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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.

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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you get in touch with technology with

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Speaker 1: tech Stuff from how stuff works dot Com. Hello again, everyone,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to tech stuff. My name is Chris Polette,

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Speaker 1: and I am an editor here at how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot Com, sitting across from me as usual as senior

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Speaker 1: writer Jonathan Strickland. Greed is good. Okay, then that's a

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Speaker 1: Wall Street reference, the sequel of which will be coming

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Speaker 1: out in theater soon. Wow. Really, yeah, there's a single

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Speaker 1: to Wall Street. Yeah. Yeah, it's got Shia La Booth

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Speaker 1: in it. Anyway, So that the reason I said greed

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Speaker 1: is good is because we're going to talk about currency. Yes,

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Speaker 1: we are the tech of making money. Yes, what it

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Speaker 1: requires to get that cash in your hot little hands.

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Speaker 1: But before we get into that, I thought talk a

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Speaker 1: little bit about the history of currency. This is kind

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Speaker 1: of a stuff you missed in History class mini section.

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Speaker 1: What we should do is get Liz to play the

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Speaker 1: first few notes of the stuff you missed in History

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Speaker 1: class theme. So we'll wait. Hi, this is Jonathan, not

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Speaker 1: Katie or Sarah. I am not nearly as as articulate

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Speaker 1: or pretty as either of them, and I have far

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Speaker 1: less hair on my head. So we want to talk

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Speaker 1: about the history of currency. So the first coins. Okay,

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Speaker 1: back back before there were coins, you know, essentially everything

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Speaker 1: was based upon bartering, right, and then there was salt. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well again that's also a kind of currency. But but

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Speaker 1: before coins, yeah, there were some things that would represent

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Speaker 1: wealth and could be used in the currency. Cocoa beans

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Speaker 1: also were used as currency at one point to help

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Speaker 1: balance out trade systems. But really, you know, you got

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Speaker 1: to this point where it just became really difficult to

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Speaker 1: trade stuff for other stuff, right, So that's when people

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Speaker 1: started coming up with this idea of currency. It's something

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Speaker 1: that represents the purchasing power so that you can get

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Speaker 1: hold of something else. That person can then use that

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Speaker 1: same currency to go and purchase stuff that they need.

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Speaker 1: Brilliant system because it's way more portable than carrying a

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Speaker 1: cow and three chickens with you whenever you want to

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Speaker 1: go and buy some wheat and I'll ferguson you're not, yeah,

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Speaker 1: fight me. So anyway, let's let's go back to Lydia. Lydia,

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Speaker 1: that Encyclopedia Lydia, which was it's a an empire that

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Speaker 1: was well, where modern day Turkey is now, there was

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Speaker 1: a Lydian king who decided to start making coins. Do

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Speaker 1: you know this guy's name? Yes, you do, you just

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Speaker 1: don't know who it is. It's Creases, Oh yes, Cress. Yes,

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Speaker 1: to be rich as Creases. Well, the reason we say

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Speaker 1: rich as Creases is because Crisis is the guy who

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Speaker 1: came up with this idea of stamping coins with a

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Speaker 1: imperial emblem on them. They weren't known as Cress pieces,

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Speaker 1: were they. Oh you know what, folks, if you could

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Speaker 1: have seen his face leading up to that, I could

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Speaker 1: tell that he had something and I almost wish I

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Speaker 1: had not paused for breath. Uh So, yeah, Crisis came

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Speaker 1: up with this idea of of stamping metal ingots to

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Speaker 1: create coins. This is around six b C. So that's

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Speaker 1: kind of where the idea came from. Now the idea

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Speaker 1: for a currency as in paper notes that came later later,

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Speaker 1: Um yeah, because I mean, who the heck trust paper? Right? Chinese?

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Speaker 1: Did the Chinese came up with the idea for paper

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Speaker 1: notes well before anyone else. Did you bring up a

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Speaker 1: good point? Please? Trust? Trust is very important. Yes, it's

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Speaker 1: all about trust. Currency is based upon trust uh. In

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Speaker 1: the United States until ninety one. That trust is that

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Speaker 1: the piece of paper or the coin that you held

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Speaker 1: represented a certain amount of gold, right, and that in theory,

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Speaker 1: you could go to the US government and exchange your

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Speaker 1: currency for the equivalent value of equivalent amount of gold

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Speaker 1: that would be the same as the value of the

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Speaker 1: currency you were handing over. Right, So you're you're giving

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Speaker 1: them a piece of paper with Benjamin Franklin's picture on it,

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Speaker 1: and we're going to give you gold in return, dollars

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Speaker 1: worth of gold exactly, since it's a Franklin, because it's

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Speaker 1: all about the Benjamin's baby. But in ninety one, the

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Speaker 1: US decided to abandon the gold standard. It really wasn't practical,

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Speaker 1: I mean there was. They reached a point where if

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Speaker 1: everyone turned in their currency, there would not be enough

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Speaker 1: gold to support that. They just there's none of gold

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Speaker 1: in the reserves to support the currency. So now um

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Speaker 1: currency is kind of the trust is based upon a

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Speaker 1: group hallucination that the money is actually worth something much better. Now,

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Speaker 1: speaking to our producer Tyler, and we came to the

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Speaker 1: conclusion that our our trust in the system of money

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Speaker 1: is equivalent to Wiley coyote running off the edge of

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Speaker 1: the cliff before he's noticed that there's nothing under him.

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Speaker 1: You know, he never studied law, right, So if we

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Speaker 1: ever notice that money is not really based on anything,

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Speaker 1: they'll be panic and we'll all not be able to

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Speaker 1: buy anything. So just let's continue the group hallucination, please,

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Speaker 1: because I got bills to pay, y'all. And uh, but so,

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Speaker 1: really money is just representing buying power, how much buying

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Speaker 1: power you have? And we want to talk about the

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Speaker 1: tech of making money, and before we get into the

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Speaker 1: actual tech of it, one other thing I wanted to

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Speaker 1: point out is that you can't solve money problems just

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Speaker 1: by printing more currency. Nope, that's not how it works.

