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Welcome to Stuff you missed in History 18 00:01:01,840 --> 00:01:12,520 Speaker 1: Class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome 19 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:17,000 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. 20 00:01:17,040 --> 00:01:19,520 Speaker 1: Today we're talking about the story that has three totally 21 00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 1: distinct parts. The first part we're going to talk about 22 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:26,320 Speaker 1: is that in January of seventeen hundred, a tsunami struck 23 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:29,240 Speaker 1: the coast of Japan. And this is a tsunami that's 24 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:32,080 Speaker 1: really well documented in records and maps and art from 25 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:34,640 Speaker 1: the time period, and by this point that people of 26 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:38,440 Speaker 1: Japan knew that tsunamis could follow earthquakes, and especially when 27 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:41,240 Speaker 1: it came to domestic tsunamis, where both the tsunami and 28 00:01:41,240 --> 00:01:44,880 Speaker 1: the earthquake that caused it happened. There in Japan, people 29 00:01:44,920 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: had a really clear sense that when an earthquake struck, 30 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: a tsunami could follow. But sometimes an earthquake spawns a 31 00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:55,480 Speaker 1: tsunami that makes landfall somewhere really far away. And since 32 00:01:55,560 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 1: instantaneous communication over thousands of miles is an incredibly recent engine, 33 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:04,480 Speaker 1: uh connecting these florigen tsunamis to the earthquakes that spawned 34 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:08,760 Speaker 1: them as really the work of later scientists. After an 35 00:02:08,760 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 1: earthquake in Chile in nineteen sixties spawned a tsunami that 36 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:15,880 Speaker 1: struck Japan, a worker at a weather station figured out 37 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:19,360 Speaker 1: that tsunami that had struck Japan in sixteen eighty seven, 38 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:22,840 Speaker 1: seventeen thirty, and seventeen fifty one had come from Peru 39 00:02:22,919 --> 00:02:26,480 Speaker 1: and Chile. This seventeen hundred tsunami continued to be a 40 00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:29,520 Speaker 1: mystery for ant of the thirty plus years, though it 41 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: became known as the Orphans tsunami, and that tsunami, the 42 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:36,239 Speaker 1: earthquake that caused it, and how people finally figured out 43 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:38,639 Speaker 1: which was which are what we are talking about today. 44 00:02:39,919 --> 00:02:42,880 Speaker 1: So the first written record of a tsunami in Japan 45 00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 1: is from the year six eighty four. An earthquake struck 46 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:51,000 Speaker 1: the province of Toza now known as Kochi. Afterwards, quote 47 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:54,240 Speaker 1: the Province of Tosa reported that a great tide rose 48 00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:57,520 Speaker 1: and caused many of the ships conveying tribute to sink 49 00:02:57,680 --> 00:03:02,200 Speaker 1: and be lost. The word tsunami wasn't coined until later, 50 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:06,880 Speaker 1: though It combines the character to which means harbor and nami, 51 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:10,720 Speaker 1: which means wave. Its first use in writing is from 52 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:14,440 Speaker 1: sixteen twelve to describe one that's struck on December two 53 00:03:14,520 --> 00:03:17,799 Speaker 1: of sixteen eleven, roughly four hours after an earthquake off 54 00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:22,160 Speaker 1: the coast of Japan. This tsunami was disastrous, killing thousands 55 00:03:22,160 --> 00:03:26,160 Speaker 1: and thousands of people and from there. The word tsunami 56 00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:29,200 Speaker 1: made its way into English in the late eighteen hundreds. 57 00:03:29,720 --> 00:03:31,920 Speaker 1: By the nineteen fifties, it had become one of the 58 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:36,680 Speaker 1: few Japanese loanwords in the English Languages Physics Lexicon. This 59 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:40,480 Speaker 1: known connection between earthquakes and tsunami was so solid in 60 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:43,760 Speaker 1: the eighteenth century in Japan that when the seventeen hundred 61 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:46,480 Speaker 1: tsunami struck, most of the people writing about it didn't 62 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 1: actually call it at tsunami a tsunami. Instead, almost all 63 00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:53,960 Speaker 1: of the surviving written records use words like high tide, flood, 64 00:03:54,160 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: high water, and unusual seas. The headman of the village 65 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,680 Speaker 1: of Miho did wonder in his record whether it was 66 00:04:00,760 --> 00:04:04,000 Speaker 1: a tsunami, which is something that he spelled out phonetically 67 00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:07,120 Speaker 1: rather than using the Japanese character for tsunami, So it's 68 00:04:07,120 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 1: probably a word that he had heard but didn't know 69 00:04:09,800 --> 00:04:13,880 Speaker 1: how to write. But he clearly seems puzzled at whether 70 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:16,760 Speaker 1: this could have been a tsunami, since there had not 71 00:04:16,839 --> 00:04:20,720 Speaker 1: been an earthquake beforehand, and we have lots of writing 72 00:04:20,839 --> 00:04:24,880 Speaker 1: from lots of different people about this particular tsunami in 73 00:04:24,920 --> 00:04:28,159 Speaker 1: seventeen hundred Japan was about a hundred years into the 74 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,919 Speaker 1: Tokugawa period also called the Edo Period, and this was 75 00:04:31,920 --> 00:04:34,760 Speaker 1: the nearly two hundred and fifty years span of relative 76 00:04:34,839 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: peace and stability under the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate. 77 00:04:38,839 --> 00:04:41,120 Speaker 1: If you want a bit more detail about the Tokugawa 78 00:04:41,279 --> 00:04:43,320 Speaker 1: and the culture of the Edo period, there is a 79 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:46,240 Speaker 1: lot more about it in our past podcast on Hokusai. 