1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:02,000 Speaker 1: This episode of Stuff you Should Know is brought to 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:04,760 Speaker 1: you by square Space. Whether you need a landing page, 3 00:00:04,800 --> 00:00:08,119 Speaker 1: a beautiful gallery, a professional blog, or an online store, 4 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:11,200 Speaker 1: it's all possible with a square space website. And right now, 5 00:00:11,240 --> 00:00:13,000 Speaker 1: listeners to Stuff you Should Know can start a free 6 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,000 Speaker 1: trial today. Just go to squarespace dot com and enter 7 00:00:16,040 --> 00:00:18,600 Speaker 1: the offer code s t U f F and you'll 8 00:00:18,640 --> 00:00:21,680 Speaker 1: get ten percent off your first purchase. Squarespace set your 9 00:00:21,720 --> 00:00:26,360 Speaker 1: website apart. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House 10 00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:36,000 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hey, I'm welcome to the podcast. 11 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:40,360 Speaker 1: I'm Josh Clark, and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant and 12 00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:44,040 Speaker 1: uh guests. Who's over there being quiet as a church mouse. 13 00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:50,120 Speaker 1: The producer who may or may not exist, Jerry. People 14 00:00:50,159 --> 00:00:52,680 Speaker 1: still think that. I think a few people do. Yeah, 15 00:00:53,520 --> 00:01:00,280 Speaker 1: she's real, says you. She's real because I can always 16 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:03,520 Speaker 1: smell her me. So from here? Oh man? I um, 17 00:01:03,640 --> 00:01:06,760 Speaker 1: so I like avocado a lot, right, So I like 18 00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:12,959 Speaker 1: avocado a lot. Basically an avocado a day. Um, And 19 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:15,839 Speaker 1: normally I make guacamole. As you know, I make probably 20 00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:20,600 Speaker 1: the best guacamole on the planet. Sometimes, okay, we'll have 21 00:01:20,640 --> 00:01:24,160 Speaker 1: a guac off one day. Well, yeah, but it's personal taste, 22 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:27,880 Speaker 1: you know, you know that whole thing. Remember, no taste 23 00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:35,080 Speaker 1: is absolute. Um. So it's sometimes it's just too much 24 00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:40,480 Speaker 1: to make guac sure, right, that's where avocado toast comes in. Yeah, 25 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:43,840 Speaker 1: it's so easy, but and it's totally different too. So 26 00:01:43,880 --> 00:01:45,480 Speaker 1: if you start to get sick of guacamole, you like, 27 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:48,960 Speaker 1: I'll have some avocado toast. Anyway. The upshot is is 28 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:53,360 Speaker 1: I recently took antibiotics, which are disgusting poison, but just 29 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:55,520 Speaker 1: had to have them this time because my body would 30 00:01:55,560 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 1: not get rid of whatever had um. And so I've 31 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:03,080 Speaker 1: been like repopulating my gut flora with fermented stuff like 32 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:07,559 Speaker 1: mis Took some miso, put it in some avocado, whipped 33 00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:09,640 Speaker 1: it up, spread it on some toasts. It was great. 34 00:02:10,840 --> 00:02:16,400 Speaker 1: And avocado, being a fibrous vegetable, should be a prebiotic. 35 00:02:16,639 --> 00:02:20,240 Speaker 1: It will probably provide the conditions for that miso to 36 00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:26,160 Speaker 1: ripen into some really top notch gut flora. Well I'm 37 00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:28,760 Speaker 1: grossed out now, are you really? Yeah? I found that 38 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,760 Speaker 1: stuff fascinating. All that your gut flora. It's a matter 39 00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:34,800 Speaker 1: of personal taste. I guess. It's like people like the 40 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:39,079 Speaker 1: smell of their own poop. That's not two different things. 41 00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:46,400 Speaker 1: Do you like the smelling your own poop? Great? Really? Yeah? 42 00:02:46,760 --> 00:02:50,640 Speaker 1: I like all my smells. I got you. Do you 43 00:02:50,639 --> 00:02:56,080 Speaker 1: like ice? Ay? Just I do? We're in one yeah, 44 00:02:56,560 --> 00:03:01,200 Speaker 1: well can we be in a noisy age? It's hottest wherever, right, 45 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:04,480 Speaker 1: but the climb is not changing. Why this summer has 46 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:09,040 Speaker 1: been awful? Yeah, supposedly every year we just keep getting 47 00:03:09,080 --> 00:03:11,240 Speaker 1: hotter and hotter. Yeah, And I'm like, I have a 48 00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:14,920 Speaker 1: feeling here and Georgia, it's going to be hot into October. 49 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:19,840 Speaker 1: I noticed the change take place to day Oh really? 50 00:03:19,919 --> 00:03:23,920 Speaker 1: Uh not me. I was out there this morning, but 51 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:26,720 Speaker 1: momo out well yeah, and I was like, oh, it's 52 00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: not muggy night. Nights are getting cooler. That's where it 53 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 1: starts to change. Yeah, but it's still like up in 54 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:35,320 Speaker 1: the nineties during the day. During the day is still 55 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:38,560 Speaker 1: kind of nasty. But it feels different to me, like 56 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:41,600 Speaker 1: the air feels different. Yeah, not me yet. Yeah, that 57 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:45,360 Speaker 1: that first fall blasts I haven't experienced. Maybe it's seeing 58 00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:48,160 Speaker 1: like cinnamon brooms and Kroger that's put me in the 59 00:03:48,200 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 1: fall mood already. I'm just noticing it where it's not 60 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:55,360 Speaker 1: the Christmas decorations, right, yeah, Halloween stuff's been out since August. Man, 61 00:03:56,000 --> 00:04:00,520 Speaker 1: just ridiculous. So back to ice ages. Um, like you said, 62 00:04:00,560 --> 00:04:03,240 Speaker 1: we are actually in an ice age. To be specific, 63 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:10,320 Speaker 1: we are in the Holocene epoch right, yes, which features 64 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:16,080 Speaker 1: the Quaternary ice age, and specifically we're in the flandry 65 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:21,280 Speaker 1: and interglacial period. But still, even though it's interglacial, it's 66 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:23,680 Speaker 1: still an ice age that we're in. It's a mouthful, 67 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:27,880 Speaker 1: it is. Who wrote this? Was this? Molly? Molly Edmonds, 68 00:04:27,920 --> 00:04:30,440 Speaker 1: our dear old friend. Yes, she she put out quality 69 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:35,520 Speaker 1: she did. Um. Yeah, Molly points out quite astutely that, uh, 70 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:37,839 Speaker 1: you know, if you look at Antarctica in Greenland, you 71 00:04:37,839 --> 00:04:41,840 Speaker 1: still see ice sheets and um ice ages. Though are 72 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:44,560 Speaker 1: it's not you know, we don't have to have the 73 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:46,720 Speaker 1: entire or a third of the earth covered in ice 74 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:49,400 Speaker 1: to be in an ice age, because within an ice 75 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:53,039 Speaker 1: age there's periods of cooler weather and warmer weather, and 76 00:04:53,160 --> 00:04:57,120 Speaker 1: right now that you know, glacials and interglacials respectively, and 77 00:04:57,200 --> 00:05:00,720 Speaker 1: right now we're in an interglacial. That's all it is. 78 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:02,960 Speaker 1: But like I said, when people look around, they don't 79 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:04,880 Speaker 1: think of as being in an ice age, because we're 80 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:08,040 Speaker 1: just during one of those warmer periods, right. But I 81 00:05:08,080 --> 00:05:11,080 Speaker 1: think so. I was reading this New Scientist article about 82 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:13,039 Speaker 1: I think it's called the History of Ice on Earth, 83 00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:16,960 Speaker 1: and they said that there are basically three settings that 84 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:20,960 Speaker 1: the Earth has. UM greenhouse, which is basically there's no 85 00:05:21,040 --> 00:05:26,280 Speaker 1: ice anywhere on Earth. UH. Ice house which is like 86 00:05:26,320 --> 00:05:29,920 Speaker 1: an ice age glacial period where there is ice even 87 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:33,560 Speaker 1: like today there's ice on the Arctic and Antarctic caps 88 00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:37,760 Speaker 1: right um. And then there's a snowball um setting the 89 00:05:37,800 --> 00:05:40,920 Speaker 1: most fun of all, which is like the entire planet 90 00:05:40,960 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 1: is frozen over the least fun of all. There have 91 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:46,680 Speaker 1: been periods of Earth's history where the whole thing was 92 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:50,080 Speaker 1: just a giant ball of ice. Yeah, if we want 93 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:52,839 Speaker 1: to talk about the you know, the I don't know 94 00:05:52,839 --> 00:05:54,400 Speaker 1: if you want to call it the Big Ice Age. 95 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:58,400 Speaker 1: But when we think of the term ice age, we 96 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:01,360 Speaker 1: most people are probably talking about the one that began 97 00:06:01,400 --> 