1 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Welcomed, unobscured a production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Minky. 2 00:00:07,680 --> 00:00:10,959 Speaker 1: By all accounts, it was a nice spring evening. That's 3 00:00:10,960 --> 00:00:13,800 Speaker 1: why Lizzie was out on a double date, walking Regent's 4 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:17,480 Speaker 1: Park on Joseph's arm. It was their usual spot, although 5 00:00:17,520 --> 00:00:20,920 Speaker 1: tonight they were joined by Lizzie's sister strolling beside one 6 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:25,279 Speaker 1: of Joseph's coworkers. At some point, it seems Lizzie and 7 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:28,720 Speaker 1: Joseph wanted to have a quiet moment alone. With a smile, 8 00:00:28,920 --> 00:00:30,880 Speaker 1: they picked up the pace a bit while the other 9 00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:34,240 Speaker 1: pear trailed behind. You can picture them leaning in together, 10 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:38,159 Speaker 1: whispering as they passed into the beautifully manicured landscape that 11 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:41,199 Speaker 1: had made London the envy of the modern world when 12 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:44,400 Speaker 1: it was first designed a generation before. One writer had 13 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:47,839 Speaker 1: expressed his awe at its grandeur. Rome had its ruins 14 00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:52,320 Speaker 1: and Jerusalem It's temple, but London had its own shining glories. 15 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:55,840 Speaker 1: As they ambled through Regent's Park, maybe Lizzie rested her 16 00:00:55,840 --> 00:00:59,440 Speaker 1: head on Joseph's shoulder. Back in eighteen twenty four, London 17 00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:02,280 Speaker 1: had repeat old the city's ancient law against walking the 18 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:05,200 Speaker 1: streets at night. That was thanks in part to the 19 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: new wonder of the age, light that could throw back 20 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:12,120 Speaker 1: the darkness on command. Maybe, as the clipped lawns glowed 21 00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:14,920 Speaker 1: under the gas lights that came to life, Lizzie had 22 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:17,320 Speaker 1: the time to recall the lofty terms in which their 23 00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:22,039 Speaker 1: city had been praised the room of modern history. But 24 00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,319 Speaker 1: if it was a beautiful, quiet moment, it would be 25 00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:29,039 Speaker 1: their last. The sound of running feet neared on the 26 00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:33,319 Speaker 1: path behind them. Someone shouted, are you Macy. Joseph turned 27 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:35,920 Speaker 1: to answer with I don't know what you mean, as 28 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:39,720 Speaker 1: another voice called out, that's the one. Lizzie looked just 29 00:01:39,800 --> 00:01:42,240 Speaker 1: in time to see half a dozen young men closing 30 00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: in anger on their faces, and they were staring at Joseph. 31 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:50,040 Speaker 1: In an instant, they were upon him. One of them 32 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:52,840 Speaker 1: grabbed him by the collar. Other hands and arms came 33 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:56,400 Speaker 1: swinging in more violently. Joseph did his best to fight back, 34 00:01:56,480 --> 00:01:59,760 Speaker 1: throwing up his arms. He was a printer's machinist and 35 00:02:00,080 --> 00:02:02,560 Speaker 1: strong man, but there were too many of them, so 36 00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:05,920 Speaker 1: he took off, running his hat flew into the darkness. 37 00:02:07,120 --> 00:02:09,840 Speaker 1: They were faster, and they came on him too. Suddenly. 38 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:12,520 Speaker 1: It only took a few moments before Lizzie caught up 39 00:02:12,639 --> 00:02:14,760 Speaker 1: just in time to see a knife flash in the 40 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:18,040 Speaker 1: shadows between their bodies. As she came within reach, the 41 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:21,000 Speaker 1: group was already on the run, whooping as they made 42 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:24,160 Speaker 1: their escape. They had left Joseph draped over a park 43 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:28,200 Speaker 1: gate with blood running from his mouth. He was gasping. 44 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:30,960 Speaker 1: At first, she thought he had been punched in the face, 45 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:35,000 Speaker 1: but he wheezed out the words I am stabbed. Someone 46 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:37,600 Speaker 1: nearby came over to help and hail a cab, but 47 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:40,400 Speaker 1: Lizzie could still see the attackers running off and no 48 00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:43,960 Speaker 1: one was giving chase. A righteous fury took hold of her, 49 00:02:44,320 --> 00:02:47,640 Speaker 1: and she set off running. Lizzie could tell they were 50 00:02:47,639 --> 00:02:51,040 Speaker 1: getting away. She yelled stop thief, and a man in 51 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:53,640 Speaker 1: front of them tried to answer the call. Stepping into 52 00:02:53,639 --> 00:02:56,799 Speaker 1: the group's path. They knocked him aside, but it slowed 53 00:02:56,840 --> 00:02:59,600 Speaker 1: them down just enough for Lizzie to catch up. That's 54 00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:02,320 Speaker 1: when one of them turned and knocked her down. A 55 00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:05,920 Speaker 1: vicious kick smashed her ribs. Before she could get up, 56 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:10,200 Speaker 1: they disappeared. As she climbed to her feet, she saw 57 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: a group of bystanders taking it all in. Why didn't 58 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: any of you help, she demanded, but the nearest man 59 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:20,680 Speaker 1: turned away, and then she remembered Joseph still bleeding in 60 00:03:20,720 --> 00:03:23,600 Speaker 1: the park. She got back to him just as he 61 00:03:23,680 --> 00:03:26,320 Speaker 1: was helped into a cab. Lizzie climbed in with him 62 00:03:26,360 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 1: and they began rattling toward the hospital. But they wouldn't 63 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:33,240 Speaker 1: make it. Blood was flowing from Joseph's chest and neck, 64 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:36,280 Speaker 1: and he died in Lizzie's arms while they were still 65 00:03:36,320 --> 00:03:41,840 Speaker 1: on the way. It was a terrifying, senseless murder. To 66 00:03:41,880 --> 00:03:45,280 Speaker 1: say that it shocked London would be an understatement. Papers 67 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:49,040 Speaker 1: across Britain, from Leeds to Ipswich to Bristol, reported the 68 00:03:49,120 --> 00:03:52,160 Speaker 1: murder at a frenzied pitch. The story made the same 69 00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:56,120 Speaker 1: splash in Scotland and Ireland. Like the Brighton railway murder. 70 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:58,480 Speaker 1: It drew the attention of a reading public to the 71 00:03:58,560 --> 00:04:03,440 Speaker 1: turmoil in the streets of London. As suspects were questioned, 72 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:07,480 Speaker 1: the picture became clear. The attackers were members of the Deck, 73 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:10,760 Speaker 1: and they'd mistaken Joseph for a member of a rival gang, 74 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:13,600 Speaker 1: a gang that had attacked them in Regent's Park the 75 00:04:13,720 --> 00:04:17,520 Speaker 1: night before. The knife that had sliced Joseph long was 76 00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:21,120 Speaker 1: a sailor's dagger. The sanitary workers dredged the sewers at 77 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:23,680 Speaker 1: the request of Scotland Yard and found the six inch 78 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:26,560 Speaker 1: blade embedded in the mud. Its owner had loaned it 79 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: to the killer, who had carried it to the park 80 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:33,800 Speaker 1: with revenge on his mind. Youth gang's sailor's knives and 81 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:37,040 Speaker 1: evidence stashed in sewers, only to be dredged up by 82 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:40,960 Speaker 1: London's finest It all gave London an air of incredible danger. 83 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:44,360 Speaker 1: And of course this heinous crime had occurred along Regent 84 00:04:44,480 --> 00:04:48,640 Speaker 1: Street inside Regent's Park. That place was a wonder of 85 00:04:48,680 --> 00:04:53,800 Speaker 1: modern design, meant to replace pestilent alleyways, squalid hovels and 86 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:57,479 Speaker 1: myrie rhodes at the heart of London with healthy streets, 87 00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:01,320 Speaker 1: elegant buildings and park like scenery, or so they had 88 00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:05,839 Speaker 1: said in eight when the park was first opened. But 89 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:09,280 Speaker 1: like the Brighton Railway murder, the Regent's Park murder of 90 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:13,600 Speaker 1: eight would force Britain's wide eyed readership to revisit the 91 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:18,039 Speaker 1: question asked by the rampaging crowds two years earlier. Had 92 00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:21,640 Speaker 1: the modern world really washed away the worst impulses of 93 00:05:21,720 --> 00:05:25,240 Speaker 1: London's past, or had it simply invited the sins of 94 00:05:25,279 --> 00:05:29,120 Speaker 1: Mother England to play out once more, only this time 95 00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:36,599 Speaker 1: on a much grander scale. This is unobscured. I'm Aaron 96 00:05:36,680 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 1: manky m M. London didn't just get this way by itself. 