80 00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:52,000 Speaker 1: During this period, literacy was pretty widespread among social classes 81 00:04:52,040 --> 00:04:55,120 Speaker 1: and the culture of governmental bureaucracy that there were a 82 00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:59,320 Speaker 1: lot of records being kept about basically everything. Records of 83 00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:02,479 Speaker 1: the tsunami survive in the paperwork of the daimyo or 84 00:05:02,520 --> 00:05:05,559 Speaker 1: the feudal lords, as well as the merchants and people 85 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:08,320 Speaker 1: of the peasant class who were basically leaders in their 86 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 1: individual villages. The tsunami reached Japan on January, or in 87 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,919 Speaker 1: the Japanese calendar, the eighth day of the twelve month 88 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:23,480 Speaker 1: of Genroku twelve. The path of the tsunami arcd from 89 00:05:23,480 --> 00:05:28,440 Speaker 1: the northeast to southwest down Japan's coast, striking Kawagasaki in 90 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:31,920 Speaker 1: the north, first on the close to midnight, and then 91 00:05:31,960 --> 00:05:34,920 Speaker 1: moving south until it reached to Nabe the following morning. 92 00:05:35,760 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: All the surviving written records come from towns and villages 93 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:42,279 Speaker 1: on the island of Honshu, which is Japan's largest island 94 00:05:42,520 --> 00:05:44,760 Speaker 1: and was also home to the capital city of Edo, 95 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 1: which is today Tokyo. So we're going to walk down 96 00:05:48,920 --> 00:05:51,800 Speaker 1: the path. The tsunami took from north to south, and 97 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:54,240 Speaker 1: it started at least according to the records and the 98 00:05:54,279 --> 00:05:58,240 Speaker 1: fishing village of Kawagasaki, which is on the northwest edge 99 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:01,760 Speaker 1: of Miyako Bay. The tsunami struck in the middle of 100 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:04,240 Speaker 1: the night without any warning, and although the people who 101 00:06:04,279 --> 00:06:07,000 Speaker 1: were living there were able to escape to higher ground 102 00:06:07,080 --> 00:06:10,479 Speaker 1: and no one was injured, the combination of floodwaters and 103 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:14,760 Speaker 1: fires destroyed about ten percent of the town's three houses. 104 00:06:15,279 --> 00:06:19,240 Speaker 1: The water itself was responsible for the destruction of thirteen homes. 105 00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:24,280 Speaker 1: The records from Kuagasaki are the only ones to conclusively 106 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:28,360 Speaker 1: were use the word tsunami to describe the seventeen hundred flood. 107 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:32,839 Speaker 1: Officials in the neighboring town of Miyako, which was also 108 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:36,400 Speaker 1: the administrative seat for Kuagasaki and other villages in the area, 109 00:06:36,839 --> 00:06:40,600 Speaker 1: started a relief effort, and in the following days, stipends 110 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,080 Speaker 1: of rice were distributed to a hundred and fifty nine 111 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:46,159 Speaker 1: people who had been affected by the tsunami, and officials 112 00:06:46,160 --> 00:06:49,520 Speaker 1: in Miyako also requested allotments of low grade woods so 113 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:53,560 Speaker 1: that they could build temporary shelters. The tsunami waters traveled 114 00:06:53,560 --> 00:06:57,359 Speaker 1: all the way through Miyako Bay, uh damaging and destroying 115 00:06:57,400 --> 00:07:02,440 Speaker 1: structures along the coast, and eventually reaching the village of Sugarushi, 116 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: which was a kilometer inland, and this caused a panic 117 00:07:05,279 --> 00:07:08,240 Speaker 1: among the people who were living there because of the 118 00:07:08,279 --> 00:07:11,040 Speaker 1: shape of the bay, which funneled the water into a 119 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:14,120 Speaker 1: relatively narrow space. The crest of the tsunami was probably 120 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:18,960 Speaker 1: the highest here, about five ms or sixteen feet. The 121 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: records at Tsugaruishi don't mention the word tsunami, but they 122 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: do mention the absence of an earthquake. And also due 123 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:30,680 Speaker 1: to a clerical error, these records also misrecord the date 124 00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:33,840 Speaker 1: by a full month. Yeah, there was this and one 125 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,280 Speaker 1: other thing that both were like, oops, we just they 126 00:07:36,320 --> 00:07:40,960 Speaker 1: just noted the wrong the wrong date there. Continuing south 127 00:07:41,160 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 1: in the port of Otsuchi, most of the damage was 128 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:46,680 Speaker 1: two crops. There were rice patties and vegetable fields that 129 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:49,760 Speaker 1: were planted close to the sea that were destroyed. Two 130 00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: houses and to saltkins kilns were damaged as well. In Knaka, Minato, 131 00:07:56,160 --> 00:07:59,400 Speaker 1: high waves prevented a boat carrying four hundred and seventy 132 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:01,680 Speaker 1: bales of ice from entering the mouth of the river 133 00:08:01,840 --> 00:08:05,320 Speaker 1: and continuing inland to its destination of Edo. When it 134 00:08:05,360 --> 00:08:08,120 Speaker 1: couldn't reach the river, the boat dropped anchor, and as 135 00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:11,480 Speaker 1: the sea's got rougher, it jettisoned part of its cargo. 