1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. As we've discussed recently, we 4 00:00:18,800 --> 00:00:24,520 Speaker 1: went to Barcelona, sure did. This is the seconds inspired 5 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:27,680 Speaker 1: by a Barcelona episode the folks that went with us 6 00:00:27,840 --> 00:00:30,360 Speaker 1: on the strip band. Everybody was just so interesting and 7 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:32,600 Speaker 1: gracious and fun to be around. Yeah, it was a 8 00:00:32,840 --> 00:00:36,879 Speaker 1: magnificent group. This episode, though, is inspired by a thing 9 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 1: that I did when none of those folks were around. 10 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:42,640 Speaker 1: It was on our free day in Barcelona. My spouse 11 00:00:42,680 --> 00:00:45,480 Speaker 1: and I went up to the top of Monjuique, which 12 00:00:45,800 --> 00:00:51,239 Speaker 1: involved navigating Barcelona's public transportation system by ourselves, taking a 13 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: funicular railway and also an aerial cable car. Honestly, the 14 00:00:57,360 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: funicular railway and the aerial cable car. We're each on 15 00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:02,800 Speaker 1: our list of things we wanted to do, and so 16 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:07,320 Speaker 1: it just went out on one thing. One outing. We 17 00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:10,920 Speaker 1: visited Manjui Castle, really a fortress dating back to the 18 00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:13,880 Speaker 1: seventeenth century that's now a museum, surrounded by lots of 19 00:01:13,959 --> 00:01:16,240 Speaker 1: paths and green space and a lot of stuff caught 20 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:20,360 Speaker 1: my attention at this museum, one thing being an exhibit 21 00:01:20,400 --> 00:01:24,000 Speaker 1: that talked about the Forts artillery being used to bombard 22 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 1: the city of Barcelona in eighteen forty two. And all 23 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:31,560 Speaker 1: of the signs in this exhibit were in multiple languages, 24 00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:34,880 Speaker 1: and if I'm remembering correctly, it was Catalan, Spanish, English, 25 00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:38,440 Speaker 1: and French. So I could read these explanations, but I 26 00:01:38,480 --> 00:01:40,760 Speaker 1: also really just felt like I was missing something. I 27 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:44,800 Speaker 1: would like the text assumed that I knew things that 28 00:01:44,880 --> 00:01:46,959 Speaker 1: I did not already know. And this is not a 29 00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:50,279 Speaker 1: criticism of these museum signs. I'm sure it also happens 30 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:52,480 Speaker 1: to folks who listen to our podcast and are not 31 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:55,639 Speaker 1: from the United States when we just like name drop 32 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:59,720 Speaker 1: something that has been steeped that we've been steeped in 33 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:03,080 Speaker 1: our lives that people have not that live elsewhere. So 34 00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:07,720 Speaker 1: it turns out though this fort slash Castle has been 35 00:02:07,760 --> 00:02:11,400 Speaker 1: involved in both the defense of Barcelona and its repression 36 00:02:11,639 --> 00:02:15,639 Speaker 1: repeatedly over the course of centuries. This eighteen forty two 37 00:02:15,680 --> 00:02:19,320 Speaker 1: bombardment was one of several launched from the fort. So 38 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:21,440 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about the fort's history and these 39 00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:25,680 Speaker 1: bombardments and how this is also interconnected with the greater 40 00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:30,760 Speaker 1: history of Catalonia and Spain, and Spain's many civil wars. 41 00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:34,880 Speaker 1: Montuique is a hill with an elevation of one hundred 42 00:02:34,880 --> 00:02:37,519 Speaker 1: and seventy three meters or about five hundred and sixty 43 00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 1: seven feet. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea in the city 44 00:02:41,280 --> 00:02:44,120 Speaker 1: of Barcelona, so it's an ideal location for a fort 45 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:47,919 Speaker 1: and other defenses, but its name has a different origin, 46 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:51,959 Speaker 1: usually cited as one of two possibilities. It may be 47 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:55,400 Speaker 1: from Latin words meaning mountain of Jupiter, coming from a 48 00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: Roman era settlement there, or it may come from medieval 49 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:03,239 Speaker 1: Catalan words meaning Jewish mountain, referencing a Jewish cemetery on 50 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:06,320 Speaker 1: northeast side of the hill that may have been established 51 00:03:06,360 --> 00:03:09,960 Speaker 1: as early as the ninth century. This isn't the terraced 52 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:12,960 Speaker 1: cemetery that you can see on the southeastern slope of 53 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:17,359 Speaker 1: Montuik today. That one opened in eighteen eighty three. There 54 00:03:17,480 --> 00:03:20,640 Speaker 1: is not much visible evidence of the Jewish cemetery on 55 00:03:20,720 --> 00:03:24,959 Speaker 1: the surface of this hill today. Barcelona's Jewish community faced 56 00:03:25,360 --> 00:03:30,240 Speaker 1: repeated antisemitic violence in the fourteenth century, including a deadly 57 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:33,160 Speaker 1: attack on the city's Jewish quarter known as El cal 58 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:37,360 Speaker 1: in thirteen forty nine, and the Catholic kingdoms of Aragon 59 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:42,280 Speaker 1: and Castile also expelled Spain's Jewish population under the Alhambra 60 00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:45,120 Speaker 1: Decree in fourteen ninety two. That's something that we have 61 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:49,160 Speaker 1: covered on the show before. During and after all of this, 62 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:53,120 Speaker 1: people stole a lot of the cemetery's headstones and then 63 00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:57,640 Speaker 1: used them as building materials, so today you can see 64 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:01,360 Speaker 1: Hebrew inscriptions from some of these grit markers just as 65 00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:06,360 Speaker 1: part of buildings in Barcelona. Archaeological work also started in 66 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:10,000 Speaker 1: this area beginning in the mid twentieth century, and that's 67 00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:13,760 Speaker 1: something that has been controversial because exhuoming bodies from their 68 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:18,960 Speaker 1: grave sites is generally forbidden under Jewish law. Any exceptions 69 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:22,800 Speaker 1: to that are generally focused on honoring the deceased, so 70 00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:26,560 Speaker 1: this has led to efforts to just protect this cemetery 71 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 1: and any remaining grave sites there. Manchuik's use as a 72 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:33,799 Speaker 1: settlement and market area probably goes back to at least 73 00:04:33,800 --> 00:04:38,400 Speaker 1: the sixth or seventh century BCE. A beacon and tower 74 00:04:38,480 --> 00:04:40,560 Speaker 1: had been built on the hill by the early eleventh 75 00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:44,520 Speaker 1: century CE, one where lookouts could keep watch for incoming 76 00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:48,240 Speaker 1: enemy ships or armies, or light signal fires that could 77 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:51,200 Speaker 1: be seen out at sea. And in the surrounding countryside. 