97 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 1: There's always a backstory. It was certainly true that in 98 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:10,560 Speaker 1: the eighteen hundreds London was a city on the grow, 99 00:06:11,040 --> 00:06:13,120 Speaker 1: and no one could take more credit for that than 100 00:06:13,160 --> 00:06:17,000 Speaker 1: the Prince Regent himself, George the Fourth, well except maybe 101 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:20,880 Speaker 1: his architect John Nash. You see, in the centuries before 102 00:06:20,920 --> 00:06:23,719 Speaker 1: the industrial era, much of the land around London was 103 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:26,719 Speaker 1: owned by the Crown. It was then leased to farmers 104 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:29,160 Speaker 1: and builders, who used it for their own ends. But 105 00:06:29,279 --> 00:06:32,640 Speaker 1: those leases ended in eighteen eleven, just as the Prince 106 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:35,880 Speaker 1: Regent was puzzling over England's place in the modern world, 107 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:39,840 Speaker 1: and if the reports are true, he was especially troubled 108 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:42,200 Speaker 1: when he looked across the channel and saw the grandeur 109 00:06:42,240 --> 00:06:44,839 Speaker 1: of France. By all accounts, he set out to make 110 00:06:44,839 --> 00:06:47,600 Speaker 1: the city at the center of his empire a metropolis 111 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:51,400 Speaker 1: that could quite eclipse Napoleon, and he spared no expense. 112 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 1: Not only did George the Fourth and John Nash create 113 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:59,279 Speaker 1: Regent Street and Regent's Park, but they remade Buckingham House 114 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:02,839 Speaker 1: into a pal us worthy of any continental monarch. Acts 115 00:07:02,839 --> 00:07:06,200 Speaker 1: of Parliaments launched three new bridges across the Thames, which 116 00:07:06,200 --> 00:07:08,479 Speaker 1: cleared the way for new roads to cross the river. 117 00:07:09,040 --> 00:07:11,560 Speaker 1: Gas Lights began to pop up in eighteen oh seven 118 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:15,119 Speaker 1: and spread along London streets for years until their glow 119 00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:17,680 Speaker 1: could be seen throughout the city in the eighteen forties. 120 00:07:18,880 --> 00:07:22,080 Speaker 1: But this was more than a facelift, and the scalpel 121 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:25,400 Speaker 1: did more than scratch the surface. Along those streets and 122 00:07:25,440 --> 00:07:28,520 Speaker 1: gas lines traveled new sewers that would sluice the city's 123 00:07:28,560 --> 00:07:30,840 Speaker 1: filth to the river that would carry it out to sea. 124 00:07:31,480 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: At least that was the story for London's West End. 125 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:38,040 Speaker 1: When the Prince Regent and John Nash were done and 126 00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:41,679 Speaker 1: collecting their praise from observers, others took up the vision 127 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:45,960 Speaker 1: for creating London anew Throughout the century, huge projects continued 128 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:49,080 Speaker 1: to be launched, even up to eighteen sixty seven, when 129 00:07:49,120 --> 00:07:52,480 Speaker 1: the Holburn Viaduct, the biggest and most expensive project of 130 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:56,920 Speaker 1: the century, was built to serve London's financial district. All 131 00:07:56,960 --> 00:07:59,560 Speaker 1: of that remodeling came at a cost, though, and not 132 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:02,600 Speaker 1: just to a purse, No, it was much more severe 133 00:08:02,640 --> 00:08:05,920 Speaker 1: than that. For the new city to arise, the old 134 00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:09,880 Speaker 1: one had to be cut to pieces. Among the wealth 135 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:12,480 Speaker 1: and well to do, John Nash was known for his 136 00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: beautiful architecture, but among poor and working people he was 137 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,040 Speaker 1: known for the men who cleared the way for those buildings, 138 00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 1: Nash's housebreakers. Here's historian Adam Wood. Fifty years earlier. The rookeries, 139 00:08:26,360 --> 00:08:28,960 Speaker 1: where the poor in the criminal classes congregated, were to 140 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:30,960 Speaker 1: be found in the West End and Saint Charles Area 141 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:34,080 Speaker 1: and spill Fields and White chap in the early teen hundreds, 142 00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:37,679 Speaker 1: were by comparison and quite prosperous. When the West End 143 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:40,719 Speaker 1: was developed, a large number of people were forced from 144 00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:43,559 Speaker 1: the rookeries. And when Oxford Street and Shaws Revenue, which 145 00:08:43,559 --> 00:08:48,000 Speaker 1: are well known West End streets now were developed, that 146 00:08:48,080 --> 00:08:50,520 Speaker 1: St Charles Area was demolished and all the five five 147 00:08:50,520 --> 00:08:54,079 Speaker 1: thousand poor residents were relocated to the East End. That's right, 148 00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:58,160 Speaker 1: thousands of poor Londoners were dispossessed and displaced as the 149 00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:01,079 Speaker 1: West End developed. The homes where they had lived in 150 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,960 Speaker 1: some cases for generations were destroyed and those people were 151 00:09:04,960 --> 00:09:08,280 Speaker 1: simply turned out into the streets. Where did they go? 152 00:09:09,120 --> 00:09:12,360 Speaker 1: Not far? Actually, pushed out from the neighborhoods where they 153 00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:15,080 Speaker 1: used to live. Many now found themselves only a few 154 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:18,400 Speaker 1: neighborhoods away in the East End, but there was hardly 155 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:21,800 Speaker 1: a reprieve in the docklands. When a project to build 156 00:09:21,840 --> 00:09:24,480 Speaker 1: the St. Catherine's Docks was arranged, the first thing to 157 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:27,880 Speaker 1: do was clear the way. House breakers arrived at three 158 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:31,199 Speaker 1: neighborhoods in the East End called Cat's Whole, Pillory Lane 159 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: and Dark Entry and they left them in ruins. Construction 160 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:38,960 Speaker 1: on this single project left over eleven thousand people without 161 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:43,559 Speaker 1: their homes. Here's historian Louise raw If you were better 162 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:47,520 Speaker 1: off and the property owner, then you get compensation. If 163 00:09:47,559 --> 00:09:51,840 Speaker 1: you didn't tough on, you go. And we presume because 164 00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:54,720 Speaker 1: nobody bothered to record where people went, that they just 165 00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:59,440 Speaker 1: went deeper into London. They just increased the overcrowding everywhere 166 00:09:59,440 --> 00:10:02,319 Speaker 1: else they would had no choice, perhaps stay with friends, 167 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:04,680 Speaker 1: go wherever you could. A lot of them would just 168 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:10,120 Speaker 1: have been homeless. And there was a large increase in homelessness. 169 00:10:10,120 --> 00:10:13,640 Speaker 1: So London's posh West End and it's dark East End 170 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:16,560 Speaker 1: didn't just drop out of the sky or sprout up 171 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:19,800 Speaker 1: from the soil. Among the Thames River. They were choices 172 00:10:19,840 --> 00:10:22,800 Speaker 1: that had been made by Crown and country that lay 173 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:26,040 Speaker 1: behind the fashionable facade of the West End and the 174 00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:29,439 Speaker 1: desperation of the East. In fact, many Londoners of the 175 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:32,920 Speaker 1: Victorian era agreed where we might differ from them, though 176 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:36,760 Speaker 1: is in whose choice that was. Because for the middle 177 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:40,040 Speaker 1: class Victorians who looked to the East from their comfortable homes, 178 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:44,079 Speaker 1: it was clear the east Enders had brought this upon themselves. 179 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:47,400 Speaker 1: The link they saw was between the squalid conditions of 180 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:50,360 Speaker 1: the East End neighborhoods and the morality of the people 181 00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:53,120 Speaker 1: who lived there. It was an endless cycle, they thought, 182 00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:57,319 Speaker 1: between bad homes and bad morals. It was as if 183 00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:00,880 Speaker 1: the grandness of Nash's designs had white all memory of 184 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:05,160 Speaker 1: his house breakers from their minds, assuming, of course, they 185 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,160 Speaker 1: had ever given them a thought in the first place. 186 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:15,520 Speaker 1: The Regent's Park murder locked a lot of London doors. 