136 00:08:11,920 --> 00:08:15,280 Speaker 1: But then the sea's continually got worse, the anchor line 137 00:08:15,320 --> 00:08:18,120 Speaker 1: broke and the boat was driven into the rocks, causing 138 00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:20,120 Speaker 1: the loss of the rest of its cargo, which was 139 00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:23,040 Speaker 1: twenty eight metric tons of rice, and the deaths of 140 00:08:23,080 --> 00:08:26,520 Speaker 1: two of its crew. Of all the descriptions of the 141 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:30,080 Speaker 1: tsunami that survived until today, this incident is the one 142 00:08:30,120 --> 00:08:33,200 Speaker 1: that seems to go on for the longest. Most likely, 143 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:36,600 Speaker 1: the boat was really struck twice, once by the incoming 144 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:39,040 Speaker 1: water which kept it from entering the mouth of the river, 145 00:08:39,200 --> 00:08:41,200 Speaker 1: and then it was struck a second time by the 146 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:43,440 Speaker 1: rebound of that water off of the land and the 147 00:08:43,480 --> 00:08:45,800 Speaker 1: currents from the mouth of the river, And so that 148 00:08:46,080 --> 00:08:48,840 Speaker 1: second wave is what drove the boat onto the rocks. 149 00:08:49,800 --> 00:08:53,600 Speaker 1: The headman and Miho population three, The same one who 150 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:57,359 Speaker 1: had wondered whether the strange seas were a tsunami, evacuated 151 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:00,680 Speaker 1: the village's elderly residents and its children to shrine on 152 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:04,600 Speaker 1: high ground. He described the unusual seas as a series 153 00:09:04,679 --> 00:09:09,559 Speaker 1: of seven unusually large waves. Because Mijo was relatively sheltered, 154 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 1: the crest of the tsunami there was probably smaller than 155 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:15,840 Speaker 1: in Miyako Bay, where the shape of the land funneled 156 00:09:15,880 --> 00:09:19,280 Speaker 1: the waters. The city of Tanabe, is on the southern 157 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:22,439 Speaker 1: end of the recorded journey of the tsunami's path to Nabe, 158 00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:25,760 Speaker 1: was much larger and had a population of about hundred, 159 00:09:25,880 --> 00:09:29,600 Speaker 1: including the mayor for the whole district. There, the tsunami 160 00:09:29,640 --> 00:09:32,280 Speaker 1: flooded a government storehouse and a castle moat, and it 161 00:09:32,360 --> 00:09:36,839 Speaker 1: flooded farmland around the bay. This stretch of Japanese coastline 162 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:40,360 Speaker 1: covers nearly one thousand kilometers. It's about six and twenty 163 00:09:40,360 --> 00:09:44,080 Speaker 1: one miles at various points along that span. The crest 164 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,000 Speaker 1: of the tsunami seems to have ranged from two to 165 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:50,440 Speaker 1: five meters or six and a half to sixteen feet, 166 00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:53,960 Speaker 1: so it was definitely enough to cause damage and alarm, 167 00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:56,800 Speaker 1: but it was a smaller influx of water than say 168 00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:01,199 Speaker 1: the flood from a typhoon or a very powerful storm urge. Yeah. 169 00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:03,880 Speaker 1: So this, although it was damaging and there was some 170 00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:05,640 Speaker 1: loss of life, this is one of those things that 171 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,720 Speaker 1: by comparison, like a really bad storm, could have had 172 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:12,680 Speaker 1: a similar or worse effect on the island. This is 173 00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:16,480 Speaker 1: also much much smaller than, for example, the tsunami that 174 00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 1: was spawned by the March eleventh earthquake that reached heights 175 00:10:20,200 --> 00:10:22,720 Speaker 1: of up to forty meters or a hundred and thirty 176 00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:25,800 Speaker 1: one feet, and that was smaller than the tsunami that 177 00:10:25,840 --> 00:10:28,839 Speaker 1: was spawned by this same earthquake when it struck North 178 00:10:28,840 --> 00:10:31,680 Speaker 1: America's specific northwest, which is what we're going to talk 179 00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:38,760 Speaker 1: about after a brief word from a sponsor. Starting your 180 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:42,080 Speaker 1: own business can be difficult, but developing your online presence 181 00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:45,040 Speaker 1: does not have to be. 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Unlike in Japan, where a 193 00:11:33,760 --> 00:11:37,440 Speaker 1: government that was really into record keeping combined with a 194 00:11:37,480 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 1: population that was highly literate to give us lots and 195 00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:43,760 Speaker 1: lots of written records at the tsunami, in northwestern North America, 196 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:46,280 Speaker 1: history as were being kept at this point through oral 197 00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:51,520 Speaker 1: tradition and sevent hundred The Cascadia region, which encompasses what's 198 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,280 Speaker 1: now in northern California all the way north to Alaska, 199 00:11:54,760 --> 00:12:00,000 Speaker 1: was home to four distinct cultural language groups, the Coast Sailish, 200 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:04,599 Speaker 1: the Wacation That, the Chinookan, and the and the Shopton. 