78 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: The forts beginnings go back to the seventeenth century during 79 00:04:55,760 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: the Cattle and Revolt, also known as the Reaper's War. 80 00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:02,719 Speaker 1: For some context on that, going back to about the 81 00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:06,799 Speaker 1: twelfth century, Catalonia had been a principality with its capital 82 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:10,920 Speaker 1: in Barcelona, and Catalonia and the Kingdom of Aragon had 83 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:15,039 Speaker 1: both been ruled by the same monarch. That started to 84 00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:18,120 Speaker 1: shift when Ferdinand the Second of Aragon and Isabella the 85 00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:21,920 Speaker 1: First of Castile got married in fourteen sixty nine. That 86 00:05:22,040 --> 00:05:25,760 Speaker 1: marriage united multiple kingdoms into a lot of what we 87 00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:31,000 Speaker 1: now think of as Spain. Although Catalonia retained some of 88 00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:34,480 Speaker 1: its autonomy, it did not have as much prominence or 89 00:05:34,520 --> 00:05:38,560 Speaker 1: power as it had before these kingdoms were united, and 90 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:42,200 Speaker 1: there were people and movements who wanted Catalonia to be 91 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 1: fully independent from the rest of the kingdoms. The Reaper's 92 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:50,600 Speaker 1: War started in sixteen forty during the Franco Spanish War. 93 00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:54,760 Speaker 1: It was named for an uprising of reapers that started 94 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:57,880 Speaker 1: on the Feast of Corpus Christi that year. Some of 95 00:05:57,920 --> 00:06:01,240 Speaker 1: this grew out of economic tensions between the poorer classes 96 00:06:01,240 --> 00:06:04,240 Speaker 1: and the aristocracy, as well as new taxes to support 97 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:08,760 Speaker 1: the military and requirements that people quarter soldiers in their homes. 98 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:13,040 Speaker 1: As Catalonia's peasant class rose up against Spanish monarch Philip 99 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:16,240 Speaker 1: the Fourth, it sought the protection of Louis the thirteenth 100 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: of France. During this uprising, the people of Barcelona built 101 00:06:20,279 --> 00:06:22,800 Speaker 1: a small fort at the top of Monjuiq to try 102 00:06:22,839 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 1: to defend the city, and they built this fort over 103 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:29,200 Speaker 1: the span of only about thirty days. The Battle of 104 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:33,120 Speaker 1: Monjuiq took place on January twenty sixth, sixteen forty one, 105 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:37,360 Speaker 1: when a Spanish force tried to capture this newly built fort. 106 00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:40,560 Speaker 1: But even though this was a pretty basic fortification that 107 00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:43,200 Speaker 1: had been built very quickly, it was a fort on 108 00:06:43,279 --> 00:06:47,560 Speaker 1: top of a hill. The defensible position the fort was 109 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:52,000 Speaker 1: able to hold off the Spanish troops until Catalan reinforcements arrived. 110 00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:55,599 Speaker 1: The Franco Spanish War and the Reaper's War continued for 111 00:06:55,640 --> 00:06:59,039 Speaker 1: more than a decade, and Philip the Fort's forces eventually 112 00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:03,880 Speaker 1: captured Barcelona in sixteen fifty two. At that point, Spanish 113 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:06,680 Speaker 1: forces took control of the fort and from there took 114 00:07:06,680 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: over much of Catalonia. The Treaty of the Pyrenees formally 115 00:07:10,640 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 1: ended both of these wars, and under its terms, the 116 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:15,960 Speaker 1: parts of Catalonia that lay to the northeast of the 117 00:07:15,960 --> 00:07:19,680 Speaker 1: Pyrenees came under French control, while the rest of Catalonia 118 00:07:19,840 --> 00:07:24,640 Speaker 1: was controlled by Spain. The word for reapers is segadors 119 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:29,239 Speaker 1: in Catalan and Catalonia's national anthem, El Segador's is about 120 00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:35,120 Speaker 1: the Reaper's War. Although France had supported Catalonia's uprising against 121 00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 1: Spain during the Nine Years War, the two were on 122 00:07:38,320 --> 00:07:42,160 Speaker 1: opposite sides. The Spanish Empire had joined the Grand Alliance 123 00:07:42,200 --> 00:07:45,680 Speaker 1: that had united to resist French expansionism, and in sixteen 124 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:50,840 Speaker 1: ninety seven French forces besieged and bombarded the city of Barcelona. 125 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:53,680 Speaker 1: Then in seventeen hundred, just a few years after the 126 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:56,840 Speaker 1: end of the Nine Years War, Charles the Second, the 127 00:07:56,920 --> 00:08:01,920 Speaker 1: last Habsburg Monarch of Spain, died without air. Under the 128 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:04,840 Speaker 1: terms of his will, Philip, Duke of Anjou, would become 129 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:08,600 Speaker 1: King of Spain. Philip was grandson of King Louis the 130 00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:10,880 Speaker 1: fourteenth of the House of Bourbon and was in the 131 00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:14,000 Speaker 1: line of succession for the French throne, so this would 132 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:18,120 Speaker 1: put both France and Spain under the control of Bourbon. Monarchs, 133 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 1: and it meant that Philip could potentially become king of 134 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:25,400 Speaker 1: both countries, so other nations saw this as a huge 135 00:08:25,480 --> 00:08:28,720 Speaker 1: threat to the balance of power in Europe. Those nations 136 00:08:28,720 --> 00:08:34,160 Speaker 1: included Austria, which instead backed Habsburg Archduke Charles of Austria 137 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:38,000 Speaker 1: as heir to the Spanish throne. Charles would eventually become 138 00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:41,400 Speaker 1: Holy Roman Emperor Charles the sixth, and his claim to 139 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:45,080 Speaker 1: the Spanish throne was backed by other nations, including England, 140 00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:49,040 Speaker 1: Holland and Prussia. This of course led to the War 141 00:08:49,160 --> 00:08:53,320 Speaker 1: of the Spanish Succession, which is such a big, messy 142 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:56,319 Speaker 1: war that I didn't fully realize we were going to 143 00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:59,360 Speaker 1: have to talk about in this episode. This involved another 144 00:08:59,559 --> 00:09:03,559 Speaker 1: multi national grand alliance which backed the Habsburg claim to 145 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:06,880 Speaker 1: the Spanish throne, fighting against Philip and those were loyal 146 00:09:06,920 --> 00:09:10,439 Speaker 1: to the Bourbons. By this point, there was a lot 147 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:13,760 Speaker 1: of anti French sentiment in Catalonia, as well as concerns 148 00:09:13,760 --> 00:09:18,000 Speaker 1: about what would happened to Catalonia under Philip's rule. Catalonia 149 00:09:18,120 --> 00:09:21,400 Speaker 1: already had less power and autonomy than it did before 150 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:24,400 Speaker 1: the Reaper's War, and it seemed likely that Philip would 151 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:28,079 Speaker 1: try to further consolidate political power in Madrid and away 152 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:31,560 Speaker 1: from Barcelona. It also seemed likely that if Philip won 153 00:09:31,600 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: the war, he would punish Catalonia for disloyalty. In spite 154 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:40,240 Speaker 1: of that risk, Catalonia backed Charles's claim to the Spanish 155 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,400 Speaker 1: throne with the hope of preserving its own autonomy. On 156 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:48,640 Speaker 1: June twentyth seventeen oh five, representatives from Catalonia signed a 157 00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:52,720 Speaker 1: pact with Queen Anne of England in which England agreed 158 00:09:52,720 --> 00:09:57,040 Speaker 1: to provide Catalonia with soldiers, rifles and ammunition, and then, 159 00:09:57,120 --> 00:10:01,760 Speaker 1: under this packed, Catalonia also recognized Charles as the legitimate 160 00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:06,360 Speaker 1: king of Spain. This pact also specified that Charles would 161 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:10,520 Speaker 1: respect the laws and traditions of Catalonia. This was not 162 00:10:10,679 --> 00:10:14,439 Speaker 1: as simple as Catalonia simply joining the Grand Alliance, though 163 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,000 Speaker 1: Catalonia was still considered to be under the control of 164 00:10:18,040 --> 00:10:22,640 Speaker 1: Spain's central government in Madrid and in Barcelona, Philip's supporters 165 00:10:22,679 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 1: initially controlled the fort at Montjuiq, so Barcelona was once 166 00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:30,960 Speaker 1: again besieged from mid September to mid October of seventeen 167 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:34,040 Speaker 1: oh five as the Grand Alliance tried to take control, 168 00:10:34,840 --> 00:10:39,120 Speaker 1: and it ultimately did. Charles formally entered Barcelona and was 169 