1 00:00:07,800 --> 00:00:11,880 Speaker 1: There's a core idea in science that experiments should be repeatable. 2 00:00:12,080 --> 00:00:14,760 Speaker 1: If you do an experiment the same way at different times, 3 00:00:14,920 --> 00:00:19,680 Speaker 1: you should get the same result. However, there is a loophole. 4 00:00:19,960 --> 00:00:24,520 Speaker 1: There's a loophole in science. Yeah, and that loophole opens 5 00:00:24,520 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: a window into everything we think is true about reality 6 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:32,080 Speaker 1: and the universe and everything. Doo doo doo doo doo 7 00:00:32,080 --> 00:00:50,159 Speaker 1: doo doo doo doo doo doo. Welcome to Daniel and 8 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:52,879 Speaker 1: Jorge explain the Universe, in which we try to take 9 00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:56,000 Speaker 1: the entire universe and break it into bite sized pieces 10 00:00:56,080 --> 00:00:58,840 Speaker 1: so you're gonna enjoy them with your afternoon coffee. I'm alright. 11 00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 1: I'm a cartoonist. I draw comics online, and I'm Daniel. 12 00:01:02,560 --> 00:01:05,839 Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist. I spend my days smashing protons 13 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:08,520 Speaker 1: together at the Large Hadron Collider to try to reveal 14 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:11,000 Speaker 1: the secrets of the universe, mostly so that I can 15 00:01:11,120 --> 00:01:14,319 Speaker 1: tell them to you in this podcast. Basically only one 16 00:01:14,360 --> 00:01:16,720 Speaker 1: of us is qualified to be explaining things to you 17 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:20,959 Speaker 1: on this podcast. That would be the cartoonist business. They're 18 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:23,640 Speaker 1: not qualified usually to be explainers. Mostly we just try 19 00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:25,720 Speaker 1: to solve the mysteries of the universe. We don't try 20 00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:29,640 Speaker 1: to tell anybody about them, right, Mostly physicists just need explaining, 21 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:33,160 Speaker 1: that's right, that's where the cartoons come in, right, And 22 00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 1: spouses also, spouses physicist probably have to do a lot 23 00:01:37,120 --> 00:01:41,479 Speaker 1: of explaining. You've got some explaining to do, exactly. Yeah. Um, 24 00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:43,240 Speaker 1: So we're here to talk to you about big questions 25 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:46,279 Speaker 1: about the universe. And today's question is a really deep 26 00:01:46,400 --> 00:01:50,160 Speaker 1: and basic question, and it's about the very nature of reality. 27 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:52,040 Speaker 1: What is it? Hory? What are we gonna talk about today? 28 00:01:54,680 --> 00:01:59,480 Speaker 1: Is the universe random or is it just chaotic? And 29 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:03,720 Speaker 1: what the difference? Or is it run by some super being? 30 00:02:03,760 --> 00:02:06,040 Speaker 1: And we're actually just in their simulation. But that's a 31 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:09,040 Speaker 1: whole other episode. That's a whole other podcast. Right today, 32 00:02:09,160 --> 00:02:12,799 Speaker 1: just the two sinister options, random or chaotic, you might 33 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:14,799 Speaker 1: feel like, oh, neither of those sound very cozy. I 34 00:02:14,840 --> 00:02:17,079 Speaker 1: don't want to live in either of those universes. Well, 35 00:02:17,080 --> 00:02:20,959 Speaker 1: the question basically breaks down to is the universe predictable? 36 00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:23,480 Speaker 1: Like can you predict what the universe is going to do? 37 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:27,080 Speaker 1: Or is it that nobody can predict what the universe 38 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:28,919 Speaker 1: is going to do? Right? And I think that's why 39 00:02:28,960 --> 00:02:32,200 Speaker 1: It's an awesome question for science because for so many 40 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:36,240 Speaker 1: thousands and thousands of years, I think humans probably felt 41 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:39,120 Speaker 1: like the universe around them was totally unpredictable. I mean, 42 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:41,600 Speaker 1: they invented gods for this and for that to try 43 00:02:41,639 --> 00:02:44,520 Speaker 1: to describe how the universe was out of their control 44 00:02:44,680 --> 00:02:46,520 Speaker 1: and doing things that didn't make sense, as if it 45 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:49,880 Speaker 1: had some you will and agency. Right, and then science 46 00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:52,920 Speaker 1: comes along it says, actually, there are rules and you 47 00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 1: can discover them. And slowly science starts to creep in 48 00:02:56,240 --> 00:02:59,400 Speaker 1: this description of the universe that locks out this agency, 49 00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,040 Speaker 1: this idea of this personality, and gives you the sense 50 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:05,560 Speaker 1: that maybe the universe follows these rules. Right. So we 51 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:08,079 Speaker 1: went out and as usually, ask people on the street, 52 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:12,920 Speaker 1: do you think the universe is random or chaotic? And 53 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,240 Speaker 1: here's what they had to say, that's gonna okay, that's 54 00:03:16,280 --> 00:03:21,080 Speaker 1: a that's a thinker right there. I would say truly random. 55 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: With randomness comes chaos. You never know what I what 56 00:03:24,960 --> 00:03:28,000 Speaker 1: will happen, but there's there's always a probability and a 57 00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:31,040 Speaker 1: chance of things, of certain things happening. I'd like to 58 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:35,360 Speaker 1: say random. I'm religious, so I feel like everything happens 59 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:38,520 Speaker 1: for a reason. And yes it is random, but there's 60 00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:41,920 Speaker 1: a purpose behind everything. I think it's a mixture of both, 61 00:03:42,760 --> 00:03:46,680 Speaker 1: like like it's random, but it can appear chaotic because 62 00:03:46,720 --> 00:03:51,200 Speaker 1: of how everything is truly chaotic, because like on a 63 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:55,800 Speaker 1: smaller level, everything is like moving really fast, but at 64 00:03:55,880 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: like a bigger level, we we don't see any of that. Wow, 65 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:02,720 Speaker 1: So what do you think of those answers for I 66 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:05,080 Speaker 1: think they were all over the place. They were actually, 67 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:08,400 Speaker 1: um kind of random. They were random and chaotic. I 68 00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:11,080 Speaker 1: feel like I feel like people had no idea what 69 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,400 Speaker 1: I was asking them. You know, I feel like people 70 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:15,840 Speaker 1: just I feel like they had no idea what they 71 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:19,040 Speaker 1: were answering. You know, some of those people I remember 72 00:04:19,760 --> 00:04:21,920 Speaker 1: recording these interviews, and some of those people, as the 73 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:23,480 Speaker 1: words were coming out of their mouth, I felt like 74 00:04:23,520 --> 00:04:25,680 Speaker 1: they surprised them as much as they did me. Like 75 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:28,240 Speaker 1: it was all over the place. Yeah, well, I feel 76 00:04:28,240 --> 00:04:30,479 Speaker 1: like some people it's interesting. Some people related to the 77 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,200 Speaker 1: question that question to the other question, which is like 78 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:36,320 Speaker 1: does the universe have a purpose, Like do things happen 79 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:39,039 Speaker 1: for a reason or do they is it just like 80 00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:42,120 Speaker 1: a random role to die and nobody is really in charge? 81 00:04:42,360 --> 00:04:44,880 Speaker 1: Like that's the question, right, like, is somebody in charge 82 00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:47,919 Speaker 1: of the universe or is it impossible for anyone to 83 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:49,839 Speaker 1: kind of predict what it's going to do. Yeah, I 84 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:51,359 Speaker 1: think you're right. That does get at the heart of 85 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:53,159 Speaker 1: the question. You know, what's going to happen in the 86 00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:56,760 Speaker 1: universe and can we tell and can we influence it? Right? 87 00:04:57,200 --> 00:04:59,520 Speaker 1: Is the universe sort of churning on without our ability 88 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:02,520 Speaker 1: to change direction at all in some sort of way 89 00:05:02,520 --> 00:05:05,360 Speaker 1: that's been determined since the dawn of time? Or can 90 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 1: we nudge it and push it in one way or 91 00:05:06,960 --> 00:05:08,720 Speaker 1: the other? You know, make the calves a win? Or 92 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:10,560 Speaker 1: can you if you jump up and down in front 93 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:13,640 Speaker 1: of your television enough where the Warriors win another NBA championship? 