201 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:09,440 Speaker 1: These encompassed a dozen distinct languages and many many more 202 00:12:09,559 --> 00:12:12,360 Speaker 1: distinct tribes and bands, all of them with their own 203 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:17,520 Speaker 1: traditions and customs and cultures and stories. When the earthquake happened, 204 00:12:17,760 --> 00:12:21,280 Speaker 1: this part of North America had not yet experienced sustained 205 00:12:21,320 --> 00:12:24,800 Speaker 1: contact with Europeans it would be another seventy plus years 206 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:28,040 Speaker 1: before Bruno Hesseta would land in what's now Washington State, 207 00:12:28,559 --> 00:12:32,920 Speaker 1: or Captain James Cook would explore Vancouver Island. Europeans started 208 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 1: colonizing the Pacific Northwest about a century later, and it 209 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:39,839 Speaker 1: was another fifty years before European arrivals started writing down 210 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:44,080 Speaker 1: that region's oral traditions. But in that roughly century and 211 00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:47,320 Speaker 1: a half between first contact and the effort to document 212 00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:51,280 Speaker 1: Native American in First Nations people's oral histories in Cascadia, 213 00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:55,120 Speaker 1: as many as ninety five percent of those distinct oral 214 00:12:55,160 --> 00:13:00,440 Speaker 1: traditions were lost. Warfare, European introduced diseases, loss of traditional 215 00:13:00,559 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 1: territory to European colonists, and cultural assimilation all played a 216 00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:08,120 Speaker 1: role in the loss of a whole lot of Cascadia's 217 00:13:08,160 --> 00:13:13,200 Speaker 1: unwritten history. However, it's clear from the symbolism in many 218 00:13:13,280 --> 00:13:16,559 Speaker 1: of the surviving Native stories that the Native people of Cascadia, 219 00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,800 Speaker 1: like the people of Japan, understood the connection between earthquakes 220 00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:24,160 Speaker 1: and floods. There are lots of references to earthquakes and 221 00:13:24,160 --> 00:13:27,880 Speaker 1: floods in their oral histories, their folklore, and stories throughout 222 00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:32,199 Speaker 1: the region. Stories about thunderbird battling with whale are common 223 00:13:32,240 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 1: among many Pacific Northwest People's likely drawn from the region's 224 00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:40,000 Speaker 1: seismic activity and the connection between shaking ground and rushing water. 225 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:44,360 Speaker 1: And some of these stories thunderbird sinks his talents into 226 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: whales back as they're fighting, and whale drags thunderbird down 227 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:51,640 Speaker 1: to the bottom of the ocean, and others thunderbird flies 228 00:13:51,679 --> 00:13:55,280 Speaker 1: into the sky with whale like holding whale and then 229 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:59,880 Speaker 1: drops whale onto the ocean, causing a massive flood. The 230 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:02,840 Speaker 1: mythology is a little bit different further to the south. 231 00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:06,440 Speaker 1: For instance, the Uruk tribe, who historically lived along the 232 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:10,120 Speaker 1: southern part of Cascadia and along Klamath River and are 233 00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:13,840 Speaker 1: a federally recognized tribe in California today, has a story 234 00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:17,720 Speaker 1: about thunder and earthquake. Thunder went to earthquake because the 235 00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:20,240 Speaker 1: people didn't have enough to eat, thinking that if the 236 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:24,520 Speaker 1: planes became ocean, people could fish there. So earthquake ran 237 00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:27,400 Speaker 1: along the land, causing the land to sink and fill 238 00:14:27,480 --> 00:14:33,000 Speaker 1: with an ocean full of salmon, whales and seals. Uh. 239 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:36,240 Speaker 1: In addition to stories like these, themes of shaking and 240 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:39,600 Speaker 1: flooding and an interplay between the two are also present 241 00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:43,760 Speaker 1: in masks, art, dance, and ceremonies among many of Cascadia's 242 00:14:43,840 --> 00:14:47,200 Speaker 1: native people's But apart from the more general tradition of 243 00:14:47,240 --> 00:14:50,360 Speaker 1: folk folklore, myths and legends, which of course are open 244 00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: to lacks of other interpretations as well, there are also 245 00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:57,960 Speaker 1: specific stories about specific earthquakes and tsunami that have been 246 00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:03,720 Speaker 1: passed down through generations. Modern researchers studying the connections between 247 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,520 Speaker 1: native oral history and the region's seismic history have traced 248 00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:11,440 Speaker 1: nine different stories told to Europeans by native peoples between 249 00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:15,320 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty and nineteen sixty four that are detailed enough 250 00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:18,960 Speaker 1: to determine they probably stem from the seventeen hundred earthquake 251 00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:23,360 Speaker 1: and tsunami. Their stories that combine both flooding and shaking, 252 00:15:23,480 --> 00:15:27,040 Speaker 1: and describe family connections or other details that put the 253 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:30,560 Speaker 1: story into that right time period. Three of them are 254 00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:35,280 Speaker 1: the stories of specific ancestors, grandparents or great grandparents who 255 00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:38,560 Speaker 1: either saw a survivor of the seventeen hundred earthquake or 256 00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:42,880 Speaker 1: survived it themselves. One of the most frequently cited was 257 00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:46,120 Speaker 1: written down in eighteen sixty four. A man known as 258 00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:48,960 Speaker 1: Billy Blatch told James Swan the story of a tsunami, 259 00:15:49,080 --> 00:15:52,600 Speaker 1: which Swan recorded in his diary on Tuesday, January twelfth 260 00:15:52,640 --> 00:15:55,720 Speaker 1: of that year. Swan wrote that Billy Blatch told him 261 00:15:55,760 --> 00:15:59,400 Speaker 1: about water that flowed and then receded, and then rose 262 00:15:59,440 --> 00:16:03,240 Speaker 1: again without any swell or waves, and submerged the whole 263 00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:05,720 Speaker 1: of the cape, and in fact the whole country except 264 