WEBVTT - Galileo: Reason and Rejection

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<v Speaker 1>Isn't it true you have a science degree from Yale

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<v Speaker 1>Bachelor of Arts degree? Is it a political science degree? Science?

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<v Speaker 1>So how do you get a Bachelor of Arts in

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<v Speaker 1>a science Well, it's liberal arts education and degree. It's

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<v Speaker 1>a bachelor Okay, so it's not really science. So I

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<v Speaker 1>think it's somewhat appropriate that somebody with a pseudoscience degree

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<v Speaker 1>is here pushing pseudoscience in front of our committee today.

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<v Speaker 1>You have seen what we thought was unseeable. We have

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<v Speaker 1>seen and taking a picture of a black hole. I

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<v Speaker 1>wanted to specifically talk about the aerodynamics Akaino source and

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<v Speaker 1>the lies that these paleontologists have been feeding you for

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<v Speaker 1>your entire lives. He says he genetically edited human embryos

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<v Speaker 1>not just for research, but for implantation, leading to the

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<v Speaker 1>world's first births of genetically alter humans baby girls born

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<v Speaker 1>in China from embryos designed to be resistant to HIV.

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<v Speaker 1>In a minute, Oh hi there, Welcome to twenty nineteen,

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<v Speaker 1>a time when quadruped robots can open doors. Researchers are

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<v Speaker 1>working on printing body parts. Burgers not made out of

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<v Speaker 1>meat tastes just like meat, and some people believe NASA's

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<v Speaker 1>use of composite images proves that Earth is not round.

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<v Speaker 1>I'm Eve Steph Code, and this is unpopular a podcast

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<v Speaker 1>about the people in history who did not let the

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<v Speaker 1>threat of persecution keep them from speaking truth to power

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<v Speaker 1>more often than I probably should. I wonder how my

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<v Speaker 1>ancestors would react to modern technology. I mean, I am

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<v Speaker 1>at in someone who only knew oil lamps, pressing buttons

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<v Speaker 1>on a PlayStation, making simulated people move on a gigantic screen,

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<v Speaker 1>or my great great great great grandmother, who likely once

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<v Speaker 1>were shackles around her ankles watching me use a smartphone

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<v Speaker 1>to call a lift to pick me up, just me,

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<v Speaker 1>no restrictions. I know that not everyone in the world

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<v Speaker 1>has the privilege of accessing such technology, and I know

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<v Speaker 1>that this kind of situation has been the gag and

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<v Speaker 1>many a poorly executed comedy. I just think the reason

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<v Speaker 1>I think about this so much is so I remember

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<v Speaker 1>not to take how far humankind has advanced for granted,

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<v Speaker 1>and so I hold onto that youthful awe that can

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<v Speaker 1>dissipate so easily in a world that can be super

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<v Speaker 1>harsh at times. Nobody snapped their fingers and created my microwave.

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<v Speaker 1>I'm grateful for the years of research, experimentation, and design

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<v Speaker 1>people put in to create a multitude of technologies that

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<v Speaker 1>allow me to warm my leftovers up in less than

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<v Speaker 1>three minutes. I realize how much science cushions my comfortable life,

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<v Speaker 1>and I pay my respects by daydreaming about raising my

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<v Speaker 1>forebears from a did to come revel in all with me.

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<v Speaker 1>I know people way back in the day couldn't fathom

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<v Speaker 1>something like social media or robot vacuums unless they were

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<v Speaker 1>like nostro damis or something. It's hard to see past

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<v Speaker 1>the current situation. It's impossible to know what knowledge science

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<v Speaker 1>will bring us in the future, and thanks to our hubris,

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<v Speaker 1>it's not easy to imagine that something we believed to

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<v Speaker 1>be utterly and undeniably true about the world could be

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<v Speaker 1>completely wrong. Being wrong after you thought you had it

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<v Speaker 1>all figured out is like dropping your ice cream cone

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<v Speaker 1>on the hot summer day before you even got one

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<v Speaker 1>lick in, or buying a pair of pants you thought

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<v Speaker 1>hat pockets, only to find out they were fake pockets.