00:06:04,880 Speaker 1: about seventy thousand years ago, uh during the Pleistocene era 98 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:08,800 Speaker 1: lasted about sixty thousand years UH. And if you're talking 99 00:06:08,800 --> 00:06:12,679 Speaker 1: about the United States, uh, and the four major glaciations 100 00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 1: they hit the Midwest, the Nebraska and the Kanson the 101 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:21,600 Speaker 1: Illinois and the famous Wisconsin glaciation. Yeah, that's the one 102 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:23,440 Speaker 1: that just ended that. We just came out of the 103 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: Wisconsin one, that's right. And they call him this because 104 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:29,440 Speaker 1: that's where they were geographically. Well that's where I think 105 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:33,280 Speaker 1: the greatest evidence of them has been discovered. Right. So, um, 106 00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:36,120 Speaker 1: and in all this it's kind of confusing, actually, but 107 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:39,839 Speaker 1: just just the the current ice age that we're in 108 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:43,800 Speaker 1: started two point five eight million years ago, right, and 109 00:06:43,839 --> 00:06:46,280 Speaker 1: again it's still going two point five eight million years 110 00:06:46,320 --> 00:06:49,599 Speaker 1: to present, the quaternary ice age. Um. And so those 111 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:53,119 Speaker 1: little other subdivisions have to do with when the ice 112 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:56,960 Speaker 1: has been relatively scarce or when it's been all over 113 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,719 Speaker 1: the place. And then to make it even more slightly, 114 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:05,119 Speaker 1: can using during periods of glaciation. There's even periods where 115 00:07:05,160 --> 00:07:10,800 Speaker 1: the glaciers retreat and advance. That's stadial and interstadial periods, 116 00:07:10,800 --> 00:07:13,360 Speaker 1: and those tend to be a little more local. Uh, 117 00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:16,560 Speaker 1: And and happened a lot a lot more quickly, and 118 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:20,280 Speaker 1: glacial or in an interglacial period, happened on the scale 119 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: of tens of thousands of years. Yes, that's right. And uh, 120 00:07:24,640 --> 00:07:26,320 Speaker 1: this is nothing new, Like you said, this has been 121 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:29,560 Speaker 1: going on since there was a planet Earth. But um, 122 00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:34,440 Speaker 1: actually recognizing and and what is an ice age just 123 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:37,239 Speaker 1: sort of on the newer front, because in the old days, 124 00:07:38,120 --> 00:07:40,520 Speaker 1: you know, they would see a big rock and they 125 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:44,440 Speaker 1: would say, boy, the thing looks like it slid down 126 00:07:44,440 --> 00:07:46,840 Speaker 1: that mountain there, because you can see that mountains all 127 00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:49,640 Speaker 1: carved up and this rock shouldn't be here, and that's weird. 128 00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:53,640 Speaker 1: So that was the Great Flood of Biblical Times. We 129 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:56,160 Speaker 1: treated an episode on Yeah, that was a good one, 130 00:07:56,440 --> 00:07:58,800 Speaker 1: and um, so that was kind of how things were explained, 131 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: how these things ended up places where they probably did 132 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:04,680 Speaker 1: not start out. Yeah, people noticed that there was just 133 00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:09,679 Speaker 1: weird stuff going on in the geography around them, right, Um, 134 00:08:09,720 --> 00:08:12,880 Speaker 1: but they didn't they didn't place it correctly. Until it 135 00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:16,280 Speaker 1: turns out the Swiss peasantry and some German peasants as well, 136 00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:20,360 Speaker 1: started to notice that their glaciers were receding. And as 137 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:24,240 Speaker 1: their glaciers receded up there and say the Alps, it 138 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:29,080 Speaker 1: left some markings that they noticed also the same kind 139 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:32,600 Speaker 1: of markings further down the mountain. So the Swiss peasants 140 00:08:32,600 --> 00:08:34,520 Speaker 1: put two and two together and said, you know what, 141 00:08:34,679 --> 00:08:38,200 Speaker 1: I think the glaciers used to be way, way bigger 142 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:42,720 Speaker 1: than they are today, and that maybe that is what 143 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:47,439 Speaker 1: explains these boulders that shouldn't be here being here in 144 00:08:47,480 --> 00:08:50,240 Speaker 1: the middle of this field. And I guess from what 145 00:08:50,360 --> 00:08:52,760 Speaker 1: I can gather, it was kind of like common folk 146 00:08:52,840 --> 00:08:56,320 Speaker 1: wisdom in some areas of like the Swiss Alps, long 147 00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:59,640 Speaker 1: before science understood it. And it was actually a Swiss 148 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: geologist who was the first one to advance a genuine 149 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:09,599 Speaker 1: bona fide hypothesis for ice ages. Yeah, Lewis Uh, I 150 00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:13,680 Speaker 1: guess sees is how I'm gonna pronounce that. And um 151 00:09:13,760 --> 00:09:18,360 Speaker 1: he in seven presented um his ideas about this glacial 152 00:09:18,360 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 1: activity at a conference, the science conference, and everyone was like, yeah, 153 00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:25,640 Speaker 1: m I don't know. I don't know about you. I 154 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:27,880 Speaker 1: don't know about that. Well, they didn't know about him. 155 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:30,400 Speaker 1: He was he was a smart guy, right, he was established. 156 00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:34,240 Speaker 1: But they're like, you're just go back to your opium 157 00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:37,959 Speaker 1: pretty much. And apparently his his first theory was that 158 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: there there have been an ice age. It happened like 159 00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:45,920 Speaker 1: very quickly. Yeah, he was off basically like night and day. Uh, 160 00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:51,199 Speaker 1: and and that um it had followed a catastrophe, right, Yeah. 161 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:54,040 Speaker 1: I wonder if he would have that seems like the 162 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:56,199 Speaker 1: one thing that might have put them off. It was 163 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:59,640 Speaker 1: how unlikely that sounded right? Because he was wrong? Like 164 00:09:59,679 --> 00:10:01,600 Speaker 1: I won. If you would have said it happened slowly 165 00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:04,440 Speaker 1: over time, let's say, yeah, they may have said like, 166 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: oh well, I'm not buy that he's presenting his finding. 167 00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:11,839 Speaker 1: He's like, what do you guys want to hear? But 168 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: I'll massage it in that way. Yeah, it happened overnight 169 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:16,760 Speaker 1: and they all just cross their arms. He goes or 170 00:10:17,679 --> 00:10:21,840 Speaker 1: overnight over a very long period of time. Uh so 171 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:24,800 Speaker 1: before him though, um, quite a few years before him, 172 00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:31,079 Speaker 1: there was a scotsman. Oh yeah, born in Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 173 00:10:31,760 --> 00:10:36,240 Speaker 1: buried at Greyfriars Kirkyard. Wow, which did you ever go there? 174 00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:38,520 Speaker 1: I walked past it. I never made it in Okay, 175 00:10:38,559 --> 00:10:41,480 Speaker 1: well my hotel was right there, so I walked through it. Amazing, 176 00:10:41,640 --> 00:10:44,920 Speaker 1: amazing cemetery. I went to Marry King's close instead, which 177 00:10:44,920 --> 00:10:47,200 Speaker 1: is pretty awesome too. Oh you had to go to 178 00:10:47,200 --> 00:10:51,280 Speaker 1: one or the other. They're close to each other. Um, 179 00:10:51,320 --> 00:10:53,320 Speaker 1: there's only so much time in the day. Off not 180 00:10:53,400 --> 00:11:00,439 Speaker 1: close enough? Uhive a man named James Hutton, uh man, 181 00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:03,720 Speaker 1: this guy was He was a stud the father of geology. 182 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:07,000 Speaker 1: He had this idea that he he was one of 183 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: the first people to look around and say, you know what, 184 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:12,199 Speaker 1: the Earth is always changing, Like if you look around 185 00:11:12,200 --> 00:11:14,400 Speaker 1: and pay attention, look at it, that birds just died. 186 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:17,960 Speaker 1: Like he might sit for days and look and wait 187 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:21,600 Speaker 1: for something to move. But he said, the Earth is 188 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:25,320 Speaker 1: constantly changing, and I have an idea that it's probably 189 00:11:25,360 --> 00:11:27,680 Speaker 1: always been this way. So if we look at what's 190 00:11:27,679 --> 00:11:30,440 Speaker 1: going on now and we apply that to the past, 191 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:34,160 Speaker 1: we might come up with some pretty interesting stuff here, right. Yeah, 192 00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:37,080 Speaker 1: he said that there's basically clues to the past in 193 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:39,680 Speaker 1: the present. Yeah, just like, look what's going on around you. 194 00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 1: This might have happened ten thousand years ago as well, 195 00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:45,720 Speaker 1: and that might explain something like that boulder being someplace 196 00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:47,960 Speaker 1: different exactly. And we keep going to the boulders. But 197 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:52,200 Speaker 1: the boulders are actually some really really high quality evidence 198 00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:56,640 Speaker 1: for ice ages in general. Um, there's there. There's actually 199 00:11:56,640 --> 00:11:59,280 Speaker 1: a term for it among people who study ice ages. 200 00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:03,360 Speaker 1: They're called erratics. And an erratic is a very very 201 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,520 Speaker 1: heavy boulder, way too heavy to have been moved by humans. 