00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:08,960 Speaker 1: the mountains. Billy Blatch's story goes on to talk about 265 00:16:08,960 --> 00:16:11,600 Speaker 1: people who drifted away in their canoes, as well as 266 00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:14,239 Speaker 1: canoes that came down in the trees and were destroyed, 267 00:16:14,320 --> 00:16:18,040 Speaker 1: and lives that were lost. In ninety nine, a woman 268 00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:20,400 Speaker 1: named Agnes Matts, who was a member of the Teloa 269 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,720 Speaker 1: tribe also known as the Teloa d nine nation, told 270 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:27,520 Speaker 1: cultural anthropologist Cora A. Du Bois a story about a 271 00:16:27,560 --> 00:16:31,040 Speaker 1: tidal wave in Oregon. Quote. There were no white people 272 00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:33,680 Speaker 1: on earth when it happened, she said, and went on 273 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:36,760 Speaker 1: to describe a story about a grandmother warning her two 274 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,880 Speaker 1: grandchildren who she had raised, to run to the top 275 00:16:39,880 --> 00:16:42,320 Speaker 1: of a mountain as fast as they could, and when 276 00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:46,800 Speaker 1: they looked back, they saw the water consume everything. With 277 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:50,440 Speaker 1: so little surviving oral history, we can't reconstruct a point 278 00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:53,840 Speaker 1: by point recounting of the earthquake and tsunami in Cascadia 279 00:16:53,920 --> 00:16:57,160 Speaker 1: the way we did in Japan. But given how populated 280 00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,320 Speaker 1: the coastal region from British Columbia to northern califor Nia 281 00:17:00,520 --> 00:17:03,520 Speaker 1: was and how many native people has made extensive use 282 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:06,359 Speaker 1: of the rivers and waterways to move inland from the coast, 283 00:17:06,680 --> 00:17:10,320 Speaker 1: the only logical conclusion is that it was catastrophic. Even 284 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:13,119 Speaker 1: for those who felt the earthquake and survived by moving 285 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:16,560 Speaker 1: to higher ground, the tsunami would have destroyed homes, canoes, 286 00:17:16,640 --> 00:17:19,800 Speaker 1: fishing nets, stored food, and everything else that was necessary 287 00:17:19,840 --> 00:17:23,080 Speaker 1: for survival. And we're going to talk about how these 288 00:17:23,119 --> 00:17:27,359 Speaker 1: two events on opposite sides of the Pacific we're finally connected. 289 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: But first we're going to pause and have a law 290 00:17:29,160 --> 00:17:36,160 Speaker 1: sponsor break. Like so many people in our audience, learning 291 00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:38,480 Speaker 1: is something that you and I constantly look forward to, 292 00:17:38,520 --> 00:17:41,399 Speaker 1: which is why we really really enjoy having subscriptions to 293 00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:44,880 Speaker 1: the Great Courses Plus. There's always something new to learn. 294 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,600 Speaker 1: The Great Courses Plus offers this enormous library of really 295 00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:51,920 Speaker 1: engaging video lectures. There are so many topics and they're 296 00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:55,320 Speaker 1: all presented by award winning professors. You can learn more 297 00:17:55,359 --> 00:17:58,600 Speaker 1: about whatever interest to you. There's the Vikings, There's World 298 00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:02,879 Speaker 1: War Two. There's even genealogy and photography. I have plenty 299 00:18:02,920 --> 00:18:07,520 Speaker 1: of things queued up to fill my own learning desires. 300 00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:12,360 Speaker 1: We recommend watching The Black Death, the world's most devastating plague. 301 00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:15,480 Speaker 1: It explores the impact that the plague had on fourteenth 302 00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:19,880 Speaker 1: century Europe and on Western civilization as a whole. I mean, 303 00:18:19,920 --> 00:18:22,520 Speaker 1: we we know that the plague killed up to fifty 304 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:26,800 Speaker 1: of the population. What all did that effect? The answer 305 00:18:26,880 --> 00:18:29,760 Speaker 1: is everything, and it really walks through all the ways 306 00:18:29,840 --> 00:18:34,080 Speaker 1: that losing that many people really changed life. With the 307 00:18:34,119 --> 00:18:37,679 Speaker 1: Great Courses Plus stream as many different lectures as you 308 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:42,160 Speaker 1: want anytime anywhere from a smartphone, laptop, tablet, or TV. 309 00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:44,520 Speaker 1: We want you to sign up for the Great Courses 310 00:18:44,560 --> 00:18:47,520 Speaker 1: Plus today because they are giving our listeners a special offer. 311 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:50,880 Speaker 1: It is an entire month of unlimited access to all 312 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:54,560 Speaker 1: of their lectures for free. So start your free month today. 313 00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:58,160 Speaker 1: Go to the Great Courses Plus dot com slash stuff. 314 00:18:58,560 --> 00:19:04,240 Speaker 1: Remember the Great Versus plus dot com slash stuff. And 315 00:19:04,280 --> 00:19:11,439 Speaker 1: now we will get back to our story. Here is 316 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:14,439 Speaker 1: what we know today. At nine pm local time on 317 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:20,160 Speaker 1: January hundred, the Cascadia Subduction Zone ruptured along as six 318 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:23,919 Speaker 1: hundred and eighty mile or one thousand nine ko length. 