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<v Speaker 1>Cognitive dissonance kicks in when our beliefs are challenged. We

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<v Speaker 1>want to be right. We need to be right to

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<v Speaker 1>reduce the discomfort of that dissonance. Suppose an individual believes

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<v Speaker 1>something with his whole heart. Suppose further that he has

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<v Speaker 1>a commitment to this belief and he has taken irrevocable

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<v Speaker 1>actions because of it. Finally, supposed that he has presented

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<v Speaker 1>with evidence, unequivocal and undeniable evidence that his belief is wrong.

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<v Speaker 1>What will happen. The individual will frequently emerge not only unshaken,

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<v Speaker 1>but even more convinced of the truth of his beliefs

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<v Speaker 1>than ever before. Indeed, he may even show a new

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<v Speaker 1>fervor for convincing and converting other people to his view.

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<v Speaker 1>Psychologist Leon Festinger, Henry W. Reikan, and Stanley Shackter wrote

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<v Speaker 1>that in the book When Prophecy Fails, this sentiment can

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<v Speaker 1>be applied to so so any things that are happening

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<v Speaker 1>in the world right now. Science denialism not the least

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<v Speaker 1>of them. Conviction is one hell of a drug. We're

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<v Speaker 1>more likely to believe information that confirms the beliefs we

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<v Speaker 1>already hold, and we reject information that contradicts our beliefs.

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<v Speaker 1>We feel first, and we reason later, and often that

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<v Speaker 1>reasoning is just affront for rationalizing our beliefs. We may

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<v Speaker 1>be intelligent beings capable of things no other creature has

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<v Speaker 1>been before, unique among known life forms. But we are

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<v Speaker 1>not immune to irrational thoughts and being unable to swallow

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<v Speaker 1>our pride. These are the flaws in our grand design.

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<v Speaker 1>Galileo Galilei was up against when he rejected the officially

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<v Speaker 1>held belief that the Sun revolved around Earth and Earth

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<v Speaker 1>was the center of the universe. Instead, he said Earth

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<v Speaker 1>revolved around the Sun. He wasn't the first person to

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<v Speaker 1>support the heliocentric model. Aristarchus of Samos was the first

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<v Speaker 1>to suggest that Earth rotates on an axis and revolves

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<v Speaker 1>around the Sun in the BC years, and in the

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<v Speaker 1>publication six Books concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs,

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<v Speaker 1>Nikolaus Copernicus proposed that the planets revolved around the Sun,

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<v Speaker 1>which is at the center of the universe. But even

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<v Speaker 1>though scientists knew Earth was not at the center of

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<v Speaker 1>the universe, the Catholic Church would have none of it

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<v Speaker 1>when Galilea was vocal about helio centrism in the seventeenth century.

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<v Speaker 1>Galileo is one of the most well known and celebrated

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<v Speaker 1>scientists ever, and his run in with the Church is

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<v Speaker 1>a mythicized affair that many people have encountered in some

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<v Speaker 1>form or another. It's worth looking back at the heliocentrism

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<v Speaker 1>contry or see. Not so we can laugh at how

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<v Speaker 1>ignorant the church was, but so we can consider how

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<v Speaker 1>we react to information that opposes are deeply held beliefs,

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<v Speaker 1>and what it means to be the kind of person

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<v Speaker 1>who's willing to question those beliefs. Galileo was literally confined

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<v Speaker 1>for his dissent, a kind of poetic illustration of the

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<v Speaker 1>ways we can be closed minded in self limiting. Galileo

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<v Speaker 1>story is a reminder that sometimes we have to make

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<v Speaker 1>enemies in our pursuit of truth. After the break, we'll

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<v Speaker 1>meet the man who helped advance the scientific revolution. M.

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<v Speaker 1>Galileo was born on February fifteenth, fifteen sixty four in Pisa, Italy.