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Speaker 1: It can just doing that. First of all, you have

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Speaker 1: to find a way of getting currency into circulation, So

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Speaker 1: you can't you can't just print money. I mean, what

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Speaker 1: are you gonna do Give it out to people for free.

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Speaker 1: That doesn't work either, because that causes inflation because now

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Speaker 1: money has been devalued, it's not worth what it what

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Speaker 1: used to be worth, and so now you have to

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Speaker 1: have more money to buy the same things that you

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Speaker 1: needed before. Um, the way that wealth is generated, the

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Speaker 1: way money is actually created is through loans. This is

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Speaker 1: getting really technical, but when you take out a loan,

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Speaker 1: you're charged interest, which means ultimately you're paying back more

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Speaker 1: money than what you got in the first place. Yes,

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Speaker 1: that's what's generating the money that that is coming out

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Speaker 1: of the you know what. We you can print as

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Speaker 1: much money as you want to get into circulation, you

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Speaker 1: have to have the loan system there. Yeah, also was

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Speaker 1: not very big in the Bible. But uh, at any rate,

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Speaker 1: let's get into the tech of making money, and we

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Speaker 1: want I wanted to start with coins. Yeah, some of

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Speaker 1: the some of the tech that they used to make

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Speaker 1: money is actually very very old. Yeah, some of it.

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Speaker 1: Some of it has been around for centuries and it

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Speaker 1: requires a level of artistry that is phenomenal. No, I know.

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Speaker 1: And and this is one of those things that any

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Speaker 1: time it comes on one of our the channels that

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Speaker 1: make up our parent company, one of the Discovery channels,

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Speaker 1: and there's I've seen a couple of specials on how

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Speaker 1: they how they make money and how they make the

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Speaker 1: stuff behind money as in the paper and all the

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Speaker 1: the things that become money. Just fascinating the metal stuff. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: if we're going with coins, we're gonna stick mainly to

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Speaker 1: the United States, I think, mostly because I mean that's

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Speaker 1: where we live, so it's the information that's easiest for

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Speaker 1: us to access. But really most of these processes are

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Speaker 1: similar throughout the world. They may not be using exactly

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Speaker 1: the same kinds of machines, but they're using a very

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Speaker 1: similar process. So to to make a coin, uh, it's

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Speaker 1: a fairly complex process. The first thing you're gonna need, um, well,

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Speaker 1: there's two two main things you're gonna need. You're gonna

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Speaker 1: need a die actually a pair of die um, not

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Speaker 1: like dice like excited. It's not that gonna die. It's

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Speaker 1: gonna say, come on, big seven, kind of like a stamp. Yes, okay,

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Speaker 1: you're gonna need a really really high quality stamp, and

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Speaker 1: you're gonna need metal. Uh So with designing the stamp,

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Speaker 1: I guess we can start with that because that's really

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Speaker 1: the basis of all the coins that we create. There's

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Speaker 1: a lot of newer tech involved in creating the stamp

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Speaker 1: these days because uh in in uh in earlier times

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Speaker 1: you would have to have the designer actually do this

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Speaker 1: by by hand, make the design by hand first, and

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Speaker 1: computers can be used to do that. Although not always yeah, uh,

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Speaker 1: in general, if you're doing it the old way, let's

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Speaker 1: say you get in the old way being not that old,

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Speaker 1: just so you know, because I mean the old old

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Speaker 1: way is that you would develop a stamp and you

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Speaker 1: would use a hammer and hand volt to create these things.

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Speaker 1: But that's getting a little too old. The modern era

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Speaker 1: of making currency, you have an engraver who designs the

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Speaker 1: coin two very specific standards, you know. So this is

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Speaker 1: the engraver has to design the coin, and the design

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Speaker 1: has to be approved before anything else can happen. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And then, assuming that you're using the old method where

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Speaker 1: you're you're not digitally modeling stuff, the engraver would use

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Speaker 1: clay or some other modeling material to build the first

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Speaker 1: model of the coin, which is going to be much

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Speaker 1: larger than the the eventual actual coin will be from

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Speaker 1: that mold from that model. Rather, you create a mold

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Speaker 1: using something like plastoline, and then you pour plaster of

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Speaker 1: Paris into that. And this is a well plaster. The

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Speaker 1: reason we use plaster of Paris is because they can

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Speaker 1: pick up details, really fine details and represent them accurately.

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Speaker 1: So now you've got a plaster model of the coin

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Speaker 1: um and then from that you have a machine that

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Speaker 1: creates a copper mole of it called a galvano. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I didn't have that, uh. And then you make an

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Speaker 1: even smaller model of it. It's called a hub, and

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Speaker 1: this is made out of steel. And then you the

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Speaker 1: master hub is called the dye. Uh, so that you

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Speaker 1: have a steel dye that looks exactly the way your

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Speaker 1: coin is gonna look, but kind of in reverse because

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Speaker 1: it's a stamp. And you have to have two of those,

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Speaker 1: because you have to have one for the front and

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Speaker 1: one for the back. And and so that's that's how

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Speaker 1: you create your your stamp. There's actually even more involved

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Speaker 1: in that. I mean, there's this whole polishing section that

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Speaker 1: has to has to go through. By the time that

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Speaker 1: the steel die is ready to be used, it has

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Speaker 1: a mirror like finish because it's been polished so finely.

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Speaker 1: M all right, So that's your stamping stuff. Now you're

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Speaker 1: gonna have something to stamp right now. In in the

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Speaker 1: United States, it's a mixture of copper and nickel mainly,

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Speaker 1: although you also have zinc plated upper you have um

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Speaker 1: or or copper plated zinc rather or not the other

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Speaker 1: way around. But why would you have zinc plated copper.