187 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 1: The house breaking and home wrecking that middle class Victorians 188 00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:21,959 Speaker 1: worried about had little to do with fears that their 189 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:24,280 Speaker 1: home might be destroyed to clear the way for a 190 00:11:24,360 --> 00:11:28,040 Speaker 1: grand promenade. Instead, they worried that someone might break into 191 00:11:28,040 --> 00:11:30,800 Speaker 1: their homes and make off with their belongings, or that 192 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:34,120 Speaker 1: someone with loose morals might disturb the tranquility of their 193 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:38,560 Speaker 1: family arrangements with temptations. And that's what had them turning 194 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,920 Speaker 1: to a new organization that grew up alongside the modern city, 195 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:45,960 Speaker 1: the modern police Department. They turned to men like Charles 196 00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:49,520 Speaker 1: Warren to coordinate and lead the efforts against both violence 197 00:11:49,559 --> 00:11:53,120 Speaker 1: and vice, and they counted on men like Detective Inspector 198 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:56,720 Speaker 1: Donald Swanson to untie the difficult knot at the center 199 00:11:56,760 --> 00:12:00,760 Speaker 1: of inexplicable crimes. After all, when Swans and arrested the 200 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:04,160 Speaker 1: Brighton Railway murderer in eight eight one, it wasn't the 201 00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:07,720 Speaker 1: first time that his quick thought and decisive action brought 202 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:11,360 Speaker 1: relief to London's wealthy. In fact, by then he had 203 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:14,120 Speaker 1: already solved a string of cases that made him highly 204 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,000 Speaker 1: respected among the public who knew him, but in the 205 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:20,800 Speaker 1: police department too. In eighteen seventy, when Swanson was still 206 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:23,680 Speaker 1: just a constable, a small gang of thieves made off 207 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:27,000 Speaker 1: with gold chains lifted from a pawnbroker's shop on Fleet Street. 208 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:29,560 Speaker 1: They had used the cover of night to creep to 209 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,880 Speaker 1: the shop's closed shutters with a small metal file and 210 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:35,440 Speaker 1: a plan while two of them stood look out. The 211 00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:38,319 Speaker 1: other two board holes through the shutters and pulled out 212 00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:41,960 Speaker 1: the valuables they found inside. They had spotted diamond necklaces 213 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,000 Speaker 1: in the shop, and no mere wooden board could stop 214 00:12:45,040 --> 00:12:47,439 Speaker 1: someone with a penchant for drilling his way to wealth. 215 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:50,559 Speaker 1: But they knew they couldn't attract too much attention. They 216 00:12:50,559 --> 00:12:53,000 Speaker 1: had to work quickly, and they ran out of time. 217 00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:55,800 Speaker 1: The holes they made were too small for the diamonds. 218 00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:59,000 Speaker 1: Only a few thin gold chains would slip through. The 219 00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:01,400 Speaker 1: hall was far us valuable than it could have been, 220 00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:04,120 Speaker 1: but when the thieves vanished with the gold chains, it 221 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:07,680 Speaker 1: was enough to set the police on the scene. The 222 00:13:07,760 --> 00:13:10,160 Speaker 1: gang would have gotten away completely if it weren't for 223 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:13,280 Speaker 1: Constable Donald Swanson. He traced their path through the city, 224 00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:17,560 Speaker 1: into the East End and into Whitechapel. Ultimately, Swanson arrested 225 00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:21,040 Speaker 1: three of the four thieves. Alongside the stolen gold chains, 226 00:13:21,080 --> 00:13:23,280 Speaker 1: he found a bent wire in the belongings of a 227 00:13:23,320 --> 00:13:26,680 Speaker 1: woman named Curly Paul. Swanson convinced the judge that the 228 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:29,320 Speaker 1: wire had been used to lift the stolen gold through 229 00:13:29,360 --> 00:13:32,920 Speaker 1: the punctured shutters of the shop. Curly Paul was convicted 230 00:13:32,920 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 1: of acting as a lookout for the group, but that 231 00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:39,080 Speaker 1: was only one case when Swanson slapped the hand reaching 232 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:41,600 Speaker 1: from the East End, because as well as helping the 233 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:45,000 Speaker 1: residents and retailers of West London hold onto their valuables, 234 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,640 Speaker 1: he was also tasked with making sure that their moral 235 00:13:47,720 --> 00:13:51,840 Speaker 1: fiber remained intact. The year after catching the pawn shop burglars, 236 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:56,080 Speaker 1: Swanson worked with another officer, Frederick Aberlein, to investigate a 237 00:13:56,120 --> 00:13:59,920 Speaker 1: different kind of business, one that threatened to corrupt respectable 238 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:05,040 Speaker 1: und dinners. Here is Adam Wood. Once again, Swanson was 239 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:08,280 Speaker 1: a PC and Atherline a serjump and complaints have been 240 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:10,880 Speaker 1: made to the police that the infamous fear to impresario 241 00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:13,600 Speaker 1: George Sanger was putting on plays without a license, and 242 00:14:13,679 --> 00:14:17,040 Speaker 1: to get around this he placed advertisement stating that entry 243 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:19,920 Speaker 1: was free, but when nearly four hundred people turned up 244 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:21,160 Speaker 1: on the night, they were told they had to buy 245 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:25,280 Speaker 1: a program before they had gained admittance. Other Line went 246 00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:28,680 Speaker 1: along in playing clothes and watched the performance and observed 247 00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:31,880 Speaker 1: what the newspapers described. Got it written here as several drunks, 248 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:35,120 Speaker 1: men of a doubtful character and women of an immoral character, 249 00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:38,440 Speaker 1: causing nuisance to the ability to the public so you 250 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:42,040 Speaker 1: just imagine what an evening that that was like. Sanger 251 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:44,800 Speaker 1: eventually appeared before the magistrates and was fined just five 252 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:47,120 Speaker 1: pound and I know a little bit about saying that 253 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:50,960 Speaker 1: he did go on to continue with his illegal playhouse career, 254 00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:54,120 Speaker 1: should he say? And he was quite quiet notorious that 255 00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:57,240 Speaker 1: Swanson was transferred to Bow in the East End three 256 00:14:57,240 --> 00:14:59,680 Speaker 1: months later on a line to whitechape Or two years later. 257 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:04,080 Speaker 1: Those transfers for Donald Swanson and Frederick Aberleine would be 258 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:06,920 Speaker 1: a fateful one for both men. As they worked in 259 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 1: the East End, they came to know its streets and 260 00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:12,960 Speaker 1: its people, and those experiences meant that in eighteen eighty eight, 261 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:16,440 Speaker 1: when Scotland Yard needed detectives to investigate a series of 262 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:20,880 Speaker 1: gruesome murders, first Frederick Aberleine and then Donald Swanson would 263 00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:24,640 Speaker 1: get the call. Not at first though, because in eighteen 264 00:15:24,680 --> 00:15:27,840 Speaker 1: eighty seven, after nine years as the head of investigation 265 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:31,400 Speaker 1: in Whitechapel, Aberleine had been transferred to the central office 266 00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:35,120 Speaker 1: at Scotland Yard. Donald Swanson joined him in the same November. 267 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,360 Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty eight, both men were senior officers climbing 268 00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:42,560 Speaker 1: toward the top of the criminal investigation Department or c 269 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:47,080 Speaker 1: i D, whose responsibilities were more and more administrative, to 270 00:15:47,160 --> 00:15:51,200 Speaker 1: follow the patterns of crime around London. But when murder 271 00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:54,760 Speaker 1: came to Whitechapel in eighteen eighty eight, they found themselves 272 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:58,160 Speaker 1: facing a pattern they had never seen before, and it 273 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:05,520 Speaker 1: would prove to be their greatest challenge. Pearly Paul sat 274 00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:09,040 Speaker 1: uneasily looking at the corner. If it was an ordinary week, 275 00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:11,400 Speaker 1: that man would have been Win Baxter, who led the 276 00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:15,440 Speaker 1: inquest into the Brighton railway murder. But Baxter was vacationing 277 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,600 Speaker 1: in Scandinavia. His work got handed down to the next 278 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:22,120 Speaker 1: in line, so Pearly Paul was faced with Baxter's deputy. 