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<v Speaker 1>His mom was Julia Almonati, and his father a musician

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<v Speaker 1>named Vincenzo Galilei. After Galileo and his family moved to

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<v Speaker 1>Florence in the early fifteen seventies, Galileo began to study

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<v Speaker 1>for the priesthood and considered joining the Order, but he

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<v Speaker 1>switched paths, deciding to study medicine. At the University of Pisa.

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<v Speaker 1>It was his father's wish that he studied medicine, but

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<v Speaker 1>he soon fell in love with math, and he once

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<v Speaker 1>again changed courses and began to study philosophy and mathematics.

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<v Speaker 1>In fifteen eighty nine he became the chair of mathematics

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<v Speaker 1>at the University of Pisa, but by fifteen ninety two

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<v Speaker 1>he had fallen out of favor with his colleagues for

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<v Speaker 1>supporting the Archamedian approach to motion rather than Aristotle's notions.

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<v Speaker 1>That meant he believed the speed of falling bodies is

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<v Speaker 1>proportional to their density, rather than their weight, as Aristotle proposed.

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<v Speaker 1>Of course, this would not be Galileo's last foray into

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<v Speaker 1>the land of objection and subsequent rejection. In two he

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<v Speaker 1>was appointed mathematician at the University of Padua, where he

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<v Speaker 1>stayed until fifteen ten. While at Padua, Galileo did experiments

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<v Speaker 1>on the speed of falling objects, gave lectures on geometry

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<v Speaker 1>and astronomy, invented a device for raising water, invented a

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<v Speaker 1>mathematical instrument called a sector, experimented with the pendulum, and

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<v Speaker 1>discovered the parabolic path of projectiles. It was also during

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<v Speaker 1>this time when Galileo found out about the invention of

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<v Speaker 1>the telescope, began making his own improvements on the device

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<v Speaker 1>and started observing the skies. Through these increasingly powerful telescope hopes,

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<v Speaker 1>Galileo saw that the surface of the Moon was rough

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<v Speaker 1>and had mountains and valleys. He observed Jupiter's four largest moons.

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<v Speaker 1>He observed how many more stars were visible with the

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<v Speaker 1>telescope than without it. Armed with these discoveries, Galileo published

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<v Speaker 1>Sidios Nunchus, or The Sidereal Messenger in English, a treatise

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<v Speaker 1>based on his observations. In sixteen twelve, galileos treatise Discourse

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<v Speaker 1>on Floating Bodies was published after he wanted debate against

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<v Speaker 1>Aristotelian physicist Little Vico de le Columbe at a dinner

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<v Speaker 1>the Grand Duke of Tuscany hosted. The treatise details galileos

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<v Speaker 1>Archimedian views on floating bodies, as well as his telescopic

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<v Speaker 1>observations of sun spots, the phases of Venus, the odd

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<v Speaker 1>shape of Saturn, and the periods of Jupiter's satellites. The

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<v Speaker 1>next year, the Academia de Lyncha bush Galileo's pamphlet Letters

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<v Speaker 1>on Sun spots. Jesuit mathematician Christoph Shiner had said and

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<v Speaker 1>his Three Letters on Solar Spots that sun spots were

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<v Speaker 1>satellites of the Sun, maintaining Aristotle's views on the perfection

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<v Speaker 1>of heavenly bodies. But Galileo fired back at Shiner, using

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<v Speaker 1>his observations and full page copper plate engravings to show

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<v Speaker 1>that sun spots do not revolve around the Sun, but

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<v Speaker 1>are on or near the surface of the Sun. By

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<v Speaker 1>supporting the idea that the Sun and heavens are corruptible,

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<v Speaker 1>Galileo was once again rejecting Aristotle's cosmology. Other scientists and

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<v Speaker 1>theologians were already advocating theories that opposed Aristotles, like Giordano Bruno,

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<v Speaker 1>an Italian character who, among many other controversial views, rejected

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<v Speaker 1>the idea that Earth is at the center of the

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<v Speaker 1>universe and believed that the universe is infinite. He was

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<v Speaker 1>burned at the stake in sixteen hundred after a heresy

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<v Speaker 1>trial that was likely more related to his religious and

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<v Speaker 1>philosophical beliefs than his astronomical ones. Anyway, by this point

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<v Speaker 1>it was clear that Galileo favored Copernican theory. He had

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<v Speaker 1>likely preferred it for decades, but Galileos mentioned of the

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<v Speaker 1>Copernican system at the end of his last letter, is

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<v Speaker 1>considered by many to be his first endorsement of the theory.