94 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:15,920 Speaker 1: You know, can you influence the world? I think that's 95 00:05:15,960 --> 00:05:18,279 Speaker 1: a that's an interesting and deep question. Yeah, that's probably 96 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:20,919 Speaker 1: the one people were actually having in their mind. Yeah, 97 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:23,800 Speaker 1: so maybe let's go back in history, and I like 98 00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:27,000 Speaker 1: how you think about this question a lot, Daniel, which 99 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:28,960 Speaker 1: is that you sort of start with early man like 100 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:33,839 Speaker 1: the cavemen and women and women early humans. Um, we're 101 00:05:33,880 --> 00:05:35,520 Speaker 1: really just kind of at the mercy of all the 102 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:38,360 Speaker 1: elements and all the animals out there, and the weather 103 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:41,120 Speaker 1: and so they to them, the universe was this crazy, 104 00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:44,400 Speaker 1: random and chaotic place, right, Yeah, And it actually touches 105 00:05:44,480 --> 00:05:47,720 Speaker 1: on sort of my personal theory of consciousness, which is 106 00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:51,600 Speaker 1: that we developed this awareness because we are looking out 107 00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:54,880 Speaker 1: into the world for other people or other ideas, are 108 00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:58,600 Speaker 1: their intelligences, and we have this hyperactive ability to see agency, 109 00:05:58,640 --> 00:06:01,000 Speaker 1: to see intention in something that we don't understand, and 110 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,760 Speaker 1: we imagine that there must be a mind behind it. 111 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:05,880 Speaker 1: And so I think for a long time people's view 112 00:06:05,960 --> 00:06:09,400 Speaker 1: the world was that it was controlled by other greater minds. 113 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:12,039 Speaker 1: You know, what controls the lightning? Why do some people 114 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:14,760 Speaker 1: die of disease? All this stuff? And then as there 115 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:18,360 Speaker 1: must be like a consciousness that is shooting out these 116 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 1: lightning bolts or making it rain, or you know, making 117 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:24,159 Speaker 1: the sun come out, or killing my baby of some 118 00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:27,240 Speaker 1: horrible disease, right, like, there must be. It's hard to 119 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:29,320 Speaker 1: live in this world if you don't have the sense 120 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:32,680 Speaker 1: that there's somebody else in charge. Right There's a lot 121 00:06:32,720 --> 00:06:34,440 Speaker 1: of suffering and a lot of pain, and a lot 122 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:37,960 Speaker 1: of unexplained events, and it's nice to think somebody else 123 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:40,160 Speaker 1: out there is taking care of it, or somebody's in 124 00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:42,400 Speaker 1: charge of it. But there's a reason, right yeah, that 125 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:46,920 Speaker 1: there's a reason, that there's some design, it's not just random. Um. 126 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:49,799 Speaker 1: But then as history progresses that we were saying earlier, 127 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:51,800 Speaker 1: you know, sigence comes along and says, well, there are 128 00:06:51,839 --> 00:06:54,280 Speaker 1: seemed to be some rules, not just like that anything 129 00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:57,159 Speaker 1: can happen. You can't have an ostrich here and then 130 00:06:57,160 --> 00:06:58,839 Speaker 1: all of a sudden the ostrich is gone. There are 131 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:01,240 Speaker 1: some rules that limit what can happen. If you know 132 00:07:01,279 --> 00:07:04,359 Speaker 1: what's happening now, there's a certain set of possibilities for 133 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:06,440 Speaker 1: what can happen in one second, in two seconds. And 134 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:09,400 Speaker 1: you know that's physics, right Well, it's it's started with 135 00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:12,920 Speaker 1: like noticing patterns, right Like lightning doesn't just come out 136 00:07:12,920 --> 00:07:16,239 Speaker 1: of nowhere, it comes out when there's these dark clouds 137 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:19,880 Speaker 1: in the sky, right yeah, absolutely absolutely, And people started 138 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:23,400 Speaker 1: noticing patterns and started putting those together and then asking themselves, 139 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: can I use what I've learned in the past to 140 00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:29,440 Speaker 1: predict the future? Right Like, if I have the same 141 00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 1: set of events that happened yesterday, am I gonna be 142 00:07:32,080 --> 00:07:33,800 Speaker 1: able to tell what's going to happen next week? If 143 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 1: the same thing happens, If I roll a ball down 144 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: the hill yesterday and it goes up to a certain speed, 145 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:41,920 Speaker 1: Will the same thing happened tomorrow? Right? Right? Or if 146 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:43,840 Speaker 1: I throw a ball in the air and I know 147 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:46,000 Speaker 1: which direction it's going and how fast it is going, 148 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:48,600 Speaker 1: can I predict where it's gonna land exactly? If I 149 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: build a catapult, can I basically aim it right exactly? 150 00:07:51,760 --> 00:07:55,160 Speaker 1: And that's how military technology drove science even hundreds of 151 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:58,360 Speaker 1: years ago. Right, Where do I shoot my cannon exactly 152 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:01,240 Speaker 1: to get over that wall? Well, that's kind of where 153 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:03,920 Speaker 1: um Newton came in, right, Isaac Newton, And that's why 154 00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 1: they say he kind of gave birth to science, right, 155 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:09,800 Speaker 1: or at least the scientific Revolution. No, I think it 156 00:08:09,840 --> 00:08:12,520 Speaker 1: was earlier than that. Newton came along well after folks 157 00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:17,160 Speaker 1: like Galileo and and Francis Bacon and those guys. They 158 00:08:17,280 --> 00:08:20,280 Speaker 1: really were the first ones to do experiments and to say, 159 00:08:20,680 --> 00:08:22,600 Speaker 1: let's see what the rules the universe is following, and 160 00:08:22,680 --> 00:08:24,360 Speaker 1: let's see if we can try to deduce them and 161 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:27,280 Speaker 1: use those to predict the outcome of future experiments. They're 162 00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:29,480 Speaker 1: really were the first ones to connect the idea of 163 00:08:29,520 --> 00:08:32,640 Speaker 1: a scientific universe to the actual experiments they do to 164 00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: influence those ideas and to predict future results. And I 165 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:38,640 Speaker 1: think that's the key is that here we've developed a 166 00:08:38,679 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: system science which cannot only explain what we've seen before, 167 00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:45,200 Speaker 1: but can predict the future. And you are about to 168 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:47,600 Speaker 1: fire a cannonball at your enemy, you want to know 169 00:08:47,720 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 1: where is that ball going to fly? And it's incredible 170 00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:53,200 Speaker 1: that physics can do that. It can literally predict the 171 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,720 Speaker 1: future if you know enough about the situation right right, 172 00:08:56,880 --> 00:08:58,800 Speaker 1: It's kind of like Google Maps. Now I can totally 173 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:00,280 Speaker 1: tell if you're going to be late to the meeting 174 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:04,199 Speaker 1: or not, or to a podcast recording they're gonna They're like, like, 175 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:06,480 Speaker 1: how long will they need to get home? They're like, 176 00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:08,920 Speaker 1: they're gonna be late. It's not always a hard problem though. Joe. 177 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:12,120 Speaker 1: For example, it says if person equals Jorge, then late 178 00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:19,440 Speaker 1: equals true every time, every time. A lot of data, 179 00:09:19,520 --> 00:09:24,800 Speaker 1: and some of these things are simple, but some of 180 00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:27,679 Speaker 1: these things are complicated, and it's incredible to witness as 181 00:09:27,679 --> 00:09:31,600 Speaker 1: physics sort of builds confidence and science develops our ability 182 00:09:31,640 --> 00:09:35,360 Speaker 1: to predict you know, chemical reactions and biological functioning, all 183 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:38,679 Speaker 1: sorts of things, and then it gives this creeping sense 184 