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Speaker 1: That would be unusual. And we haven't always used the

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Speaker 1: exact same medals throughout or end alloys. Throughout the history

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Speaker 1: of currency. You can find some interesting, uh facts about

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Speaker 1: the various medals they've been used. And in most cases

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Speaker 1: it tends to be something like war broke out and

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Speaker 1: suddenly we didn't have access to all the medals that

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Speaker 1: we used to use for coins. As a matter of fact, Um,

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Speaker 1: my father, who was in World War two, UM has

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Speaker 1: a box of steel pennies because during World War Two

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Speaker 1: they used steel to make pennies instead of copper for

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Speaker 1: reasons of the war effort. And uh so I have

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Speaker 1: a whole bunch of those and they're worth you know,

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Speaker 1: about a penny nice well to the government. They are

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Speaker 1: they are worth exactly what they're worth. So, um, you

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Speaker 1: could have a collectible coin, who would which would be

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Speaker 1: worth a lot of money to a collector can take

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Speaker 1: it to the government. It's worth exactly, you know. It's

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Speaker 1: just like it's a stamps are right, stamps are worth

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Speaker 1: you know, if you put a very very rare you say,

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Speaker 1: you put an inverted jenny an envelope, it's worth exactly

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Speaker 1: to the post office. You know, postage. You'd still have

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Speaker 1: to add postage to it. You might be able to

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Speaker 1: sell it to a collector for thousands of dollars, but

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Speaker 1: the government's gonna take it at face value. Yes, exactly.

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Speaker 1: And that's again that goes back to our trusting anyway.

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Speaker 1: Um so yeah, alright, so steel pennies. Yeah, so let's

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Speaker 1: talk about the metal. You get these, You get melt

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Speaker 1: big bars of metal, You melt them down in a furnace,

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Speaker 1: You pour them into uh inget forms, and then you

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Speaker 1: can get and you cool that down, use water by

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Speaker 1: the way to cool it. Uh and then it actually

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Speaker 1: uses a couple of different cooling systems. And then you

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Speaker 1: take that to a rolling mill which is gonna turn

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Speaker 1: it into flat sheets. Okay, now, um, the US meant

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Speaker 1: pretty much gets these these flat sheets and coils. Yes,

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Speaker 1: they feed the coil. Coils are let's see, I've actually

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Speaker 1: got the stats here. A foot wide, feet long, abound

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Speaker 1: as thick as the final coin tends to be, and

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Speaker 1: it weighs about six thousand pounds. Yes, yes, actually there

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Speaker 1: there are some great photos of this, along with a

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Speaker 1: lot more detail than we'll probably get into in the

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Speaker 1: podcast at us MINT dot gov. Yes, some details and

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Speaker 1: the photos or you know, because you can see these

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Speaker 1: huge coils of metal, which are pretty awesome. It's pretty

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Speaker 1: intimidating really because you think, wow, that's that's a lot

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Speaker 1: of metal. Um. Now, these strips, these coils get fed

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Speaker 1: through a machine called a blanking press or the blanking presser. Essentially,

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Speaker 1: what that does is it cuts the metal sheets into

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Speaker 1: the coin shape. Um. Yes, actually cuts them into slightly

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Speaker 1: the slightly larger diameter than the way the coin will

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Speaker 1: eventually appear, because it has to create a little extra

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Speaker 1: metal on the edges to create a HM. So you

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Speaker 1: put it through the blanker, the blanking pressor get and

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Speaker 1: you get the blanks. That's what the unmarked flat discs

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Speaker 1: of metal are called. You get the blanks. You then

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Speaker 1: have to soften them, yes, which you do by putting

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Speaker 1: them into a furnace. You the furnaces about seven degrees

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Speaker 1: celsius or so this softens them a little bit. Then

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Speaker 1: you have to cool them and clean them. Uh. And

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Speaker 1: it's it's it's a process that actually uses various chemicals

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Speaker 1: to clean them. You're not just you know, putting them

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Speaker 1: through a washing machine. Although it's in a machine that

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Speaker 1: does look like washing machine. It does spin them. Um. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: although that's not necessarily true for for everything, because the

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Speaker 1: golden dollars slightly different process in which they use steel

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Speaker 1: shot to the kind of like bees. Yeah, a little

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Speaker 1: bit like bebes. You put it in there in that way.

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Speaker 1: It polishes them through brute force. Yeah. So yeah, the

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Speaker 1: the spinny thing. Did you happen to see what that's

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Speaker 1: called spinning? Well, did you see what it's called? Um,

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Speaker 1: it's the whirl away. So sp thing is not that

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Speaker 1: big a leap from the technical term of the world away.

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Speaker 1: That's true. Actually, it sounds like something you did to

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Speaker 1: see at the local carnival at your shopping mall. It

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Speaker 1: sets up and you're going, I'm not sure I want

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Speaker 1: to find that thing. Yeah, and and yeah exactly. We'll

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Speaker 1: polish away your impurities and will also take your money.

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Speaker 1: So you then, uh, once once you've cleaned and dried

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Speaker 1: the coins. Um, they moved to a thing called the

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Speaker 1: upsetting mill. Yes, it's very upsetting. I was going to say,

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Speaker 1: I'm sure they feel terrible after that. Right, So this

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Speaker 1: is the thing that creates the rim around the edge

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Speaker 1: of the coin and Uh. So once the upsetting mill

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Speaker 1: is done, the coins should be the right diameter. It

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Speaker 1: should be the same size that's going to be once

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Speaker 1: it's stamped. Um and uh. And it's done for a

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Speaker 1: very important reason. It helps and you know, by raising

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Speaker 1: the rim it helps them stack the coins a little

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Speaker 1: bit better. You'll notice it the you know, it's got

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Speaker 1: sort of a firm edge around. It also helps keep

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Speaker 1: the coins from a routing. And that's because that's one

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Speaker 1: of the benefits of using coins. One of the reasons

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Speaker 1: the United States government is pushing the golden dollars so

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Speaker 1: much is they last a whole lot longer than paper money. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you don't have to keep making as much. Yes you can.

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Speaker 1: You know, you can make it as as circulation requires.