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<v Speaker 1>Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer. He proposed

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<v Speaker 1>that the Sun was near the center of the universe,

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<v Speaker 1>that Earth and the other planets orbited around the stationary Sun,

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<v Speaker 1>that Earth turns on his own axis daily, and that

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<v Speaker 1>Earth's motion explained other planets retrograde motion. His book detailing

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<v Speaker 1>his theory on the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spears was

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<v Speaker 1>published in fifteen forty three, and the Catholic Church banded

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<v Speaker 1>it in sixteen sixteen, decades after copernicus Is death. Between

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<v Speaker 1>that time, many people dismissed the theory on grounds of religion,

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<v Speaker 1>prevailing notions on the physics of motion and shared disbelief,

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<v Speaker 1>while others accepted heliocentrism, like German astronomer Johannes Kepler. Despite

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<v Speaker 1>growing support for theories that the Sun was at the

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<v Speaker 1>center of the Solar system, the Catholic Church maintains the

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<v Speaker 1>view that Earth was static and at the center of

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<v Speaker 1>the universe, based on interpretations of the Bible. To refute

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<v Speaker 1>those troops was to go against the scripture, So Galileo

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<v Speaker 1>tried to keep his support for Copernicanism on the downlow

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<v Speaker 1>at first, but around six he started getting a lot

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<v Speaker 1>more vocal about the theory. To no one's surprise, the

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<v Speaker 1>Church did not respond well to Galileo's smart, but totally

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<v Speaker 1>offensive in bold challenges. When we come back from the break,

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<v Speaker 1>we'll see the lengths the Church went to to condemn Galileo,

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<v Speaker 1>and we'll ask the question, how do we as individuals

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<v Speaker 1>treat heretical and revolutionary thought. We do not know everything.

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<v Speaker 1>We are always learning more about ourselves and the universe,

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<v Speaker 1>always adding layers of information to our knowledge base. Because

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<v Speaker 1>we are imperfect and not omniscient, we are constantly getting

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<v Speaker 1>things wrong, assuming or concluding their right, then course correcting

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<v Speaker 1>later when we find our error. But even though we

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<v Speaker 1>know we're fallible and will make mistakes, we still have

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<v Speaker 1>a hard time letting go of the old and embracing

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<v Speaker 1>the new when we have mental and emotional hang ups

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<v Speaker 1>on a subject. For example, evolving knowledge about gender identity

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<v Speaker 1>and the complexities of biological sex is something people all

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<v Speaker 1>over the world are struggling to come to terms with

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<v Speaker 1>the vaccines cause autism debate is hot despite the fact

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<v Speaker 1>that current research shows there is no link between the two,

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<v Speaker 1>and there are many climate change skeptics, even though the

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<v Speaker 1>scientific consensus is that human activities is one of the

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<v Speaker 1>biggest drivers of global warming and that it will affect

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<v Speaker 1>the globe in major ways in the coming centuries. Scientific

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<v Speaker 1>inquiry and knowledge have progressed a lot since Galileo's days,

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<v Speaker 1>so I know it seems like denying scientific evidence nowadays

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<v Speaker 1>is something only a fool would do, But I'd argue

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<v Speaker 1>that this reaction can make sense when we consider the

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<v Speaker 1>ever changing nature of human knowledge. Having to adjust to

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<v Speaker 1>radical new thought can turn out to be just too

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<v Speaker 1>much for our stability, craving myoptic natures. Plus, people have

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<v Speaker 1>little trust in the individuals and organizations providing the science,

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<v Speaker 1>a distrust that's often wrapped up in politics and years

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<v Speaker 1>of some sort of institutional mistreatment. I am not defending

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<v Speaker 1>uninformed science denial. I am defending the usefulness of questioning things,

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<v Speaker 1>even when it makes us look silly, feel uncomfortable, or

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<v Speaker 1>garner hate. That questioning just isn't equal across the board.