202 00:12:07,160 --> 00:12:10,480 Speaker 1: Um that is also too far from its point of 203 00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:14,000 Speaker 1: origin to just say rolled downhill it doesn't make any 204 00:12:14,080 --> 00:12:16,720 Speaker 1: sense that it's there, which is why it's called n erratic. 205 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:19,960 Speaker 1: There's some very famous ones. Um, there's one in the 206 00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:22,800 Speaker 1: Swiss Alps. Uh, well, I'm sure there's many, but there's 207 00:12:22,840 --> 00:12:25,040 Speaker 1: one in particular. This article mentions that's in the Swiss 208 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:28,320 Speaker 1: Alps that is, um, about fifty miles from its point 209 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:32,600 Speaker 1: of origin. There's one in Central Park that is many 210 00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:35,120 Speaker 1: miles away from its point of origin. In New Jersey, 211 00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:37,439 Speaker 1: it moved, tried to make it in the big city. 212 00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:39,960 Speaker 1: It was a bridge and tunnel boulder, right. So, and 213 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:42,239 Speaker 1: that's actually one of the one of the ways the 214 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:44,240 Speaker 1: Germans figured out that there was such a thing as 215 00:12:44,240 --> 00:12:46,920 Speaker 1: ice age because they said, see that bowler there in 216 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:51,640 Speaker 1: that field, I'm pretty sure that skinnin Avian rock, and uh, 217 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,120 Speaker 1: sure enough they were correct. And so you start to 218 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:58,079 Speaker 1: put all this stuff together, huge bowlders being moved, Um, 219 00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:01,800 Speaker 1: valleys between mountains, carved out in a U shape rather 220 00:13:01,840 --> 00:13:05,840 Speaker 1: than that telltale V shape that a river carves out. Um. 221 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:08,560 Speaker 1: These are clues. They're not well they are erratics, but 222 00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:11,800 Speaker 1: their clues into the past. Yeah that when you start 223 00:13:11,840 --> 00:13:14,679 Speaker 1: to put all of them together. The only thing that 224 00:13:14,679 --> 00:13:21,080 Speaker 1: that really explains them, is huge, massive movements of glaciers. 225 00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:24,800 Speaker 1: Glacial movement. Yeah. And and when you study that stuff 226 00:13:25,160 --> 00:13:27,640 Speaker 1: and you look at these grooves and you study the boulders, 227 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: you can actually make calculations. And it's amazing that way 228 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:34,319 Speaker 1: back then they were able to make these calculations. Uh. 229 00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:38,320 Speaker 1: Agazz in particular and some other guys got together and 230 00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:42,480 Speaker 1: they said that the present ice age at its peak, 231 00:13:42,559 --> 00:13:46,560 Speaker 1: I guess, um, was about a mile thick of glacier 232 00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:51,560 Speaker 1: A mile of ice. Yes, it's amazing yeah. Um. And 233 00:13:52,120 --> 00:13:56,280 Speaker 1: further studies have concluded that in the last ice age, um, 234 00:13:56,320 --> 00:14:02,000 Speaker 1: I guess there was Wisconsin glaciation. Um. The the about 235 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:05,240 Speaker 1: a third of the earth was covered in glaciers. Have 236 00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: we said that glacier as yet? I mean, it almost 237 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:09,960 Speaker 1: goes without saying, but just in case. Yeah, it's just 238 00:14:09,960 --> 00:14:13,559 Speaker 1: really densely packed snow it is, and it snow that 239 00:14:13,559 --> 00:14:16,400 Speaker 1: that isn't allowed to melt. It's it's cold enough so 240 00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:18,920 Speaker 1: that it never fully melts. At the base, it forms 241 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:22,240 Speaker 1: to ice, and on top you've got more and more snow, 242 00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:24,640 Speaker 1: and as more and more snow doesn't melt, the ice 243 00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:27,560 Speaker 1: builds up thicker and thicker and just from the sheer 244 00:14:27,680 --> 00:14:32,920 Speaker 1: force of these things mass encountering gravity, they can actually move. 245 00:14:33,120 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 1: They're like very slow most of the time, very slow 246 00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:41,960 Speaker 1: moving rivers of ice on a massive scale. Yeah, and 247 00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:44,120 Speaker 1: and well we'll get to that later. I was gonna 248 00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:47,400 Speaker 1: tease something out. Uh, should we take a quick break? 249 00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:50,360 Speaker 1: All right, we'll take a break and we'll get back 250 00:14:50,400 --> 00:15:19,160 Speaker 1: to a little more amazing glaciers. All right. So we've 251 00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:23,640 Speaker 1: talked about the sheer size a mile a mile thick 252 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:25,560 Speaker 1: of ice. Yeah, and I said, like a third of 253 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:28,760 Speaker 1: the Earth. I think it covered seventeen million square miles 254 00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:31,840 Speaker 1: of the planet during the last glaciation cubic miles, my friend, 255 00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:35,640 Speaker 1: cubic miles, right, So junk is deep. Yeah, a mile deep. Man, 256 00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:39,840 Speaker 1: That is nuts. Uh. So Antarctica had about ten percent 257 00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:42,720 Speaker 1: more ice than it does now. And the big change 258 00:15:42,960 --> 00:15:46,000 Speaker 1: with the big difference, Uh, what sets that ice age 259 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:49,920 Speaker 1: apart was the amount of activity in the northern hemisphere. 260 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:52,440 Speaker 1: It was very unusual to have the amount of ice 261 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:56,720 Speaker 1: in North America and Europe extending down like through the 262 00:15:56,760 --> 00:16:00,120 Speaker 1: midwest of the United States. It was it was a 263 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:03,160 Speaker 1: new scene, a new chili scene. Ye, a whole new 264 00:16:03,240 --> 00:16:06,480 Speaker 1: jam basically, and Chuck. I mean like it was largely 265 00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:10,840 Speaker 1: in North America, but this also, um really covered a 266 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:14,120 Speaker 1: lot of Europe too. I mean like Ireland was covered, 267 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 1: Germany was covered, Scandinavia was covered by ice, and basically 268 00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:22,280 Speaker 1: everything that wasn't covered by ice, and Europe was a tundra, 269 00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 1: very much like Siberia is today. I actually I saw 270 00:16:25,760 --> 00:16:28,040 Speaker 1: a documentary on I think it was a History Channel 271 00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:33,320 Speaker 1: show about the Last Ice Age, and um, somebody figured 272 00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:35,520 Speaker 1: out how much all of that ice weight are you 273 00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:40,360 Speaker 1: ready for this? Basilion pounds? This might be more than 274 00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:45,280 Speaker 1: a bazillion sixty eight thousand trillion tons was the total 275 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:48,080 Speaker 1: weight of the ice of the Earth on the Earth 276 00:16:48,160 --> 00:16:50,760 Speaker 1: during the Last Ice Age, during the last place. How 277 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:53,920 Speaker 1: many maxes that have no idea? It's like more than 278 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:59,320 Speaker 1: a hundred uh well a North America loan about thirteen, Um, 279 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:02,920 Speaker 1: I'm sorry, about ten million square miles of ice. And 280 00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:05,320 Speaker 1: you know this all came from the ocean, which means 281 00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:08,920 Speaker 1: the ocean level was hundreds and hundreds of feet lower 282 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:11,560 Speaker 1: during this ice age. Yeah, like Canada is used to 283 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:14,919 Speaker 1: having large parts of it being covered by glacier, the 284 00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:17,440 Speaker 1: United States is not used to this, but it came 285 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:21,240 Speaker 1: all the way down into the plains in some cases, 286 00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:26,640 Speaker 1: and basically from New York over to Washington State totally 287 