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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from dot Com. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I am Tracy V. Wilson

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Speaker 1: and I'm Holly fry So. Last ball, I took a

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Speaker 1: trip to Dover, New Hampshire, and this was mostly just

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Speaker 1: to be a little personal adventure that sounded like something

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Speaker 1: fun to do and a chance to look at some

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Speaker 1: really amazing autumn leaves. But one of the things that

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Speaker 1: led me to pick Dover specifically for my adventure was

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Speaker 1: the Woodman Institute Museum. So this museum opened in nineteen

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Speaker 1: sixteen and it's mostly dedicated to local and natural history,

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Speaker 1: although it has other exhibits as well. One of the

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Speaker 1: town's original garrisons is there. That building was built in

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Speaker 1: sixteen seventy five and then moved to the Woodman Institute

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Speaker 1: property later after it was donated to the museum. It's

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Speaker 1: actually pretty cool because there is an entire structure built

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Speaker 1: around the garrison to protect it from the elements because

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Speaker 1: it's so old. There's a lot of really fascinating stuff

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Speaker 1: in the Woodman Institute Museum, natural History and tax that

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Speaker 1: Army displays are really arranged and curated a lot like

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Speaker 1: they were when the museum originally opened, but one of

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Speaker 1: the things that really caught my eye was inside the garrison,

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Speaker 1: which is full of colonial era artifacts, and on the

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Speaker 1: wall was a map that traced the progression of a

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Speaker 1: conflict between British colonists and the Native Americans from the area,

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Speaker 1: and the docent told me the basic story of what

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Speaker 1: had happened, and the part that made me think, this

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Speaker 1: needs to be an episode hinged on a sham battle.

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Speaker 1: So today sham basically means trick or hoax um, but

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Speaker 1: at the time, and maybe also regionally, I'm not quite sure,

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Speaker 1: the term sham battle was used to describe a lot

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Speaker 1: of different mock battles, so re enactments were sham battles,

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Speaker 1: or UH, battles that were done as part of a

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Speaker 1: ritual were sham battles. So it wasn't necessarily meant to

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Speaker 1: be deceptive. In this case, however, it was from a

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Speaker 1: pull of different angles, So that is what we're going

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Speaker 1: to talk about today. UH. This sham led to what

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Speaker 1: came to be known as the Cohico Massacre or the

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Speaker 1: Raid on Dover. The Raid on Dover took place during

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Speaker 1: one of the many times in history which Britain has

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Speaker 1: been at war with France. In this case, wars were

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Speaker 1: happening both in North America and in Europe concurrently, with

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Speaker 1: each of the wars having a different name depending on

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Speaker 1: exactly when it happened and which side the historian was on. Specifically,

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Speaker 1: these were the French and Indian Wars, which in North

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Speaker 1: America were between Britain and its Native American allies on

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Speaker 1: one side and France and its Native American allies on

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Speaker 1: the other. So each of the French and Indian wars

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Speaker 1: ran alongside a related conflict that was happening in Europe,

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Speaker 1: and we could easily spend an entire episode outlining all

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Speaker 1: of the various nuances of who is it, were, with

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Speaker 1: whom and why if you look at uh timelines of

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Speaker 1: all of this. Different historians group them together differently and

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Speaker 1: define them differently in different nations, give them different names.

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Speaker 1: So for the sake of simplicity, France and England where

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Speaker 1: at war with one another off and on for almost

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Speaker 1: a hundred years, with part of the conflict focused on

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Speaker 1: their territories in North America and who should control those territories.

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Speaker 1: So it was part of like the greater history of

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Speaker 1: Britain being at war with France. Uh, and this part

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Speaker 1: had a specifically American component to it. And as far

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Speaker 1: as where the theater of the war was happening, and

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Speaker 1: today's subject kind of took place in the time that

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Speaker 1: it overlapped a bit with King William's War, which ran

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Speaker 1: from six nine to sixteen ninety seven, and it was

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Speaker 1: the first of the French and Indian Wars. And in

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Speaker 1: the European theater, it was the War of the Grand

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Speaker 1: Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, along

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Speaker 1: with other names that it's sometimes called King Williams War

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Speaker 1: was named after King William the Third, also known as

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Speaker 1: William of Orange, who ruled Britain and other places at

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Speaker 1: the time. I know this may sound like a soup

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Speaker 1: of many different wars, and one of the things I