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: of is there anything that can escape science, Right, Can 185 00:09:41,520 --> 00:09:45,840 Speaker 1: science predict everything? Like, if you knew enough about the world, 186 00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: could you break it all down to cannonballs to predict 187 00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:50,000 Speaker 1: where all those cannonballs are going to fly and then 188 00:09:50,040 --> 00:09:52,720 Speaker 1: tell exactly what's going to happen. Yeah, And it's it's 189 00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:54,880 Speaker 1: like kind of like if you know that force equals 190 00:09:54,920 --> 00:10:00,080 Speaker 1: mass science acceleration, like Needton figured out, um, then you 191 00:10:00,120 --> 00:10:03,600 Speaker 1: can predict things like cannonballs and catapults and and and 192 00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:06,440 Speaker 1: you could possibly predict like how a room full of 193 00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:09,599 Speaker 1: particles move, right, Yeah, possibly you can extend that to 194 00:10:10,160 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: can you predict how, um the whole world works? Yeah, 195 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:16,720 Speaker 1: what it's going to do and what people are going 196 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:19,480 Speaker 1: to do? Extrapolate to the whole universe, right, I mean, 197 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:22,600 Speaker 1: and that's the principle of determinism. It says, Look, if 198 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: things follow rules, and the future is dependent only two things, 199 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:29,720 Speaker 1: one the rules and two the things that are happening 200 00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:32,400 Speaker 1: now the current state. Right, given that if you know 201 00:10:32,520 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: exactly where things are, imagine the whole universe is just 202 00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:37,400 Speaker 1: a bunch of tiny cannonballs, and you know the rules 203 00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:39,720 Speaker 1: of those cannonballs, and you know the position and direction 204 00:10:39,760 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 1: of motion of all those cannonballs. Then in principle, given 205 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:46,360 Speaker 1: a super powerful universe sized computer, you should be able 206 00:10:46,400 --> 00:10:49,600 Speaker 1: to predict the future one to five ten seconds into 207 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:52,360 Speaker 1: the future, a thousand seconds into the future, like every 208 00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:55,840 Speaker 1: single molecule, atoms of atomic particle. You should be able 209 00:10:55,840 --> 00:10:58,480 Speaker 1: if it follows rules, you should be able to kind 210 00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:00,680 Speaker 1: of track where it's going to go if you tell 211 00:11:00,720 --> 00:11:04,120 Speaker 1: you based on where things are now, what's going to happen? Exactly. 212 00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:06,200 Speaker 1: It's kind of like this idea of a clock, right, 213 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:09,920 Speaker 1: is the universe giant clock just kind of clicking along 214 00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:13,080 Speaker 1: or is there some kind of magic inside of it 215 00:11:13,120 --> 00:11:17,000 Speaker 1: that makes it unpredictable? Right exactly? And the idea of 216 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:20,000 Speaker 1: the universe just being a huge clock, is both exciting 217 00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:23,319 Speaker 1: and terrifying. Right. It's exciting because like, wow, can you 218 00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:25,640 Speaker 1: imagine we could understand the universe that well, that we 219 00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:28,240 Speaker 1: could predict the future, think about what we could do, right, 220 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:31,520 Speaker 1: But it's terrifying because it's sort of like you're trapped 221 00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:34,120 Speaker 1: in this science cage where you have no influence over 222 00:11:34,120 --> 00:11:36,559 Speaker 1: the world and everything you do and know and say, 223 00:11:36,559 --> 00:11:38,120 Speaker 1: and that joke you're going to make in that fart 224 00:11:38,120 --> 00:11:41,560 Speaker 1: you're gonna let slip are all predictable? Right, all those 225 00:11:41,559 --> 00:11:44,080 Speaker 1: things are predictable. That's scary. It makes you feel like 226 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:46,320 Speaker 1: you are part of that watch and you're just clicking 227 00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:49,320 Speaker 1: along because of the the you're reacting to things around 228 00:11:49,320 --> 00:11:52,360 Speaker 1: you and your initial conditions, and so that's terrifying. And 229 00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:55,040 Speaker 1: I think we have kind of in anate sense of 230 00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:58,920 Speaker 1: like rejecting this idea that we're trapped, right we everyone 231 00:11:58,960 --> 00:12:01,560 Speaker 1: wants to feel like they have free will, like everyone 232 00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:03,480 Speaker 1: wants to know that they have a choice, right. Well, 233 00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:05,400 Speaker 1: I guess so my kids don't feel that way, you know, 234 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:08,560 Speaker 1: like why did you hit your sister? Well she hit me, 235 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:10,680 Speaker 1: you know, like, well, so what you have no free will? 236 00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:13,719 Speaker 1: Like you're completely determined by her behavior. Um. I have 237 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 1: that argument with my kids so many times. I'm always 238 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:20,800 Speaker 1: thinking about the philosophical echoes of that. Um. Um, My 239 00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:23,160 Speaker 1: kids are always rebelling. They're like, we want free will, 240 00:12:23,760 --> 00:12:26,080 Speaker 1: don't tell us what to do, but they want you 241 00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:28,640 Speaker 1: to follow rules. They're like, you promised daddy we could 242 00:12:28,679 --> 00:12:31,240 Speaker 1: have ice cream, right, and so therefore you have to 243 00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:33,640 Speaker 1: there's no more decision to be made. Kids are so 244 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:38,720 Speaker 1: unfair there, philosophically inconsistent. I think it's really the problem 245 00:12:38,720 --> 00:12:43,480 Speaker 1: with kids Yeah, they're cute, but if they just read 246 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:46,120 Speaker 1: some more nice you know, and some some carl and 247 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:49,199 Speaker 1: some paper or whatever, they would be easier to be around. Yeah, 248 00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:53,680 Speaker 1: forget those picture books. Let's introduce let's predict the universe. 249 00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:09,719 Speaker 1: I think there's something fascinating about the deterministic view of 250 00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:13,000 Speaker 1: the universe. But probably people out there thinking, Okay, maybe 251 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:15,440 Speaker 1: in theory you could predict the whole universe, but in 252 00:13:15,520 --> 00:13:18,439 Speaker 1: practice that's impossible. I mean, you don't have a universe 253 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:21,160 Speaker 1: sized computer to break the whole universe, and even to 254 00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:24,679 Speaker 1: predict like you know, a person is a huge number 255 00:13:24,720 --> 00:13:29,360 Speaker 1: of articles, and so to do that calculation just seems impractical, right, right, 256 00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:32,440 Speaker 1: It's practically impossible. But I think people reveled just to 257 00:13:32,520 --> 00:13:35,719 Speaker 1: the idea of it, right, Like, are my thoughts my 258 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:39,000 Speaker 1: thoughts or just something that I'm programmed and that I 259 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:42,040 Speaker 1: will inevitably have and do. Yeah, and that's a really 260 00:13:42,120 --> 00:13:46,440 Speaker 1: deep question. And so um, we started out with prehistoric 261 00:13:46,480 --> 00:13:48,839 Speaker 1: man feeling like the universe is full of random of 262 00:13:48,960 --> 00:13:52,640 Speaker 1: not random, but unexplained agency and intelligence all the way 263 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:57,080 Speaker 1: to like now, scientific physical determinism says, actually the universe 264 00:13:57,120 --> 00:13:59,680 Speaker 1: just clicks along like a watch, right, and there's no 265 00:13:59,760 --> 00:14:02,199 Speaker 1: free will. So let's take one step back from that, 266 00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:07,040 Speaker 1: and that's chaos. That says, well, maybe the universe is deterministic, sure, 267 00:14:07,480 --> 00:14:10,280 Speaker 1: but that doesn't mean it's necessarily practical for you to 268 00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:13,560 Speaker 1: predict it because the way things play out is really 269 00:14:13,679 --> 00:14:17,680 Speaker 1: sensitive to exactly how things started. Well, I think I 270 00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:20,480 Speaker 1: think some people who responded to their question maybe weren't 271 00:14:20,480 --> 00:14:22,560 Speaker 1: sure about the difference, right, Like, what's the difference between 272 00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:26,680 Speaker 1: something being chaotic and something being random? Right? And so 273 00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:29,000 Speaker 1: let's drill into that. So let's