00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:32,679 Speaker 1: covered by again a mile thick sheet of ice. Like 288 00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:35,520 Speaker 1: you can ice skate on that without worry. You're not 289 00:17:35,560 --> 00:17:39,200 Speaker 1: gonna fall through, it's still gonna crack. Did you ever 290 00:17:39,240 --> 00:17:42,480 Speaker 1: do that growing up? Did Ohio? Like like you'd skate 291 00:17:42,520 --> 00:17:45,119 Speaker 1: on lakes? Yeah, And we were never allowed to do 292 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:47,880 Speaker 1: that until my dad went out and stomped on it, 293 00:17:47,960 --> 00:17:50,680 Speaker 1: like jumped up and down, and if he didn't go through, 294 00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:52,639 Speaker 1: then we were allowed to skate. He's like, kids, if 295 00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:55,359 Speaker 1: I die right. It wasn't. It wasn't the most fool 296 00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:57,959 Speaker 1: proof technique, but it was nice and dad to do 297 00:17:58,040 --> 00:18:00,960 Speaker 1: that for us. I don't know, think I'm not much 298 00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:02,879 Speaker 1: of a worry word, but I'm that still would have 299 00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:04,520 Speaker 1: like creeped me out. I've seen enough movies, you know, 300 00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:08,640 Speaker 1: left under ice. So the Mammi River would freeze over, 301 00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:10,480 Speaker 1: but we weren't allowed to skate on the river. Some 302 00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:12,760 Speaker 1: people did, we weren't allowed to. Instead, there was a 303 00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:16,120 Speaker 1: golf course with ponds that would freeze pretty good, pretty good. 304 00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:18,320 Speaker 1: There was your You weren't going to fall through these 305 00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:22,760 Speaker 1: small ponds pretty rough though, right, like skating on it's 306 00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:25,639 Speaker 1: not it depends it depends on and I don't remember 307 00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:27,800 Speaker 1: what it depends on. Yeah, it's it's never like an 308 00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:32,560 Speaker 1: ice drink. But certain type of weather, maybe non windy weather, 309 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:35,080 Speaker 1: I think is what it was, because then like if 310 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:37,359 Speaker 1: there was kind of like a choppiness to it from 311 00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:40,800 Speaker 1: the wind, it could freeze like that freeze choppy, Whereas 312 00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:43,280 Speaker 1: if it wasn't windy, I would guess it would it 313 00:18:43,320 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: would be smoother. So sometimes it was pretty smooth. Other 314 00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:48,639 Speaker 1: times you're like, I can't even skate on, but your 315 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:51,240 Speaker 1: dad would drive a zambonie out there and fix it 316 00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:54,320 Speaker 1: all up. It over and if the zamboni didn't fall through, 317 00:18:54,359 --> 00:18:57,520 Speaker 1: then we were allowed to skate, right. I just picture 318 00:18:57,520 --> 00:18:59,640 Speaker 1: of the zamboni falling through. But it's a little pond, 319 00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:04,120 Speaker 1: so you're a'd still like just a bove. I feel 320 00:19:04,119 --> 00:19:06,560 Speaker 1: like I missed out, though, I mean not that life 321 00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:09,160 Speaker 1: is over. You can still skate on ponds. I don't 322 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:13,440 Speaker 1: picture myself going to Minnesota in the in the winter. 323 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:17,080 Speaker 1: Give it a try. The trade off it wasn't It 324 00:19:17,119 --> 00:19:19,560 Speaker 1: wasn't a very good trade off because the winners are 325 00:19:19,560 --> 00:19:22,359 Speaker 1: pretty brutal. Yeah, like if you have local ponds that 326 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:26,280 Speaker 1: freeze over, you're cold too. I still feel like I 327 00:19:26,359 --> 00:19:28,919 Speaker 1: missed out. Yeah, I mean you're fine. It wasn't that 328 00:19:28,920 --> 00:19:30,679 Speaker 1: big of it was just teasing when I said, you 329 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:35,000 Speaker 1: did miss that. Uh all right, So people are skating 330 00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:37,440 Speaker 1: all over the world. A third of the world people 331 00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:41,040 Speaker 1: are ice skating on during during the ice age UM 332 00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:44,560 Speaker 1: and like we mentioned these things, UM they've been described 333 00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:49,760 Speaker 1: as bulldozers just plowing through uh the earth basically um 334 00:19:49,880 --> 00:19:53,719 Speaker 1: leaving large swaths they call it glacial till. This debris 335 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:57,200 Speaker 1: that they leave behind, and these are you know, once 336 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,000 Speaker 1: you figure out how it works, the evidence is every 337 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:03,719 Speaker 1: where of exactly what happened. Yeah, Because as these glaciers 338 00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,840 Speaker 1: move and that ice that has formed the basis of 339 00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:10,879 Speaker 1: the glacier is in contact with the earth below it, 340 00:20:10,880 --> 00:20:13,479 Speaker 1: it's picking up all sorts of crud that all that 341 00:20:13,640 --> 00:20:17,199 Speaker 1: to breathe that glacial till you said, erratic boulders. And 342 00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:21,600 Speaker 1: as it's doing this, it's actually creating a um a 343 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:24,480 Speaker 1: scrubbing mechanism. Right. So, like you said, if you look 344 00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:29,760 Speaker 1: around at mountains and and and valleys with exposed rock 345 00:20:30,280 --> 00:20:34,160 Speaker 1: that were um rubbed by glaciers. There's gonna be crazy 346 00:20:34,240 --> 00:20:38,600 Speaker 1: grooves worked into them. Some look like roads almost, yes, um, 347 00:20:38,680 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 1: some are kind of polished and rounded, And it's all 348 00:20:42,119 --> 00:20:45,240 Speaker 1: from this glacial activity rubbing stuff over the tops of 349 00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:48,240 Speaker 1: these mountains. It's pretty interesting stuff. And then other things 350 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:50,280 Speaker 1: like you'll know, you know, you'll see like a movie 351 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:56,480 Speaker 1: where um, this incredibly beautiful uh like river Valley has 352 00:20:56,760 --> 00:21:01,040 Speaker 1: just gravel everywhere, like just scattered all all throughout, like 353 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:04,600 Speaker 1: the valley floor. That's not supposed to be there. The 354 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:07,800 Speaker 1: glacier deposited that. That's right, it's more evidence of the 355 00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:11,120 Speaker 1: ice age. Yeah, that's interesting to think of it. It's 356 00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:13,280 Speaker 1: not supposed to be there. No, and you think of 357 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:15,679 Speaker 1: that like that's what that's what that looks like. You know, 358 00:21:15,760 --> 00:21:18,520 Speaker 1: of course that's what it's. That's that's that's supposed to 359 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:20,800 Speaker 1: be there. But no, it's technically not. Had we not 360 00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:25,360 Speaker 1: had um these glaciation events, that stuff wouldn't be there. 361 00:21:25,640 --> 00:21:30,520 Speaker 1: And that fascinating earth science. Uh is that your favorite science? 362 00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:34,480 Speaker 1: I think it's become it. Yeah, yeah, it really does 363 00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:40,280 Speaker 1: get me jazzed, all right. So it wasn't just um, 364 00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:44,200 Speaker 1: the direct path of these glaciers that was affected out 365 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:49,800 Speaker 1: on the edges of these massive moving sheets of ice. Um, 366 00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:53,560 Speaker 1: you had things like arctic deserts, and you had these 367 00:21:53,680 --> 00:21:57,320 Speaker 1: big areas of dusty wind. Uh. And there's actually a 368 00:21:57,359 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 1: few ways to pronounce this l O E s s 369 00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:05,240 Speaker 1: heard everything from lowest to lows to less I like lowest, Yeah, 370 00:22:05,320 --> 00:22:09,399 Speaker 1: like lowest too. Um covering all over the earth basically, 371 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:12,720 Speaker 1: and this is created by those glaciers just like grinding 372 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:16,280 Speaker 1: into the earth. Yeah, um, stirn everything up right, and 373 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:18,720 Speaker 1: then the wind just comes and picks it up, the 374 00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:22,119 Speaker 1: finest of the particles and just deposits them. So in 375 00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:26,000 Speaker 1: some places you had so if if your area wasn't 376 00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:29,199 Speaker 1: covered by glacier, that didn't mean you weren't affected by 377 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:32,840 Speaker 1: the glaciation, because you would have these lowest deserts are 378 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:36,480 Speaker 1: glacier glacial deserts that formed. And in some places the 379 00:22:36,520 --> 00:22:39,760 Speaker 1: lowest was like twenty ft thick, and apparently it's still there. 