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Speaker 1: am holly as I was working on this, I find

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Speaker 1: uh the progression of all of these battles on each

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Speaker 1: side of the Atlantic Ocean to be very confusing. It

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Speaker 1: is because there is battle soup. It really becomes that

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Speaker 1: way when you try to sort it all out. Yeah. So,

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Speaker 1: during King William's War, battles ranged all over what's now

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Speaker 1: Nova Scotia, New Hampshire, Maine, and New York. The colonies

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Speaker 1: of New Hampshire and New York already existed this at

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Speaker 1: this point, but Maine was founded much later, and at

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Speaker 1: the time Nova Scotia was Acadia. And yes, we have

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Speaker 1: heard your many requests for an episode on the expulsion

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Speaker 1: of the Acadians. We will do that at some point.

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure when, but lots of people ask for that.

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Speaker 1: The French also tried and failed to conquer Boston during

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Speaker 1: King William's War. But before we get into this particular

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Speaker 1: event in King William's War, we're gonna have to talk

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Speaker 1: a little bit about where it happened, and before we

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Speaker 1: jump into that. Uh, it's a little early, but let's

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Speaker 1: go ahead and do a sponsor break now so that

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Speaker 1: we can keep some continuity later. So to get back

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Speaker 1: to the heading of where this event happened. Dover, New Hampshire,

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Speaker 1: was founded in sixteen twenty three on the Cohico River.

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Speaker 1: The colonists and Dover overall maintained generally good relationships with

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Speaker 1: the Native American tribes in the area, which were primarily

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Speaker 1: the Pennacook, and as was common with many tribes in

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Speaker 1: the area, the Pennacook tended to move from place to

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Speaker 1: place seasonally, depending on where food was most available, and

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Speaker 1: although they hunted, gathered, and fished, they did also cultivate corn,

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Speaker 1: and they taught these skills to the colonists in and

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Speaker 1: around Dover while trading with the colonists for tools and supplies.

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Speaker 1: There were, of course, sometimes disputes, and to be quite clear,

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Speaker 1: nearly half of the Pennacook had died of disease after

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Speaker 1: the arrival of Europeans and the Americans. But in general,

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Speaker 1: at this point in history, the Pennacook tried to maintain

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Speaker 1: positive diplomatic relations with their neighbors uh from Europe, while

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Speaker 1: also defending themselves from the Mohawk, which had been there

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Speaker 1: and a means for quite a long time. Pennacook chief

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Speaker 1: pass A Conaway formed a confederation among other neighboring tribes

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Speaker 1: to this end of having positive relations with the colonists

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Speaker 1: from Europe as well as defending themselves from the Mohawk.

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Speaker 1: His son want A Lancet, also maintained this confederation and

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Speaker 1: the ties to the colony at Dover after he uh

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Speaker 1: succeeded his father as becoming the chief. The first industry,

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Speaker 1: and Dover came via a sawmill which was founded by

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Speaker 1: Richard Waldron in sixteen forty two. And depending on what

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Speaker 1: records you're looking at, you're gonna see different spellings. Sometimes

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Speaker 1: it comes up as waldern d e r n E

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Speaker 1: or Waldron uh d r y n E in the

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Speaker 1: various records. But by sixteen sixty four more than forty

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Speaker 1: families had settled near the sawmill. Today that's actually downtown Dover,

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Speaker 1: but at this point people called it Cohico after the sawmill.

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Speaker 1: Waldron himself was put in command of the militia and

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Speaker 1: given the rank of major. The colonists in the Dover

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Speaker 1: area also constructed garrisons that could be used for both

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Speaker 1: defense of the town and to shelter people in case

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Speaker 1: there was an attack. So families would gather up their

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Speaker 1: food and their betting and they would go to the garrison,

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Speaker 1: which could be defended thanks to being constructed out of

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Speaker 1: immensely thick logs. I mean they are enormous. Having stood

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Speaker 1: in one of these things, they are almost incomprehensibly huge logs,

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Speaker 1: and there would be little splits in them for firearms

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Speaker 1: to be able to shoot through, and the protection of

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Speaker 1: the garrison was not just for the European colonists. Native

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Speaker 1: peoples in the area also frequently asked for and were

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Speaker 1: granted shelter in the garrisons for the night. The population

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Speaker 1: in this area really increased significantly in sixteen seventy six,