00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:42,800 Speaker 1: recognized as the sovereign of Catalonia on October twenty second, 170 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:47,400 Speaker 1: seventeen oh five. Charles's allies captured the fort over the 171 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: course of seventeen oh five and seventeen oh six. This 172 00:10:51,120 --> 00:10:53,439 Speaker 1: was not at all the end of it, though, Philip 173 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:57,000 Speaker 1: got support from France to try to retake Barcelona and 174 00:10:57,080 --> 00:11:00,239 Speaker 1: the fort, and the fort was nearly destroyed by philips 175 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:04,320 Speaker 1: allies in seventeen oh six. A Grand Alliance fleet arrived 176 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:07,600 Speaker 1: with reinforcements in May, taking the fort back and starting 177 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:12,400 Speaker 1: rebuilding efforts. When Bourbon troops lay siege to Barcelona again 178 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:15,440 Speaker 1: in July of seventeen thirteen, they focused on the city 179 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:18,880 Speaker 1: rather than the fort. The Duke of Berwick, who was 180 00:11:18,880 --> 00:11:21,960 Speaker 1: in command of this mission, recognized that trying to attack 181 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 1: the fort would come at an enormous costs, like it 182 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:27,240 Speaker 1: had been demonstrated very well that it was hard to 183 00:11:27,280 --> 00:11:29,760 Speaker 1: take a fort that was up on top of the 184 00:11:29,840 --> 00:11:33,440 Speaker 1: hill in this way. By this point, much of the 185 00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: War of the Spanish Succession was over, and many nations 186 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:39,600 Speaker 1: of the Grand Alliance had recognized Philip the Fifth as 187 00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:42,959 Speaker 1: King of Spain under treaty terms that prevented him from 188 00:11:43,040 --> 00:11:48,199 Speaker 1: also becoming King of France. This included England, although Catalonia 189 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:51,440 Speaker 1: had continued to try to secure England's aid and support, 190 00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:55,480 Speaker 1: yeah England didn't really follow through on all of the 191 00:11:55,600 --> 00:12:02,880 Speaker 1: terms of that pact. Fancy that Catalonia continued to support 192 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:07,440 Speaker 1: Charles as monarch until September eleventh, seventeen fourteen, when the 193 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:12,360 Speaker 1: Siege of Barcelona finally ended in defeat for Catalonia. Afterward, 194 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:16,160 Speaker 1: Catalonia faced brutal repression for both its backing of the 195 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:20,240 Speaker 1: Habsburg claim to the throne and having essentially acted like 196 00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:25,280 Speaker 1: its own independent republic during this war, including signing international 197 00:12:25,280 --> 00:12:30,319 Speaker 1: treaties without the oversight of Madrid. Philip also stripped Catalonia 198 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:34,240 Speaker 1: of its autonomy after this and abolished its constitution, so 199 00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:37,520 Speaker 1: all of the things they were afraid of right This 200 00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:41,760 Speaker 1: defeat ultimately led to Catalonia's status as an autonomous community 201 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:45,400 Speaker 1: within Spain, and today September eleventh is observed as the 202 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:49,240 Speaker 1: National Day of Catalonia or the Diada. You can read 203 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:52,840 Speaker 1: lots of articles about how Catalonia's national day is observing 204 00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:58,480 Speaker 1: a military defeat and why that is will have more 205 00:12:58,679 --> 00:13:11,440 Speaker 1: after a sponsor break The fort at Montuig was badly 206 00:13:11,520 --> 00:13:14,400 Speaker 1: damaged during the War the Spanish Succession, and in the 207 00:13:14,440 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: decades that followed, architect and military engineer Juan Martinez Sermeno renovated, modernized, 208 00:13:20,240 --> 00:13:23,120 Speaker 1: and expanded it. This was a project that stretched from 209 00:13:23,160 --> 00:13:26,840 Speaker 1: seventeen fifty three to seventeen seventy nine. Then in the 210 00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:32,880 Speaker 1: nineteenth century, the fort's armaments were repeatedly used to bombard Barcelona. 211 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:36,880 Speaker 1: You may notice we are skipping entirely over the Napoleonic Wars, 212 00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:40,960 Speaker 1: which Holly talked about more in her episode on Barcelona. 213 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:46,160 Speaker 1: I didn't find as much about the fort specifically related 214 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:49,360 Speaker 1: to the Napoleonic Wars. I like how our stuff kind 215 00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:52,760 Speaker 1: of accidentally interlocked together to cover stuff the other one 216 00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:57,120 Speaker 1: did not. Yeah, these bombardments that Tracy just mentioned of 217 00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:01,280 Speaker 1: Barcelona began under General Baldomero as Bertro and we need 218 00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: a bit of setup to explain who that was. In 219 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:07,720 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty three, after the death of King Ferdinand, the 220 00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:11,360 Speaker 1: seventh Spain once again faced a dispute about who its 221 00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:15,840 Speaker 1: next monarch should be. Unlike Charles the second, Ferdinand did 222 00:14:15,880 --> 00:14:18,560 Speaker 1: have a direct air, but that heir was his daughter 223 00:14:18,720 --> 00:14:21,440 Speaker 1: Isabella the second, who was only three years old at 224 00:14:21,440 --> 00:14:24,880 Speaker 1: the time in addition to her age, The status of 225 00:14:24,960 --> 00:14:28,560 Speaker 1: women and girls in the Spanish line of succession was 226 00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:31,440 Speaker 1: kind of a tangle at this point. During the War 227 00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:34,280 Speaker 1: of the Spanish Succession, Philip the Fifth and the Spanish 228 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:37,720 Speaker 1: Parliament had established that a woman could ascend to the 229 00:14:37,760 --> 00:14:42,160 Speaker 1: Spanish throne only if there were no remaining male heir 230 00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:47,600 Speaker 1: anywhere in the line of succession. Ferdinand's predecessor, Charles the Fourth, 231 00:14:47,680 --> 00:14:52,680 Speaker 1: had issued a decision revoking that change in seventeen eighty nine, 232 00:14:52,680 --> 00:14:55,800 Speaker 1: but that decision had never been implemented. So then in 233 00:14:55,840 --> 00:15:00,720 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty, Ferdinand issued a decree known as the Pragma Sanction, 234 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:05,040 Speaker 1: which promulgated Charles the Fourth's seventeen eighty nine decision. When 235 00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:08,920 Speaker 1: Ferdinand did this, he was not well his wife, Queen 236 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:14,160 Speaker 1: Maria Christina Debourban, was pregnant, so this decree was absolutely 237 00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:17,680 Speaker 1: meant to ensure that his child could inherit the throne, 238 00:15:18,320 --> 00:15:21,960 Speaker 1: regardless of that child's sex. If he died. Without the 239 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:27,240 Speaker 1: Pragmatic Sanction, Isabella would not have been the next Spanish monarch. Instead, 240 00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:30,920 Speaker 1: Ferdinand's brother Carlos would have been next in line, and 241 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:35,440 Speaker 1: after Ferdinand's death, Carlos proclaimed himself King Carlos or Charles 242 00:15:35,480 --> 00:15:39,600 Speaker 1: the Fifth. Carlos's supporters were known as the Carlists, and 243 00:15:39,720 --> 00:15:42,960 Speaker 1: overall the Carlists were more conservative and more aligned with 244 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:46,440 Speaker 1: the Catholic Church than Queen Maria Christina, who was acting 245 00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:51,360 Speaker 1: as Isabella's regent, as well as Isabella's other supporters. Carlos 246 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:54,600 Speaker 1: declared war on the newly crowned toddler queen, and that 247 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:59,000 Speaker 1: started the First Carlist War, which went on for seven years. 