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<v Speaker 1>If we'd listened to everyone who had unorthodox views and charisma,

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<v Speaker 1>we'd be in pretty bad shape. Skepticism is nourishing in moderation,

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<v Speaker 1>not when it is abused and rooted and thoughtless faceless rejection.

0:16:44.560 --> 0:16:48.600
<v Speaker 1>We're intelligent. We can be nuanced enough to resort neither

0:16:48.760 --> 0:16:53.400
<v Speaker 1>to instant dismissal nor approval of logically sound unorthodox thought.

0:16:57.080 --> 0:17:00.360
<v Speaker 1>In six thirteen, Galileo wrote a letter to his student

0:17:00.600 --> 0:17:06.159
<v Speaker 1>Benedetto Castelli about the contradictions between Copernican theory and Biblical passages.

0:17:07.040 --> 0:17:10.040
<v Speaker 1>A couple of years later, a Dominican friar named Nicolo

0:17:10.119 --> 0:17:14.960
<v Speaker 1>Laurini filed a complaint with the Inquisition regarding Galileo's Copernican views,

0:17:15.560 --> 0:17:18.080
<v Speaker 1>sending it along with an inaccurate copy of the letter.

0:17:19.320 --> 0:17:22.840
<v Speaker 1>The Inquisition was an institution in the Catholic Church whose

0:17:22.920 --> 0:17:27.120
<v Speaker 1>job it was to eradicate heresies. Galileo ended up going

0:17:27.160 --> 0:17:30.399
<v Speaker 1>to Rome to defend his views in reputation, but in

0:17:30.480 --> 0:17:35.439
<v Speaker 1>sixteen fifteen, carmen Lite friar Bolo Antonio Foscarini published a

0:17:35.440 --> 0:17:38.879
<v Speaker 1>book in which he argued that Copernican theory is compatible

0:17:38.920 --> 0:17:42.919
<v Speaker 1>with Holy scripture. The next year, a committee of Inquisition

0:17:42.960 --> 0:17:49.040
<v Speaker 1>consultants declared Copernican theory heretical. Boscarini's book and other Copernican

0:17:49.119 --> 0:17:55.000
<v Speaker 1>texts were banned or suspended until corrected. Cardinal Bellarman, who

0:17:55.040 --> 0:17:59.320
<v Speaker 1>had warned Foscarini to treat Copernican theory as just a hypothesis,

0:17:59.680 --> 0:18:03.280
<v Speaker 1>all so told Galileo not to hold, defend, or discuss

0:18:03.400 --> 0:18:07.920
<v Speaker 1>the theory. But by sixty four Pope Urban the seventh

0:18:07.960 --> 0:18:10.959
<v Speaker 1>had given Galileo permission to write a book about the

0:18:10.960 --> 0:18:15.240
<v Speaker 1>theories of the universe, but the Pope said Galileo could

0:18:15.240 --> 0:18:19.920
<v Speaker 1>only treat Copernican theory as a mathematical proposition. The book,

0:18:20.320 --> 0:18:24.720
<v Speaker 1>Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems Ptolemaic and Copernican,

0:18:25.200 --> 0:18:28.520
<v Speaker 1>was structured as a discussion between two men, and printing

0:18:28.600 --> 0:18:32.280
<v Speaker 1>was completed in sixteen thirty two, but the Pope convened

0:18:32.320 --> 0:18:35.320
<v Speaker 1>a special commission to examine the book, and the commission

0:18:35.320 --> 0:18:40.679
<v Speaker 1>found that Galileo had not treated the theory hypothetically. Galileo

0:18:40.800 --> 0:18:43.280
<v Speaker 1>was called to Rome in sixteen thirty three to go