take, for an example, 274 00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:32,040 Speaker 1: the roll of a dice. Right, people think of rolling 275 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:35,880 Speaker 1: dice is random, but actually it's chaotic, meaning that it's 276 00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,760 Speaker 1: hard to predict, but it is deterministic. What do you 277 00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:42,400 Speaker 1: mean if you knew exactly how I threw the dice, 278 00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:45,320 Speaker 1: like exactly the direction and the spin and all the 279 00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:47,680 Speaker 1: molecules of the air, then you could treat the molec 280 00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:51,160 Speaker 1: little cannonballs, little particles, and you could model how it rolls, 281 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:53,800 Speaker 1: and you could, in theory, predict exactly how the dice 282 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:56,640 Speaker 1: rolled every time, meaning like if I if i'm if 283 00:14:56,640 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: I'm seeing footage of you throwing to die, and like 284 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:02,480 Speaker 1: like I pause the video just as to die leave 285 00:15:02,520 --> 00:15:05,680 Speaker 1: your hands, then I could you know know where they are, 286 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:08,320 Speaker 1: I know which direction are going, how fast are going. 287 00:15:08,440 --> 00:15:12,240 Speaker 1: I could run some kind of computer simulation to like 288 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:14,880 Speaker 1: follow the die and predict what they're going to do 289 00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:17,840 Speaker 1: when they bounce off the table on roll around, I 290 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:20,760 Speaker 1: could potentially predict what the die are going to show. 291 00:15:20,840 --> 00:15:23,520 Speaker 1: That's right, because we're saying that the universe in that 292 00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:25,640 Speaker 1: case is deterministic, and so you should be able to 293 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:29,480 Speaker 1: predict the future given enough information about the setup. Right now, 294 00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:32,720 Speaker 1: that's a hard problem, and that's why we use dies, right, 295 00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:36,240 Speaker 1: because it's really difficult, and nobody can practically like bring 296 00:15:36,280 --> 00:15:38,800 Speaker 1: a mini computer into Las Vegas and use that to 297 00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,000 Speaker 1: predict who's going to win it craps, right though, in theory, 298 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,280 Speaker 1: In theory, you could if the universe was deterministic but 299 00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:49,080 Speaker 1: very sensitive to exactly how somebody's rolling the dice. Right 300 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:51,240 Speaker 1: when you throw the dice of craps, if you flip 301 00:15:51,320 --> 00:15:53,040 Speaker 1: it this way or that way, then it's going to 302 00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:55,400 Speaker 1: bounce slightly differently, and how it's going to hit that 303 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:57,760 Speaker 1: you know, the felt on the table. It's all very 304 00:15:57,880 --> 00:16:00,600 Speaker 1: very sensitive and a very small change how you throw 305 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:03,200 Speaker 1: it can result in a totally different number. That's what 306 00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:06,800 Speaker 1: we mean by chaos. It means that it's like that 307 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:09,280 Speaker 1: the butterfly effect, right, like the idea that if you 308 00:16:09,640 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: butterfly flaps its wing here, it's going to have a 309 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 1: huge effect, maybe potentially on the weather and on the 310 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:17,280 Speaker 1: other side of the world. Right, it's like a very 311 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:20,360 Speaker 1: sensitive system. That's right. The weather is a great example 312 00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:23,480 Speaker 1: because we understand all the processes of weather. I mean, 313 00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:25,480 Speaker 1: it's hot air, it's cold air, it's water. We know 314 00:16:25,560 --> 00:16:28,400 Speaker 1: that stuff. It's pretty simple chemistry. But altogether, an entire 315 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:32,280 Speaker 1: planet is really difficult to describe because it's huge and 316 00:16:32,360 --> 00:16:35,000 Speaker 1: it's really sensitive. Like, as you say, a butterfly flapping 317 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:38,680 Speaker 1: its wings in China could change the way this air flows, 318 00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:41,040 Speaker 1: which could change the way that air flows, which bounces 319 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:43,640 Speaker 1: off this building, which turns into a rainstorm, which collides 320 00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:46,200 Speaker 1: with this cloud and causes a hurricane. Right, it's not 321 00:16:46,280 --> 00:16:48,760 Speaker 1: true that every time a butterfly flaps its wings you 322 00:16:48,760 --> 00:16:53,920 Speaker 1: get a hurricane. But sometimes so. Weather is chaotic, but 323 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:56,560 Speaker 1: it's not random, is that what you're saying? That ran like, 324 00:16:56,640 --> 00:16:59,840 Speaker 1: if we could keep track of every single butterfly in 325 00:16:59,880 --> 00:17:02,360 Speaker 1: the world flapping its wing. We would be able to 326 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,560 Speaker 1: predict the weather if we had a giant supercomputer the 327 00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:08,720 Speaker 1: size of the Solar System. But since we don't, then 328 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:13,840 Speaker 1: weather it seems random, but actually it's chaotic exactly, And 329 00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:15,960 Speaker 1: that's exactly what scientists are trying to do. They're building 330 00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:19,240 Speaker 1: bigger and bigger and faster computers to try to simulate 331 00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:21,880 Speaker 1: more and more of the Earth's atmosphere to get better 332 00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:24,000 Speaker 1: and better predictions of weather. In fact, I think like 333 00:17:24,119 --> 00:17:27,280 Speaker 1: all the top ten supercomputers in the world are devoted 334 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:30,160 Speaker 1: to that problem, like modeling the weather, because it's important. 335 00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,720 Speaker 1: But you're exactly right, it's actually chaotic, meaning it's deterministic 336 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,800 Speaker 1: but really sensitive to exactly how it started. But it 337 00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:40,440 Speaker 1: seems random because it's it's too difficult for us to calculate. 338 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:42,920 Speaker 1: In principle, we should be able to, but we can't. 339 00:17:42,920 --> 00:17:46,199 Speaker 1: Another example is flipping a coin. Right, based on how 340 00:17:46,240 --> 00:17:48,040 Speaker 1: you flip the coin, you should be able to model 341 00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:49,960 Speaker 1: how it spins through the air and how it bounces 342 00:17:49,960 --> 00:17:51,840 Speaker 1: off air molecule and how it hits the ground and 343 00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:54,520 Speaker 1: where it lands. But it's a difficult problem. So we 344 00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:57,040 Speaker 1: can use it to model randomness to say it's kind 345 00:17:57,040 --> 00:18:00,640 Speaker 1: of like randomness. Really it's just chaotic though. But then 346 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:05,240 Speaker 1: if I flip the coin a hundred times, most likely 347 00:18:05,560 --> 00:18:07,919 Speaker 1: half of those times will be head and half of 348 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:10,520 Speaker 1: those times will be tails. Right, So where does that 349 00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:13,760 Speaker 1: fit into chaos theory? Like why is it predictable on 350 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:18,639 Speaker 1: a statistical basis? Okay, so that's fascinating. That's an emergent phenomenon. Right. 351 00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:22,320 Speaker 1: That says if you understand the tiny little local laws 352 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:25,040 Speaker 1: of physics, like the laws of how the particles inside 353 00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:27,240 Speaker 1: the coin move, you should be able to predict some 354 00:18:27,359 --> 00:18:30,359 Speaker 1: larger effect. And it's true, there is a simple or 355 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:33,480 Speaker 1: description of that larger effect, right, if you understand how 356 00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:36,879 Speaker 1: these things work. Um, So physics works on these layers. Right. 