248 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:02,880 Speaker 1: There were three of these wars, which were as much 249 00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:06,960 Speaker 1: about conservatism versus liberalism as they were about Carlos and 250 00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:11,400 Speaker 1: his descendants claimed to the Spanish throne. The Carlist side 251 00:16:11,520 --> 00:16:14,920 Speaker 1: had a lot of support in Catalonia and Basque Country 252 00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:18,880 Speaker 1: in particular. The First Carlist War ended in a peace 253 00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:22,320 Speaker 1: treaty known as the Embrace of Ergara in eighteen thirty nine, 254 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:26,040 Speaker 1: and that acknowledged Isabella the Second as the rightful Queen. 255 00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:29,760 Speaker 1: Just as a note Burgara is in Basque Country and 256 00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: it's spelled with a B, but references to these historical 257 00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:35,280 Speaker 1: events and the treaty typically spell it with a V. 258 00:16:36,240 --> 00:16:38,960 Speaker 1: And a year after this treaty was signed, Isabella's mother 259 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:43,320 Speaker 1: resigned from her regency. The reasons don't really have anything 260 00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:47,040 Speaker 1: to do with the war. Maria Christina had secretly married 261 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:50,200 Speaker 1: a member of the royal bodyguard, a commoner named Augustin 262 00:16:50,240 --> 00:16:54,400 Speaker 1: Fernando Munozi Sanchez, and she had children with him. She 263 00:16:54,520 --> 00:16:57,640 Speaker 1: also faced a mutiny, a revolt, a coup, and an 264 00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:00,680 Speaker 1: increasing lack of confidence in her abilities during her time 265 00:17:00,720 --> 00:17:04,640 Speaker 1: as regent. While her marriage and children had been sort 266 00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:07,280 Speaker 1: of an open secret at court, when it became more 267 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,440 Speaker 1: publicly known, she was widely condemned, and she eventually went 268 00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:15,040 Speaker 1: into exile. After her mother stepped down as regent, Isabella's 269 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: new regent was Baldomarro Espretero, Prince de Regara, General, who 270 00:17:20,119 --> 00:17:22,520 Speaker 1: had defended the Queen and her regent during the First 271 00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:26,119 Speaker 1: Carlos War. He had also been a key negotiator on 272 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:29,359 Speaker 1: the Embrace of Regara. He had been pushing for a 273 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:32,840 Speaker 1: number of reforms after returning to Madrid after the end 274 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:36,320 Speaker 1: of this war, but while some of those reforms were 275 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:42,000 Speaker 1: seen as progressive, they weren't necessarily successful. They weren't necessarily 276 00:17:42,040 --> 00:17:46,040 Speaker 1: things that parts of the population wanted. In particular, his 277 00:17:46,359 --> 00:17:50,560 Speaker 1: free trade policies led to uprisings in Barcelona because there 278 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:55,520 Speaker 1: was a sudden influx of imported goods from Britain, especially textiles, 279 00:17:56,320 --> 00:17:59,840 Speaker 1: that threatened people's livelihoods. So by eighteen forty two there 280 00:17:59,880 --> 00:18:05,320 Speaker 1: were anti Espartero periodicals in Barcelona and various propaganda lampooning 281 00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,919 Speaker 1: him was being published around the city. Tensions in the 282 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:13,199 Speaker 1: city were also high because of economic conflicts. Barcelona was 283 00:18:13,280 --> 00:18:16,880 Speaker 1: encircled by a wall, with people of all classes overcrowded 284 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:20,119 Speaker 1: together inside, and there was a lot of strife between 285 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:24,080 Speaker 1: the more affluent people and the working classes. The Carlists 286 00:18:24,119 --> 00:18:28,080 Speaker 1: had been associated with conservative Catholicism and the clergy, and 287 00:18:28,119 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 1: in part because of this, many monasteries and convents in 288 00:18:31,280 --> 00:18:35,679 Speaker 1: Barcelona had been burned or otherwise destroyed in eighteen thirty five. 289 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:39,919 Speaker 1: So there were political and religious conflicts as well, and 290 00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:42,280 Speaker 1: there were lingering after effects from the War of the 291 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:46,720 Speaker 1: Spanish Succession. Broadly speaking, the nobility and clergy had supported 292 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:50,800 Speaker 1: the Bourbons, while the common people had supported the Austrian Habsburgs, 293 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:54,800 Speaker 1: and no one had really forgotten that this eighteen thirty 294 00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:57,400 Speaker 1: five destruction of the monasteries was something that our guide 295 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:02,240 Speaker 1: like just repeatedly, almost actually referenced as we were walking 296 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:06,760 Speaker 1: through Barcelona on a walking tour, and I kept being like, 297 00:19:06,800 --> 00:19:09,560 Speaker 1: what why was this happening in eighteen thirty five, Like 298 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 1: it just seemed like an odd time to me to 299 00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:14,000 Speaker 1: have a sudden destruction of a lot of monasteries and 300 00:19:14,040 --> 00:19:16,800 Speaker 1: convents and things. I was connected to all of this. 301 00:19:17,760 --> 00:19:22,040 Speaker 1: A massive popular uprising started in Barcelona on November thirteenth, 302 00:19:22,119 --> 00:19:25,720 Speaker 1: eighteen forty two, and according to one account, some laborers 303 00:19:25,760 --> 00:19:28,200 Speaker 1: had taken wine with them to drink with their lunch 304 00:19:28,320 --> 00:19:30,359 Speaker 1: as they went to work in the fields outside the 305 00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:34,320 Speaker 1: city walls. November thirteenth was a Sunday, so there's also 306 00:19:34,359 --> 00:19:36,919 Speaker 1: a version that it was people who had left the 307 00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:39,560 Speaker 1: city to go on various outings on their day off, 308 00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:42,480 Speaker 1: and they had bought wine while they were away, and 309 00:19:42,880 --> 00:19:46,800 Speaker 1: they were bringing back what was left over home with them. 310 00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:50,679 Speaker 1: Either way, people were trying to enter the city at 311 00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: the end of the day. They were ordered to pay 312 00:19:52,920 --> 00:19:57,080 Speaker 1: at tax on these wine leftovers, which they refused to do. 313 00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,040 Speaker 1: There are also some sources that say it wasn't like 314 00:20:00,119 --> 00:20:03,199 Speaker 1: this at all, that this was not left over lunchline, 315 00:20:03,359 --> 00:20:06,359 Speaker 1: it was wine that smugglers were trying to sneak into 316 00:20:06,359 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 1: the city, so regardless of that fuzziness, this was the 317 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:13,639 Speaker 1: start of a huge popular uprising that was connected to 318 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:17,080 Speaker 1: things like taxes and the cost of food. This led 319 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:20,840 Speaker 1: to fighting between the National Militia and Barcelona's army garrison, 320 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:24,199 Speaker 1: with the soldiers eventually retreating to the castle to the 321 00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:28,240 Speaker 1: Citadel of Barcelona. Hundreds of people were killed in this 322 00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:32,880 Speaker 1: conflict and stores were ransacked and looted. A provisional popular 323 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:37,000 Speaker 1: court issued demands that Esparto be dismissed and that Catalonian 324 00:20:37,080 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 1: industries be protected, and that the queen marry someone Spanish. 325 00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:45,320 Speaker 1: After about three weeks of this unrest and violence, es 326 00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:50,400 Speaker 1: Bartaro arrived in Barcelona and responded to this ongoing crisis 327 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:54,720 Speaker 1: by having the city bombarded from the fort. The bombardment 328 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:57,080 Speaker 1: started in the middle of the day on December third, 329 00:20:57,119 --> 00:21:00,600 Speaker 1: eighteen forty two, and it continued for twelve hours until 330 00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:06,040 Speaker 1: a delegation representing the city's residence unconditionally surrendered. More than 331 00:21:06,080 --> 00:21:10,400 Speaker 1: a thousand projectiles were fired from the fort during this bombardment. 