380 00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:44,000 Speaker 1: In much of the Midwest, the sub straight below the 381 00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:51,359 Speaker 1: soil is lowest, deposited from these lowest deserts UM. And 382 00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:53,560 Speaker 1: so you would think when you hear about this kind 383 00:22:53,560 --> 00:23:00,360 Speaker 1: of activity that it had to be like hundred degrees chillier, right, 384 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:03,960 Speaker 1: or fifty or forty even, but it was only about 385 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 1: ten degrees fahrenheit about five point six celsius lower uh 386 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:12,720 Speaker 1: than temperatures now, which it's it wouldn't think that that 387 00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:15,920 Speaker 1: would be enough, right, But it's not all just about 388 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:18,920 Speaker 1: the temperature. That's kind of the point. No, The point 389 00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:21,640 Speaker 1: that Molly makes is that it's not like, oh, it's 390 00:23:21,680 --> 00:23:24,280 Speaker 1: just so much colder than it was before all the time. 391 00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:29,199 Speaker 1: The key to an ice age um forming glaciers a 392 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:33,320 Speaker 1: glacial period is that this the time when it's supposed 393 00:23:33,359 --> 00:23:37,320 Speaker 1: to actually melt, is colder than usual, so that there's 394 00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:41,400 Speaker 1: less melt than than before. And the less melt you have, 395 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:44,439 Speaker 1: the more chance you have for snow to fall and 396 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,119 Speaker 1: make up for whatever melted and actually add to it, 397 00:23:47,359 --> 00:23:50,360 Speaker 1: which means that the glaciers growing. As long as more 398 00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:52,960 Speaker 1: snow is added to the glacier than it loses during 399 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:56,159 Speaker 1: say the summer months, your glaciers growing. Yeah, and if 400 00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,919 Speaker 1: it's not losing much, it doesn't take much snow. And 401 00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:04,240 Speaker 1: this this cycles arts. There's something called albedo or albedo 402 00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:08,600 Speaker 1: albedo and it's uh, it's the real reflectivity of ice. 403 00:24:08,680 --> 00:24:11,760 Speaker 1: And you know once this ice gets going, it's reflecting 404 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:14,320 Speaker 1: away the sun. So it's while you're hotter in the 405 00:24:14,359 --> 00:24:16,760 Speaker 1: summer wearing a black T shirt than a white T shirt. Yeah, 406 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,320 Speaker 1: and it's just it creates that cycle basically where it's 407 00:24:19,359 --> 00:24:23,000 Speaker 1: all just compounding, all these different elements coming together absolutely 408 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,399 Speaker 1: to make ice super thick. So you have if you 409 00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:29,280 Speaker 1: have a glacier form on planet Earth and it reflects 410 00:24:29,359 --> 00:24:32,360 Speaker 1: a bunch of sunlight and makes it colder, well that's 411 00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:35,960 Speaker 1: gonna create the conditions for other glaciers to form too, 412 00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:39,360 Speaker 1: So it has a compounding effect as well that albedo does. 413 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:41,120 Speaker 1: All right, well let's take a break and we're gonna 414 00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:44,640 Speaker 1: come back and talk about a very famous Serbian mathematician. 415 00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:15,439 Speaker 1: All right, so I said, famous Serbian mathematician. Had you 416 00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:18,199 Speaker 1: already heard of this guy? Yeah? Really, i'd heard. I 417 00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:22,160 Speaker 1: had heard about the Milankovich cycles. Um. So his name 418 00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:25,960 Speaker 1: was Milutin Milankovic. And it's amazing to me that in 419 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:30,200 Speaker 1: the nineteen twenties, people like well, i'll just say him, 420 00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:34,840 Speaker 1: was able to figure out with a lot of accuracy, um, 421 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:39,359 Speaker 1: the Milankovich cycles. Basically, he said, you know what, I 422 00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:43,000 Speaker 1: have a theory on why these these summers are cooler, 423 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:47,199 Speaker 1: and why this ice age happened, And it's not just 424 00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:51,280 Speaker 1: the temperatures, but it's because of the Sun's relationship to 425 00:25:51,320 --> 00:25:54,439 Speaker 1: the Earth and how much sun the Earth is getting 426 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:57,919 Speaker 1: UH during the summer months. So he came up with 427 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:02,320 Speaker 1: three different factors, the tilt UH in the Earth's axis, 428 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:05,920 Speaker 1: the way the Earth wobbles on that axis, and then 429 00:26:06,119 --> 00:26:08,639 Speaker 1: how close we are to that heat, how close we 430 00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:11,920 Speaker 1: are the sun. He plugged those into a mathematical formula 431 00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:18,320 Speaker 1: and he came up with every one hundred thousand years, 432 00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:21,720 Speaker 1: he's predicting that we're going to get these ice ages. 433 00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:25,360 Speaker 1: Pretty amazing math for back then, it is, especially if 434 00:26:25,359 --> 00:26:28,200 Speaker 1: you go back. So he figured this out, and then 435 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:31,480 Speaker 1: they went back and looked at the fossil record, the 436 00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:35,520 Speaker 1: geological record, because when he was working, they didn't have 437 00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:40,239 Speaker 1: this understanding. He wasn't like proving that like yes, predicting right. 438 00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:44,440 Speaker 1: So then um about that time and like the well 439 00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:46,960 Speaker 1: after that time, but in like the forties and fifties, 440 00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:50,280 Speaker 1: the US was building army bases all over the world 441 00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:54,320 Speaker 1: in some really crazy places, including the Arctic, and um 442 00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:58,000 Speaker 1: some scientists went along and started taking core samples from 443 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:01,640 Speaker 1: those places. And they found air bubbles trapped in there 444 00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:03,840 Speaker 1: that were from like a million years ago, Like the 445 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:06,920 Speaker 1: air was a million years old and it was untouched 446 00:27:07,080 --> 00:27:10,639 Speaker 1: virgin air. And um. They found that they could do 447 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,120 Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff and learn all sorts of things 448 00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:15,600 Speaker 1: from this air. And one of the things they found 449 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:21,199 Speaker 1: was the basically the time stamp for the ice ages 450 00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:24,600 Speaker 1: during the Quaternary period. And they found out that in 451 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:27,840 Speaker 1: the first two million years, the first two thirds of 452 00:27:27,880 --> 00:27:33,360 Speaker 1: the Quaternary um ice age, the ice ages, glaciation occurred 453 00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:38,200 Speaker 1: every forty one years. And yeah, yeah, that's what I said. 454 00:27:38,320 --> 00:27:41,160 Speaker 1: He's like, but wait for it, and they said, okay, 455 00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:44,320 Speaker 1: in this this most recent million years, it switched to 456 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:47,840 Speaker 1: a hundred thousand years. And he just said his arms crossed, 457 00:27:48,280 --> 00:27:54,280 Speaker 1: very smugly. Yeah. Um. And everybody said, that's amazing, that's fantastic. Scientists, 458 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:58,560 Speaker 1: you guys in the lab coats what causes an ice age, 459 00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:01,919 Speaker 1: And there's just crickets coming back from the scientists, and 460 00:28:01,960 --> 00:28:05,160 Speaker 1: there still is today. Actually, actually, no, that's the opposite, 461 00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:08,480 Speaker 1: is true. Not crickets, but a ton of different answers 462 00:28:08,480 --> 00:28:12,440 Speaker 1: and a ton of different theories. Yeah, lots of crickets, 463 00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:16,399 Speaker 1: but not quite either. What would be the animal that 464 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:21,920 Speaker 1: would talking crickets, Jimmy crickets everywhere? Man, that I was annoying, 465 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:27,280 Speaker 1: putting forth, putting forth theories and and as with most things, 466 00:28:27,320 --> 00:28:30,119 Speaker 1: we usually kind of center on. I bet it was 467 00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:33,200 Speaker 1: like most of these things put together, which most scientists 468 00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:35,679 Speaker 1: do well, dude, I was thinking about this, and I 469 00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:38,960 Speaker 1: was like, yes, chaos theory, Like, we have such a 470 00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:42,360 Speaker 1: propensity as humans to be like there's one true explanation, 471 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:45,680 Speaker 1: there's one factor that explains everything, and that is just 472 00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,760 Speaker 1: not the case. This is a perfect example of that. 473 00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:51,000 Speaker 1: I wonder if that's a tendency for humans to want 474 00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,560 Speaker 1: to be right. Like the people actually doing the research 475 00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:57,520 Speaker 1: say like, no, this is my ideas. Yeah, I think 476 00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,160 Speaker 1: that's part of it, But I think it's more are 477 00:29:00,160 --> 00:29:03,560 Speaker 1: just like our brains are wired to find like the 478 00:29:03,640 --> 00:29:08,560 Speaker 1: least common denominator to find, um, the easiest route. Yeah, 479 00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:11,720 Speaker 1: maybe you know, just for efficiency's sake, that makes sense. 