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Speaker 1: But um, you don't have to worry about you know,

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Speaker 1: the useful life of a dollar might be a decade,

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Speaker 1: but the useful life of a coin is could be

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Speaker 1: really a long time. Actually, I don't think paper money.

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Speaker 1: I just I just used that as I just pulled

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Speaker 1: that out of nowhere that somebody would write in and say,

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Speaker 1: now someone has the podcast already and they have written

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Speaker 1: in and to you, sir or madam, I would like

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Speaker 1: to say, please listen to the show all the way

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Speaker 1: through before you write us, because sometimes we correct ourselves.

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Speaker 1: Not often, I will grant you, but sometimes so. At

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Speaker 1: any rate, the next stage is where they might have

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Speaker 1: to to um, well, I guess the coining is the

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Speaker 1: next stage to bring on whether or not you need

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Speaker 1: to put ridges on the edge. The reads, the reads, Yes, yes, reading,

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Speaker 1: reading is fundamentals, especially if you need to. But yes,

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Speaker 1: it's R E, D, I N G. Right, and then

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Speaker 1: it would be coining. So I'm glad that you brought

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Speaker 1: that up because I almost totally forgot. And this is

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Speaker 1: where we add the actual design of the coin to

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Speaker 1: the blank which now, by the way, it's no longer

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Speaker 1: called a blank. Yes, once you've added the rim, it's

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Speaker 1: become a new thing called the plan chet. Yes, no

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Speaker 1: relation to Kate. Yeah, thanks plan chet as in poppies

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Speaker 1: and um will make you sleep. Yes. So once you

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Speaker 1: get to the coining, this is where those die that

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Speaker 1: we talked about the come in and you've got They

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Speaker 1: usually refer to the die in two different terms, very simple.

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Speaker 1: You got the the anvil and the hammer. The anvil

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Speaker 1: is going to remain stationary. The hammer is going to

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Speaker 1: strike the coin which is resting on the anvil, and

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Speaker 1: the force of the impact is going to stamp that

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Speaker 1: design on the planet and make it a coin. And

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Speaker 1: uh yeah, it resembles a hammer and an anvil and

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Speaker 1: function more so than form, because I mean, you wouldn't

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Speaker 1: recognize it as a hammer and an anvil in the

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Speaker 1: you know, looney tune sense of something dropping on your head.

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Speaker 1: Although I wouldn't want either one of those to drop

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Speaker 1: on my head. I also would not want those to

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Speaker 1: drop on your head. But um yeah, after after they

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Speaker 1: become coins, of course they are. They go to a

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Speaker 1: bin where they are inspected. Somebody takes a look at them,

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Speaker 1: make sure it makes sure that they are okay, and

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Speaker 1: I mean anything that that's not acceptable goes back for recycling,

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Speaker 1: as is the webbing for when they wake from when

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Speaker 1: they make the blanks. The metal that goes that that

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Speaker 1: they can't use, it's around it that gets recycled as well. Right,

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Speaker 1: All the webbing is the excess metal after the stamping process,

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Speaker 1: because of course, if you stamp a bunch of circular

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Speaker 1: things out of a sheet of metal, you're gonna be

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Speaker 1: left with excess pieces. Yeah, and quite a bit of

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Speaker 1: metal so that all gets melted down and recycled, as

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Speaker 1: do any irregular coins. Um. They actually the the first

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Speaker 1: irregular coins. Before you melt them down, they have to

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Speaker 1: be destroyed or they have to be uh marred, so

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Speaker 1: that it's clear that they are not valid currency. To

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Speaker 1: do so, they put them in special machines called wafflers.

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Speaker 1: I love the technology jargon of making currency wafflers. Man,

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Speaker 1: it sounds like a county fair. I know, it's a

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Speaker 1: county fair where all the prize is our money. Sign

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Speaker 1: me up. Um so yeah, these uh, these actually use

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Speaker 1: high pressure rollers to kind of put a predetermined pattern,

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Speaker 1: a ridged pattern across the coin that automatically marks them

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Speaker 1: as being not viable. And then they get sent to

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Speaker 1: the recycling furnace and then uh, the the coins that

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Speaker 1: are actually acceptable they fall into a box called a trap.

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Speaker 1: Now this part I don't like. I don't want to

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Speaker 1: fall into a trap at my world Away waffler fair.

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Speaker 1: I'm just waiting for you to do it, to fall

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Speaker 1: into a trap. Back, bar intoe, it's a trap. Nothing

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Speaker 1: could penetrate the shields. Um. That was terrible. That was

359
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Speaker 1: like the world's worst admiral. Acbar accent. Please don't write me.

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Speaker 1: Remember what I said about pausing the podcast. Um, I

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Speaker 1: have a quick thing of trivia before we move on

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Speaker 1: to currency, to paper paper money. Do you know why,

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Speaker 1: out of all the coins in that erin United States circulation,

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Speaker 1: why the penny and nicol are the only ones to

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Speaker 1: have images that don't face to the left. No, why, Chucks,

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Speaker 1: I was gonna hoping you knew that's gonna make this weird. No, okay, Um,

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Speaker 1: So there are a lot of different theories, you know.

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Speaker 1: So the penny, of course has a Lincoln there, and

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Speaker 1: the nicol has a Jefferson. Yes, Um, has nothing to

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Speaker 1: do with who they are beyond a very simple point.

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Speaker 1: So Abraham Lincoln penny was meanted back in and it

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Speaker 1: was to commemorate the hundred year anniversary of Lincoln's birth

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Speaker 1: UH and Theodore Roosevelt, who was president at the time,

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Speaker 1: chose a sculptor named Victor David Brenner to design the penny. Now,

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Speaker 1: Brenner had created a bust of a plaque really not

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Speaker 1: a bust, but a plaque of of Lincoln that had

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Speaker 1: him facing to the UH, to the right. It was

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Speaker 1: based off a photo of Lincoln where Lincoln was facing

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Speaker 1: to the right. That's the reason why the penny Lincoln

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Speaker 1: faces to the right. It's not there's no conspiracy or

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Speaker 1: weird philosophical thing about it. It's because the photo that

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Speaker 1: was used to create a plaque that was in turn

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Speaker 1: used to create the portrait in the penny, Lincoln was

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Speaker 1: facing to the right. All right, Now, Jefferson is a

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Speaker 1: little weird. He started facing out on the left. Ba

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Speaker 1: uh two thousand three, decided to look around, he did, No,

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Speaker 1: he didn't. He was in no position at that point.