0:18:43.359 --> 0:18:46.520
<v Speaker 1>in front of the Holy Office of the Inquisition. He

0:18:46.640 --> 0:18:49.639
<v Speaker 1>was charged with teaching and defending the Copernican theory that

0:18:49.720 --> 0:18:51.679
<v Speaker 1>the Sun is at the center of the universe and

0:18:51.680 --> 0:18:55.800
<v Speaker 1>the Earth moves, which had been deemed heretical. In his

0:18:55.880 --> 0:18:59.760
<v Speaker 1>first appearance before the inquisition, Galileo refused to confess to

0:19:00.000 --> 0:19:03.320
<v Speaker 1>any wrongdoing, since the inquisitors didn't have much of the

0:19:03.400 --> 0:19:07.080
<v Speaker 1>case against him without a confession, Galileo basically took a

0:19:07.119 --> 0:19:10.360
<v Speaker 1>plea bargain for a lesser sentence in exchange for admitting

0:19:10.400 --> 0:19:13.760
<v Speaker 1>he had given the heliocentric model defender a stronger case

0:19:13.800 --> 0:19:16.640
<v Speaker 1>in his book, but he claimed he didn't do so

0:19:16.680 --> 0:19:20.159
<v Speaker 1>because he believed the theory. Rather, he did so to

0:19:20.200 --> 0:19:31.000
<v Speaker 1>show off his debating chops. Galileo was never under a

0:19:31.000 --> 0:19:34.240
<v Speaker 1>threat of execution or tortured, likely because of his poor

0:19:34.280 --> 0:19:39.159
<v Speaker 1>physical condition. Instead, Galileo was declared vehement Lee suspect of

0:19:39.160 --> 0:19:44.800
<v Speaker 1>heresy on June twenty three. After his sentence was fred,

0:19:45.040 --> 0:19:48.240
<v Speaker 1>he had to recite and sign an abjuration which said,

0:19:48.280 --> 0:19:53.639
<v Speaker 1>in part, I have been judged vehement Lee suspect of heresy,

0:19:53.680 --> 0:19:56.840
<v Speaker 1>that is, of having held and believed that the Sun

0:19:57.040 --> 0:20:00.119
<v Speaker 1>is the center of the universe and immovable, and that

0:20:00.200 --> 0:20:02.919
<v Speaker 1>the Earth is not at the center of same, and

0:20:02.960 --> 0:20:06.639
<v Speaker 1>that it does move. Wishing, however, to remove from the

0:20:06.680 --> 0:20:10.640
<v Speaker 1>minds of your eminences and all faithful Christians. This vehement

0:20:10.680 --> 0:20:15.000
<v Speaker 1>suspicion reasonably conceived against me, I abjure with a sincere

0:20:15.040 --> 0:20:18.760
<v Speaker 1>heart and unfeigned faith. I curse and detest the said

0:20:18.880 --> 0:20:23.000
<v Speaker 1>errors and heresies, and generally all in every error, heresy,

0:20:23.119 --> 0:20:28.040
<v Speaker 1>and sect contrary to the Holy Catholic Church. In the end,

0:20:28.440 --> 0:20:32.040
<v Speaker 1>Galileo's book Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems was

0:20:32.119 --> 0:20:35.320
<v Speaker 1>banned and he was sentenced to three years of weekly

0:20:35.359 --> 0:20:39.360
<v Speaker 1>penitential prayer and imprisonment. At the discretion of church inquisitors,

0:20:40.240 --> 0:20:43.120
<v Speaker 1>his sentence was commuted to house arrest, and in late

0:20:43.160 --> 0:20:46.520
<v Speaker 1>sixty three he returned to his villa and Art three

0:20:46.840 --> 0:20:49.320
<v Speaker 1>near Florence, where he spent the rest of his life.