332 00:21:10,680 --> 00:21:14,280 Speaker 1: At least twenty people were killed and hundreds of buildings 333 00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:19,159 Speaker 1: were badly damaged. One eyewitness wrote that after the bombardment, quote, 334 00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:22,600 Speaker 1: the city had taken on a sepulchral aspect, doors and 335 00:21:22,640 --> 00:21:27,240 Speaker 1: shops closed, the streets almost deserted in some places, obstructed 336 00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:31,119 Speaker 1: by the ruins and rubble of devastated houses, and shrouded 337 00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:34,320 Speaker 1: by the smoke coming from the many still burning buildings. 338 00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:37,680 Speaker 1: As Bartero was quoted as saying, quote, for the good 339 00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:42,240 Speaker 1: of Spain, Barcelona must be bombarded once every fifty years. 340 00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:46,240 Speaker 1: In the wake of the uprising, thirteen people were tried 341 00:21:46,359 --> 00:21:50,960 Speaker 1: and sentenced to death, and another eighty were imprisoned. Less 342 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:54,560 Speaker 1: than a year later, another uprising started in Barcelona, this 343 00:21:54,640 --> 00:21:57,879 Speaker 1: one known as Laha Mancia. This name came from a 344 00:21:57,880 --> 00:22:01,600 Speaker 1: word for food, was probably auraging reference to people who 345 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:05,560 Speaker 1: joined volunteer battalions in order to get free meals, and 346 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:08,360 Speaker 1: there was a lot going on with his uprising. Some 347 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:12,840 Speaker 1: of Spain's generals had found Espartero's bombardment of Barcelona to 348 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:16,560 Speaker 1: be really an appalling act, and so the military's more 349 00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:20,280 Speaker 1: liberal and moderate factions had banded together to try to 350 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:24,359 Speaker 1: unseat him as regent. These factions were led by General 351 00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:28,360 Speaker 1: Ramlo Maria Navarez, a compos and some of his supporters 352 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:31,640 Speaker 1: had backed him because of reforms they expected him to bring. 353 00:22:32,320 --> 00:22:36,120 Speaker 1: When those reforms didn't arrive right away, he lost their support. 354 00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:40,480 Speaker 1: This was also an uprising against the government of Spanish 355 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:45,359 Speaker 1: Prime Minister Joaquin Maria Lopez, and an anti aristocratic uprising 356 00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:49,120 Speaker 1: that was calling for fairer distribution of wealth. There were 357 00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:51,880 Speaker 1: just a lot of factors going on with this. Their 358 00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:55,920 Speaker 1: response to this uprising involved another bombardment of the city 359 00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 1: of Barcelona from the Fort at Montjuique, this time one 360 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:03,119 Speaker 1: that last for two months. There were three hundred thirty 361 00:23:03,119 --> 00:23:06,240 Speaker 1: five deaths and hundreds of serious injuries, and at least 362 00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,720 Speaker 1: forty thousand people fled the city. In the wake of 363 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:13,880 Speaker 1: all this, Baldemaro Espartero was ousted as regent and Isabella 364 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:17,360 Speaker 1: the Second, now thirteen years old, was declared legally of 365 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:21,280 Speaker 1: age to rule. She assumed the throne of Spain directly 366 00:23:21,359 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 1: on November tenth, eighteen forty three, and there was still 367 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:29,560 Speaker 1: one more major bombardment of Barcelona from the Fort at Montuique. 368 00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:34,440 Speaker 1: In the nineteenth century, Baldomero Espartero had left Spain after 369 00:23:34,480 --> 00:23:38,280 Speaker 1: being ousted as regent, but eventually returned and in eighteen 370 00:23:38,359 --> 00:23:42,480 Speaker 1: fifty four, he and General Leopoldo O'Donnell were jointly put 371 00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:45,280 Speaker 1: in charge of the government in what was described as 372 00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:50,840 Speaker 1: the Biennio progressista, or the Progressive Biennium. This was intended 373 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:53,920 Speaker 1: to be a period of progressive reform, but in July 374 00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:58,120 Speaker 1: of eighteen forty six, O'Donnell displaced Esparto, something that some 375 00:23:58,160 --> 00:24:02,600 Speaker 1: sources described as a coup. The people of Barcelona rose 376 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:05,600 Speaker 1: up against this change in power and were once again 377 00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:09,879 Speaker 1: bombarded from the fort. Isabella the second was driven into 378 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:13,080 Speaker 1: exile after an uprising in eighteen sixty eight, and she 379 00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:17,359 Speaker 1: abdicated the throne in eighteen seventy. During her reign, she 380 00:24:17,480 --> 00:24:21,600 Speaker 1: had weathered another Carlist War, and a third followed after 381 00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:25,280 Speaker 1: she had been deposed in eighteen seventy four. During the 382 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:29,960 Speaker 1: third Carlist War, her oldest surviving son was declared King Alfonso. 383 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:33,320 Speaker 1: This wealth. We'll talk about the history of this fort 384 00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,520 Speaker 1: later in the nineteenth century and into the twentieth. After 385 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:49,080 Speaker 1: a sponsor break in the late nineteenth century, the fourth 386 00:24:49,119 --> 00:24:54,679 Speaker 1: at Manchuique was largely used as a prison, particularly for radicals, revolutionaries, 387 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:58,720 Speaker 1: and anarchists. This had some similarities to the First Red 388 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,320 Speaker 1: Scare in the United States States, which we've talked about 389 00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:05,800 Speaker 1: on the show before. Authorities in Spain responded to anarchist 390 00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:09,800 Speaker 1: attacks and bombings with mass arrests and imprisonments, and there 391 00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:13,200 Speaker 1: were demonstrations in the city of Barcelona as people learned 392 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:16,120 Speaker 1: that prisoners being held at the fort were also being 393 00:25:16,160 --> 00:25:20,240 Speaker 1: tortured and executed. But a key difference between what was 394 00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:23,720 Speaker 1: happening in Barcelona and what would happen in the US 395 00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:27,200 Speaker 1: a couple of decades later is that the labor movement 396 00:25:27,359 --> 00:25:32,840 Speaker 1: in Catalonia was deeply rooted in anarcho syndicalism. That's a 397 00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:36,679 Speaker 1: branch of anarchism that's focused on trade unionism and on 398 00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:40,879 Speaker 1: working class direct action meant to dismantle capitalism and the 399 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:45,720 Speaker 1: wage system entirely and establish a new society that's democratically 400 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:51,040 Speaker 1: managed by workers themselves. During this period, the Barcelona City Council, 401 00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:55,520 Speaker 1: understanding that atrocities were happening at the fort, argued that 402 00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:58,600 Speaker 1: the fort at Monjuique should be ceded to the city 403 00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:01,920 Speaker 1: so that it could be totally dismantled or maybe turned 404 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:05,920 Speaker 1: into an anti war museum. The fort also played a 405 00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:07,960 Speaker 1: part in the events that led up to the Spanish 406 00:26:07,960 --> 00:26:11,680 Speaker 1: Civil War and the war itself. This once again requires 407 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:14,719 Speaker 1: us to back up a little. We've already talked about 408 00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:18,000 Speaker 1: so many wars and coups that took place in Spain 409 00:26:18,160 --> 00:26:21,640 Speaker 1: over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and things became even 410 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:25,000 Speaker 1: more divided in the early twentieth century. There was a 411 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:29,360 