319 00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:27,280 Speaker 1: This fault system is off the coast of North America 320 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:30,680 Speaker 1: and from northern California today all the way north into 321 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:35,000 Speaker 1: British Columbia. Today, people living on the coast both felt 322 00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:38,440 Speaker 1: the quake and experienced the tsunami that followed. It only 323 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:41,560 Speaker 1: would have taken about twenty minutes for the water displaced 324 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: towards the North American coast to actually reach it. Researchers 325 00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,760 Speaker 1: estimate that the tsunami that's struck was up to fifty 326 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:53,960 Speaker 1: feet or fifteen meters high. Then about ten hours later, 327 00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:58,440 Speaker 1: water displaced in the opposite direction reached Japan, reaching heights 328 00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:01,840 Speaker 1: of about sixteen ft or five live meters. This wave 329 00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:06,280 Speaker 1: of water traveled from northeast to southwest down the Japanese 330 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:09,440 Speaker 1: coast for the next eight to ten hours. It took 331 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:12,240 Speaker 1: a really long time for anyone to connect these two 332 00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:15,280 Speaker 1: events together, even after the efforts we talked about at 333 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:18,159 Speaker 1: the very beginning of the show. And one big reason 334 00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:21,320 Speaker 1: is that for much of the twentieth century, geologists thought 335 00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:24,000 Speaker 1: the faults in this part of the world weren't really 336 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:27,560 Speaker 1: capable of producing a very powerful earthquake they would max 337 00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:30,879 Speaker 1: out at around magnitude seven, and that wouldn't necessarily be 338 00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:35,719 Speaker 1: powerful enough to spawn the tsunami that ultimately reached Japan. Yes, 339 00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:39,399 Speaker 1: seven is still pretty big earthquake, yeah, but not not 340 00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:44,199 Speaker 1: the size needed to spawn this level of destruction. But 341 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:48,240 Speaker 1: throughout the nineteen eighties, researchers basically trying to settle disputes 342 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:53,320 Speaker 1: about whether Cascadia was capable of producing great earthquakes, started 343 00:20:53,359 --> 00:20:56,920 Speaker 1: to find more and more evidence that incredibly large earthquakes 344 00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,919 Speaker 1: really had struck the region in the past. Most of 345 00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:03,119 Speaker 1: this research studied the lay of the land in the 346 00:21:03,119 --> 00:21:07,680 Speaker 1: Pacific Northwest and the remains of forests. In an earthquake 347 00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:11,080 Speaker 1: of this size and type, land can suddenly drop, and 348 00:21:11,119 --> 00:21:13,760 Speaker 1: when land on the coast or otherwise near water drops, 349 00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:17,040 Speaker 1: the water rushes in to fill that void. So when 350 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:20,280 Speaker 1: a coastal forest suddenly drops, the water that rushes in 351 00:21:20,480 --> 00:21:24,320 Speaker 1: kills the trees and creates a ghost forest. As researchers 352 00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 1: started looking for evidence of whether Cascadia could spawn great earthquakes, 353 00:21:28,119 --> 00:21:31,359 Speaker 1: they started finding these sorts of ghost forests. And it 354 00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:34,080 Speaker 1: wasn't as though these ghost forests were a total surprise 355 00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:38,200 Speaker 1: researchers had already found plenty of submerged logs and stumps, 356 00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:41,960 Speaker 1: along with the hearths of and other archaeological evidence of 357 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,160 Speaker 1: destroyed homes of native peoples. But for a long time, 358 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:48,200 Speaker 1: the conventional wisdom was that these trees had been killed 359 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:52,000 Speaker 1: through a slow rise in sea levels, not an earthquake 360 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:55,440 Speaker 1: and a sudden drop of the land. But other bits 361 00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:59,080 Speaker 1: of evidence started to point toward the earthquake theory. There 362 00:21:59,119 --> 00:22:02,240 Speaker 1: were layers of that could only have come in along 363 00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:05,960 Speaker 1: a tsunami, and entire marshes were buried and preserved under 364 00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:08,720 Speaker 1: layers of silt and sand that could only have arrived 365 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:13,080 Speaker 1: there suddenly, not part of a gradual process. In nineteen 366 00:22:13,119 --> 00:22:16,199 Speaker 1: ninety six, after more than a decade of piecing together 367 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:20,040 Speaker 1: all this evidence, Japanese researchers first connected the tsunami that 368 00:22:20,119 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: struck the island of Hanshu in seventeen hundred with the 369 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:26,080 Speaker 1: earthquake that happened on the same day in the Pacific Northwest. 370 00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:30,399 Speaker 1: By that point, radio carbon dating had already pinpointed the 371 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:33,440 Speaker 1: date of the creation of these ghost forests in Cascadia 372 00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:37,560 Speaker 1: as sometime between sixteen nine five and seventeen twenty in 373 00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:41,200 Speaker 1: nineteen seven. The date was further refined to having happened 374 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:45,119 Speaker 1: sometime between August sixteen ninety nine and May seventeen hundred, 375 00:22:45,160 --> 00:22:47,840 Speaker 1: so between the end of one growth phase in the 376 00:22:47,880 --> 00:22:50,720 Speaker 1: beginning of the next for these trees. What they did 377 00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:55,480 Speaker 1: was they compared the ghost trees roots which they excavated 378 00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:58,800 Speaker 1: for this purpose, to the rings of neighbors of neighboring 379 00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:03,720 Speaker 1: trees that had served vibe since before seventeen hundred. And 380 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:06,879 