480 00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:14,440 Speaker 1: I kind of like the idea of like, I'm hands 481 00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:18,080 Speaker 1: across America. Did you participate in Hands across America? Not 482 00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:21,040 Speaker 1: hated it back then, but oh man, I get it now. 483 00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:23,280 Speaker 1: I'm just kidding. I think I did actually, yeah, there 484 00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:25,680 Speaker 1: was huge, huge gaps, but it was still pretty great. 485 00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:28,200 Speaker 1: We should do a show on that. I didn't know 486 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:31,000 Speaker 1: there were gaps, of course there were oh yeah, pretty 487 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,840 Speaker 1: pretty big ones. Yeah, there was at no point complete. 488 00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:36,720 Speaker 1: I think our school did it. Wasn't that the deal? 489 00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:41,840 Speaker 1: Like probably did this church, church, hippie church. I don't 490 00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:43,840 Speaker 1: know if my church might have been like, no, we're 491 00:29:43,880 --> 00:29:46,360 Speaker 1: not holding hands. You could be holding hands with an atheist. 492 00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:49,800 Speaker 1: Probably you wouldn't even know it. That probably would have 493 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:53,920 Speaker 1: been the case. All right. So another theory is, um, 494 00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,640 Speaker 1: we've talked a lot about plate tectonics and our geez 495 00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:03,000 Speaker 1: and the volcano episodes and what else the plate tectonics episode. 496 00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:07,520 Speaker 1: Did we do one on that specifically among the close 497 00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:11,160 Speaker 1: to episodes? Man, I don't remember where it first popped up, 498 00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:14,520 Speaker 1: but it's definitely come up. Clapped up another one of 499 00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:18,800 Speaker 1: your non pun puns. Yes, I hope. I'm like creating 500 00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:22,800 Speaker 1: a pretty a pretty extensive case for the fact that 501 00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:25,760 Speaker 1: all of my puns are accidental. I don't think like 502 00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:30,200 Speaker 1: that accidental puns a good banding too. Ironically, it's okay. 503 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,760 Speaker 1: Uh So plate tectonics is another theory. Basically, you know, 504 00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:37,640 Speaker 1: everyone knows when you get to a higher altitude, it's 505 00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:39,880 Speaker 1: going to be colder, and the conditions are more likely 506 00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:43,080 Speaker 1: to for glaciers to form. And so when these these 507 00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:47,280 Speaker 1: plates on the Earth are smashing together, everyone also knows 508 00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:49,800 Speaker 1: from listening to our show, that's how we get these 509 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:54,560 Speaker 1: lovely mountain ranges and why there are higher altitudes. So 510 00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:56,680 Speaker 1: that's another theory that that had a lot to do 511 00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:01,200 Speaker 1: with it. Yeahs sense. Some scientists lay um the Quaternary 512 00:31:01,440 --> 00:31:04,320 Speaker 1: ice Age, the whole shebang. That's two point five eight 513 00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:07,720 Speaker 1: million year old ice age that we're in in still 514 00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:11,520 Speaker 1: um basically at the feet of the creation of the Himalayas, 515 00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:16,040 Speaker 1: where Asia and India collide, creating the Himalayas, and most 516 00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:22,280 Speaker 1: importantly the Tibetan Plateau and this rising of land changing 517 00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:27,120 Speaker 1: um the way that air moves across this huge portion 518 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:31,800 Speaker 1: of land Eurasia UM, and that it had an impact 519 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:37,000 Speaker 1: on climate, which has an impact on historical climate, which 520 00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:40,640 Speaker 1: can change things, make things cold enough so that glaciers 521 00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:45,240 Speaker 1: can form and really get a foothold. Right. More interesting, Chuck, 522 00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:49,960 Speaker 1: is that it's apparently that's they're like, that's probably kind 523 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,600 Speaker 1: of a factor, but there's an even bigger factor that 524 00:31:53,680 --> 00:31:56,560 Speaker 1: they think that came out of that upwelling of of earth. 525 00:31:57,560 --> 00:32:02,720 Speaker 1: Bear with me. So, when earth meets earth and there's 526 00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:05,440 Speaker 1: an upwelling and they form mountains or something like that, right, 527 00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,720 Speaker 1: you know, the process of weathering, it's like breaking in 528 00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:13,600 Speaker 1: genes or a strato various, Right, you break in mountains too. Well, 529 00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:17,320 Speaker 1: that's actually a chemical reaction between like the air and 530 00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:21,840 Speaker 1: the earth. And when rock is exposed, it becomes weathered 531 00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:26,600 Speaker 1: because c O two reacts with the rock to basically 532 00:32:26,680 --> 00:32:32,200 Speaker 1: form some sort of um uh equilibrium that's been interrupted 533 00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:36,840 Speaker 1: or disrupted by the exposure of unweathered rock. Right. Well, 534 00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:40,120 Speaker 1: to carry that out, c O two has to be 535 00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:44,160 Speaker 1: drawn from the atmosphere, which means you're basically removing c 536 00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:46,719 Speaker 1: O two from the atmosphere. When you create a new 537 00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:49,240 Speaker 1: mountain mountain chain, and if you're talking about a mountain 538 00:32:49,320 --> 00:32:52,520 Speaker 1: chain as extensive as the Himalayas, a lot of CEO 539 00:32:52,640 --> 00:32:55,160 Speaker 1: two is going to be removed from the atmosphere. When 540 00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:58,000 Speaker 1: you remove c O two from the atmosphere, you reduce 541 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:01,160 Speaker 1: the greenhouse effect. And when you deduced the greenhouse effect, 542 00:33:01,480 --> 00:33:04,720 Speaker 1: the earth becomes cooler, possibly enough for an ice age. 543 00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,479 Speaker 1: The timings right as well. The Himalayans formed right before 544 00:33:08,560 --> 00:33:11,920 Speaker 1: the Quaternary Ice Age began. Ye aren't that amazing? It 545 00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:19,080 Speaker 1: is or science? Uh. The other thing is dust atmospheric changes. Um, 546 00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:21,000 Speaker 1: A lot of dust in the air is gonna keep 547 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:25,120 Speaker 1: the sun from shining down its warmth onto the Earth 548 00:33:25,720 --> 00:33:30,840 Speaker 1: and keep temperatures cooler. And since I mentioned volcanoes, Um, 549 00:33:30,880 --> 00:33:33,960 Speaker 1: there were a lot of volcanoes, a lot of activity 550 00:33:34,320 --> 00:33:39,760 Speaker 1: that preceded the glacial ages. Um. But you know, launching 551 00:33:39,760 --> 00:33:40,959 Speaker 1: a lot of dust in the air. I don't think 552 00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:44,840 Speaker 1: it's coincidence. It's probably all tied in together. Yeah, I 553 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:48,160 Speaker 1: would guess that. Um, it's not just volcanic ash. I mean, 554 00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,520 Speaker 1: there was just dust period, but the volcanic ash added 555 00:33:51,560 --> 00:33:56,200 Speaker 1: to it, you know, right. And I think even after um, 556 00:33:56,280 --> 00:34:01,400 Speaker 1: after the volcanoes stopped erupting gases that affect the atmosphere directly, 557 00:34:01,760 --> 00:34:04,600 Speaker 1: they still interact with the water vapor in the atmosphere 558 00:34:04,680 --> 00:34:08,480 Speaker 1: to mess with it in a continued way. UM. Sun 559 00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:12,080 Speaker 1: spots are also another one too, right. Yeah, that's one 560 00:34:12,120 --> 00:34:17,359 Speaker 1: of the main reasons for the little ice age, right. Yeah, 561 00:34:17,480 --> 00:34:20,799 Speaker 1: but we talked about in the strata areas, so the 562 00:34:20,880 --> 00:34:23,560 Speaker 1: little ice age. Um, so did you did you see 563 00:34:23,560 --> 00:34:27,879 Speaker 1: that article I sent you? Yeah, it was pretty pretty interesting. Um, 564 00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:31,200 Speaker 1: but there's a our understanding of the little ice