279 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,960 Speaker 1: The newspapers that reported her testimony would mock her. They 280 00:16:26,960 --> 00:16:30,320 Speaker 1: would call her masculine looking and say that her face 281 00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:33,360 Speaker 1: was soddened by drink. But the past few weeks had 282 00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,400 Speaker 1: been terrible ones for Paul, and now she was sitting 283 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:39,320 Speaker 1: at a coroner's inquest, and she was about to relive 284 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:43,080 Speaker 1: all those weeks again. After all, her friend had been 285 00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:47,080 Speaker 1: murdered when she was first called into the inquest two 286 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:49,760 Speaker 1: weeks before. Paul was pulled into view the body of 287 00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:52,520 Speaker 1: a dead woman. She told the police that yes, she 288 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:55,560 Speaker 1: knew her name. Her name was Emma, but the inquest 289 00:16:55,640 --> 00:16:57,480 Speaker 1: came to a halt when the next two women to 290 00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:00,000 Speaker 1: view the body gave different names for the dead woman. 291 00:17:00,920 --> 00:17:04,359 Speaker 1: Frustrated by the confusion, the deputy corner delayed the second 292 00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:06,719 Speaker 1: day of the inquest by two weeks in hopes that 293 00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:10,120 Speaker 1: Scotland Yard could sort out the confusion. At least one 294 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:13,119 Speaker 1: historian has noted that while wind Baxter was known for 295 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:16,760 Speaker 1: guiding inquests with cool detachment in the face of gruesome 296 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,919 Speaker 1: injuries and mysterious deaths, this backup Deputy Corner was not 297 00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:25,760 Speaker 1: so collected. His shock and horror are evident in his records. 298 00:17:26,080 --> 00:17:28,200 Speaker 1: We can only imagine how glad he was to put 299 00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:30,680 Speaker 1: the terrible crime out of his mind and turn things 300 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:33,480 Speaker 1: over to the detectives as they slowly began to put 301 00:17:33,520 --> 00:17:38,600 Speaker 1: together the pieces of Martha Tabram's life. Here's historian Drew Gray. 302 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:44,360 Speaker 1: She was an alcoholic and she had a reputation for 303 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:47,760 Speaker 1: being seen out with men that she wasn't going out with, 304 00:17:47,960 --> 00:17:52,200 Speaker 1: which might have tainted her reputation. She was found dead 305 00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:55,720 Speaker 1: on the landing of George Yard Buildings on the seventh 306 00:17:55,720 --> 00:18:01,520 Speaker 1: of August. She can stabbed thirty nine times. Most of 307 00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:04,639 Speaker 1: the wounds are targeted to abdomen. I think at the 308 00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:07,480 Speaker 1: time it was considered to be a very brutal murder, 309 00:18:07,520 --> 00:18:09,320 Speaker 1: and there's a suggestion it might have been carried up 310 00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:14,520 Speaker 1: by soldiers. That suggestion caught on because a constable patrolling 311 00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:17,919 Speaker 1: that neighborhood had talked with the Grenadier guardsman loitering in 312 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:21,240 Speaker 1: the street around two am. Hurley Paul's testimony made that 313 00:18:21,320 --> 00:18:24,239 Speaker 1: theory even stronger. You see, she and Martha had been 314 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:26,480 Speaker 1: out drinking with a couple of soldiers on the night 315 00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:29,520 Speaker 1: of the murder. Just before midnight. They left the White 316 00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:32,920 Speaker 1: Swan Pub to go their separate ways with their separate men. 317 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:37,280 Speaker 1: Hurly Paul had seen Martha walk away on the soldier's arm. 318 00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:39,959 Speaker 1: It was the last time anyone would see Martha alive. 319 00:18:41,359 --> 00:18:43,679 Speaker 1: Her body was found at four fifty a m. The 320 00:18:43,720 --> 00:18:46,879 Speaker 1: next morning in the stairwell of the George Yard buildings, 321 00:18:46,920 --> 00:18:50,000 Speaker 1: just off the White Chapel Road. A dock worker spotted 322 00:18:50,040 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: her body as he was coming down the street to 323 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:54,560 Speaker 1: go to work. He rushed to find a constable and 324 00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:56,560 Speaker 1: brought the man who had talked with the soldier. A 325 00:18:56,600 --> 00:18:59,879 Speaker 1: few hours earlier. That brought more police and a Sir 326 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:04,520 Speaker 1: Rgin to examine Martha's body. What he found was terrifying. 327 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,480 Speaker 1: Small knife wounds covered her thighs, her abdomen, and her chest. 328 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:11,600 Speaker 1: The surgeon guests they were inflicted with what he called 329 00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:15,119 Speaker 1: an ordinary pen knife. The blade had pierced both lungs 330 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,840 Speaker 1: and Martha's heart as well. One wound that had punctured 331 00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:22,240 Speaker 1: her stern um, though likely required something bigger, a dagger 332 00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:26,679 Speaker 1: or maybe a soldier's bayonet. The doctor did report that 333 00:19:26,720 --> 00:19:30,040 Speaker 1: there was no evidence of recent intimacy to use the 334 00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:33,199 Speaker 1: terms of Victorian propriety that were published in the paper. 335 00:19:33,640 --> 00:19:36,560 Speaker 1: But there's no wonder it was considered a brutal murder 336 00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:40,880 Speaker 1: because that's exactly what it was. So with the White 337 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:45,000 Speaker 1: Chapel Constable into the detectives rounded up Grenadier guards at 338 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: the Tower of London, especially the ones who had been 339 00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:50,399 Speaker 1: on leave the night of the murder. The constable couldn't 340 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,080 Speaker 1: spot his man among them, or rather, first he picked 341 00:19:53,080 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 1: out one man, then changed his mind and picked another. 342 00:19:56,560 --> 00:19:59,720 Speaker 1: After talking with them, the inspector decided the constable had 343 00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:03,040 Speaker 1: made mistake, so a few days later they called Pearly 344 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,119 Speaker 1: Paul She was brought into view an identity parade, and 345 00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:09,119 Speaker 1: the detectives asked her, can you see here either of 346 00:20:09,160 --> 00:20:12,040 Speaker 1: the men you saw with the woman now dead? She 347 00:20:12,119 --> 00:20:14,600 Speaker 1: scrutinized them for a long time, but in the end 348 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:17,520 Speaker 1: she shook her head. When the inspectors asked her again, 349 00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:20,359 Speaker 1: she looked him in the eye and said he ain't here. 350 00:20:21,040 --> 00:20:23,879 Speaker 1: All she remembered was that the soldiers had white bands 351 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:27,440 Speaker 1: around their caps. That led the search to the Wellington 352 00:20:27,520 --> 00:20:30,920 Speaker 1: Barracks and the cold Stream Guards. They brought Paul back 353 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:33,920 Speaker 1: to review more potential killers, and when they came through 354 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:36,600 Speaker 1: in a lineup, she picked out two men. The trouble 355 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:40,480 Speaker 1: was both of them had alibis, so the inspector scribbled 356 00:20:40,480 --> 00:20:46,800 Speaker 1: an ominous phrase in his notes. Identification failed. Scotland Yard 357 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,960 Speaker 1: questioned neighbors around the building where Martha's body had been found, 358 00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:52,720 Speaker 1: and people who had passed by along the street that night. 359 00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:56,040 Speaker 1: None had information to add, though in fact, no one 360 00:20:56,080 --> 00:21:00,560 Speaker 1: in the neighborhood where she died even claimed to know her. Strangely, 361 00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:03,440 Speaker 1: the police didn't press the supervisor of the building where 362 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:06,560 Speaker 1: Martha's body was found. He was questioned, but he told 363 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:09,600 Speaker 1: the inspectors he hadn't heard anything. Maybe he was just 364 00:21:09,640 --> 00:21:12,000 Speaker 1: trying to keep his head down. His wife told them 365 00:21:12,040 --> 00:21:15,120 Speaker 1: that she had heard someone shout a single word murder, 366 00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:18,960 Speaker 1: but that wasn't so unusual, she said, after all, this 367 00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:23,000 Speaker 1: was the East End. When the inquest reconvened on August, 368 00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:28,520 Speaker 1: only Martha's identity had been established. Her estranged husband, Henry Tabram, 369 00:21:28,560 --> 00:21:31,080 Speaker 1: had come in to identify her from Greenwich, on the 370 00:21:31,119 --> 00:21:33,560 Speaker 1: other side of the Thames and a bit farther downriver. 