357 00:18:36,920 --> 00:18:38,879 Speaker 1: You can either understand it a very low layer and 358 00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:40,680 Speaker 1: try to model it all the way up to a 359 00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:42,800 Speaker 1: higher layer, or you can just try to get an 360 00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:45,600 Speaker 1: understanding of at a higher layer, just the same way. 361 00:18:46,080 --> 00:18:48,600 Speaker 1: You could say, well, I can understand the way cannonball 362 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:51,399 Speaker 1: flies by modeling all the particles inside of it, or 363 00:18:51,480 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: you could just use F equals m A, which treats 364 00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:56,040 Speaker 1: the whole cannonball like one particle. If that's just a 365 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:59,840 Speaker 1: question of at what layer you're modeling something, right, Okay, 366 00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:04,119 Speaker 1: so a coin is chaotic but not actually random, but 367 00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:07,360 Speaker 1: not actually random. Yet, if the universe is deterministic, then 368 00:19:07,359 --> 00:19:10,920 Speaker 1: a coin is chaotic but not actually random. Yeah, okay, 369 00:19:11,240 --> 00:19:13,400 Speaker 1: got it, got it. But then it's the question of 370 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:16,040 Speaker 1: that's the really the nugget of the question is is 371 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:19,679 Speaker 1: the universe deterministic? Um, you know, if you have a 372 00:19:19,760 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: particle or a billiard ball or cannonball or whatever, and 373 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:25,639 Speaker 1: you understand direction it's going, can you predict its future 374 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:29,359 Speaker 1: out into infinity? Right? Right? You tell exactly what's going 375 00:19:29,359 --> 00:19:32,000 Speaker 1: to happen. But there's so many factors leading up to 376 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:35,640 Speaker 1: me tossing the coin that it's so unpredictable that it's 377 00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:38,240 Speaker 1: it's it feels random, that's right. And so we have 378 00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:41,600 Speaker 1: to separate between what's practical and what's in theory possible. 379 00:19:42,080 --> 00:19:45,120 Speaker 1: Anything that's chaotic. We're saying, in theory, if you knew enough, 380 00:19:45,359 --> 00:19:49,080 Speaker 1: you could predict it, right, whereas but in practice that 381 00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:53,280 Speaker 1: we can't. So it's it's it's can't. So it seems random. 382 00:19:53,520 --> 00:19:56,639 Speaker 1: Random number generators and computers when they try to come 383 00:19:56,720 --> 00:19:58,840 Speaker 1: up with a random number, it's not really random. You're 384 00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:02,440 Speaker 1: saying it's just an algorithm. That's very that's chaotic. That's right. 385 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 1: Computers by construction are deterministic, right, We've built them to 386 00:20:05,920 --> 00:20:08,879 Speaker 1: be deterministic. Every time you run a program, it should 387 00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:10,399 Speaker 1: give you the same answer if you give it the 388 00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:13,520 Speaker 1: same input. Right. That's there's no way for computer to 389 00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:16,800 Speaker 1: do anything but that. It's like a series of logic gates. 390 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:19,280 Speaker 1: And you know, how it's implemented is not important, but 391 00:20:19,640 --> 00:20:22,840 Speaker 1: you know it's a system for doing deterministic calculations. That's 392 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:25,439 Speaker 1: what a computer is. So it's impossible for computer to 393 00:20:25,520 --> 00:20:28,600 Speaker 1: be truly random. All the random number generators in your 394 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:32,680 Speaker 1: favorite Python code are actually pseudo random number generators. They're 395 00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:36,280 Speaker 1: just chaotic. They take a seed a number to start from, 396 00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:38,199 Speaker 1: and then they spin off of that and generate a 397 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:40,040 Speaker 1: sequence of numbers. But if you give them the same 398 00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:44,120 Speaker 1: seed twice, they'll generate the same sequence of numbers twice. Wow. 399 00:20:44,359 --> 00:20:46,119 Speaker 1: So like if you're playing a video game and you're 400 00:20:46,160 --> 00:20:49,560 Speaker 1: inside of a virtual world, that world is totally determinating. 401 00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:53,320 Speaker 1: It's being crunched on by a logical computer. Exactly. You 402 00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:56,240 Speaker 1: do the same move every time. You'll kill that boss 403 00:20:56,359 --> 00:20:59,440 Speaker 1: character every single time, and not even in silivating games 404 00:20:59,440 --> 00:21:01,359 Speaker 1: like you know, like punch Out where the guy is 405 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:05,160 Speaker 1: totally predictable, but even the more complicated ones. You know, Um, 406 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:06,560 Speaker 1: if you're in the same world and you do the 407 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:08,879 Speaker 1: same thing, the same thing should happen, because computers are 408 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:12,480 Speaker 1: not capable of true randomness. Before we keep going, let's 409 00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:27,360 Speaker 1: take a short break. So the question is is our 410 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:32,520 Speaker 1: universe like a computer simulation? Right? Like the question is 411 00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:36,040 Speaker 1: is is our universe also being crunched by a logical 412 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:38,960 Speaker 1: computer that can't be random? That's right? And for a 413 00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,120 Speaker 1: long time people thought the universe was deterministic. I mean, 414 00:21:42,160 --> 00:21:45,160 Speaker 1: we were able to predict the outcome of every experiment. Um, 415 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:47,800 Speaker 1: things were going along really well. And then of course 416 00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:50,160 Speaker 1: and throw a spaceship and landed on the moon. That's 417 00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:53,120 Speaker 1: pretty crazy, right, Yeah, that well that's pretty risky, but yeah, 418 00:21:53,520 --> 00:21:55,880 Speaker 1: um that's pretty amazing. You have to certainly have confidence 419 00:21:55,920 --> 00:21:57,560 Speaker 1: in our ability to predict the future if you're gonna 420 00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:02,520 Speaker 1: get into that can involve gets shot out into space. Right. Um, Well, 421 00:22:02,560 --> 00:22:05,320 Speaker 1: I remember in grad schlos in this classic it's called 422 00:22:05,320 --> 00:22:08,320 Speaker 1: linear dynamical systems. But I remember in class, this guy 423 00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:10,800 Speaker 1: was so the professor was so cocky. He's like, of 424 00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:13,199 Speaker 1: while the technologies that contributed to putting a man on 425 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:16,679 Speaker 1: the moon, this is the one that made it happen 426 00:22:17,760 --> 00:22:20,840 Speaker 1: linear algebra. Kind of had this linear algebra equation, we 427 00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:22,560 Speaker 1: would not be able to put a man in And 428 00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:24,800 Speaker 1: so that that's how powerful this idea is, right, Like, 429 00:22:24,840 --> 00:22:27,680 Speaker 1: if you can predict efreequels in a you can put 430 00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:29,720 Speaker 1: a man on the moon. Yeah. No, it's exactly right, 431 00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,439 Speaker 1: And it's given us great power over our environment. I mean, 432 00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: everything that we have is because we have mastered a 433 00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:37,719 Speaker 1: lot of the laws of our environment and use them 434 00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:40,240 Speaker 1: and bent them to our will to improve our lives. Right, 435 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:42,679 Speaker 1: So it certainly works, and we rely on every day, 436 00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:44,320 Speaker 1: every time you get into a car or an airplane, 437 00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:47,919 Speaker 1: you rely on it working the same way it did yesterday, right, right, right, 438 00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:50,720 Speaker 1: So that's that's a relief. Um. But it was about 439 00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:53,840 Speaker 1: a hundred years ago when people started seeing things that 440 00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:56,880 Speaker 1: they couldn't explain, and it was quantum mechanics that told 441 00:22:56,960 --> 00:23:00,160 Speaker 1: us that maybe the universe is not deterministic. Maybe these 442 00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:04,040 Speaker 1: little particles don't follow the same rules that like billiard 443 00:23:04,119 --> 00:23:08,360 Speaker 1: balls and basketballs and larger objects follow, and maybe they're 444 00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:11,520 Speaker 1: not even deterministic. Meaning if you do the same experiment 445 00:23:11,520 --> 00:23:15,320 Speaker 1: twice with tiny particles, you could get different outcomes even 446 00:23:15,359 --> 00:23:18,359 Speaker 1: if you do it exactly the same way. Well, and 447 00:23:18,359 --> 00:23:20,679 Speaker 1: this all came about when people started noticing that like 448 00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:25,520 Speaker 1: light and things had a minimum size, right, Like light 449 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:29,560 Speaker 1: doesn't come in infinitely small bits of light, Like there's 450 00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:32,360 Speaker 1: chunks of light, that's right. Yeah, Einstein was looking at 451 00:23:32,359 --> 00:23:34,880 Speaker 1: some experiments that didn't quite make sense, and the only 452 