age, 565 00:34:31,200 --> 00:34:33,279 Speaker 1: which is not the best name for it, but there's 566 00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:37,920 Speaker 1: a period should be little ice age. There's the from 567 00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:43,360 Speaker 1: d to eighteen fifty. Europe in particular, well the northern hemisphere, 568 00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:47,160 Speaker 1: but Europe got it pretty bad. Um. It was basically 569 00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:51,200 Speaker 1: what amounts to an ice age for for this area. Um, 570 00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,960 Speaker 1: Greenland and Iceland were cut off by ice for months 571 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:58,520 Speaker 1: at a time. They used to grow wine in England, 572 00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:04,120 Speaker 1: not anymore. Scotland they grew wine, Yeah, like bottles would 573 00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:07,160 Speaker 1: just pop up out of the grounds. The Highlands of 574 00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:10,759 Speaker 1: Scotland would be locked into ice at like and up 575 00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:14,000 Speaker 1: the Baltic Sea froze over. Yeah, the canals and the 576 00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:17,680 Speaker 1: Netherlands routinely froze. It was it was a really rough time. Well, 577 00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:20,920 Speaker 1: it wasn't. It wasn't. It's pretty interesting because this article 578 00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:23,120 Speaker 1: you sent, you know, points out a lot of the 579 00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:27,320 Speaker 1: history that you know, it affected everything from shipping to 580 00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:31,160 Speaker 1: crops to you know, people turning on one another in 581 00:35:31,239 --> 00:35:35,360 Speaker 1: some areas then other areas things flourished, right, So apparently 582 00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:40,200 Speaker 1: areas and groups that had access to extensive trade networks, 583 00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:45,040 Speaker 1: especially with the South or the tropics. Um, they they flourished. 584 00:35:45,239 --> 00:35:47,520 Speaker 1: But if you were in like a marginal area, say 585 00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:51,160 Speaker 1: like the Alps, you were toast like you suffered from famine. 586 00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:54,719 Speaker 1: Apparently glaciers were advancing enough that they were just overrunning 587 00:35:54,719 --> 00:35:59,040 Speaker 1: towns and it sounds it sounds absolutely nuts, but actually 588 00:35:59,080 --> 00:36:03,000 Speaker 1: glaciers can move surprisingly fast. Right. There was a glacier 589 00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:11,600 Speaker 1: in Alaska in that was clocked advancing at ten a day. Yeah, 590 00:36:11,640 --> 00:36:13,839 Speaker 1: I mean that's thirty ft a day. That's you can 591 00:36:13,880 --> 00:36:16,279 Speaker 1: watch that happen. Yeah, or the very least you could 592 00:36:16,280 --> 00:36:20,919 Speaker 1: set up your your inner volometer camera and watch it later. 593 00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:25,439 Speaker 1: Or if you're just super patient, Yeah, I bet what's 594 00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:29,120 Speaker 1: his name? Yeah, the scotsman. I bet James Hutton would 595 00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:32,359 Speaker 1: have sat there and until he's yeah, you know, yeah, 596 00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:37,480 Speaker 1: patient man. Uh what else do we cover the sun spots? 597 00:36:38,120 --> 00:36:40,399 Speaker 1: Well not Yeah, I mentioned that that might have been 598 00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:42,480 Speaker 1: why the little ice age happened. And by the way, 599 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:45,520 Speaker 1: we on the Strata Areas podcast heard from a lot 600 00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:49,640 Speaker 1: of people about this double blind study that um or 601 00:36:49,760 --> 00:36:53,719 Speaker 1: where they had musicians play um the stratas and uh, 602 00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:58,160 Speaker 1: then against modern violins, and um, they preferred I think 603 00:36:58,360 --> 00:37:01,640 Speaker 1: generally preferred the modern violin or so people are like, oh, 604 00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:04,160 Speaker 1: you're just getting the brand name. That's kind of a 605 00:37:04,160 --> 00:37:08,360 Speaker 1: reductive way to say it. Um. And and then afterwards 606 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:12,879 Speaker 1: to the violinists they serge them cough, they're like, it's folgers. Well, 607 00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:15,400 Speaker 1: the other thing we heard from other people that said, 608 00:37:16,040 --> 00:37:20,040 Speaker 1: these violinists know what they're testing. They're testing clearly testing 609 00:37:20,040 --> 00:37:23,080 Speaker 1: and strata varius against a modern instrument. They don't just say, like, 610 00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:26,279 Speaker 1: put on this blindfold and you're two violins, which one 611 00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:28,840 Speaker 1: smells neater. So we probably should have included that, But 612 00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:31,319 Speaker 1: I don't think that like settles it in any like 613 00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:35,240 Speaker 1: scientific way or any Yeah, I saw in our research 614 00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:38,320 Speaker 1: that that was not necessarily the case. It's on a 615 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:41,799 Speaker 1: number of different sources that that they can tell a 616 00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:45,520 Speaker 1: difference that it is actually the best violins, and these 617 00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:48,919 Speaker 1: are people that have, you know, opinions. It's not like 618 00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:52,759 Speaker 1: you can't scientifically prove that because every person you pick 619 00:37:52,760 --> 00:37:54,959 Speaker 1: out is going to have a different take on the matter. 620 00:37:55,280 --> 00:37:58,239 Speaker 1: And we weren't poopooing modern instruments because clearly they're only 621 00:37:58,280 --> 00:38:00,919 Speaker 1: a handful of strads out there being played, and there's 622 00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:06,920 Speaker 1: many many orchestras and they're not playing like pawnshop violins, 623 00:38:07,719 --> 00:38:10,399 Speaker 1: you know. Anyway, I just want to mention that, So 624 00:38:10,480 --> 00:38:14,640 Speaker 1: these sun spots, right, there's actually a cycle that was 625 00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:19,279 Speaker 1: recognized by a British astronomer named E. W. Maunder. It's 626 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:22,560 Speaker 1: pretty British name, and he was living during the Little 627 00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:27,480 Speaker 1: Ice Age UM and he noticed. Yeah, he was like, well, 628 00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:31,919 Speaker 1: like how it's cold you can ice skate on a pond. Um. 629 00:38:32,040 --> 00:38:36,439 Speaker 1: He noticed that the so the Little Ice Age should 630 00:38:36,440 --> 00:38:40,360 Speaker 1: actually be called the little period where it was pretty 631 00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:44,160 Speaker 1: cold and then really really cold and two different points, 632 00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:48,120 Speaker 1: and those points were between twelve ninety and undred and 633 00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:51,720 Speaker 1: then sixty five and seventeen fifteen. It was really cold, 634 00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:56,200 Speaker 1: like kind of ice ages conditions for real UM. And E. W. 635 00:38:56,360 --> 00:38:59,640 Speaker 1: Maunder noticed that, especially the time when he was alive 636 00:38:59,719 --> 00:39:04,920 Speaker 1: during between the sixteen and seventeen fifty period seventeen fifteen period, UM, 637 00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:09,040 Speaker 1: sun spots were not nearly as active. And he was like, 638 00:39:09,080 --> 00:39:12,279 Speaker 1: I wonder if this correlates to little ice ages, and 639 00:39:12,320 --> 00:39:14,239 Speaker 1: it would make sense, even though it makes sense in 640 00:39:14,239 --> 00:39:17,839 Speaker 1: a really weird way, a roundabout way. Actually, Yeah, sun 641 00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:20,120 Speaker 1: spot I guess we should just say what that is. 642 00:39:20,160 --> 00:39:23,560 Speaker 1: It's a dark spot, a cooler spot on the Sun. 643 00:39:23,680 --> 00:39:26,919 Speaker 1: But the key there is it contains magnetic energy. So 644 00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:29,719 Speaker 1: you would think that sun spots are cooler than the 645 00:39:29,719 --> 00:39:33,480 Speaker 1: rest of the Sun. So how would that well wait, 646 00:39:33,520 --> 00:39:35,680 Speaker 1: now I've got it backwards, No, you got it? Yeah? Yeah, 647 00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:38,319 Speaker 1: so how would that keep it warmer on Earth? But 648 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:42,640 Speaker 1: it's about that magnetic field cutting through cloud cover or 649 00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:45,520 Speaker 1: cutting the cloud cover, right, So less cloud cover means 650 00:39:45,560 --> 00:39:48,400 Speaker 1: that the heat from the Sun isn't trapped, it just 651 00:39:48,560 --> 00:39:53,320 Speaker 1: escapes into space. Counterintuitive, but it makes sense. Yeah, because 652 00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:57,160 Speaker 1: these sun spots are big enough that when it's facing Earth, 653 00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:01,879 Speaker 1: it's putting out less heat energy. So you would think 654 00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:06,480 Speaker 1: it would it would directly cool it. It indirectly cools it. Right. Weird, 655 00:40:06,719 --> 00:40:13,600 Speaker 1: It is weird, but amazing earth science. Uh So, whether 656 00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:15,680 Speaker 1: or not we're headed for another one is a lot 657 00:40:16,120 --> 00:40:20,000 Speaker 1: There's a lot of debate on that because some people say, well, 658 00:40:20,040 --> 00:40:23,840 Speaker 1: there's no strict definition even what an ice age is, 659 00:40:23,960 --> 00:40:26,680 Speaker 1: so who's to say. Other people say, now you know what, 660 00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:30,880 Speaker 1: humans have cause uh such an impact here that there 661 00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:34,279 Speaker 1: probably won't be another ice age. It's extremely possible that 662 00:40:34,440 --> 00:40:37,640 Speaker 1: we have altered the climate enough that we're not going 663 00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:40,719 Speaker 1: to see like we may have ended on our own 664 00:40:41,080 --> 00:40:44,640 Speaker 1: the Quaternary ice age. It may be over now or 665 00:40:44,719 --> 00:40:47,040 Speaker 1: on the way to being over, in which case we 666 00:40:47,080 --> 00:40:48,719 Speaker 1: have a whole other set of problems to deal with, 667 00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:53,000 Speaker 1: but not an ice age, not glaciers. Um. There was 668 00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:55,440 Speaker 1: actually a study that made the rounds, I think this 669 00:40:55,560 --> 00:40:59,200 Speaker 1: year or last year, that really drummed up a lot 670 00:40:59,239 --> 00:41:03,000 Speaker 1: of media engine because these researchers said that they predicted 671 00:41:03,040 --> 00:41:06,320 Speaker 1: a period of very low sun spot activity in thirty 672 00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,000 Speaker 1: years because we're due for one technically, right were a 673 00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:13,799 Speaker 1: year point, Yes, yeah, we're due for another glaciation event. 