371 00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:36,960 Speaker 1: Henry said they had been separated for thirteen years and 372 00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:41,919 Speaker 1: I quote owing to her drinking habits. Another Henry, Henry Turner, 373 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:44,480 Speaker 1: had been her partner since then. She had been his 374 00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:47,399 Speaker 1: wife for nine years, he said, but he had separated 375 00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:49,960 Speaker 1: from her two or three weeks before she was killed. 376 00:21:50,280 --> 00:21:53,159 Speaker 1: Their landlady testified as well, but all she said was 377 00:21:53,240 --> 00:21:56,760 Speaker 1: that Martha owed her two weeks rent. So Pearley Paul 378 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,280 Speaker 1: came last. She gave her account of the night when 379 00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:03,520 Speaker 1: Martha died. She gave her account of reviewing the suspected soldiers. 380 00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:06,680 Speaker 1: She even admitted to saying she might drown herself, though 381 00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:09,199 Speaker 1: at the inquest she tried to take that back. In 382 00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:12,199 Speaker 1: the days since the murder. Paul had taken refuge with 383 00:22:12,240 --> 00:22:15,280 Speaker 1: her cousin on Drury Lane. We can only imagine how 384 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:19,600 Speaker 1: much she needed that support to not be alone. The 385 00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:23,320 Speaker 1: inspector responsible for Whitechapel told the Deputy coroner that none 386 00:22:23,359 --> 00:22:25,520 Speaker 1: of the soldiers were found with any blood on their 387 00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:28,639 Speaker 1: clothes or weapons. He ended his statement with the plea 388 00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:32,159 Speaker 1: that was published in the London Times on August if 389 00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:35,800 Speaker 1: anyone had information about Martha's death, please let them know. 390 00:22:36,480 --> 00:22:41,040 Speaker 1: They had reached a dead end without The inspector responsible 391 00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:45,360 Speaker 1: for investigating crime in Whitechapel moved on literally. He followed 392 00:22:45,359 --> 00:22:50,040 Speaker 1: Win Baxter's example and left London on vacation. The next day. 393 00:22:50,119 --> 00:22:53,200 Speaker 1: The East London Adviser responded with an article of their own. 394 00:22:53,520 --> 00:22:56,280 Speaker 1: They saw the way that the East Ends reputation was looking, 395 00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:58,480 Speaker 1: and they hoped to head it off. A murder in 396 00:22:58,520 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 1: Whitechapel or any in the East End was regarded differently 397 00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:06,120 Speaker 1: from attacks elsewhere in London, say Regent's Park, for example, 398 00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:10,080 Speaker 1: A murder there would get sympathy from a wide British readership. 399 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:13,280 Speaker 1: But let a poor man sin in the East End, 400 00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:16,960 Speaker 1: they wrote, and it draws the finger of scorn alongside 401 00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:20,240 Speaker 1: the gasp of horror. After all, fearful readers and the 402 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:24,080 Speaker 1: journalists who fed them stories truly believed east Enders were 403 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:28,119 Speaker 1: all Ruffians. It seemed the papers used every story to 404 00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:31,520 Speaker 1: reinforce that prejudice too. If the editors of the East 405 00:23:31,640 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 1: End Adviser thought Martha Tabram's murder was used to spoil 406 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:39,080 Speaker 1: their neighborhood's reputation, though they were completely unprepared for what 407 00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:43,440 Speaker 1: was coming, and they had no idea just how bad 408 00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:50,720 Speaker 1: things could get. Regent's Park was built for the Lizzies 409 00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:53,960 Speaker 1: and Josephs of London and their betters. But as we're 410 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:57,000 Speaker 1: starting to see, that's only one small part of london story. 411 00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:59,760 Speaker 1: When the old city was chewed and swallowed by the 412 00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:03,200 Speaker 1: reads plans and the industrial era crept into the light, 413 00:24:03,640 --> 00:24:07,600 Speaker 1: Londoners saw three faces of their home. To the west 414 00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:11,000 Speaker 1: sat Court and Parliament. It was the city's government seat, 415 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:14,440 Speaker 1: second at the city center. Tides of money were pulled 416 00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:16,879 Speaker 1: in from all around the globe to create the banks 417 00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:20,080 Speaker 1: and towers, all of which spilled into the creeping suburbs 418 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:23,200 Speaker 1: for the middle classes who served in them, and finally 419 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:26,600 Speaker 1: on the eastern side of the city and flowing ever eastward, 420 00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:30,080 Speaker 1: towards the open sea were London's ducks and the factories 421 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:34,200 Speaker 1: and warehouses that hunched against them. Here's historian Drew Gray. 422 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:39,680 Speaker 1: The West End, or in popular parlance, the Best End, 423 00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:44,840 Speaker 1: was home to the wealthy. It was a playground for 424 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:47,159 Speaker 1: those who had money, and of course it was a 425 00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:49,159 Speaker 1: magnet for people who wanted to work. So plenty of 426 00:24:49,359 --> 00:24:51,600 Speaker 1: East London has worked in the West End, worked in 427 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:53,639 Speaker 1: the shops and the clubs, and the clubs and the 428 00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:56,640 Speaker 1: and came over, you know, the women came over sometimes 429 00:24:56,640 --> 00:25:00,760 Speaker 1: to collactic prostitutes and escorts in that part of town. 430 00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:03,080 Speaker 1: And this is where the shops and the clubs in 431 00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:06,879 Speaker 1: the theaters of Victoria and London were. Um. You know, 432 00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:09,679 Speaker 1: this is where you'd find the elegant streets and the 433 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:13,800 Speaker 1: squares around Bloomsbury. And this is this is what looked 434 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:18,480 Speaker 1: like the capital of the greatest empire of the world 435 00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:23,240 Speaker 1: had ever seen, all of it, beautifully lit and well 436 00:25:23,359 --> 00:25:27,920 Speaker 1: served by transport networks. If you contrast that with the 437 00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:32,920 Speaker 1: East End of London, um, this is poor, dark, overcrowded 438 00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:37,120 Speaker 1: and largely degraded. So, as I've said before, the while 439 00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: the West End was affluent, the East End was affluent, 440 00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:42,679 Speaker 1: kind of strich, stinking in the noses of those that 441 00:25:42,880 --> 00:25:46,560 Speaker 1: visited it. And that's the image we have of the 442 00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:49,440 Speaker 1: contrast between the East and West ends of London in 443 00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: nineteenth century, and it's probably the image that most Londoners 444 00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:55,240 Speaker 1: would have had, certainly most West Londoners and people from 445 00:25:55,240 --> 00:26:00,320 Speaker 1: outside the capital as Londoners white, these factions growing in 446 00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:03,960 Speaker 1: their home, popular songs and political cartoons arrived to tell 447 00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:07,080 Speaker 1: the story of St. Giles and St. James. It was 448 00:26:07,119 --> 00:26:10,480 Speaker 1: an easy way to paint a picture of a divided city. St. 449 00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:15,119 Speaker 1: James represented posh and aristocratic West London. St. Giles was 450 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:18,680 Speaker 1: the London of hard labor and heavy industry. The swelling 451 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:22,160 Speaker 1: middle classes and the ranks of money men and industrialists 452 00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: were squeezed in between the two worlds. Of course, all 453 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:27,959 Speaker 1: of this was far too black and white to give 454 00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:30,880 Speaker 1: a clear picture of the real city. Here's Drew Gray 455 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:38,080 Speaker 1: once again. Well, the East End was poor, it was overcrowded, 456 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:43,280 Speaker 1: and it was home to those dirty trades that were necessary, 457 00:26:43,359 --> 00:26:47,160 Speaker 1: such as slaughtering and tanning. Those industries has always been 458 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:50,080 Speaker 1: placed in the east of the capital. Um that that 459 00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:55,240 Speaker 1: goes right back in history. But Charles Bose Great Survey 460 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: of Poverty, um He's macking of London reveals that, yeah, 461 00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:03,439 Speaker 1: were certainly more areas of wealth and prosperity in the 462 00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:05,840 Speaker 1: West End than in the East End. To the east 463 00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:08,920 Speaker 1: End wasn't entirely riddled with poverty, and you will find 464 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:13,080 Speaker 1: pockets of deprivation across the capitol in West London as well. 465 00:27:14,160 --> 00:27:18,600 Speaker 1: So the contrast is a useful starting point. But London 466 00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:21,600 Speaker 1: was a very mixed city in the eighteen hundreds, and 467 00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:26,480 Speaker 1: poverty and wealth often lived cheap by jiles side by side. 468 00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:30,520 Speaker 1: After visiting the city at the beginning of the nineteenth century, 469 00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:34,200 Speaker 1: one American observer wrote that the constant press of carriage traffic, 470 00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:37,840 Speaker 1: even in London's West End, created and I quote a 471 00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:42,359 Speaker 1: universal hubbub, a sort of uniform grinding and shaking, like 472 00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,800 Speaker 1: that experienced in a great mill with fifty pair of stones. 