Speaker 1: you can read so much about the science behind this 381 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:10,640 Speaker 1: earthquake and tsunami in the Orphans Tsunami of seventeen hundred 382 00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:14,919 Speaker 1: Japanese clues to apparent earthquake in North America, which was 383 00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:18,080 Speaker 1: prepared by the U. S Geological Survey in conjunction with 384 00:23:18,119 --> 00:23:20,480 Speaker 1: the Geological Survey of Japan. And we will have a 385 00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:23,000 Speaker 1: link to that in the show notes. Yeah, it's one 386 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:24,880 Speaker 1: of those books. You you can buy it and find 387 00:23:24,920 --> 00:23:27,840 Speaker 1: it in libraries, but it's also a public domain piece 388 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:30,840 Speaker 1: because it was created by government sources that you can 389 00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:34,560 Speaker 1: read on the Internet for free. Aside from solving this 390 00:23:34,680 --> 00:23:37,680 Speaker 1: mystery of what caused the Orphans tsunami, this research is 391 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:42,040 Speaker 1: incredibly important to actual life today in the Pacific Northwest. 392 00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:46,879 Speaker 1: The idea that a magnitude nine earthquake is possible or 393 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:51,359 Speaker 1: maybe even inevitable, has a huge impact, uh into the 394 00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:56,160 Speaker 1: conversation around how resilient buildings and bridges UH and other 395 00:23:56,320 --> 00:24:00,520 Speaker 1: structures need to be to withstand the level of seismic 396 00:24:00,560 --> 00:24:04,200 Speaker 1: activity that's possible in the region. Not to be alarming 397 00:24:05,920 --> 00:24:08,639 Speaker 1: that a lot of things built there were built before 398 00:24:08,680 --> 00:24:12,880 Speaker 1: anyone figured this out, that is for sure. Uh. My 399 00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:15,520 Speaker 1: two of my siblings live in the Pacific Northwest. I 400 00:24:15,560 --> 00:24:17,600 Speaker 1: lived there when I was a kid, and I know 401 00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:19,760 Speaker 1: that they have. I don't know if they realize it's 402 00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:24,600 Speaker 1: related to this specific geological survey and research that was done, 403 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:27,720 Speaker 1: but they have become suddenly aware of, like, oh, we've 404 00:24:27,760 --> 00:24:32,520 Speaker 1: gotten some notices about maybe looking at fortifications of our homes. Yeah, 405 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:34,919 Speaker 1: it was. I can't re if it was last year 406 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:36,840 Speaker 1: or the year before. It was within the last couple 407 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:39,720 Speaker 1: of years. Uh. There was a whole wave of articles 408 00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:41,919 Speaker 1: about this whole thing, And I'm not sure exactly what 409 00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:45,040 Speaker 1: spawned those articles because at that point, I mean this, 410 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,760 Speaker 1: this this book about the earthquake and tsunami had been 411 00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:52,399 Speaker 1: out for a while, UM, and it was one of 412 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:54,760 Speaker 1: those things that I read, and I thought about my 413 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:58,000 Speaker 1: brother and sister in law, who at that point, I mean, 414 00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:00,160 Speaker 1: they live, they live in Seattle, and at the at 415 00:25:00,160 --> 00:25:03,119 Speaker 1: that point they were living in in a condo that 416 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:07,720 Speaker 1: was sort of under a highway bridge. And my sister 417 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:09,280 Speaker 1: in law had said to me when I came to 418 00:25:09,359 --> 00:25:11,359 Speaker 1: visit them, she was like, when the big one happens, 419 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:15,360 Speaker 1: that's gonna fall on us. And so I remember reading 420 00:25:15,359 --> 00:25:17,520 Speaker 1: all these articles and being like, you guys gotta go now, 421 00:25:17,720 --> 00:25:21,399 Speaker 1: you need to go now, all right, So yeah, that's 422 00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:25,399 Speaker 1: it's it's now building standards are taking into account the 423 00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:29,840 Speaker 1: idea that yes they're magnitude seven is not the upward 424 00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:34,119 Speaker 1: limit here, magnitude nine plus is. Do you also have 425 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,399 Speaker 1: a little bit of listener mail, whether it be about 426 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:40,240 Speaker 1: building fortification or not. I have, I have a clarification 427 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,879 Speaker 1: and a correction. The The clarification stems from an email 428 00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:48,920 Speaker 1: we got from listener Robert and I'm not gonna read it, uh, 429 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:52,200 Speaker 1: just because it's various details in there. But Robert is 430 00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:55,199 Speaker 1: has been a therapist for many years and wrote about 431 00:25:55,920 --> 00:25:59,520 Speaker 1: our episode on John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry Um 432 00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:05,880 Speaker 1: and how we described his methodically planning as being evidence 433 00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:09,359 Speaker 1: that he was not mentally ill, and that did not 434 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:11,520 Speaker 1: come off the way that I intended it to in 435 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:14,480 Speaker 1: the episode. I was definitely not trying to say that 436 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:18,040 Speaker 1: people who have mental illnesses aren't able to learn or 437 00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:21,720 Speaker 1: plan things, because that's false, um. And I also wasn't 438 00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:24,199 Speaker 1: trying to say that, uh, the fact that he was 439 00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:26,800 Speaker 1: planning