Speaker 1: whole series of attempted military coups and multiple assassination attempts 412 00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:32,959 Speaker 1: against King Alfonso the thirteenth, son of Alfonso the twelfth, 413 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:37,959 Speaker 1: and his wife, Queen Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg. In nineteen 414 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,280 Speaker 1: twenty three, Miguel Primo de Rivera was made Prime Minister 415 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:44,840 Speaker 1: of Spain after one of these many military coups. He 416 00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:48,679 Speaker 1: ran Spain essentially as a dictator. And at this point 417 00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:54,000 Speaker 1: two different factions had been advocating for Catalonian autonomy or 418 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 1: even full independence from Spain for decades, and these two 419 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:04,040 Speaker 1: factions had very points of view. One was primarily conservative 420 00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:06,480 Speaker 1: and Catholic, and it included a lot of people who 421 00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:10,760 Speaker 1: had backed the Carlist side in the Carlist Wars. Once 422 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,520 Speaker 1: the last of the Carlist Wars had ended, a lot 423 00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:16,800 Speaker 1: of Carlists in Catalonia had gone from supporting one of 424 00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:22,800 Speaker 1: Carlos's descendants as monarch of Spain to instead supporting Catalonian independence. 425 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:27,720 Speaker 1: The other faction was really largely secular and left leaning. 426 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:31,680 Speaker 1: It included a lot of socialists and anarchists and anarcho syndicalists. 427 00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:37,000 Speaker 1: Catalonia had been given a degree of autonomy in nineteen thirteen, 428 00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:40,960 Speaker 1: but Primo de Rivera repealed that legislation in nineteen twenty five. 429 00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:45,600 Speaker 1: He was campaigning for national unity under the slogan country 430 00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:51,240 Speaker 1: religion monarchy, and his idea of unity did not include 431 00:27:51,359 --> 00:27:56,760 Speaker 1: any possibility for any Catalonian autonomy. Primo de Rivera's actions 432 00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,680 Speaker 1: toward Catalonia led its more left wing factions to form 433 00:27:59,680 --> 00:28:04,239 Speaker 1: a co coalition party called Escuere Republicana. This coalition won 434 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:07,080 Speaker 1: a majority in a nineteen thirty one election, and soon 435 00:28:07,119 --> 00:28:11,360 Speaker 1: afterward the Generalita to Catalunya or Government of Catalogna, declared 436 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:15,639 Speaker 1: Cataloonya a republic. King Alfonso the thirteenth was forced to 437 00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:19,040 Speaker 1: leave Spain that same year, although he did not formally 438 00:28:19,160 --> 00:28:23,040 Speaker 1: abdicate his throne. This started the period known as the 439 00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:27,159 Speaker 1: Second Spanish Republic, and faced with the possibility of Catalonia 440 00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 1: declaring itself fully independent, the new central government in Madrid 441 00:28:32,119 --> 00:28:37,879 Speaker 1: negotiated a compromise. Legislation that granted some autonomy to Catalonia, 442 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:43,400 Speaker 1: but not independence, was passed in September of nineteen thirty two. Initially, 443 00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:47,080 Speaker 1: the newly formed Republican government in Madrid had tried to 444 00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:52,680 Speaker 1: pass pretty overall progressive reforms, and Conservatives, Catholics, and the 445 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:56,280 Speaker 1: military objected to a lot of these reforms. Then, in 446 00:28:56,360 --> 00:29:00,000 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty three, a coalition of right wing political factions 447 00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:04,480 Speaker 1: called the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights attained a majority 448 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:08,960 Speaker 1: in the Spanish government. When the newly elected representatives took office, 449 00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:12,720 Speaker 1: they started rolling back those reforms, and then beyond that. 450 00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:16,120 Speaker 1: A lot of people on the left in Spain regarded 451 00:29:16,160 --> 00:29:20,920 Speaker 1: the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights as fascist. After the 452 00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:26,520 Speaker 1: newly formed Spanish government came into power in nineteen thirty four, socialists, unionists, 453 00:29:26,680 --> 00:29:30,920 Speaker 1: anti fascist groups, an arcosyndicalists and others on the left 454 00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:34,680 Speaker 1: started a wave of general strikes and uprisings. This is 455 00:29:34,720 --> 00:29:37,880 Speaker 1: sometimes called the Revolution of nineteen thirty four or the 456 00:29:37,920 --> 00:29:42,520 Speaker 1: October Revolution of nineteen thirty four. In Catalogna, President Luis 457 00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:46,240 Speaker 1: Compaos proclaimed the Catalan State within the Spanish Republic on 458 00:29:46,280 --> 00:29:50,400 Speaker 1: October sixth, nineteen thirty four, saying that monarchs and fascists 459 00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 1: had attacked the Spanish government. In response, Spanish military authorities 460 00:29:55,280 --> 00:30:00,240 Speaker 1: declared martial law, and soon Companos was arrested. The statue 461 00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:04,200 Speaker 1: that had granted Catalonian autonomy was suspended, and Campagnos was 462 00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:08,760 Speaker 1: imprisoned until nineteen thirty six. Also in nineteen thirty six, 463 00:30:08,840 --> 00:30:13,360 Speaker 1: the Spanish government's political alignment shifted once again, with the 464 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:17,960 Speaker 1: liberal Popular Front winning a majority in parliament. The Popular 465 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:22,120 Speaker 1: Front was concerned about the spread of nationalism within Spain's 466 00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:26,080 Speaker 1: military and started removing people who were suspected of conspiring 467 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:29,160 Speaker 1: against the Spanish government. Some of these were very high 468 00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:33,560 Speaker 1: ranking officers who had generally backed the conservative National Front. 469 00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:38,640 Speaker 1: One of these officers was Francisco Franco. Franco eventually joined 470 00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: a group of military leaders who launched a coup in 471 00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:44,920 Speaker 1: July of nineteen thirty six and in Barcelona. The coup 472 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,320 Speaker 1: involved most of the Spanish army officers who were stationed there, 473 00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:51,880 Speaker 1: but then the Civil Guard and other law enforcement in 474 00:30:51,920 --> 00:30:56,000 Speaker 1: Barcelona fought back against the military, along with civilians and 475 00:30:56,000 --> 00:31:00,240 Speaker 1: anarcosyndicalist militias, so the Spanish army's attempt to take over 476 00:31:00,240 --> 00:31:03,640 Speaker 1: Barcelona was unsuccessful, and for a few months after this, 477 00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:07,720 Speaker 1: the anarcho syndicalist militia were more numerous and better armed 478 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:11,240 Speaker 1: than the regular law enforcement in Barcelona, and they essentially 479 00:31:11,320 --> 00:31:15,400 Speaker 1: had control of the city. This coup became the start 480 00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:19,520 Speaker 1: of the Spanish Civil War, which was broadly speaking again 481 00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:24,440 Speaker 1: between the Nationalists and the Republicans. The Nationalists were more conservative, 482 00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:28,280 Speaker 1: more likely to be Catholic and affluent, while the Republicans, 483 00:31:28,360 --> 00:31:33,120 Speaker 1: also known as Loyalists, included more middle class people, laborers, communists, 484 00:31:33,120 --> 00:31:38,440 Speaker 1: and other leftists. The Third Carlist War had ended decades 485 00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:41,640 Speaker 1: before this, but a lot of former Carlists were on 486 00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:46,280 Speaker 1: the Nationalists side. There were certainly people in Catalogna and 487 00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:50,640 Speaker 1: Barcelona who supported Franco and the nationalist side, but as 488 