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Speaker 1: But the President had enacted a law to revise the nickel.

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Speaker 1: And this was to commemorate the by centennary, by centenary

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Speaker 1: of Lewis and Clark. Oh, which makes part perfect sense, right,

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Speaker 1: If you're gonna celebrate Lewis and Clark, why not changed

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Speaker 1: the nickel. Oh you know, he was the guy who

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Speaker 1: sent them out there. Yeah. Yeah, So the US meant

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Speaker 1: decided to make a series of nickels. Yes, so it's

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Speaker 1: not just one. So two thousand four series Jefferson was

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Speaker 1: facing to the left, right, and the reverse of the

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Speaker 1: nickel was changed. On two thousand five, Jefferson's facing to

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Speaker 1: the right. The word liberty is uh engrave next to

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Speaker 1: him is based off of Jefferson's handwriting and two thousand

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Speaker 1: six he's facing forward and it's based off a portrait

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00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:29,399
Speaker 1: that was done by Rembrett Peel. So uh this and

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Speaker 1: it also was the first coin in US circulation, actual

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Speaker 1: official US coin where it did not feature the person

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Speaker 1: on the coin depicted in profile. Right, So there you go.

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Speaker 1: That's your trivia, all right. There's no weird conspiracy thing

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Speaker 1: behind any of it. It's just, you know, just like

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Speaker 1: anything in the government, tends to have a pretty mundane

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Speaker 1: explanation at the end of it. But let's get on

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Speaker 1: to paper money. Yeah, while the while the Mint works

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Speaker 1: on the coins, we've got a lot of people working

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Speaker 1: on paper money, including the Federal Reserve Board, UM, the

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Speaker 1: Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the U. S. Secret

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Speaker 1: Service are all working on the tech of paper money.

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Speaker 1: And uh, you know, paper money, you would figure has

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Speaker 1: a quite a bit of security risk involved, because I mean,

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Speaker 1: shouldn't you be able to throw a whole bunch of

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Speaker 1: dollar bills on a photo copying machine and have ability

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Speaker 1: to print as many copies as you want. Well, it

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Speaker 1: doesn't quite work that way, but paper money is a

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Speaker 1: lot easier to copy, I would assume than a coin

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Speaker 1: which you would actually have to mint, right. Um. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: on the face of it, it is much simpler to

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Speaker 1: make the copy. Uh, I can't make heads their tails

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Speaker 1: of it, right. So in order to make it more difficult,

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Speaker 1: you have to come up with various various schemes to

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Speaker 1: create a secure paper money currency. And so that in

427
00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:59,360
Speaker 1: the United States, they've used lots and lots of different techniques. Um.

428
00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:02,399
Speaker 1: For one, printed on special paper. Yes, that's one of

429
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,240
Speaker 1: those things that you would say is very non technical,

430
00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:07,359
Speaker 1: but I would I would beg to differ because they're

431
00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:10,679
Speaker 1: the paper is a certain composition, it's got to have

432
00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:14,400
Speaker 1: certain types of red and blue threads that go through

433
00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:17,200
Speaker 1: it now, um, And it comes from from a supplier,

434
00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:19,800
Speaker 1: a particular supplier who's been doing it for a very

435
00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:21,800
Speaker 1: very long time. And it's got a little bit of

436
00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:24,119
Speaker 1: linen in it too. Yeah, it's made from cotton linen,

437
00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:27,800
Speaker 1: not wood. Yeah, so it's it's got it's got a

438
00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:31,200
Speaker 1: very particular feel. And if you pick up a counterfeit dollar,

439
00:25:31,359 --> 00:25:33,480
Speaker 1: there's a good chance that if it's not made on

440
00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:36,640
Speaker 1: the same sort of stuff, you would tell almost immediately like, well,

441
00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:39,320
Speaker 1: this is the wrong weight and texture for a dollar.

442
00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:42,560
Speaker 1: This this doesn't feel right. Um. So there's one thing.

443
00:25:42,560 --> 00:25:45,760
Speaker 1: You've got your your base material, which is a little, uh,

444
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:48,320
Speaker 1: is a little different. You've then got the various dyes

445
00:25:48,400 --> 00:25:53,119
Speaker 1: of ink where it's in the old dollars it was

446
00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:56,360
Speaker 1: you know, like this greenish ink where that was kind

447
00:25:56,359 --> 00:25:59,400
Speaker 1: of hard to to replicate. It's even more difficult now

448
00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:03,919
Speaker 1: because now they use inks that are have sort of

449
00:26:03,920 --> 00:26:07,240
Speaker 1: a photoreactive almost a photoreactive kind of element to them,

450
00:26:07,240 --> 00:26:09,920
Speaker 1: and that if you tilt the dollar bill a certain way,

451
00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:14,480
Speaker 1: the color changes. Um. It's because the special inks that

452
00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:17,200
Speaker 1: they're using. Again, it's hard to replicate that. So it's

453
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,560
Speaker 1: a it's an anti counterfeiting measure. Um. And I'm talking

454
00:26:20,560 --> 00:26:23,400
Speaker 1: specifically about the inks that are used to print like

455
00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:28,520
Speaker 1: the dollar amount, as opposed to the color of the

456
00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:32,440
Speaker 1: paper itself. The US government will tell you that basing

457
00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:35,080
Speaker 1: a decision on whether a bill is counterfeit or not

458
00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:38,199
Speaker 1: based solely upon the color of the bill is a