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Speaker 1: when Native Americans from Massachusetts fled to Dover and other

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Speaker 1: settlements in the wake of King Philip's War. So in

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Speaker 1: spite of the similarity in the name to King William's War,

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Speaker 1: King King Philip's War was not one of the French

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Speaker 1: and Indian Wars, and the early sixteen hundreds, colonist than

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Speaker 1: what's now Massachusetts had gradually become independent from needing Native

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Speaker 1: American help for their own survival, and as the colonists

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Speaker 1: began moving farther and farther into territory that Native peoples

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Speaker 1: were already living on, the tribes started to resist to

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Speaker 1: this encroachment. Relationships between the native peoples and the colonists

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Speaker 1: in the areas pretty quickly soured. Medicom, also known as

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Speaker 1: King Philip, had become the leader of the wampano Eggs

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Speaker 1: after the death of his father, and in sixteen seventy five,

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Speaker 1: Medicom led most of the Native American tribes in the

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Speaker 1: area in an uprising against the British. It went on

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Speaker 1: for more than a year. The Native peoples were generally

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Speaker 1: holding their own in these battles, or even winning, until

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Speaker 1: the spring of sixteen seventy six, when they faced starvation

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Speaker 1: due to the destruction of their crops. The uprising also

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Speaker 1: lost its leader when medicalm was beheaded. King Philip's War

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Speaker 1: ended not long after. This was an extremely bloody, extremely

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Speaker 1: destructive war, especially considering the population of the area at

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Speaker 1: the time time. It wound up killing almost three thousand

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Speaker 1: of the Native people and six hundred Europeans, and it

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Speaker 1: destroyed settlements all over the New England frontier. The area

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Speaker 1: around Dover had been less affected, largely because the Pentacook

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Speaker 1: had retreated to more remote areas to try to avoid

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Speaker 1: the fighting, and in the wake of King Phillip's War,

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Speaker 1: Native American refugees fled both north and west. About four

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Speaker 1: hundred wound up at the Cohico settlement at Dover. So

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Speaker 1: that's where we get to the Sham battle that led

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Speaker 1: me to want to do this episode. It's sixteen seventy six,

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Speaker 1: so King William's War has not started. Yet that's gonna

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Speaker 1: play a part in the next chapter of this Uh.

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Speaker 1: The area around Dover, New Hampshire at this point is

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Speaker 1: home to us a sawmill, some garrisons, fewer than fifty

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Speaker 1: families of colonists from Europe, its own local Native American population,

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Speaker 1: and also about four hundred Native American refugees who had

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Speaker 1: fled the terror and destruction of King Philip's war. And

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Speaker 1: we will go on to talk about how this turned

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Speaker 1: into a problem after another brief word from a sponsor.

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Speaker 1: All right, So, because the Native American refugees in Dover

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Speaker 1: had fled from around Boston, Boston actually sent two companies

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Speaker 1: of soldiers to capture them and bring them back by force. Now,

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Speaker 1: Major Waldron thought it might be possible to make this

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Speaker 1: problem go away without bloodshed. He did think that the

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Speaker 1: Boston area Native Americans should be returned back to Boston,

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Speaker 1: but he didn't want the Native peoples from around Dover

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Speaker 1: to be harmed. I mean, after all, especially from the

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Speaker 1: colonists point of view, relationships with the Pentica had been

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Speaker 1: pretty good. They didn't really want to mess that up.

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Speaker 1: There was a productive trade relationship going on. There was

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Speaker 1: cooperation between the people's and my overall a lot of

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Speaker 1: fighting at that point. So he proposed that they have

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Speaker 1: a sham battle. He would arm the Native Americans with

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Speaker 1: muskets and they would have a mock fight against the

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Speaker 1: Dover militia to make a good a show for the

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Speaker 1: Boston troops. The Boston troops would see this battle, be

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Speaker 1: satisfied that things were being taken care of, and go

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Speaker 1: back home. H Waldron reportedly armed them, although with only

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Speaker 1: enough for the armed men to fire one single shot

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Speaker 1: and not reload. So the part about putting on a

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Speaker 1: good show for the Boston troops and making them go

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Speaker 1: away seems to have been how he sold the refugees

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Speaker 1: on this whole plant. But here's what he did not

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Speaker 1: tell them. He had actually arranged for the Dover area

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Speaker 1: militia to be present, and what the Native fighters had