0:20:50.119 --> 0:20:54.160
<v Speaker 1>People objected to his arrest, and some attempted to free him,

0:20:54.200 --> 0:20:58.919
<v Speaker 1>but to no avail. During this time, Galileo finished his

0:20:59.040 --> 0:21:03.399
<v Speaker 1>last book, Discourses on the Two New Sciences. He kept

0:21:03.480 --> 0:21:07.920
<v Speaker 1>working until his death in sixteen forty two. The Dialogue

0:21:07.920 --> 0:21:12.360
<v Speaker 1>concerning the two Chief role systems Ptolemaic and Copernican remained

0:21:12.359 --> 0:21:16.120
<v Speaker 1>on the Vatican's Index of Forbidden books until eighteen thirty five.

0:21:18.760 --> 0:21:21.919
<v Speaker 1>In eighteen twenty two, the College of Cardinals said that

0:21:21.960 --> 0:21:24.959
<v Speaker 1>the publication of works treating of the motion of the

0:21:24.960 --> 0:21:27.960
<v Speaker 1>Earth and the stability of the Sun in accordance with

0:21:28.000 --> 0:21:33.160
<v Speaker 1>the opinion of modern astronomers is permitted. In nineteen seventy nine,

0:21:33.640 --> 0:21:37.400
<v Speaker 1>Pope John Paul the Second said that Galileo had suffered

0:21:37.440 --> 0:21:41.240
<v Speaker 1>injustices at the hands of the Church, and in nineteen

0:21:41.320 --> 0:21:45.200
<v Speaker 1>ninety two the pope admitted that theological advisors had made

0:21:45.240 --> 0:21:50.280
<v Speaker 1>heirs in Galileo's case, but he did not apologize for

0:21:50.320 --> 0:21:55.000
<v Speaker 1>the church's treatment of Galileo until two thousand. People in

0:21:55.040 --> 0:21:58.000
<v Speaker 1>the Church were not the only ones to denounce Galileo.

0:21:58.760 --> 0:22:03.560
<v Speaker 1>Other scientists in lay people discredited his cosmological views and

0:22:03.640 --> 0:22:08.359
<v Speaker 1>deemed him dishonorable. The Galileo affair has been researched and

0:22:08.400 --> 0:22:12.680
<v Speaker 1>theorized to death. Yes, Galileo made a ton of major

0:22:12.720 --> 0:22:16.359
<v Speaker 1>contributions to science and took risks, and his name lives

0:22:16.400 --> 0:22:20.159
<v Speaker 1>on for that reason. But the enduring fascination with the

0:22:20.200 --> 0:22:24.720
<v Speaker 1>controversy surrounding his defense of heliocentrism shows how much we

0:22:24.800 --> 0:22:27.639
<v Speaker 1>care about people who push the envelope to try to

0:22:27.720 --> 0:22:32.080
<v Speaker 1>make society better and smarter, especially when it has to

0:22:32.119 --> 0:22:35.879
<v Speaker 1>do with flashy space theories. We make a lot of

0:22:35.920 --> 0:22:42.720
<v Speaker 1>mistakes before we get the clarity of hindsight. We don't

0:22:42.720 --> 0:22:46.239
<v Speaker 1>need to trust everybody, but we can try not to

0:22:46.280 --> 0:22:49.040
<v Speaker 1>burn rebels at the stake before we even give them

0:22:49.040 --> 0:22:55.439
<v Speaker 1>a chance to speak. We'll be back next week with

0:22:55.480 --> 0:23:08.960
<v Speaker 1>another episode of Unpopular m. H our producer is Andrew Howard,

0:23:09.400 --> 0:23:13.840
<v Speaker 1>Holly Fry and Christopher Hasiotis are our executive producers. If

0:23:13.880 --> 0:23:16.880
<v Speaker 1>you're not already subscribed, you can make sure you never

0:23:17.000 --> 0:23:20.440
<v Speaker 1>miss an episode by subscribing to the show on Apple Podcast,

0:23:20.800 --> 0:23:24.200
<v Speaker 1>the iHeart Radio app, or wherever you get your podcast.

0:23:24.920 --> 0:23:28.119
<v Speaker 1>We'll be back next week with another episode of Unpopular

0:23:39.760 --> 0:23:39.800
<v Speaker 1>m