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:37,199 Speaker 1: way he could explain them was if light came in 453 00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:40,800 Speaker 1: little packets. And that's what quantum means. Quantum means a 454 00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:44,440 Speaker 1: unit or a packet, and so he suggested that maybe 455 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:46,719 Speaker 1: light comes in these little packets. But then it had 456 00:23:46,760 --> 00:23:50,600 Speaker 1: all these far reaching consequences, you know, um about light 457 00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:52,920 Speaker 1: going through mirrors and through prisms, and the way people 458 00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:56,120 Speaker 1: could understand that was only if there were various probabilities 459 00:23:56,119 --> 00:23:58,760 Speaker 1: for things to happen. And it began this whole revolution 460 00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:01,199 Speaker 1: of quantum mechanics, which then Einstein tried to put the 461 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:02,919 Speaker 1: brakes on, right. He was like, way, a hold on 462 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:05,600 Speaker 1: a second, guys, this is crazy talk. There's no way 463 00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:08,960 Speaker 1: the universe works this way, meaning like um, this idea 464 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:12,720 Speaker 1: of quantum stuff only made sense if the universe work 465 00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:16,240 Speaker 1: based on probabilities, not like deterministically. You know, you have 466 00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:19,720 Speaker 1: to describe things with wave functions, and things aren't really 467 00:24:19,760 --> 00:24:23,000 Speaker 1: like point particles are kind of fuzzy things. That's exactly 468 00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:25,120 Speaker 1: the point is that there's this fuzziness in the universe 469 00:24:25,240 --> 00:24:29,439 Speaker 1: and quantum mechanics because there's these minimum sized objects and 470 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:30,960 Speaker 1: the way they interfere with each other and the way 471 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:34,560 Speaker 1: the calculations happen. Quantum mechanics predicts that the universe is 472 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,760 Speaker 1: fundamentally random, and it means that, for example, you have 473 00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:40,280 Speaker 1: an electron, you don't know exactly where it is. There's 474 00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:43,919 Speaker 1: a probability distribution that says, most likely it's here, maybe 475 00:24:43,920 --> 00:24:46,679 Speaker 1: it's there, maybe it's somewhere else. Is it that we 476 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:50,480 Speaker 1: can't is it like a randomness, like we can't uh 477 00:24:50,840 --> 00:24:53,600 Speaker 1: know where it is, or that there's this trade off 478 00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:57,840 Speaker 1: between like momentum and position. Right, that's exactly the right question, 479 00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:00,280 Speaker 1: and that's exactly what people are asking. They looked at 480 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:02,280 Speaker 1: these equations and they said, well, is it that we 481 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:06,280 Speaker 1: can't predict where the electron is, like it's totally impossible 482 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:08,840 Speaker 1: to predict, or is it that we just don't know 483 00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:11,080 Speaker 1: where it is that we haven't figured out how to 484 00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:14,359 Speaker 1: get that information, right. Does the information not exist or 485 00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:17,200 Speaker 1: do we just not have it? And so Einstein is 486 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:19,600 Speaker 1: the one who said there must be some hidden variable. 487 00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:22,480 Speaker 1: There must be something that's that these particles are carrying, 488 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:25,240 Speaker 1: some piece of information that determines exactly what's going to 489 00:25:25,320 --> 00:25:27,600 Speaker 1: happen to them, but we just don't know what it is. 490 00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:30,360 Speaker 1: To him, it was crazy to think that you could 491 00:25:30,359 --> 00:25:33,520 Speaker 1: shoot an electron into an experiment twice and get two 492 00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:36,720 Speaker 1: different answers. But that's appeared. What appeared to happen. People 493 00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:40,280 Speaker 1: set up these careful experiments where you would shoot a 494 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:43,159 Speaker 1: photon one at a time. You would shoot photons into 495 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:46,720 Speaker 1: an experiment, and every photon would do something different, and 496 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:49,879 Speaker 1: then as you would accumulate a bunch of photons, it 497 00:25:49,920 --> 00:25:52,520 Speaker 1: would add up to give you a distribution that made 498 00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:54,320 Speaker 1: sense to you. Just the same way when you flip 499 00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:56,560 Speaker 1: a coin, you get heads, you get tails, you get heads, 500 00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,160 Speaker 1: you get tails. It seems random, but eventually it builds 501 00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:02,840 Speaker 1: up to fifty fifty. Right. Quantum mechanics tells us all 502 00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:06,480 Speaker 1: we can do is predict the eventual distribution. We can say, 503 00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:09,160 Speaker 1: if you measure a thousand electrons, some of them will 504 00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:10,600 Speaker 1: go here and some of them will go there. It 505 00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:13,640 Speaker 1: says you can't predict any individual one. All you can 506 00:26:13,680 --> 00:26:17,199 Speaker 1: predict is the distribution of outcomes. So Eisland was like, 507 00:26:17,280 --> 00:26:20,119 Speaker 1: maybe a photon is kind of like the coin we 508 00:26:20,119 --> 00:26:22,800 Speaker 1: were talking about before, Like maybe it seems random to us, 509 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:25,760 Speaker 1: but really it's just kind of this chain of of 510 00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:30,480 Speaker 1: little local events that actually make it predictable. That's right, 511 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:33,199 Speaker 1: if we knew all that information inside, Like maybe it 512 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:35,120 Speaker 1: just looks fuzzy to us that we can't tell where 513 00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:38,600 Speaker 1: it is, but inside that particle really actually knows where 514 00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:41,040 Speaker 1: it is. It's exactly right. That's what he wanted to believe, right, 515 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:42,399 Speaker 1: That's what he wanted to believe. And you've got to 516 00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:45,199 Speaker 1: sympathize with the guy. Right, it's hard to imagine that 517 00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:48,360 Speaker 1: the universe would not be deterministic. I mean, we spent 518 00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:51,199 Speaker 1: hundreds of years building up our confidence in science and 519 00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:53,679 Speaker 1: his physics, especially as being able to predict the future, 520 00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:57,760 Speaker 1: and and just of saying basically, the universe follows rules. Right, 521 00:26:57,800 --> 00:26:59,480 Speaker 1: So now all of a sudden you're telling us what 522 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:02,480 Speaker 1: there's like dice in there is there some randomness? Like 523 00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:05,520 Speaker 1: every time you shoot an electron to your experiment, somebody 524 00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:07,560 Speaker 1: or something or the universe is making a like a 525 00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:10,720 Speaker 1: random decision about where it's going to go. It seems crazy, 526 00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:13,479 Speaker 1: So you're absolutely right. And he suggested that a simpler 527 00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:16,639 Speaker 1: explanation is that they're carrying along another piece of information 528 00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:19,240 Speaker 1: that we just don't have access to or can't measure, 529 00:27:19,320 --> 00:27:22,199 Speaker 1: or didn't measure, and that that's actually determining in a 530 00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:25,320 Speaker 1: totally predictable way what's going to happen to each particle. 531 00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:27,960 Speaker 1: That was his solution to the problem. Well, he famously 532 00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:31,919 Speaker 1: said God doesn't play dice, right, He's famously quoted as 533 00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:34,560 Speaker 1: saying that, I'm not sure he actually did, but it's 534 00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:37,479 Speaker 1: really but it's a pretty good summary of what he believed. 