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Speaker 1: all fired their one shot from their muskets, surround them

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Speaker 1: and weed out the ones who were from Dover from

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Speaker 1: the ones who were from Boston, and then send the

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Speaker 1: Boston group back with the Massachusetts soldiers. The Massachusetts soldiers

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Speaker 1: took more than two hundred Native Americans back to Boston,

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Speaker 1: where some of them were executed and others were sold

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Speaker 1: into slavery. So this whole sham battle had done what

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Speaker 1: it was supposed to do. From Waldron's point of you,

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Speaker 1: it had gotten the Boston area native population back to Boston,

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Speaker 1: and it had left the Dover Native population unharmed. However, unsurprisingly,

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Speaker 1: this was not good for the relationship between the Dover

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Speaker 1: colonists and the Native Americans from the area. There's productive

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Speaker 1: trading relationships, and diplomatic ties quickly started to crumble. Things

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Speaker 1: remained tense for more than a decade, during which Dover

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Speaker 1: which created an overhang that could be used to pour

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Speaker 1: hot oil on people who were trying to set the

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Speaker 1: structure on fire or break their way into it. Each

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Speaker 1: neighborhood had its own garrison and five houses. Those that

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Speaker 1: were at the highest vantage points around Dover were converted

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Speaker 1: into garrison's at public expense and surrounded by a palisade.

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Speaker 1: Some accounts actually say there were a total of six

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Speaker 1: heavily fortified garrisons, so there's a little bit of lack

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Speaker 1: of clarity around those specifics. So major Waldron, possibly in

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Speaker 1: them for land. But these trades always happened under durest

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Speaker 1: and they always worked strongly in the colonists favor. So

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Speaker 1: things were going south pretty quickly. Eventually, Chief one A

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Speaker 1: Lancett died and he was succeeded by Concamegus. While one

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Speaker 1: A Lancet had followed his father's example in maintaining cooperative

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Speaker 1: relationships with the Dover colonists, Concamegus had no intention of

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Speaker 1: doing any such thing. While his father and his grandfather

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Speaker 1: had tried to maintain these diplomatic ties with colonists, he

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Speaker 1: had seen one injustice after another following in the wake

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Speaker 1: of the Sham Battle. Also running concurrently with all of

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Speaker 1: this escalation was, as we mentioned at the top of

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Speaker 1: the podcast, King William's War. So things are becoming increasingly

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Speaker 1: tense all over the area. Small scale attacks against colonial

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Speaker 1: homes and settlements were happening all over New England, and

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Speaker 1: it was clear to the colonists at Dover that more

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Speaker 1: serious hostility was eminent. People started taking refuge in the

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Speaker 1: garrisons every single night. Governor Edward Cranfield decided to enlist

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Speaker 1: the aid of the Mohawk, who remember had long been

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Speaker 1: enemies of the Pennacook, for support. So cock Omegus at

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Speaker 1: first moved as many of his people as he could

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Speaker 1: into a more remote area to try to keep them safe,

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Speaker 1: and he sent a series of letters to Governor Cranfield

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Speaker 1: to try to reach some kind of agreement. The Governor

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Speaker 1: apparently didn't enter into serious negotiations with Conchamegus at any point,

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Speaker 1: so Concamegus eventually started planning a more coordinated attack against

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Speaker 1: the colonists and Dover. Although Major Waldron insisted that everyone's

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Speaker 1: fears were overblown, some of the Pennacook who were loyal

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Speaker 1: to the colonists tried to warn them that there was

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Speaker 1: an incoming attack. Word made it to the governor, who

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Speaker 1: wrote to Waldron warning him of a large gathering of

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Speaker 1: Native Americans in the area who seemed to have hostile intentions.

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Speaker 1: He sent this letter on the twenty seven of June nine. Unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: that same night, before the letter reached its destination. Two

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Speaker 1: or three Native American women asked for shelter at the

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Speaker 1: garrisons around Dover, and we're allowed in it, all but

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Speaker 1: one of them. While everyone was asleep, these women unbarred

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Speaker 1: the doors and opened the gates so that the UH

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Speaker 1: warriors who were waiting outside could come in. At Major

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Speaker 1: Waldron's garrison, the major himself was tied to a chair

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Speaker 1: and slashed with his own sword, with his attacker reportedly

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Speaker 1: saying quote, I crossed out my account. He was dismembered

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Speaker 1: and killed, and his family was killed or taken captive