473 00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,719 Speaker 1: I should say that it came upon the ear like 474 00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:52,600 Speaker 1: the fall of Niagara, and the city only continued to grow. 475 00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,720 Speaker 1: In the East End. It wasn't just factories, it was 476 00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:57,920 Speaker 1: also the homes of the people who worked in those 477 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:00,600 Speaker 1: factories and on the docks, and yeah, us who worked 478 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:02,840 Speaker 1: back in the West End too, but we're just too 479 00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:05,840 Speaker 1: poor to live there. But grand as the houses were 480 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,199 Speaker 1: in the West End of London, the houses in the 481 00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:12,040 Speaker 1: East End where the holdovers from another era. Here's Adam 482 00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:16,760 Speaker 1: Wood once again, when you combine that large movement of 483 00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:20,440 Speaker 1: or poverty stricken residents into an area, as I say, 484 00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:23,919 Speaker 1: which had been prosperous, but the buildings were getting older 485 00:28:23,960 --> 00:28:29,080 Speaker 1: and dilapidated. Certainly the the the sewage facilities around the 486 00:28:29,080 --> 00:28:32,679 Speaker 1: East End were getting dated. It just become too overcrowded 487 00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:36,919 Speaker 1: and more. From historian Drew Gray, I always trying to 488 00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 1: imagine that I'm going back in time and I'm stepping 489 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:44,440 Speaker 1: out onto the rather dirty streets of London in the 490 00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:49,160 Speaker 1: nineteenth century. But I would describe the East End is 491 00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:54,000 Speaker 1: a multicultural melting pot, a kind of vibrant community of 492 00:28:54,080 --> 00:28:57,000 Speaker 1: people struggling to survive in a society, of course, which 493 00:28:57,040 --> 00:29:01,080 Speaker 1: generally failed to support those that fell on on hard times. 494 00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:04,800 Speaker 1: So I see a series of communities, not one community, 495 00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:07,959 Speaker 1: but several communities, and not always seeing eye to eye, 496 00:29:08,080 --> 00:29:12,040 Speaker 1: where kind of new immigrants mingled with established ones and 497 00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:15,560 Speaker 1: native east Enders for want of a better word, robbed 498 00:29:15,560 --> 00:29:19,200 Speaker 1: shoulders with new arrivals and with slumming tourists, you know, 499 00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:22,240 Speaker 1: wealthier people coming into the area to kind of got 500 00:29:22,440 --> 00:29:25,360 Speaker 1: at what they could see. I see White Chapel is 501 00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 1: somewhere where poverty was endemic, but at the same time 502 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:37,920 Speaker 1: there's an entrepreneurial spirit kind of everywhere. So words I'd 503 00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:41,640 Speaker 1: use to describe White Chaplain in the would be bold, 504 00:29:41,640 --> 00:29:48,120 Speaker 1: with brassy, sometimes shocking, often funny, amusing, always lively and 505 00:29:48,160 --> 00:29:53,680 Speaker 1: exciting and ever changing. There was a city teaming with life, 506 00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:58,000 Speaker 1: full of sorrows and struggles and excitement, and plenty of suffering, 507 00:29:58,360 --> 00:30:00,760 Speaker 1: but also a place of work in a real home 508 00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:04,160 Speaker 1: too many. That's the world that the East London Adviser 509 00:30:04,280 --> 00:30:07,640 Speaker 1: set out to defend in the days after Martha Tabram's murder, 510 00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:10,520 Speaker 1: not to deny the seriousness of the crime, but to 511 00:30:10,640 --> 00:30:13,280 Speaker 1: argue that there was so much more to Whitechapel than 512 00:30:13,320 --> 00:30:17,280 Speaker 1: the shadow of an uncaught killer. But to the journalists 513 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:19,720 Speaker 1: of the other papers out looking to scare up a story, 514 00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:23,040 Speaker 1: and to the readers who followed them there, the neighborhood 515 00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:26,160 Speaker 1: was most useful as the home to those men of 516 00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:31,040 Speaker 1: doubtful character and immoral women who filled up illegal playhouses 517 00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:35,040 Speaker 1: and worse, if some writers were praising London as the 518 00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:39,120 Speaker 1: rome of modern history. Others weren't so celebratory. When he 519 00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:42,800 Speaker 1: visited London in eighteen seventy six, American writer Henry James 520 00:30:42,840 --> 00:30:45,800 Speaker 1: had harsher words for the city. He dubbed it and 521 00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:50,440 Speaker 1: I quote, the murky modern Babylon. James called London plenty 522 00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:53,840 Speaker 1: of other things too, like a strangely mingled monster that 523 00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:57,800 Speaker 1: stirred together all the classes and activities of English society. 524 00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:01,360 Speaker 1: That one's probably my favorite image. But it also expressed 525 00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:03,880 Speaker 1: a prejudice that we see over and over again in 526 00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:07,960 Speaker 1: writers of the period, that London's worst inhabitants and impulses 527 00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:10,440 Speaker 1: were all mixed up with its best, and it turned 528 00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:14,440 Speaker 1: the whole thing monstrous. But it was that phrase modern 529 00:31:14,520 --> 00:31:17,840 Speaker 1: Babylon that carried the right weight of history, the mix 530 00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:21,240 Speaker 1: of awe and horror and fear of foreigners from the East, 531 00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:24,360 Speaker 1: to really catch on, even more so when the British 532 00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:27,520 Speaker 1: journalist W. T. Stead used it in the title of 533 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:30,680 Speaker 1: a series of newspaper articles that shocked the reading public. 534 00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:34,800 Speaker 1: In them, he described the depths of the city's depravity, 535 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:37,520 Speaker 1: and in doing so he launched a wave of fear 536 00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:41,160 Speaker 1: and fury about life in the East End long before 537 00:31:41,160 --> 00:31:49,600 Speaker 1: the name Jack the Ripper was ever whispered. In July, 538 00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:53,480 Speaker 1: the pall Mall Gazette gave it to readers a warning. 