459
00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:42,080
Speaker 1: bad idea, Yes, because that can that can at least

460
00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:48,080
Speaker 1: be simulated somewhat easily. Um. But another very simple way,

461
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:51,320
Speaker 1: really a very elegant way that the money is going

462
00:26:51,359 --> 00:26:53,520
Speaker 1: an anti counterfeit measure on it is that it uses

463
00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:58,159
Speaker 1: lots of really tiny writing, Yes, it does, microprinting, microprinting

464
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:02,800
Speaker 1: and tiny line patterns throughout the bill, which are very

465
00:27:02,840 --> 00:27:06,720
Speaker 1: difficult to get a high resolution picture of, you know,

466
00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:10,920
Speaker 1: most especially early earlier in the days of printing money,

467
00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:14,480
Speaker 1: it was very hard to get a an accurate um

468
00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:17,600
Speaker 1: simulation of those. You pretty much would need to get

469
00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:22,680
Speaker 1: hold of the original plates um because those those it's

470
00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:27,800
Speaker 1: so tiny that it was very difficult to make a simulation. Yeah. Yeah, Well,

471
00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:31,400
Speaker 1: the the the circular lines around the portrait sort of

472
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:34,640
Speaker 1: create this you know more effect where if you tried

473
00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:37,880
Speaker 1: to stick it on a photo copy or machine um

474
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:41,960
Speaker 1: that it would give you a very blurry appearance. Because

475
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:44,600
Speaker 1: I mean, that's the whole point of the microprinting and

476
00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:47,920
Speaker 1: the lines, is that if you try to use modern

477
00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:51,359
Speaker 1: technology like a simple way like that without trying to

478
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:54,400
Speaker 1: make plates yourself, and you're just trying to to scan

479
00:27:54,440 --> 00:27:57,520
Speaker 1: a copy on your computer scanner or using a photocopier,

480
00:27:57,600 --> 00:27:59,720
Speaker 1: it's just it's gonna be so blurry that it's become

481
00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:03,040
Speaker 1: will become obvious to somebody you try to pass that

482
00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:05,840
Speaker 1: bill too, that it's not real, right, So let's talk

483
00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,080
Speaker 1: a little bit briefly, and then I think we'll finish

484
00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:09,840
Speaker 1: up with kind of some of the new designs that

485
00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:11,760
Speaker 1: are gonna be on the hundred dollar bill that shot

486
00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:15,480
Speaker 1: up in. Let's talk a little bit about what they're

487
00:28:15,480 --> 00:28:19,199
Speaker 1: actually doing to make this money. Um, they're using the

488
00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:26,760
Speaker 1: intaglio printing method. Intaglio, I listened to the g always

489
00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:30,040
Speaker 1: fools me. Yeah, Well maybe in Italy it's pronounced that way,

490
00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:32,040
Speaker 1: but darn it here in the South we're calling it

491
00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:38,680
Speaker 1: on taglio. Um. Anyway, the you have an engraver, just

492
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,880
Speaker 1: like the coins, who creates a an original steel plate

493
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,520
Speaker 1: and it's gonna have very very fine detail on it.

494
00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:49,000
Speaker 1: And then you have a You put the plates into

495
00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:53,600
Speaker 1: the printing press. You coat the plates with the correct ink.

496
00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:58,080
Speaker 1: You then wipe the excess inc off the plates so

497
00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:00,960
Speaker 1: that the only inc still on the plates is collected

498
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,000
Speaker 1: in the little grooves. Yes, and then you run the

499
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,840
Speaker 1: paper through the printing press and the press goes up

500
00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:09,480
Speaker 1: and down, pressing against the paper and very very rapidly,

501
00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:14,200
Speaker 1: and it actually creates little raised elements on the bill,

502
00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:18,360
Speaker 1: because that's what gets get pushed up into the grooves

503
00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:22,800
Speaker 1: and then coated with the ink. Right, it's fifteen thousand

504
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:26,440
Speaker 1: pounds per square inch um. It is going to be

505
00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:30,080
Speaker 1: embossing that paper again. And this is another thing that

506
00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 1: helps you detect if it's a counterfeit bill. You run

507
00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:35,280
Speaker 1: your finger across the bill and if you don't feel

508
00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:38,320
Speaker 1: that texture, that that difference, and I mean it's it's

509
00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:41,520
Speaker 1: a tiny, tiny difference in height, but we can feel that.

510
00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:44,920
Speaker 1: If it feels perfectly smooth, then you're thinking something's a

511
00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:49,840
Speaker 1: little hinky here. That's a technical term. That's right. And also,

512
00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:53,000
Speaker 1: not everything is printed on the bill when it runs

513
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:57,760
Speaker 1: through that first um, that first printing run of and

514
00:29:57,760 --> 00:29:59,800
Speaker 1: and they have to print one side and then let

515
00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:02,360
Speaker 1: and then print the other side. You can't print both

516
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:05,360
Speaker 1: at the same time. But like the Treasury Seal, the

517
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,760
Speaker 1: Federal Reserve Seal, and the serial numbers are not printed

518
00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:11,680
Speaker 1: during this process. That's right, which makes sense because I mean,

519
00:30:11,720 --> 00:30:14,360
Speaker 1: you couldn't put the serial number on the smaster steel

520
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:16,920
Speaker 1: plate because they would all have the same serial number,

521
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:19,880
Speaker 1: thus negating the whole purpose of it in the first place. Yeah,

522
00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:22,400
Speaker 1: that's also another sign. If you have a bunch of

523
00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:25,200
Speaker 1: bills that all have the same serial number, Chances are

524
00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:29,920
Speaker 1: those might be hinky. So yeah, you have to run

525
00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:33,920
Speaker 1: them through printing at least three times, once for the front,

526
00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:36,440
Speaker 1: once for the back, and then again to the extra

527
00:30:36,480 --> 00:30:40,320
Speaker 1: stuff added um, and depending upon the complexity of the bill,