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Speaker 1: before his house was burned down. Similar scenes played out

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Speaker 1: at Dover's other garrisons. The colonists within were killed and

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Speaker 1: captured before the garrison itself was set on fire. Some

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Speaker 1: of the garrisons were ultimately left standing, but their contents

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Speaker 1: were looted and their inhabitants killed or captured before the

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Speaker 1: raiders moved on. The only garrison that was left untouched

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Speaker 1: was one where a barking dog had alerted the family

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Speaker 1: who were there. Most of them were actually away UH,

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Speaker 1: and someone who was there had woken up, closed the

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Speaker 1: gate and mounted a defense. Twenty three people were killed

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Speaker 1: and twenty nine were taken captive, and this was about

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Speaker 1: a quarter of Dover's population. Some of the captives were

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Speaker 1: reportedly also sold into slavery. As had happened after the

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Speaker 1: Sham battle, conca Vegas and the Pennacook retreated quickly before

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Speaker 1: the militia could be raised or before any kind of

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Speaker 1: real resistance could be mounted, and uh coca Vegas eventually

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Speaker 1: relocated the Pennacook and then joined his people with the

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Speaker 1: Abenaki people, which was a closely related tribe that was

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Speaker 1: native to the area. Many of conco vegas family was

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Speaker 1: killed or captured and arraid later on by Captain Benjamin

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Speaker 1: Shure that took place in sixteen ninety. He and the

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Speaker 1: Pennacook continued to attack other settlements in the area after

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Speaker 1: the raid on Cahico, and this stopped only when he

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Speaker 1: learned that the British were holding his his surviving family

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Speaker 1: members hostage. Because such a large proportion of the population

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Speaker 1: of Dover had been lost, it took quite a while

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Speaker 1: for the town to recover. It continued to be the

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Speaker 1: target of similar attacks and raids, but there was never

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Speaker 1: anything on the scale of this massacre. When you look

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Speaker 1: into information about the Pennacook and the Ibanaki today. A

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Speaker 1: lot of times they're written about as one tribe or

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Speaker 1: as like different parts of the same tribe are the

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Speaker 1: same people. So, UM, there are still members of those

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Speaker 1: tribes who are alive today. They're not a group that

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Speaker 1: has disappeared. So that is what I learned when I

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Speaker 1: delved more deeply into something that I had heard the

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Speaker 1: very brief UM museum docent version of while on a

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Speaker 1: weekend trip. Museums are very inspiring places. They are I

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Speaker 1: tend even when I am deliberately like, Okay, I am

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Speaker 1: on vacation and I am not going to think about

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Speaker 1: the podcast because we like to work on the podcast,

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Speaker 1: but it is still our jobs is work, and sometimes

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Speaker 1: we need to break from work. UM. So even when

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Speaker 1: I am conscientiously like I'm at this museum for myself

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Speaker 1: and my own edification, I still wind up writing down

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Speaker 1: things to do episodes about later on. To do you, however,

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Speaker 1: at the moment, have some listener mail I do. And

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Speaker 1: this is another that is about our episode about the

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Speaker 1: history of special education in the United States. UM. And

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Speaker 1: it is from Amy and she starts by gushing a

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Speaker 1: bit and I'm just gonna skip that part, and she says,

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Speaker 1: while I have probably fifty favorite episodes, that as the

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Speaker 1: most recent podcast you did on the special education movement

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Speaker 1: that finally got me to email you. My father taught

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Speaker 1: special education for thirty seven years, starting in the early

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventies, so he lived all of this history. It's

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Speaker 1: amazing how times have changed. When he first started teaching,

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Speaker 1: his students were completely self contained and their room was

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Speaker 1: in the farthest part of the school, away from all

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Speaker 1: the other students and next to the boiler room. By

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Speaker 1: the time he retired, schools started doing co teaching where

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Speaker 1: he would go with his students to their court classes

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Speaker 1: where they would be included with the quote regular students,

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Speaker 1: and he would offer support. It's amazing how times have changed.