539 00:31:54,240 --> 00:31:57,080 Speaker 1: All those who are squeamish and all those who are 540 00:31:57,160 --> 00:32:00,120 Speaker 1: prudish the article read, and all those who pre for 541 00:32:00,280 --> 00:32:03,720 Speaker 1: to live in a fool's paradise of imaginary innocence and 542 00:32:03,760 --> 00:32:06,960 Speaker 1: purity were told that they would do well not to 543 00:32:07,040 --> 00:32:09,959 Speaker 1: read the paper for the next four days, because it 544 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:13,240 Speaker 1: was about the publish a story of an actual pilgrimage 545 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:17,040 Speaker 1: into a real hell. Of course, all of this meant 546 00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:19,560 Speaker 1: that the next few issues of the paper sold like 547 00:32:19,680 --> 00:32:22,520 Speaker 1: never before, and the story that it told was indeed 548 00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:25,920 Speaker 1: hellish and diabolical. But if Bryant and May were bad 549 00:32:26,040 --> 00:32:28,800 Speaker 1: enough for exploiting women and girls to make matches in 550 00:32:28,840 --> 00:32:32,280 Speaker 1: their East End factory, well London was home to matchmaking 551 00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:35,960 Speaker 1: of an even more depraved and creditory sort. In his 552 00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:40,280 Speaker 1: series of articles called The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, W. T. 553 00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:42,960 Speaker 1: Stead described a hell that was far too close for 554 00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:46,840 Speaker 1: most of his listeners, child sex trafficking. He argued that 555 00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,239 Speaker 1: young girls were being bought and sold rights in the 556 00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:52,760 Speaker 1: heart of the British Empire sold off like sacrifices to 557 00:32:53,040 --> 00:32:57,120 Speaker 1: a vicious god. Instead, it was the deepest damnation of 558 00:32:57,240 --> 00:32:59,960 Speaker 1: Victorian society. And to add to that, he wrote, the 559 00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:03,880 Speaker 1: girls there were being shipped off to foreign sures. Gladstone 560 00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:08,080 Speaker 1: and his Liberal government were focused on military campaigns overseas, 561 00:33:08,120 --> 00:33:11,120 Speaker 1: so Stead realized that in order to make them pay attention, 562 00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:14,240 Speaker 1: he needed the public's help, so he whipped them into 563 00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:18,640 Speaker 1: a fury. In part because Stead crossed the line in 564 00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:22,120 Speaker 1: order to demonstrate the trafficking, he did some himself. He 565 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,440 Speaker 1: convinced the London mother that he had a place for 566 00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:27,120 Speaker 1: her daughter as a domestic servant. Once he had the 567 00:33:27,160 --> 00:33:29,719 Speaker 1: girl in his power, he drugged her and shipped her 568 00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:32,720 Speaker 1: to Paris, where she was held by the Salvation Army. 569 00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:35,840 Speaker 1: As Stead chronicled the process in the Paul mal Gazette, 570 00:33:37,160 --> 00:33:40,680 Speaker 1: and not just his own paper either, London newspapers and 571 00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:43,880 Speaker 1: the stories they published were reaching around the world. Stead 572 00:33:43,880 --> 00:33:47,280 Speaker 1: would proudly announce that his articles on London sex trafficking 573 00:33:47,320 --> 00:33:51,040 Speaker 1: were printed in every capital across Europe and in America too. 574 00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:56,720 Speaker 1: The sensation was international. In London, unauthorized reprints alone sold 575 00:33:56,720 --> 00:34:02,200 Speaker 1: more than one and a half million copies. Now, obviously W. T. 576 00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:05,640 Speaker 1: Stead had a noble vision behind his lured writing. To 577 00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:08,439 Speaker 1: begin with, recent government reports had shown that at least 578 00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:11,000 Speaker 1: thirty three British girls and women had been taken to 579 00:34:11,080 --> 00:34:14,040 Speaker 1: brothels on the European continent in the short time between 580 00:34:14,040 --> 00:34:17,680 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy nine and eighteen eighty, and at the time 581 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,840 Speaker 1: English law set the age of consent at just thirteen. 582 00:34:21,239 --> 00:34:24,719 Speaker 1: Instead correctly saw that the law itself was deeply criminal, 583 00:34:24,920 --> 00:34:28,000 Speaker 1: a moral stain. His spate of articles was meant to 584 00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:31,280 Speaker 1: scrub that away, and there's no doubt that on one level, 585 00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:34,920 Speaker 1: the horrified response to his expose on child trafficking was 586 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,040 Speaker 1: a good thing. As a result, the law did change. 587 00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:41,920 Speaker 1: But there were people Stead had not taken into account, 588 00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:45,680 Speaker 1: which included the girl's parents. Their names were splashed all 589 00:34:45,719 --> 00:34:48,440 Speaker 1: over the papers saying that they had sold their daughters 590 00:34:48,480 --> 00:34:51,759 Speaker 1: into sexual slavery. To their mind, they had trusted the 591 00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:54,479 Speaker 1: word of a respected journalist when he offered to help 592 00:34:54,560 --> 00:34:57,560 Speaker 1: their daughter find a good job. So in response they 593 00:34:57,680 --> 00:35:00,319 Speaker 1: turned around and sued him for defrauding them and for 594 00:35:00,360 --> 00:35:02,960 Speaker 1: committing the very same crime that he was blasting in 595 00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:07,399 Speaker 1: his paper, which to be honest, seems fair. There were 596 00:35:07,400 --> 00:35:10,560 Speaker 1: other consequences too, like the fact that Stead's made a 597 00:35:10,680 --> 00:35:14,759 Speaker 1: tribute of modern Babylon served to deepen middle class distrust 598 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:19,840 Speaker 1: of London's poor. Here's historian Louise Raw once again. In fact, 599 00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:23,440 Speaker 1: there was this idea that the poor didn't love their children, 600 00:35:23,440 --> 00:35:26,800 Speaker 1: which is a really strange one. How separate of a 601 00:35:26,920 --> 00:35:30,320 Speaker 1: species have you got to be considered if people question 602 00:35:30,320 --> 00:35:32,520 Speaker 1: whether you love your children. And there are even some 603 00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,360 Speaker 1: commentators who say, well, you know, I've talked some of 604 00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:38,799 Speaker 1: this poor pl and Jina, they actually do. And once 605 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:42,319 Speaker 1: those attitudes were exposed, it only got uglier, and some 606 00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:46,040 Speaker 1: of that ugliness was right there insteads articles. Here's a 607 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:49,680 Speaker 1: bit more from historian Drew Gray. One thing we have 608 00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:52,400 Speaker 1: to remember, of course, is that most people were certainly 609 00:35:52,480 --> 00:35:57,200 Speaker 1: most middle class people, even middle class people in London, 610 00:35:57,960 --> 00:35:59,719 Speaker 1: and these are the people that read most of them 611 00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:03,000 Speaker 1: new papers. Rarely ventured into the East End or any 612 00:36:03,080 --> 00:36:06,520 Speaker 1: of London's other poorer areas, you know, it's like Saint 613 00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:10,440 Speaker 1: Giles or the Borough in Southolk, and they just didn't 614 00:36:10,440 --> 00:36:15,000 Speaker 1: go there. Instead, they learned about those areas through the 615 00:36:15,080 --> 00:36:19,160 Speaker 1: newspapers they read, and papers gave them a partial and 616 00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:22,439 Speaker 1: a biased view of those areas, not unlike the way 617 00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:26,040 Speaker 1: in which Darkest Africa was described by the missionaries who 618 00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:29,799 Speaker 1: went there to loosely use the term civilize it in 619 00:36:29,840 --> 00:36:33,960 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, so colorful descriptions of the East End, 620 00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:36,719 Speaker 1: you know, featuring the strange people that lived there. There 621 00:36:36,840 --> 00:36:40,320 Speaker 1: they're weird customs there, smelly food and the clothes that 622 00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,560 Speaker 1: people we're all printed in ways that was similar to 623 00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:47,440 Speaker 1: the descriptions offered of far away in exotic lands in 624 00:36:47,440 --> 00:36:52,440 Speaker 1: India and China and Africa, all the parts of the 625 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:57,840 Speaker 1: all the parts touched by the British Empire, and people 626 00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:03,360 Speaker 1: like William Stead, who pioneered what we could probably call 627 00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:08,960 Speaker 1: you know, who pioneered what's been termed new journalism, recognized 628 00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:12,879 Speaker 1: the power that the media had to affect change as 629 00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:16,680 Speaker 1: well as turning a profit by saying newspapers. It was 630 00:37:16,719 --> 00:37:19,359 Speaker 1: the combined fear of the East End, whipped up by 631 00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:22,680 Speaker 1: reporting like the Maiden Tribute stories and the growing fear 632 00:37:22,719 --> 00:37:25,680 Speaker 1: of gang violence stemming from the Regent's Park murder that 633 00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:29,880 Speaker 1: lifted Martha Tabram's death to the headlines. Fear and horror 634 00:37:29,920 --> 00:37:33,360 Speaker 1: about sex among London's poor was already at a boiling point. 635 00:37:33,719 --> 00:37:36,720 Speaker 1: The doctor who examined Martha's body suggested that she hadn't 636 00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:39,760 Speaker 1: been raped, but that barely broke through the real lens 637 00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:42,799 Speaker 1: by which middle class readers saw the East End with 638 00:37:42,880 --> 00:37:45,319 Speaker 1: someone like Pearly Paul as the main witness to an 639 00:37:45,320 --> 00:37:49,640 Speaker 1: East End murder investigation, murder and prostitution were stitched together 640 00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:53,800 Speaker 1: for the public, and it's no coincidence that the London 641 00:37:53,840 --> 00:37:56,120 Speaker 1: docks in the East End were the places where people 642 00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:59,839 Speaker 1: and plunder from around the world entered Britain's bloodstream. When 643 00:37:59,840 --> 00:38:02,920 Speaker 1: the Sailor's knife was found after the Regent's Park murder 644 00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:05,719 Speaker 1: and identified as the murder weapon, it could only have 645 00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:10,120 Speaker 1: reinforced the East Ends reputation for the mysterious and dangerous 646 00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:12,759 Speaker 1: and the fear and suspicion that many readers had of 647 00:38:12,880 --> 00:38:16,080 Speaker 1: lands beyond England Shore. It was exactly the kind of 648 00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,400 Speaker 1: thinking that Britain's leaders had used to justify the invasion 649 00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:23,520 Speaker 1: and plundering of lands around the world, so of course 650 00:38:23,640 --> 00:38:26,680 Speaker 1: it brought campaigners to the East End too, As we'll 651 00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:28,719 Speaker 1: see in the future, most of the attention on the 652 00:38:28,719 --> 00:38:31,439 Speaker 1: East End was like this. The women and girls who 653 00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:34,120 Speaker 1: worked in the match factory were looked at as almost 654 00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:38,800 Speaker 1: subhuman species. The poor were considered at best, lost souls 655 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:42,960 Speaker 1: in need of saving, or reprobates in need of reform. 