535 00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:42,560 Speaker 1: Fake news, well, like a lot of fake news is 536 00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:46,440 Speaker 1: a cronel of truth in it. Um. He certainly wanted 537 00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:48,920 Speaker 1: to believe in a deterministic universe and it made sense 538 00:27:48,920 --> 00:27:50,639 Speaker 1: to him. And you know what, it makes sense to me. 539 00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:53,800 Speaker 1: I mean the idea that there's like a tor random 540 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:57,040 Speaker 1: number generator somewhere in the universe that's making a decision 541 00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:00,320 Speaker 1: every time you're shoot an electron into something. It's doesn't 542 00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:02,879 Speaker 1: make any sense. To me intuitively. You know, not that 543 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:05,320 Speaker 1: the universe has to make sense to me intuitively, but 544 00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:11,159 Speaker 1: it doesn't. So you're saying the quantum mechanics says that 545 00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,000 Speaker 1: there is a randomness in things, And so where is 546 00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:17,800 Speaker 1: that randomness actually in like the position of particles in 547 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:22,360 Speaker 1: the verse of the velocity um, in their like very being, 548 00:28:22,560 --> 00:28:25,919 Speaker 1: in their energy level? What where is this randomness of everything? Well, 549 00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:29,040 Speaker 1: there's randomness at every level. I mean there's a randomness 550 00:28:29,080 --> 00:28:32,199 Speaker 1: between every time you look at something. So say, for example, 551 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: you measure an electron, you see it's a certain place, 552 00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:38,000 Speaker 1: then you look away, right, because you can't monitor an 553 00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:41,520 Speaker 1: electron every moment or every nanosecond ven you look away, 554 00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:44,760 Speaker 1: what is the electron do between when you last saw 555 00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:47,280 Speaker 1: it and when you'll next see it? Meaning like, if 556 00:28:47,280 --> 00:28:49,080 Speaker 1: I know where it is and how fast it's going, 557 00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:51,760 Speaker 1: and then I look away and I look again, is 558 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:54,120 Speaker 1: it going to be where I think it's going to be? Yes, exactly. 559 00:28:54,560 --> 00:28:58,000 Speaker 1: And so every every moment of an electron or a 560 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:01,840 Speaker 1: particle's life is determined by quantum mechanics, which says there's 561 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:05,600 Speaker 1: a probability distribution. It's not like the electron is doing 562 00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:08,560 Speaker 1: something behind your back. It's got one particular path that 563 00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:10,640 Speaker 1: you're just not aware of behind your back, and you 564 00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:13,600 Speaker 1: just don't know it. It doesn't have a specific path. 565 00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:16,800 Speaker 1: It's not like it goes from a to via a 566 00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:20,360 Speaker 1: particular path. It has a probability of different ways to 567 00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,560 Speaker 1: get there, and if you don't look, then it's sort 568 00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:25,320 Speaker 1: of doing all of them at once. They all have 569 00:29:25,360 --> 00:29:28,760 Speaker 1: different probabilities, and those probabilities are the things determined by 570 00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:32,000 Speaker 1: the laws of physics. So there's still are laws. Physics 571 00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:34,560 Speaker 1: still does tell the universe how to run. It's just 572 00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,240 Speaker 1: that those laws are probabilistic. It says, look, Mr Electron, 573 00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:40,480 Speaker 1: instead of telling you exactly where you're gonna go, I'm 574 00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:42,240 Speaker 1: gonna say you have a seventy percent chance of doing 575 00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:44,320 Speaker 1: this and the thirty percent chance of doing that. So 576 00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:46,800 Speaker 1: that's where the fuzziness and the randomness comes in. It's 577 00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:49,320 Speaker 1: not that it like it looks fuzzy, it's just that 578 00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:51,800 Speaker 1: it's just hard to predict where it's going to be. 579 00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:54,640 Speaker 1: It's impossible. You know all this information, it's impossible. It's 580 00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:58,720 Speaker 1: impossible to predict the future. Impossible exactly, you can predict 581 00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:01,080 Speaker 1: the various likelihood of the So the likelihood of that 582 00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:03,920 Speaker 1: at the particle level, but you can't say what one 583 00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:07,600 Speaker 1: particle is going to do. Now, Einstein said, that's crazy, right, 584 00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:09,400 Speaker 1: there's no way that's true. There must be a way 585 00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:12,120 Speaker 1: to predict it must be there some piece of information there. 586 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:14,680 Speaker 1: And then some guys came up with an experiment. They 587 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:16,920 Speaker 1: came up with this crazy experiment. It's based on an 588 00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:20,960 Speaker 1: idea called Bell's inequality. To test this theory, they said, 589 00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:24,000 Speaker 1: let's see if the universe is really random, or if 590 00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:27,760 Speaker 1: there's some hidden piece of information that's actually secretly determining things, 591 00:30:28,080 --> 00:30:31,320 Speaker 1: like let's see if if I really can't predict for 592 00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:34,000 Speaker 1: that electron is going to go, or if it's actually 593 00:30:34,120 --> 00:30:38,440 Speaker 1: like the electron knows it just won't tell us. Yeah, right, exactly. Um. 594 00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:40,800 Speaker 1: And so they set up this cool experiment where they 595 00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:44,280 Speaker 1: took a particle and they had to shoot out two 596 00:30:44,280 --> 00:30:47,720 Speaker 1: particles in opposite directions. And those particles are therefore connected 597 00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:50,479 Speaker 1: because they have to conserve momentum, they have to conserve 598 00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:53,040 Speaker 1: energy and have to conserve spin. And so if you 599 00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:55,200 Speaker 1: know something about one particle, that you know something about 600 00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:58,400 Speaker 1: the other particles, but both particles have equal probability to 601 00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:00,760 Speaker 1: be like spin up or spin down own, or point 602 00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:02,520 Speaker 1: this way a point the other way, but you know 603 00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:05,400 Speaker 1: something about the combination of the two. And so they 604 00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:08,880 Speaker 1: came up with this really ingenious experiment to measure how 605 00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:11,240 Speaker 1: often you saw one spin up and one's been down, 606 00:31:11,280 --> 00:31:14,120 Speaker 1: for example, And based on the outcome of that, you 607 00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:17,880 Speaker 1: could tell whether there was a secret, hidden um piece 608 00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:21,320 Speaker 1: of information that was controlling both particles, or whether they 609 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:24,200 Speaker 1: were both truly random. And the experiments are conclusive, and 610 00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:27,440 Speaker 1: it's been done a zillion times, and the experiment tells 611 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:30,440 Speaker 1: us that the universe at its core really is random. 612 00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,560 Speaker 1: That's making a random decision every time you look at 613 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:37,200 Speaker 1: these particles. So beyond the shadow of a doubt, we 614 00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:41,160 Speaker 1: know that the universe is random. The universe is random. Absolutely. 615 00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:46,600 Speaker 1: There's no no escape clause, there's no if hands or 616 00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:50,240 Speaker 1: but there's no asteris no loopholes. The universe at the 617 00:31:50,240 --> 00:31:52,320 Speaker 1: part of the level is really random. Now, you said 618 00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:55,719 Speaker 1: something really interesting earlier. You know, even if the universe 619 00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:59,200 Speaker 1: is random at the lowest level, that doesn't necessarily mean 620 00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:01,880 Speaker 1: that it's a random at other levels. Right, Like we 621 00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:04,120 Speaker 1: still got to the moon. Right, It's not like we're 622 00:32:04,120 --> 00:32:07,040 Speaker 1: saying science doesn't work, or you shouldn't get in that airplane. Right. 