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Speaker 1: The podcast really hit home for another reason. My daughter

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Speaker 1: was born this past June and was diagnosed at birth

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Speaker 1: with Down syndrome. As a teacher, I'm fortunate enough to

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Speaker 1: know about legislation and what her legal rights are to

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Speaker 1: an education and know the system and how to get

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Speaker 1: how to get the best for my daughter. I ache

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Speaker 1: for parents who don't know how the system works. Your

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Speaker 1: podcast really shows how the lives of so many children

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Speaker 1: have been changed for the better. I'm lucky my sweet

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Speaker 1: girl was born in and that we're able to get

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Speaker 1: her the various therapies at three months old. I'm lucky

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Speaker 1: to live in a country that provides resources and opportunities

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Speaker 1: to children like her. The day she was born, we

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Speaker 1: had no idea she had down syndrome. All I could

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Speaker 1: think about was what a limited life she was going

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Speaker 1: to have and that she would be bullied. However, I

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Speaker 1: now realize how amazing she is and how there are

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Speaker 1: college programs all over the country for people like her.

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Speaker 1: Her life has already inspired me to follow my own dreams,

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Speaker 1: as I want to be an example for her. I

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Speaker 1: have always wanted to write and published books. I've started

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Speaker 1: writing a series of children's books in which the main

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Speaker 1: character is a girl with special needs. There are no

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Speaker 1: books out there for these children that really celebrate them.

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Speaker 1: The books don't focus on limitations. They show amazing, funny, brave,

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Speaker 1: individual kids who happen to have differences. I'd like to

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Speaker 1: have it eventually published and start a company that has books, dolls,

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Speaker 1: and a magazine. I know this ended up being a

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Speaker 1: really long message. Thank you so much, for teaching me

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Speaker 1: about things I've never heard of, and for having such

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Speaker 1: an awesome podcast. Sincerely, Amy, and then she suggests some

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Speaker 1: future things. UM. One of the reasons that I wanted

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Speaker 1: to read this letter is that I almost wonder if

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Speaker 1: Amy's uh, if Amy's father taught special education at one

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Speaker 1: of the elementary schools that I went to, because literally

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Speaker 1: that is athlete of situations. The special education classroom was

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Speaker 1: literally in the basement, separated completely from all the other children. UM.

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Speaker 1: And I didn't really talk about it in that episode,

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Speaker 1: but I vividly remember going through school. I started public

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Speaker 1: school in night, so it was not long at all

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Speaker 1: after the passage of all this legislation, UM, and there

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Speaker 1: was still debate going on for at least a decade,

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Speaker 1: probably more about the idea of quote mainstreaming, which is

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Speaker 1: putting children who had special needs, ince you are a

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Speaker 1: classroom for quote regular students, UM. And now that seems

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Speaker 1: to be I'm sure there are definitely school systems where

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Speaker 1: this is not so much the case, but that seems

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Speaker 1: to be more like the goal and not some giant

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Speaker 1: controversy for people to talk about about whether children should

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Speaker 1: be mainstream. The answer seems to be yes. If it

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Speaker 1: is possible, children should be in a classroom with peers

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Speaker 1: of all ability types. So it's great to hear from

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Speaker 1: folks who have first or some perspective on all of that.

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Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, we're a

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Speaker 1: history podcast at how stuff works dot com. We're also

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00:22:06,920 --> 00:22:09,679
Speaker 1: on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash miss in history

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Speaker 1: and on Twitter at miss in History. Our tumbler is

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Speaker 1: missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and we are

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00:22:14,640 --> 00:22:17,880
Speaker 1: on Pinterest at pinterest dot com slash missed in History.

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Speaker 1: We have a spreadshirt store where you can buy t

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Speaker 1: shirts and whatnot, and that is that ms in History

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00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:25,480
Speaker 1: dot spreadshirt dot com. You can come to our parent

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00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:27,600
Speaker 1: company's website, which is how stuff Works dot com and

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00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:31,800
Speaker 1: look up information about anything you want, basically all kinds

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00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:33,840
Speaker 1: of stuff. You can also come to our website, which

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00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:35,919
Speaker 1: is missed in History dot com, and you will find

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00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:38,800
Speaker 1: uh show notes of the episodes that Holly and I

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00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:41,200
Speaker 1: have done with all of our resources that we used.

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Speaker 1: You can find an archive of every single episode we

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Speaker 1: have ever done, and you can find lots of other

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00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:47,320
Speaker 1: cool stuff. So you can do all that and a

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00:22:47,359 --> 00:22:49,920
Speaker 1: lot more at how stuff Works dot com or missing

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Speaker 1: history dot com for more on this and thousands of

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Speaker 1: other topics. Because it how stuff works. Dot even