656 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,600 Speaker 1: The common attitude was that the monstrous darkness of the 657 00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:48,160 Speaker 1: East End needed to be conquered and brought to heal. 658 00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:51,400 Speaker 1: And all of that was before murders began to spot 659 00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:55,880 Speaker 1: Whitechapel with blood, and when sensationalist stories sold papers in 660 00:38:55,920 --> 00:38:58,840 Speaker 1: the name of righteous campaigning. While that could only have 661 00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:02,400 Speaker 1: journalists drooly over a good East End story, one that 662 00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:06,160 Speaker 1: would trigger all of the worst prejudices of their London readership. 663 00:39:06,920 --> 00:39:11,360 Speaker 1: A summer of anxiety was about to become the autumn 664 00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:20,160 Speaker 1: of terror. A sailor's knife and a soldier's bayonet, tools 665 00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,800 Speaker 1: of empire and weapons of war. These were the objects 666 00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:26,960 Speaker 1: conjured up by the ink stained hands of London journalists 667 00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,319 Speaker 1: to evoke a shutter of horror, not because they were new, 668 00:39:30,719 --> 00:39:34,560 Speaker 1: but because they were being used in London itself. And 669 00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:38,239 Speaker 1: then Charles Cross found the body of Polly Nichols. Like 670 00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:41,040 Speaker 1: the man who discovered Martha Tabram's body, Charles was a 671 00:39:41,120 --> 00:39:43,440 Speaker 1: laborer headed off to work in the early hours of 672 00:39:43,440 --> 00:39:46,200 Speaker 1: the morning when he saw something lying on the cobbles, 673 00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:50,879 Speaker 1: slumped against a gate. Another man going by join him, 674 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:53,840 Speaker 1: and they approached. The shape was a woman with a 675 00:39:53,920 --> 00:39:56,839 Speaker 1: bonnet tossed to the side. At first the two men 676 00:39:56,880 --> 00:40:00,160 Speaker 1: couldn't tell if she was asleep. Her face was still warm, 677 00:40:00,200 --> 00:40:03,600 Speaker 1: but her hands were deathly cold. Charles said to the other, 678 00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:06,600 Speaker 1: I think she's dead, and they ran off to find 679 00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:10,600 Speaker 1: a policeman. The constables they found, fetched a hand carts 680 00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:14,040 Speaker 1: and a nearby doctor. He pronounced her dead and ordered 681 00:40:14,040 --> 00:40:16,879 Speaker 1: them to move her body to the mortuary for examination. 682 00:40:17,360 --> 00:40:19,680 Speaker 1: But it was when the constables lifted her that they 683 00:40:19,719 --> 00:40:22,279 Speaker 1: saw the blood. It ran from her body to the 684 00:40:22,280 --> 00:40:26,680 Speaker 1: gutter and covered her back. It covered everything Polly's body, 685 00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:30,200 Speaker 1: the stones of the street, and the officer's hands too, 686 00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:33,160 Speaker 1: so they examined the surrounding roads to see if there 687 00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,480 Speaker 1: were any marks or traces elsewhere. Nearby, they checked the 688 00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:40,439 Speaker 1: neighborhood's railway lines and embankments, but beyond the location where 689 00:40:40,440 --> 00:40:42,800 Speaker 1: her body had been found, there were no other signs 690 00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:47,120 Speaker 1: of Polly's blood. Soon enough, though, it would stain everything. 691 00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:50,640 Speaker 1: When the doctor arrived to make his examination in the 692 00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:53,560 Speaker 1: mortuary at ten a m. He began by cataloging the 693 00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:57,360 Speaker 1: wounds that would become the next press sensation. Her throats 694 00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:01,440 Speaker 1: had been cut and several deep, jagged wounds crossed her abdomen. 695 00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:05,160 Speaker 1: Experience and evidence led him to surmise that the cuts 696 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:09,560 Speaker 1: had been made with a very sharp knife. The number 697 00:41:09,560 --> 00:41:11,680 Speaker 1: of wounds made him think that the attack had taken 698 00:41:11,760 --> 00:41:14,840 Speaker 1: as long as five minutes from start to finish, a 699 00:41:14,920 --> 00:41:18,840 Speaker 1: brutally long demonstration of violence, and it had happened just 700 00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:22,080 Speaker 1: one mile east of where Martha Tabram had been killed. 701 00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:26,920 Speaker 1: It had begun. Events were now set in motion that 702 00:41:26,960 --> 00:41:31,040 Speaker 1: would possess an entire nation a deadly series of killings 703 00:41:31,520 --> 00:41:35,320 Speaker 1: that would become forever known as the White Chapel Murders. 704 00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:41,200 Speaker 1: That's it for this week's episode of Unobscured. Stick around 705 00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:44,440 Speaker 1: after this short sponsor break for a preview of what's 706 00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:52,120 Speaker 1: in store for next week. Emma had suffered a brutal 707 00:41:52,120 --> 00:41:55,040 Speaker 1: attack in the street. Afterwards, she was able to make 708 00:41:55,040 --> 00:41:58,160 Speaker 1: her way back to the lodging house where she was staying. There, 709 00:41:58,239 --> 00:42:01,080 Speaker 1: she told other lodgers what had been to her. They 710 00:42:01,080 --> 00:42:03,799 Speaker 1: helped her to the hospital. Along the way, she told 711 00:42:03,840 --> 00:42:06,439 Speaker 1: the women helping her that she was attacked by three men, 712 00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:10,400 Speaker 1: and one of them was only nineteen years old. Emma 713 00:42:10,480 --> 00:42:12,719 Speaker 1: even pointed out the place where she was attacked as 714 00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:15,359 Speaker 1: they passed by, and she talked with the doctors who 715 00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:18,400 Speaker 1: treated her wounds. All of this had reached the papers 716 00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:21,399 Speaker 1: within a week of her death, after the inquest held 717 00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:25,319 Speaker 1: by coroner Win Baxter, was reported in major newspapers like 718 00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:28,120 Speaker 1: The Times of London and the front page of Lloyd's 719 00:42:28,120 --> 00:42:31,960 Speaker 1: Weekly News. Of course, almost five months later, it was 720 00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:35,040 Speaker 1: more profitable for The Star to leave out those details 721 00:42:35,080 --> 00:42:38,360 Speaker 1: and replaced them with the suggestion of a mysterious killer 722 00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:41,640 Speaker 1: who had already taken three lives. It conjured up the 723 00:42:41,680 --> 00:42:44,600 Speaker 1: image of a figure haunting White Chapel who would never 724 00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:47,520 Speaker 1: really leave. It didn't hurt the paper if it brought 725 00:42:47,520 --> 00:42:50,080 Speaker 1: in some cash in the process of spinning up a 726 00:42:50,280 --> 00:42:54,960 Speaker 1: false narrative of events. The thing is, though Emma's murder 727 00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:58,800 Speaker 1: was horrible enough, there's no question that her death, along 728 00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:01,960 Speaker 1: with Martha Tabraham's and now the murder of Polly Nichols, 729 00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:05,319 Speaker 1: were a terrible sign of life in East London. No 730 00:43:05,520 --> 00:43:09,080 Speaker 1: price can be put on any human life, but an 731 00:43:09,120 --> 00:43:26,400 Speaker 1: evening issue of The Star, well, that was just one halfpenny. 732 00:43:28,080 --> 00:43:31,319 Speaker 1: Unobscured was created by me Aaron Manky and produced by 733 00:43:31,360 --> 00:43:35,040 Speaker 1: Matt Frederick, Alex Williams, and Josh Thane in partnership with 734 00:43:35,080 --> 00:43:38,279 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio. Research and writing for this season is 735 00:43:38,320 --> 00:43:40,800 Speaker 1: all the work of my right hand man Carl Nellis 736 00:43:40,920 --> 00:43:44,040 Speaker 1: and the brilliant Chad Lawson composed the brand new soundtrack. 737 00:43:44,560 --> 00:43:48,440 Speaker 1: Learn more about our contributing historians, source material and links 738 00:43:48,480 --> 00:43:52,839 Speaker 1: to our other shows over at history unobscured dot com, 739 00:43:52,840 --> 00:44:03,600 Speaker 1: and until next time, thanks for listening. Un Obscured is 740 00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:06,000 Speaker 1: a production of iHeart Radio and Erin Mankey. For more 741 00:44:06,040 --> 00:44:08,279 Speaker 1: podcasts for My heart Radio, visit I Heart Radio app, 742 00:44:08,360 --> 00:44:10,880 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.