623 00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:09,800 Speaker 1: Science works at different at different levels, And even if 624 00:32:09,840 --> 00:32:12,480 Speaker 1: it's random at the very very small level, doesn't mean 625 00:32:12,480 --> 00:32:15,600 Speaker 1: that on average it's really predictable, right, Like we do 626 00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:19,480 Speaker 1: know how basketball's bounce, right, And that's because the randomness 627 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,400 Speaker 1: only applies to these tiny little particles, and over the 628 00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:25,040 Speaker 1: ten to the thirty or whatever particles in a basketball, 629 00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:28,680 Speaker 1: that all averages out to something very very predictable. Wow, 630 00:32:28,840 --> 00:32:32,120 Speaker 1: So like random events Canada add up to predictable events? 631 00:32:32,160 --> 00:32:34,239 Speaker 1: Is that kind of what you're saying? Yeah, exactly. Like 632 00:32:34,320 --> 00:32:37,240 Speaker 1: you can't tell how any individual voter is going to vote, 633 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:39,960 Speaker 1: but if you've done enough polls, you can tell if 634 00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:42,280 Speaker 1: you know how the nation is going to vote. Um 635 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:45,680 Speaker 1: at a certain reduction that worked out so well in election. 636 00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:53,880 Speaker 1: Maybe that wasn't the best example totally predictable. At the 637 00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:57,960 Speaker 1: level of particles, there is randomness, but maybe in the 638 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:01,920 Speaker 1: macro scale things are fairly predictable. But how does that 639 00:33:01,920 --> 00:33:04,680 Speaker 1: affect things like free will? Does that mean that, like 640 00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:09,440 Speaker 1: my brain just quantum randomness give me some sort of 641 00:33:09,560 --> 00:33:12,960 Speaker 1: unpredictability or free will as you might call it, Or 642 00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:16,480 Speaker 1: is my brain also very predictable in the long run. 643 00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:19,960 Speaker 1: It's a great question, and into this tiny crack and determinism, 644 00:33:19,960 --> 00:33:22,120 Speaker 1: you know, saying that at the particle level, things are 645 00:33:22,160 --> 00:33:27,040 Speaker 1: truly random. And there's flooded and enormous literature of consciousness 646 00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:30,000 Speaker 1: and all sorts of philosophy that that try to connect 647 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:32,680 Speaker 1: free will to quantum randomness, you know, to say that 648 00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:34,880 Speaker 1: this is the whole we needed, This is what breaks 649 00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,760 Speaker 1: determinism and allows for me and my soul and God 650 00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:40,680 Speaker 1: and all the and and all the things you want 651 00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:44,760 Speaker 1: to cram into your universe. I'm not convinced that quantum 652 00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:48,080 Speaker 1: mechanics allows for free will, or for souls or you know, 653 00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:51,280 Speaker 1: for all that kind of stuff, but it certainly does 654 00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,600 Speaker 1: dismantle the deterministic watch like universe that we thought we 655 00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:57,880 Speaker 1: had MM. So just because something is random doesn't mean 656 00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:01,360 Speaker 1: you have free will. Like it's just random, exactly exactly. 657 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:05,160 Speaker 1: And so to answer the question, you know, is the 658 00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:08,000 Speaker 1: universe random or is it chaotic? Turns out it's kind 659 00:34:08,040 --> 00:34:11,120 Speaker 1: of both. Right, It's a random at the particle level, 660 00:34:11,680 --> 00:34:15,040 Speaker 1: but it's chaotic at the macroscopic level. Right, things do 661 00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:18,360 Speaker 1: seem to be fairly deterministic at the macroscopic level, but 662 00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,400 Speaker 1: then again they're too chaotic to really to really model. 663 00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:24,000 Speaker 1: So it's not like you can predict the weather. It's 664 00:34:24,080 --> 00:34:26,479 Speaker 1: kind of a progression. Like it's random at the particle level. 665 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:29,560 Speaker 1: It's kind of deterministic at a medium range level, but 666 00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:31,600 Speaker 1: then as you get too larger and larger systems, then 667 00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:36,480 Speaker 1: it's chaotic and it's practically unpredictable. Yeah, yeah, exactly right. 668 00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,560 Speaker 1: So any answer you want there's someplace in the universe 669 00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:47,160 Speaker 1: is yeah, I just pick a random, random answer and 670 00:34:47,239 --> 00:34:49,080 Speaker 1: it will be that. So maybe that's why people answer 671 00:34:49,160 --> 00:34:52,200 Speaker 1: with such a such streams of gibberish to our our question, 672 00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:55,600 Speaker 1: because because they really deeply understood that the universe was 673 00:34:55,640 --> 00:35:00,080 Speaker 1: both random and chaotic. Wow, the wisdom of the some 674 00:35:00,239 --> 00:35:02,800 Speaker 1: in the crowd. Exactly, you average over ten random people 675 00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:05,439 Speaker 1: and there is some insight there. Exactly. That's the whole 676 00:35:05,560 --> 00:35:08,440 Speaker 1: that's the whole problem. Answer is the answer is yes. 677 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,000 Speaker 1: So I think it's it's fun to think about that 678 00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:14,480 Speaker 1: in so the larger context. You know, like we started 679 00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:16,960 Speaker 1: off thinking the universe was crazy, then we started to 680 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:18,959 Speaker 1: get some grips on it. Then we felt like, oh, 681 00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:21,120 Speaker 1: maybe the universe is sort of too tight a grip 682 00:35:21,120 --> 00:35:23,560 Speaker 1: on us because it seems deterministic, and then we've got 683 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:26,200 Speaker 1: this crack thanks to quantum mechanics. It says it's random. 684 00:35:26,239 --> 00:35:28,560 Speaker 1: But I don't really know how comfortable people are with 685 00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,360 Speaker 1: that crack. You know, to think that the universe doesn't 686 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:33,920 Speaker 1: know what it's going to do at any moment, like 687 00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:36,200 Speaker 1: they could do this, it could do that. That's sort 688 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:39,680 Speaker 1: of terrifying. I understand Einstein's fear that Einstein is dislike 689 00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:42,840 Speaker 1: or disdain for that um, and that leaves us in 690 00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:45,960 Speaker 1: a sort of uncomfortable position. And it might get even crazier, right, Like, 691 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:48,759 Speaker 1: let's say that we build quantum computers and then there's 692 00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:53,120 Speaker 1: AI based on quantic computers. That that would be even crazier, right, Yeah, 693 00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:55,279 Speaker 1: I'd love to read that science fiction novel that's how 694 00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:59,960 Speaker 1: that's how AI develops free will, Right, quantum computers maybe 695 00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:07,319 Speaker 1: more than us, that's exactly right. All right, Well, thank 696 00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:09,440 Speaker 1: you for joining us. I hope that didn't seem like 697 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:14,040 Speaker 1: a random, random or chaotic discussion. But those are really 698 00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:15,960 Speaker 1: fun topics. I think it's super fun to try to 699 00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:18,480 Speaker 1: wrap your mind around those things. And you know, one 700 00:36:18,520 --> 00:36:20,759 Speaker 1: of the basic questions of physics is not just what 701 00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:22,759 Speaker 1: is the world made out of? What are the bits 702 00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:24,919 Speaker 1: and pieces? Were like, what are the rules? And are 703 00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:28,040 Speaker 1: their rules? And and you know, can we ever understand it? 704 00:36:28,040 --> 00:36:29,880 Speaker 1: To me, that's one of the deepest questions of science 705 00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:31,640 Speaker 1: and and this goes right to the heart of it. 706 00:36:31,920 --> 00:36:35,240 Speaker 1: So if you're a butterfly out there, keep on flatting exactly. 707 00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:47,200 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 708 00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:50,440 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 709 00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:52,880 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 710 00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:56,640 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or 711 00:36:56,760 --> 00:36:59,960 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. 712 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:00,080 Speaker 1: M