00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:54,080 Speaker 1: a region, Catalogna was loyal to the Second Spanish Republic 489 00:31:54,160 --> 00:31:58,080 Speaker 1: and its elected government. A lot of the international news 490 00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:01,160 Speaker 1: coverage at the beginning of the war was about Barcelona, 491 00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:04,040 Speaker 1: and many of the volunteers who joined the international brigades 492 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:06,400 Speaker 1: from elsewhere in the world to fight on the Republican 493 00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:11,920 Speaker 1: side were inspired by dispatches from Barcelona, George Orwell traveled 494 00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:15,120 Speaker 1: to Spain and joined a militia, and his memoir Homage 495 00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:19,560 Speaker 1: to Catalonia detailed his training in Barcelona and his experiences 496 00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:23,560 Speaker 1: elsewhere in the war. On August twenty third, nineteen thirty six, 497 00:32:23,640 --> 00:32:28,200 Speaker 1: Catalonia's Committee of Anti Fascist Militias took control of the 498 00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:31,040 Speaker 1: Fort at Manjuik and used it as a recruitment center 499 00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:35,840 Speaker 1: and a place to imprison and try political prisoners. Republicans 500 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:39,520 Speaker 1: in Barcelona cracked down on nationalists and members of the 501 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:43,520 Speaker 1: Falange political party, which had become the official nationalist party 502 00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:47,200 Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty seven. Between nineteen thirty six and nineteen 503 00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:50,200 Speaker 1: thirty eight, one hundred and seventy three people were executed 504 00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:55,160 Speaker 1: at the fort. Leftists in Barcelona also took over theaters, clubs, 505 00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:58,680 Speaker 1: and homes belonging to people and organizations that were believed 506 00:32:58,760 --> 00:33:03,200 Speaker 1: to be aligned with Ranco or complicit in fascism. There 507 00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:07,840 Speaker 1: were also some really deep divisions within the Republican side 508 00:33:07,880 --> 00:33:12,000 Speaker 1: in Barcelona that led to a series of violent clashes 509 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:15,320 Speaker 1: known as the Barcelona May Days in nineteen thirty seven. 510 00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:19,040 Speaker 1: By the end of the war, Catalonia was the last 511 00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:24,240 Speaker 1: remaining Republican stronghold in Spain aside from Madrid. Franco's troops 512 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:28,280 Speaker 1: finally seized Barcelona on January twenty sixth, nineteen thirty nine, 513 00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:32,240 Speaker 1: and afterward also took control of the fort at Montuique. 514 00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:36,760 Speaker 1: From there, the Nationalists took the rest of Catalonia. This 515 00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:39,760 Speaker 1: was an enormous loss for the Republican side in terms 516 00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:45,360 Speaker 1: of both troop casualties and Catalonia's industrial resources. Madrid fell 517 00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:49,200 Speaker 1: a couple of months later. This was a truly, truly 518 00:33:49,320 --> 00:33:53,800 Speaker 1: horrifying war that involved a long series of mass atrocities. 519 00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:57,080 Speaker 1: At least five hundred thousand people died during the war 520 00:33:57,120 --> 00:34:02,440 Speaker 1: itself and afterward. Franco's regime executed and estimated one hundred 521 00:34:02,520 --> 00:34:07,200 Speaker 1: thousand Republican prisoners. After the war ended, Franco ruled Spain 522 00:34:07,320 --> 00:34:11,480 Speaker 1: as a dictator. He stripped Catalonia of all remaining political 523 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:16,759 Speaker 1: autonomy and banned hallmarks of Catalonian heritage and independence, including 524 00:34:16,960 --> 00:34:22,240 Speaker 1: banning the Catalan language. During the Franco era, Monchuique Castle 525 00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:24,840 Speaker 1: was still used as a prison and a place to 526 00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:28,960 Speaker 1: hold trials for political dissidents, but this time for people 527 00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:33,640 Speaker 1: who opposed Francisco. Franco and his government. In nineteen forty, 528 00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:37,800 Speaker 1: exiled president of Catalonia, Luis Campaneus was arrested in France 529 00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:41,480 Speaker 1: and transferred to Barcelona at the request of Franco's government. 530 00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:45,839 Speaker 1: On October fourteenth, nineteen forty, he faced a summary court 531 00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:50,680 Speaker 1: martial at Monchuque Castle and was sentenced to death. Campagneus 532 00:34:50,760 --> 00:34:53,400 Speaker 1: was executed by firing squad at the fort on the 533 00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:57,920 Speaker 1: following day. In nineteen sixty the fort at Monjuique was 534 00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,200 Speaker 1: partially seated to the city of barcel although it still 535 00:35:01,280 --> 00:35:06,239 Speaker 1: retains some military functions, and Francisco Franco established a military 536 00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:10,480 Speaker 1: museum there in nineteen sixty three. After Franco's death in 537 00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:14,560 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy five, Spain became a democracy and Catalonia was 538 00:35:14,640 --> 00:35:19,120 Speaker 1: recognized as an autonomous community, with Catalan recognized as an 539 00:35:19,120 --> 00:35:24,239 Speaker 1: official language. The Catalan government declared the castle a cultural 540 00:35:24,320 --> 00:35:28,960 Speaker 1: asset of national interest in nineteen eighty eight. In two 541 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:31,840 Speaker 1: thousand and seven, the castle was fully seeded to the 542 00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:35,480 Speaker 1: Barcelona City Council and it became property of the people 543 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:39,040 Speaker 1: of Barcelona. The military museum was ordered to be closed 544 00:35:39,040 --> 00:35:42,040 Speaker 1: that year. It stopped operation in two thousand and nine, 545 00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:45,919 Speaker 1: with the last of its collection transferred to other institutions. 546 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:49,040 Speaker 1: We've really only talked about the fort, but the fort 547 00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:53,440 Speaker 1: is obviously not the only thing located on Manjuiq. Among 548 00:35:53,520 --> 00:35:56,040 Speaker 1: other things, it was the site of the World Expo 549 00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:59,560 Speaker 1: in nineteen twenty nine and the nineteen ninety two Summer 550 00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:02,720 Speaker 1: Olympic Games in Barcelona. There are a lot of sports 551 00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:06,879 Speaker 1: facilities up there, including a stadium named for Luis Campagnes 552 00:36:06,920 --> 00:36:09,640 Speaker 1: and other museums besides the one that's housed in the 553 00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:12,880 Speaker 1: castle now. A lot of the archaeological finds that have 554 00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:16,640 Speaker 1: been unearthed on Monjuik were found during the preparations and 555 00:36:16,719 --> 00:36:20,439 Speaker 1: construction for the World Expo and the Olympic Games. There's 556 00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:25,440 Speaker 1: still an ongoing Catalan independence movement. A twenty seventeen independence 557 00:36:25,520 --> 00:36:29,120 Speaker 1: referendum made headlines around the world and was declared illegal 558 00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:34,359 Speaker 1: by Spain's Constitutional Court. The referendum itself was also contentious. 559 00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:38,600 Speaker 1: The votes that were cast were overwhelmingly in favor of independence, 560 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:42,480 Speaker 1: but the turnout was low, in part because many unionists 561 00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:46,840 Speaker 1: boycotted the vote. At that point, separatists held a majority 562 00:36:46,880 --> 00:36:50,960 Speaker 1: in the Catalonian Parliament and voted for full independence, prompting 563 00:36:50,960 --> 00:36:54,319 Speaker 1: the Central Spanish government in Madrid to dissolve the Catalonian 564 00:36:54,360 --> 00:36:58,560 Speaker 1: Parliament and call for new elections. All of this happened 565 00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:01,920 Speaker 1: in the midst of widespread demonstrations and unrest, and a 566 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:07,280 Speaker 1: police cracked down on demonstrators. More recently, pro independence parties 567 00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:09,720 Speaker 1: won more than half the vote in the twenty twenty 568 00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:14,279 Speaker 1: one regional elections. As a total outsider to this, I 569 00:37:14,320 --> 00:37:18,000 Speaker 1: feel like things have been quieter on this front than 570 00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:23,680 Speaker 1: in twenty seventeen when the yeah, when the referendum happened. 