674 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:16,760 Speaker 1: And these people said, well, there's gonna be sun spots 675 00:41:16,760 --> 00:41:18,919 Speaker 1: in thirty years, and the media took it and said 676 00:41:19,040 --> 00:41:22,440 Speaker 1: there's gonna be another ice age in thirty years. Um, 677 00:41:22,719 --> 00:41:26,000 Speaker 1: And that's not necessarily the case. It's a pretty big 678 00:41:26,080 --> 00:41:29,600 Speaker 1: leap from saying, yes, there's low sun spot activity, so 679 00:41:29,640 --> 00:41:33,600 Speaker 1: we're gonna have an ice age. But if we hadn't 680 00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:36,799 Speaker 1: burned all those fossil fuels, maybe that would be the case. 681 00:41:36,880 --> 00:41:40,239 Speaker 1: Maybe we would start to see glaciation beginning again in 682 00:41:40,280 --> 00:41:44,000 Speaker 1: about thirty years. Again we're probably not going to because 683 00:41:44,080 --> 00:41:47,319 Speaker 1: we've raised the temperature of the planet by it a 684 00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:52,520 Speaker 1: full degree celsius since night UM, so it's possible we 685 00:41:52,560 --> 00:41:54,720 Speaker 1: won't ever see an ice age again, which is sad 686 00:41:55,040 --> 00:41:58,680 Speaker 1: because some people say that it was this last um, 687 00:41:59,120 --> 00:42:02,480 Speaker 1: this ice age, not just the last glaciation event, but 688 00:42:02,520 --> 00:42:05,920 Speaker 1: the Quaternary ice Age as a whole that pushed humans 689 00:42:05,960 --> 00:42:11,000 Speaker 1: to evolve to the wonderful, amazing specimens we are today. UM. 690 00:42:11,040 --> 00:42:14,480 Speaker 1: A lot of advancements happened because of it. Adaptations and 691 00:42:14,560 --> 00:42:18,200 Speaker 1: animals and early humans there were there was movement among 692 00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:21,000 Speaker 1: around Earth because the sea levels were a lot lower, 693 00:42:21,080 --> 00:42:23,600 Speaker 1: so you could make your way around bigger parts of 694 00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:25,759 Speaker 1: the Earth. They weren't cut off like before like they 695 00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:30,960 Speaker 1: are now. UM. Apparently, our brains grew tremendously in size 696 00:42:31,880 --> 00:42:34,839 Speaker 1: during the Quaternary Ice Age at a in a time 697 00:42:34,880 --> 00:42:38,719 Speaker 1: period that correlates with it, and one hypothesis is that 698 00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:42,759 Speaker 1: the cooler temperatures allowed us to dissipate heat more naturally 699 00:42:43,120 --> 00:42:47,359 Speaker 1: and to save our energy or use more energy, which 700 00:42:47,360 --> 00:42:50,520 Speaker 1: would allow our brains to grow. Interesting and then other 701 00:42:50,520 --> 00:42:53,440 Speaker 1: people say, well, you know what, the chro magnets also 702 00:42:53,719 --> 00:42:56,759 Speaker 1: invented the sewing needle during this time because of the 703 00:42:56,760 --> 00:42:59,920 Speaker 1: ice age, so that they could start sewing and close. 704 00:43:00,120 --> 00:43:02,799 Speaker 1: Is the technology that allowed us to truly spread out 705 00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:05,560 Speaker 1: over the earth. Yeah, because you could go live where 706 00:43:05,560 --> 00:43:07,719 Speaker 1: it was cold, because you could make a big park 707 00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:11,080 Speaker 1: out of a musk ox exactly. The muskox would say 708 00:43:11,120 --> 00:43:15,000 Speaker 1: thank you for using me human. I don't know about that, 709 00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:20,359 Speaker 1: But you got anything else? Nope, I think that's it. Man, 710 00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:24,600 Speaker 1: This is good one, Chuck Uh. If you want to 711 00:43:24,600 --> 00:43:28,440 Speaker 1: know more about ice ages, you can type those words 712 00:43:28,520 --> 00:43:31,239 Speaker 1: into the search bar at how stuff works dot com. 713 00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:34,000 Speaker 1: And since I said search parts, time for a listener. Mayo. 714 00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:40,800 Speaker 1: Remember in the animal testing episode when I wondered aloud 715 00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:43,239 Speaker 1: about the names of pork and beef and swine and 716 00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:46,120 Speaker 1: all that stuff. I'm glad you're covering this. Apparently I'm 717 00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:48,359 Speaker 1: the only person on the planet who did not know this. 718 00:43:48,560 --> 00:43:50,320 Speaker 1: I didn't know it either, because we had a bunch 719 00:43:50,320 --> 00:43:52,919 Speaker 1: of people right in Uh. And it's super interesting. So 720 00:43:53,440 --> 00:43:57,640 Speaker 1: I picked one that was a good explanation from a 721 00:43:57,680 --> 00:44:02,359 Speaker 1: gentleman in Bristol, United Kingdom. He said this before ten 722 00:44:02,480 --> 00:44:05,279 Speaker 1: sixty six, in England, most people spoke a form of 723 00:44:05,280 --> 00:44:08,120 Speaker 1: Germanic English Uh, and he says, by the way, I'm 724 00:44:08,120 --> 00:44:11,920 Speaker 1: glossing over several centuries of linguistic history with that. However, 725 00:44:11,960 --> 00:44:14,600 Speaker 1: after the invasion by William the Conqueror and his eventual coronation, 726 00:44:14,960 --> 00:44:18,239 Speaker 1: Norman became the dominant language. UH. Norman is based on 727 00:44:18,480 --> 00:44:21,040 Speaker 1: Northern French dialects, so would have used words such as 728 00:44:21,120 --> 00:44:25,319 Speaker 1: mutton and booth for sheep and cows. These words were 729 00:44:25,360 --> 00:44:27,080 Speaker 1: used by people who would have been able to afford 730 00:44:27,719 --> 00:44:31,359 Speaker 1: to eat such food, namely the gentry. However, peasants who 731 00:44:31,360 --> 00:44:34,600 Speaker 1: would have raised raise the animals still use the Germanic 732 00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:38,720 Speaker 1: words like sheep and cow, and these words stuck. English 733 00:44:38,840 --> 00:44:42,440 Speaker 1: is full of high and low words gentry or peasantry 734 00:44:42,760 --> 00:44:45,680 Speaker 1: for similar meanings, with the high words being French based 735 00:44:46,040 --> 00:44:50,120 Speaker 1: therefore Latin based. Really interesting. Um. Having stopped myself from 736 00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:52,759 Speaker 1: going on, as is the subject I've always been obsessed with, 737 00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:55,160 Speaker 1: and I hope that I have piqued your interest as well. 738 00:44:55,880 --> 00:44:58,439 Speaker 1: Be warned the subject as a rabbit hole, I will 739 00:44:58,480 --> 00:45:01,520 Speaker 1: also add I was gutted to miss your UK tour, 740 00:45:02,120 --> 00:45:03,920 Speaker 1: and I hope you enjoyed it enough to come back 741 00:45:03,960 --> 00:45:08,960 Speaker 1: one day. UM. I also cheekily plug Bristol as an 742 00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:11,839 Speaker 1: amazing place to live and visit. Yeah, congratulations on your 743 00:45:11,840 --> 00:45:15,239 Speaker 1: new sky pier. I don't heard of that. It's like 744 00:45:15,280 --> 00:45:19,160 Speaker 1: a it's like a huge observation UFO that goes up 745 00:45:19,560 --> 00:45:23,600 Speaker 1: on their coast. You can just see for miles and miles. Interesting. 746 00:45:24,640 --> 00:45:26,360 Speaker 1: Much love to you both and thanks for doing what 747 00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:29,800 Speaker 1: you do. Cheers. That is from Matt Gallaford of Bristol. 748 00:45:30,080 --> 00:45:33,560 Speaker 1: Thanks Matt, We'll definitely be back. And thanks to everyone 749 00:45:33,560 --> 00:45:36,360 Speaker 1: who wrote in with that good information. I wish I 750 00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:40,600 Speaker 1: could have read them all. Uh. If you want to 751 00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:42,400 Speaker 1: get in touch of us to let us know something 752 00:45:42,480 --> 00:45:44,840 Speaker 1: we missed, or to tell us how grey we're doing, 753 00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:48,279 Speaker 1: or well yeah, you can tweet to us at s 754 00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:50,560 Speaker 1: Y s K podcast. You can also hang out with 755 00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:55,399 Speaker 1: me at Josh Underscore, um Underscore Clark at on Twitter two. 756 00:45:55,920 --> 00:45:58,879 Speaker 1: You can hang out with Chuck at Charles W. Chuck 757 00:45:58,920 --> 00:46:01,400 Speaker 1: Brian on Facebook or our Stuff you Should Know page 758 00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:04,120 Speaker 1: at Facebook dot com, slash stuff you Should Know. You 759 00:46:04,120 --> 00:46:06,439 Speaker 1: can hang out with us on Instagram. You can send 760 00:46:06,480 --> 00:46:08,879 Speaker 1: us an email to Stuff podcast at how Stuff Works 761 00:46:08,880 --> 00:46:10,759 Speaker 1: dot com and has always joined us at our home 762 00:46:10,760 --> 00:46:18,120 Speaker 1: on the web. Stuff you Should Know dot com For 763 00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:20,520 Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics. Is It 764 00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:28,960 Speaker 1: How stuff Works dot com