00:49:47,280 --> 00:49:49,799
Speaker 1: you know where you like present with your hand, your

823
00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:52,440
Speaker 1: palm up and then you kind of move it to

824
00:49:52,560 --> 00:49:56,120
Speaker 1: one side like oh please after you that's what I do,

825
00:49:56,200 --> 00:49:58,360
Speaker 1: which I just realized, is a form of the wave,

826
00:49:58,760 --> 00:50:01,960
Speaker 1: and I do that sometime times, but I guess the

827
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:03,680
Speaker 1: only time I would do it is when it's not

828
00:50:03,719 --> 00:50:07,960
Speaker 1: obviously clear who's supposed to go, So I tend to

829
00:50:08,040 --> 00:50:10,520
Speaker 1: just let's ask the other person to go ahead and

830
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:14,239
Speaker 1: please after you, right. I don't think of that as

831
00:50:14,320 --> 00:50:17,240
Speaker 1: being controlling, but that's exactly what I'm doing, is taking

832
00:50:17,280 --> 00:50:20,839
Speaker 1: control of the situation but not doing it, not trying, yeah,

833
00:50:21,120 --> 00:50:23,680
Speaker 1: to me, just not even giving a second thought and

834
00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:28,279
Speaker 1: just and basically pushing through ahead of somebody who may

835
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:31,840
Speaker 1: or may not justifiably should have gone first. That's the

836
00:50:31,920 --> 00:50:34,919
Speaker 1: jerky move to me. I think it goes both ways.

837
00:50:34,920 --> 00:50:37,480
Speaker 1: It just it just depends on your perception of the world.

838
00:50:37,640 --> 00:50:40,239
Speaker 1: Do you hate people? If so, then you probably find

839
00:50:40,280 --> 00:50:42,600
Speaker 1: the way to be controlling and jerky. What about you?

840
00:50:43,200 --> 00:50:48,200
Speaker 1: All right? So my four way stop sign a deal

841
00:50:48,480 --> 00:50:52,440
Speaker 1: is very deep. It's a very big thing in my

842
00:50:52,480 --> 00:50:55,279
Speaker 1: life really and on me. Well, I've got a lot

843
00:50:55,320 --> 00:50:58,399
Speaker 1: of thoughts on this um. First of all, the worst

844
00:50:58,480 --> 00:51:03,800
Speaker 1: people in society are people who mistreat children, animals, and elderly,

845
00:51:04,520 --> 00:51:08,080
Speaker 1: and then right behind them are people that just like

846
00:51:08,280 --> 00:51:11,319
Speaker 1: run right through a stop sign because they just know,

847
00:51:11,480 --> 00:51:14,960
Speaker 1: like I don't want to be bothered. Yeah, well they

848
00:51:14,960 --> 00:51:18,560
Speaker 1: could mistreat children, animals and the elderly with the front

849
00:51:18,640 --> 00:51:23,640
Speaker 1: end of their car. That so those are awful people. Um,

850
00:51:23,680 --> 00:51:27,239
Speaker 1: as far as the wave, I tend to just I

851
00:51:27,280 --> 00:51:30,040
Speaker 1: tend to try and let someone else go first. But

852
00:51:30,080 --> 00:51:32,680
Speaker 1: I'm also kind of impatient. So you've just got a

853
00:51:32,719 --> 00:51:36,320
Speaker 1: moment like if you just sit there and dawdle after

854
00:51:36,400 --> 00:51:39,880
Speaker 1: I wave, how either get aggressive with my wave and

855
00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:42,120
Speaker 1: then kind of look like a jerk or I'll just

856
00:51:42,160 --> 00:51:45,080
Speaker 1: go and be like, you know, you had your chance. Yeah,

857
00:51:45,120 --> 00:51:47,000
Speaker 1: I I do the I just go where I'm like,

858
00:51:47,040 --> 00:51:49,520
Speaker 1: all right, see you in hell. Uh. And then the

859
00:51:49,560 --> 00:51:51,919
Speaker 1: other thing that really bugs me about stop signs lately

860
00:51:51,960 --> 00:51:55,320
Speaker 1: I've noticed is there there's a growing segment of society

861
00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:59,440
Speaker 1: that seems to think like it doesn't matter who arrive first.

862
00:51:59,719 --> 00:52:03,160
Speaker 1: Is us Like I feel like I've been waiting long enough. Yeah,

863
00:52:03,280 --> 00:52:07,000
Speaker 1: you can't do that, like heavily heavily trafficked four way stop.