528
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,280
Speaker 1: it may be another printing run. Because you're talking about

529
00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:46,360
Speaker 1: using different dyes. You're using the special photo of reflective

530
00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:49,160
Speaker 1: diyes that kind of stuff or dies that show up

531
00:30:49,560 --> 00:30:52,120
Speaker 1: when you put them under an ultraviolet light, that kind

532
00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,080
Speaker 1: of thing. So let's talk. I'm sorry, I was gonna

533
00:30:55,080 --> 00:30:58,200
Speaker 1: say that. The way they do the the ink, now

534
00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:01,760
Speaker 1: it's got metallic flakes in it appear because of the

535
00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:06,600
Speaker 1: light diffraction and changing the wavelength depending on the metallic

536
00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:09,920
Speaker 1: flakes position, it makes it appear green at some angles

537
00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:12,400
Speaker 1: and black at others, which is an effect very hard

538
00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:16,840
Speaker 1: to duplicate unless you have the exclusive inc used by

539
00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:19,920
Speaker 1: the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Right. Yeah, kind of

540
00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:21,520
Speaker 1: hard to get your hands on. As it turns out,

541
00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:25,640
Speaker 1: it's kind of the whole idea behind it. So uh. Now,

542
00:31:25,640 --> 00:31:28,440
Speaker 1: in two thousand three, that's when the United States government

543
00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:33,160
Speaker 1: started to redesign currency, and the first bill was the

544
00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:36,400
Speaker 1: twenty dollar bill. To get the new redesign, and that's

545
00:31:36,440 --> 00:31:39,520
Speaker 1: when we started seeing some of these these elements, these

546
00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:42,720
Speaker 1: more advanced anti counterfeiting measures added in where you know,

547
00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:45,400
Speaker 1: that's where everyone's like, hey, this bill looks weird because

548
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,640
Speaker 1: now there's this kind of peach coloration and the dye

549
00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:50,920
Speaker 1: doesn't look exactly the same. Well, that was all to

550
00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:54,560
Speaker 1: kind of help with the whole anti counterfeiting movement that

551
00:31:54,680 --> 00:31:58,240
Speaker 1: that new bill launched on October nine, two thousand and three,

552
00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:01,280
Speaker 1: and also had another secure d feature in it. What's

553
00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:03,920
Speaker 1: if I'm not mistaken, that was the first one to

554
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:08,840
Speaker 1: have the ribbon yes, yes, where it has the security thread.

555
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:11,400
Speaker 1: He has the security thread, which and again, if the

556
00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:13,680
Speaker 1: security threat is not in the bill, then that's the

557
00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:17,640
Speaker 1: science of counterfeit um. And I remember people doing that specifically,

558
00:32:18,280 --> 00:32:21,120
Speaker 1: uh snipping. It's like, look, it's got a security threat

559
00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:22,880
Speaker 1: and they snip, you know, just the end of the

560
00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:24,440
Speaker 1: bill and they pull it out to show that it

561
00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:26,760
Speaker 1: was intact and like, yeah, but now no, it's no

562
00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:29,560
Speaker 1: longer security threat. You're gonna have to spend that someplace

563
00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:33,320
Speaker 1: where people aren't paying attention, because people do pay attention.

564
00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:35,920
Speaker 1: That's the whole point. Yeah, the That's one of the

565
00:32:35,960 --> 00:32:38,960
Speaker 1: advantages of having paper currency is that if you want

566
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,760
Speaker 1: to redesign your currency, you know, you don't have to

567
00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:45,120
Speaker 1: wait forever for the old currency to wear out. It's

568
00:32:45,120 --> 00:32:47,080
Speaker 1: going to do that on its own, just through use,

569
00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:51,480
Speaker 1: just being handled. So eventually the older bills, which you

570
00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:54,920
Speaker 1: know are still legal tender, will be so warned that

571
00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:58,600
Speaker 1: they'll just get cycled out of currency. And banks will

572
00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:01,040
Speaker 1: do it too. I mean, like you actually exchange the

573
00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:03,520
Speaker 1: old bills for new ones and you destroy the old ones. Yes,

574
00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:05,400
Speaker 1: and you can buy a bag of shredded money from

575
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:07,440
Speaker 1: the government. Yeah, they'll be happy to sell it to

576
00:33:07,440 --> 00:33:14,560
Speaker 1: you for actual money. Yes. Um, yeah, I'm not confetti

577
00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:17,840
Speaker 1: for my party. Uh. And the new hundred dollar bill

578
00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:20,040
Speaker 1: is going to have some pretty cool stuff in it too.

579
00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:22,160
Speaker 1: It's got you know, you've got like the watermark, you've

580
00:33:22,160 --> 00:33:24,520
Speaker 1: got the special die, you have a three D ribbon

581
00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:28,600
Speaker 1: in there. Yeah. The new bill is going into circulation

582
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:31,440
Speaker 1: in February of next year, which for us now at

583
00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:36,040
Speaker 1: the moment when you're recording it, it's and it's uh

584
00:33:36,520 --> 00:33:39,200
Speaker 1: eleven is when it comes out. We're recording just in

585
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:42,160
Speaker 1: case not able to follow. Mr Pullet syn text. Yeah,

586
00:33:42,160 --> 00:33:44,400
Speaker 1: I'm not able to follow it. I'm trying to wean

587
00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:48,640
Speaker 1: myself from coffee. Um. So, yes, that has got a

588
00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:51,360
Speaker 1: brand new security threat which is a lot more obvious

589
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:53,000
Speaker 1: than the old one, and you can you can learn

590
00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:54,760
Speaker 1: more about this at new money dot gov, but we

591
00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:56,840
Speaker 1: can go through some of the details. You can see

592
00:33:56,880 --> 00:33:59,520
Speaker 1: on it. It has some liberty bells and uh and

593
00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:02,720
Speaker 1: the hun read as the denomination of the bill on there,

594
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:05,400
Speaker 1: and when you tilt it, they seem to move around.