571 00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:31,319 Speaker 1: That again, that's based on my ignorant American perception of 572 00:37:31,320 --> 00:37:35,520 Speaker 1: international news and who knows what will happen, you know, 573 00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:38,640 Speaker 1: immediately after we record this episode based on our previous 574 00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:41,759 Speaker 1: track record, right, I feel like while we were there 575 00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:46,200 Speaker 1: in Barcelona, our wonderful tour guide I to this moment. 576 00:37:46,320 --> 00:37:48,480 Speaker 1: Do not know if she was trying to downplay it 577 00:37:48,560 --> 00:37:52,960 Speaker 1: to make everything palatable to tourists, or if this is 578 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:55,640 Speaker 1: just the vibe and like it's hard for us to 579 00:37:55,760 --> 00:37:58,120 Speaker 1: grasp because like at one point we had walked by 580 00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:03,400 Speaker 1: like an apartment building where people had flags out that 581 00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:06,959 Speaker 1: we're still protesting and like, you know, calling for independence, 582 00:38:07,280 --> 00:38:09,640 Speaker 1: and she's like, oh, you know, people that are allowed 583 00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:13,719 Speaker 1: to voice their ideologies here and everyone just knows that. 584 00:38:13,840 --> 00:38:17,359 Speaker 1: You know, we listened to each other, and I'm like, wait, 585 00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:20,120 Speaker 1: is this just an undercurrent of conflict that you're so 586 00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:22,839 Speaker 1: used to you've learned to work around it, or are 587 00:38:22,880 --> 00:38:25,799 Speaker 1: you just making this very simplified and not scary to 588 00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:30,120 Speaker 1: people that are set In terms of what I personally 589 00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:35,640 Speaker 1: witnessed while we were in Barcelona, I saw signs related 590 00:38:35,719 --> 00:38:40,920 Speaker 1: to homes that will have to be destroyed if Sigratta 591 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:45,239 Speaker 1: Familia is completed according to its current plan, right, Like, 592 00:38:45,280 --> 00:38:47,680 Speaker 1: there are people who would be displaced from their homes 593 00:38:47,680 --> 00:38:50,720 Speaker 1: and their homes would be destroyed, like if those plans 594 00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:53,439 Speaker 1: are followed. So I saw banners and signs and things 595 00:38:53,440 --> 00:39:00,160 Speaker 1: about that, and I also saw we were in Barcelona. 596 00:39:00,280 --> 00:39:02,799 Speaker 1: I don't this is an ongoing thing, so it's not 597 00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:05,560 Speaker 1: something we can say whether this was really early or not. 598 00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:11,759 Speaker 1: But like the Israel Hamas war, yes was happening while 599 00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:15,120 Speaker 1: we were there. And at one point I did see 600 00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:21,120 Speaker 1: a like a pro Palestinian demonstration nearby to where we were, 601 00:39:22,280 --> 00:39:26,040 Speaker 1: And like, those were two things that were more obvious 602 00:39:26,080 --> 00:39:30,279 Speaker 1: to me while we were there than things related to 603 00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:34,920 Speaker 1: independence or autonomy or independence, really, I guess would be 604 00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:37,280 Speaker 1: the more. Yeah, I would agree, there were other issues 605 00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:39,040 Speaker 1: that were way more at the forefront when we would 606 00:39:39,040 --> 00:39:45,799 Speaker 1: see any political or you know, socially oriented signage like 607 00:39:45,840 --> 00:39:48,120 Speaker 1: that's a good out a familiar thing, which is a 608 00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:51,000 Speaker 1: tricky one, right because that space where those apartments are 609 00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:53,400 Speaker 1: was supposed to never be built on, and then it was, 610 00:39:54,640 --> 00:39:58,000 Speaker 1: and now it's where people live. Yeah, and in some cases, 611 00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:00,799 Speaker 1: like people have been living there for years and year, right, 612 00:40:00,840 --> 00:40:04,279 Speaker 1: because the Gotta Familia has taken literally more than one 613 00:40:04,320 --> 00:40:08,120 Speaker 1: hundred right. Yeah, So I can understand where there was 614 00:40:08,160 --> 00:40:10,279 Speaker 1: a moment of we cannot wait forever. We need more 615 00:40:10,280 --> 00:40:12,759 Speaker 1: space for people in the city. Yeah, we got to 616 00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:16,319 Speaker 1: build here. That one's so tricky to envision, like how 617 00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:19,960 Speaker 1: that can play out in a way that is I 618 00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:22,080 Speaker 1: don't peaceful is not the right word, but that is 619 00:40:22,120 --> 00:40:29,080 Speaker 1: acceptable and doesn't ruin anyone's life, right yeah. Yeah. So anyway, 620 00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:32,880 Speaker 1: that was just our perception as non local people visiting 621 00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:38,000 Speaker 1: Barcelona in whatever month we were there, was it October? 622 00:40:39,760 --> 00:40:43,640 Speaker 1: Time has blurred. It's bad. Speaking of time, I have 623 00:40:43,719 --> 00:40:48,560 Speaker 1: listener mail. Listener mail is from Andrew. Andrew wrote and 624 00:40:49,480 --> 00:40:51,880 Speaker 1: the title of this email is Thursday next and the 625 00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:55,279 Speaker 1: Rebecca Riots. And Andrew wrote, Tracy and Holly, I got 626 00:40:55,280 --> 00:40:57,880 Speaker 1: a real kick out of the episode about the Rebecca Riots. 627 00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:01,880 Speaker 1: I just finished rereading Jazzds The Air Affair and was 628 00:41:01,960 --> 00:41:05,840 Speaker 1: wondering why in the book the People's Republic of Wales 629 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:08,440 Speaker 1: was founded in eighteen thirty nine with the capital the 630 00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:12,120 Speaker 1: town of merthur Tidville. When I heard both mentioned in 631 00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:14,799 Speaker 1: your episode, I was quite tickled. Oh, and thanks for 632 00:41:14,880 --> 00:41:17,440 Speaker 1: the book news from the same episode. I have some 633 00:41:17,520 --> 00:41:20,879 Speaker 1: family friends who aren't Lingott and I know they would 634 00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:22,640 Speaker 1: be tickled to know that such a book exists. Just 635 00:41:22,719 --> 00:41:24,359 Speaker 1: dropping you a note to say how much I enjoy 636 00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:27,080 Speaker 1: the show, Andrew, thanks so much for this note. Andrew. 637 00:41:27,160 --> 00:41:31,200 Speaker 1: I read The Air Affair many years ago. I remember 638 00:41:31,239 --> 00:41:35,480 Speaker 1: its basic conceit, but no details, and so I had 639 00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:38,680 Speaker 1: no recollection at all that in the world of the 640 00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:43,160 Speaker 1: Air Affair, Wales is its own republic and its capital 641 00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:46,839 Speaker 1: is in mirth Tidvill, and I feel like that has 642 00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:51,200 Speaker 1: an un an accidental tangential relationship to what we have 643 00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:55,919 Speaker 1: been talking about in this episode in terms of autonomy 644 00:41:55,960 --> 00:41:59,560 Speaker 1: and independence for places that are considered part of another nation. 645 00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:02,400 Speaker 1: So anyway, thanks so much Andrew for sending this note. 646 00:42:02,440 --> 00:42:04,800 Speaker 1: If you would like to send us a note about 647 00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:08,000 Speaker 1: this or any other podcast, we're at History podcast atiheartradio 648 00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:11,640 Speaker 1: dot com. We're on social media Missed in History, and 649 00:42:11,760 --> 00:42:14,920 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app 650 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:22,720 Speaker 1: and wherever else you'd like to listen to podcasts. Stuff 651 00:42:22,760 --> 00:42:25,520 Speaker 1: you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 652 00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:30,480 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 653 00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:34,479 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.