864
00:52:07,840 --> 00:52:11,239
Speaker 1: You maybe the fourth, And I'm sorry that you feel

865
00:52:11,280 --> 00:52:12,840
Speaker 1: like you've been sitting there too long. But if you

866
00:52:12,880 --> 00:52:15,560
Speaker 1: were the fourth one to come to a complete stop,

867
00:52:16,360 --> 00:52:19,279
Speaker 1: then you gotta let the other three go, not just

868
00:52:19,360 --> 00:52:22,200
Speaker 1: like I think they treat it like, hey, I stopped

869
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:25,480
Speaker 1: and now I'm going Now. Now there's a there's a

870
00:52:25,719 --> 00:52:30,840
Speaker 1: sub there's a subdiscipline to that chuck right where if

871
00:52:30,920 --> 00:52:34,360
Speaker 1: somebody is going straight and you're going straight in the

872
00:52:34,400 --> 00:52:38,239
Speaker 1: other way, you can go straight right then and just

873
00:52:38,920 --> 00:52:42,560
Speaker 1: use up a turn simultaneously. It actually keeps things going faster.

874
00:52:42,800 --> 00:52:45,560
Speaker 1: It's not at all rude. Somebody might be like, hey,

875
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:47,200
Speaker 1: wait a minute, but if they stop and think for

876
00:52:47,239 --> 00:52:49,080
Speaker 1: even half of a second, they'll see that you actually

877
00:52:49,160 --> 00:52:52,839
Speaker 1: did them a favor. So that is okay as long

878
00:52:52,880 --> 00:52:55,640
Speaker 1: as you're not trying it while somebody's turning left in

879
00:52:55,680 --> 00:52:58,520
Speaker 1: front of you. Yeah, And there's also the thing that

880
00:52:58,560 --> 00:53:02,040
Speaker 1: bugs me is when two people stop facing each other

881
00:53:02,840 --> 00:53:05,400
Speaker 1: and uh, you both go to go at the same

882
00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:08,520
Speaker 1: time because you think we're both going straight, and they

883
00:53:08,560 --> 00:53:10,440
Speaker 1: go to turn into you and like honk at you,

884
00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:14,799
Speaker 1: and I'm like, dude, let me know which way you're

885
00:53:14,800 --> 00:53:18,000
Speaker 1: going yet I probably would let you go anyway, but

886
00:53:18,080 --> 00:53:20,560
Speaker 1: I thought you were going straight. Gott to use that blinker.

887
00:53:20,920 --> 00:53:22,760
Speaker 1: You'll get a finger if you don't use the blinker.

888
00:53:22,880 --> 00:53:26,520
Speaker 1: Whoa not by me. I'm just saying some people so

889
00:53:26,560 --> 00:53:29,719
Speaker 1: anyway that I think out of all the traffic things,

890
00:53:29,760 --> 00:53:33,920
Speaker 1: even including like highway merging, the four way trapped stoplight,

891
00:53:34,120 --> 00:53:36,960
Speaker 1: I'm sorry, the four way stop sign intersection is my

892
00:53:37,080 --> 00:53:41,799
Speaker 1: most troublesome and frustrating part of driving for me, that's

893
00:53:41,880 --> 00:53:44,920
Speaker 1: number one. Well, now everybody knows, so look out for Chuck.

894
00:53:44,960 --> 00:53:50,320
Speaker 1: All right. Yeah, this is MICHAELA that brought all this up. Yeah, MICHAELA,

895
00:53:50,320 --> 00:53:52,040
Speaker 1: I hope, I hope we explained that. I don't think

896
00:53:52,080 --> 00:53:54,840
Speaker 1: that means you're controlling jerk, and I don't think that

897
00:53:54,920 --> 00:53:58,399
Speaker 1: means your boyfriend is because he thinks that is what

898
00:53:58,440 --> 00:54:00,719
Speaker 1: it means either. Yeah, maybe you guys should just find

899
00:54:00,760 --> 00:54:03,640
Speaker 1: some other topics to discuss. Yes, but MICHAELA, I do

900
00:54:03,719 --> 00:54:12,160
Speaker 1: think you're with the wrong guy overall though, poor guy. Okay, uh,

901
00:54:12,360 --> 00:54:14,000
Speaker 1: I can't believe we're ending it like that. But if

902
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:15,840
Speaker 1: you want to get in touch with us, like MICHAELA

903
00:54:15,920 --> 00:54:18,480
Speaker 1: did um, then you can tweet to us at s

904
00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:21,040
Speaker 1: Y s K podcast. You can hang out with me

905
00:54:21,160 --> 00:54:24,160
Speaker 1: on Twitter at josh um Clark. You can hang out

906
00:54:24,160 --> 00:54:27,160
Speaker 1: with Chuck on Facebook at facebook dot com slash Charles W.

907
00:54:27,280 --> 00:54:30,279
Speaker 1: Chuck Bryant or slash Stuff you Should Know You can

908
00:54:30,320 --> 00:54:32,319
Speaker 1: send us an email. The Stuff podcast at how stuff

909
00:54:32,360 --> 00:54:34,319
Speaker 1: Works dot com and has always joined us at at

910
00:54:34,320 --> 00:54:40,759
Speaker 1: home on the web. Stuff you Should Know dot com

911
00:54:40,800 --> 00:54:43,239
Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics. Is

912
00:54:43,239 --> 00:54:54,960
Speaker 1: it how stuff Works dot com.