meant that he was not mentally ill. What I 440 00:26:26,840 --> 00:26:28,639 Speaker 1: was attempting to get at was that there is this 441 00:26:28,680 --> 00:26:32,680 Speaker 1: perception and a lot of history books, especially older history books, 442 00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:36,640 Speaker 1: that John Brown was quote a crazy person who had 443 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:40,720 Speaker 1: this wild idea that he took off on suddenly, uh, 444 00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:43,320 Speaker 1: which is not accurate. Like, he definitely put a lot 445 00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:48,720 Speaker 1: of planning and research um into guerrilla warfare and things 446 00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:50,880 Speaker 1: like that, and he implemented that into this whole plan. 447 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:55,600 Speaker 1: So my apologies for not articulating that very well in 448 00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:59,679 Speaker 1: that episode. The correction that I have comes in from 449 00:26:59,720 --> 00:27:03,679 Speaker 1: a Eizabeth, and Elizabeth says, Dear Tracy and Holly. In 450 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:07,440 Speaker 1: your nineteen September episode about Mary Alice Nelson a k 451 00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:10,200 Speaker 1: A Molly spotted ELK, you discussed some of the challenges 452 00:27:10,280 --> 00:27:12,240 Speaker 1: she had in getting Johnny to the United States at 453 00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:15,480 Speaker 1: the beginning of World War Two. You noted that Johnny 454 00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:18,320 Speaker 1: was a socialist, which you argued caused problems because of 455 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,080 Speaker 1: quote France, the Socialist Party, which Johnny was a part of, 456 00:27:21,119 --> 00:27:24,120 Speaker 1: had at one point considered uniting with Germany's Socialist Party, 457 00:27:24,119 --> 00:27:28,320 Speaker 1: which became the Nazi Party. This is untrue. Germany's socialist party, 458 00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:32,680 Speaker 1: the social Democratic Party of Germany SPD, was wholly unconnected 459 00:27:32,680 --> 00:27:35,119 Speaker 1: to the Nazi Party and in fact stood in stark 460 00:27:35,160 --> 00:27:39,000 Speaker 1: opposition to it. The Nazi Party full name National Socialist 461 00:27:39,119 --> 00:27:43,800 Speaker 1: German Workers Party uh n S d AP evolved out 462 00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:46,399 Speaker 1: of the German Workers Party d AP, a party at 463 00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:48,960 Speaker 1: the opposite end of the political spectrum from the SPD. 464 00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:52,040 Speaker 1: The Nazis were a far right party, while the SPD 465 00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:54,520 Speaker 1: was a party on the left, if not as far 466 00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,520 Speaker 1: left as the Communist Party of Germany KPD. The sort 467 00:27:57,560 --> 00:28:00,400 Speaker 1: of basic error is not just unacceptable but also injurious, 468 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:05,760 Speaker 1: as it supports far too widespread conflation between Nazism and socialism. 469 00:28:05,840 --> 00:28:10,680 Speaker 1: Best Elizabeth, So thank you Elizabeth for that correction. Uh 470 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:13,240 Speaker 1: The my big source of research for this was a 471 00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:15,359 Speaker 1: book that has gone back to the library, so I 472 00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:17,919 Speaker 1: cannot go back through it to confirm exactly what I 473 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:23,679 Speaker 1: either misread or garbled when I wrote down my notes. Um, 474 00:28:23,720 --> 00:28:26,439 Speaker 1: it was definitely brought up as an issue that his 475 00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:31,280 Speaker 1: involvement with the Socialist Party in France and that party's 476 00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:34,160 Speaker 1: connection to Germany was a problem for getting his visa. 477 00:28:34,760 --> 00:28:38,040 Speaker 1: UH So, at some point between that knowledge and what 478 00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,080 Speaker 1: we said in the episode, I went astray, and I 479 00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:45,959 Speaker 1: apologize for that too. That's correction corner for today's listener 480 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:48,600 Speaker 1: mail uh If you would like to write to us 481 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:51,240 Speaker 1: about this or any other podcast where at History Podcasts 482 00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:53,440 Speaker 1: at how stuff Works dot com, or also on Facebook 483 00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:55,719 Speaker 1: at Facebook dot com slash miss in history and on 484 00:28:55,720 --> 00:28:58,440 Speaker 1: Twitter at miss in History. Our tumbler is missed in 485 00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:01,280 Speaker 1: History dot tumbler dot com, or also on Pinterest at 486 00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:05,480 Speaker 1: pinterest dot com slash missed in History. You can come 487 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:07,800 Speaker 1: to our parent companies website, which is how stuff Works 488 00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:10,600 Speaker 1: dot com and learn about all kinds of stuff, including 489 00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:13,480 Speaker 1: earthquakes and tsunami. We have articles on how both of 490 00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:16,280 Speaker 1: those things work. You can also come to our website, 491 00:29:16,320 --> 00:29:18,560 Speaker 1: which is missed in History dot com or show notes, 492 00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:21,280 Speaker 1: where we will link to that paper about the tsunami 493 00:29:21,320 --> 00:29:23,880 Speaker 1: that we talked about today, we have an archive of 494 00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 1: every episode we've ever done, some frequently asked questions that 495 00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:30,720 Speaker 1: we answer because we're asking them frequently. You can say 496 00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:32,360 Speaker 1: you can do all that and a whole lot more 497 00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:34,680 Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com or missed in history 498 00:29:34,720 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics. 499 00:29:42,160 --> 00:29:55,720 Speaker 1: Does it how stuff works dot com.