595
00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:09,160
Speaker 1: They're using kind of this weird little holographic kind of

596
00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:11,879
Speaker 1: effect and you might be wondering how they do this,

597
00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:16,359
Speaker 1: so we Yeah, as it turns out, the they are

598
00:34:16,440 --> 00:34:20,520
Speaker 1: being fairly secret about a secretive about the whole process,

599
00:34:20,560 --> 00:34:24,160
Speaker 1: I guess mainly because they don't want people making them themselves.

600
00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:28,120
Speaker 1: But at any rate, it's really hard to find out

601
00:34:28,160 --> 00:34:30,960
Speaker 1: exactly the techniques they're using. Now we can, we could

602
00:34:31,040 --> 00:34:33,640
Speaker 1: make some guesses, but we are currently running up to

603
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:37,160
Speaker 1: almost thirty five minutes in length on this show, so

604
00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:41,240
Speaker 1: I'm thinking that we're gonna have to not guess now.

605
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,400
Speaker 1: But yeah. The other the other major news security feature

606
00:34:44,440 --> 00:34:46,880
Speaker 1: is the bell in the inkwell. And there's an inkwell

607
00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:50,239
Speaker 1: and bell liberty bell printed on it, and I think

608
00:34:50,239 --> 00:34:53,880
Speaker 1: it's a liberty bell looked like and um at one angle.

609
00:34:53,920 --> 00:34:56,360
Speaker 1: This is again a trick of light diffraction and one angle,

610
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,880
Speaker 1: they both look copper. But if as you move the

611
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:03,360
Speaker 1: bill and change the direction um, the bill appears to

612
00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:06,120
Speaker 1: change to a green color. And part of the reason

613
00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:09,360
Speaker 1: they have added these new particularly new security features is

614
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:13,040
Speaker 1: to also help make these new bills UH detectable if

615
00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:15,280
Speaker 1: you're in a low light situation, which was not always

616
00:35:15,320 --> 00:35:17,080
Speaker 1: the case. It's it's not always easy, like in a

617
00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:21,160
Speaker 1: poorly lit restaurant, to figure out whether you have the

618
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:23,239
Speaker 1: money without holding the bill up to the light, which

619
00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:26,000
Speaker 1: is not necessarily convenient. So it's hard to tell a

620
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:28,960
Speaker 1: counterfeit bill when you're taking somebody's money at the at

621
00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:31,960
Speaker 1: the table right, or say at a toll booth where

622
00:35:32,560 --> 00:35:34,600
Speaker 1: it's the middle of the night and someone's going through

623
00:35:35,239 --> 00:35:37,200
Speaker 1: a toll booth and using a large bill and expecting

624
00:35:37,239 --> 00:35:39,799
Speaker 1: lots of change back. Yes, I'm not saying that that's

625
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:41,640
Speaker 1: a place where people you try and pass off a

626
00:35:41,640 --> 00:35:44,279
Speaker 1: lot of counterfeit money. I'm just saying that's a place

627
00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:47,440
Speaker 1: where people try and pass off a lot of counterfeit money. Okay, Okay,

628
00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:50,000
Speaker 1: I had no idea. Uh well, you know you watch

629
00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:52,560
Speaker 1: enough movies or you have a relative who's in the

630
00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:56,080
Speaker 1: police force. Um, you find these things out. So we're

631
00:35:56,080 --> 00:35:58,160
Speaker 1: gonna wrap this up because we have gone on and

632
00:35:58,239 --> 00:35:59,960
Speaker 1: on and on about this. Like I said, I find

633
00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:03,279
Speaker 1: this this really fascinating, and with the hundred dollar bill

634
00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:06,200
Speaker 1: coming out, that's going to be the most technologically advanced

635
00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:10,120
Speaker 1: dollar that we've ever seen. Um. Also, just in case

636
00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:12,400
Speaker 1: you were wondering, the hundred dollar bill is the highest

637
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:15,720
Speaker 1: denomination that they currently print now, although they have printed

638
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:18,520
Speaker 1: higher denominations in the past and those are no longer

639
00:36:18,640 --> 00:36:21,759
Speaker 1: being introduced. Yeah, because we can do electronic transfers now

640
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:24,839
Speaker 1: so that we don't need those higher denominations the way

641
00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:26,839
Speaker 1: we used to do. You know what the highest was,

642
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:32,279
Speaker 1: I can't remember grand and I was gonna dan. Do

643
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:36,960
Speaker 1: you know who was on it? Um? No, Woodrow Wilson

644
00:36:37,760 --> 00:36:40,440
Speaker 1: share some services. You know. I looked that up a

645
00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:42,400
Speaker 1: long time ago, probably like a year, year and a

646
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:44,759
Speaker 1: half ago, and it was just fascinating, but I didn't

647
00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:46,480
Speaker 1: look it up again for the podcast. So yeah, you

648
00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:48,600
Speaker 1: guys who played bar trivia, if you're ever asked what

649
00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:51,280
Speaker 1: was the highest denomination bill ever printed in the United States.

650
00:36:51,280 --> 00:36:53,520
Speaker 1: It was one hundred thousand dollars and Woodrow Wilson was

651
00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:55,600
Speaker 1: on it. Although somebody didn't try to pass a one

652
00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:57,600
Speaker 1: million dollar bill at a Walmart and I had this

653
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:03,160
Speaker 1: fucking dude, no real, Okay, next time I'm going to

654
00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:06,480
Speaker 1: target al Right, guys, Well, this wraps up this discussion.

655
00:37:06,640 --> 00:37:09,120
Speaker 1: I hope you enjoyed it. If you have any questions

656
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Speaker 1: or you have a suggestion for a future podcast, you

657
00:37:12,040 --> 00:37:14,799
Speaker 1: can write us. Our email address is tech stuff at

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00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:17,000
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com and we will talk to

659
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:23,160
Speaker 1: you again really soon. If you're a tech stuff and

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662
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Speaker 1: Facebook at Facebook dot com slash tech stuff h s W.

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