1 00:00:07,160 --> 00:00:09,719 Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Savor. I'm Anyries and I'm Lauren 2 00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:14,319 Speaker 1: voc obaum, and today we're talking about ice. Yes, um, 3 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 1: and this is one of those things I can't have 4 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:18,880 Speaker 1: because of my tooth. Oh really? Oh man? Yeah, but 5 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:21,799 Speaker 1: I actually mean did not like ice before that. Really, 6 00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:24,320 Speaker 1: I thought it was taking out of space that could 7 00:00:24,360 --> 00:00:27,800 Speaker 1: be used for more drink waste. I say, I like, 8 00:00:27,840 --> 00:00:29,800 Speaker 1: I like cold. I mean I lived for like fourteen 9 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:32,680 Speaker 1: years in Florida too, so ice was pretty important to 10 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: my lifestyle. I like a chill drink without ice. Does 11 00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:40,960 Speaker 1: this impact your cocktail decisions? Like, if you're at a 12 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:43,839 Speaker 1: cocktail bar, do you specifically try to order straight up 13 00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:46,040 Speaker 1: drinks rather than on the rocks drinks? I do like 14 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:51,159 Speaker 1: straight up drinks better, but I also appreciate that rocks 15 00:00:51,479 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: slow you down in the case of alcohol specifically, Like, 16 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:58,840 Speaker 1: that's two different nights that I might be able to have. Um. 17 00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:01,480 Speaker 1: But despite all of this, I have an embarrassment of 18 00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:03,560 Speaker 1: riches when it comes to ice molds. I've got like 19 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:06,280 Speaker 1: any Star Wars think you can't imagine. The millennium falcon 20 00:01:06,440 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 1: is my favorite. I got the spherical thing, the big 21 00:01:09,440 --> 00:01:13,120 Speaker 1: cube thing. I'm not sure why I love a big cube. 22 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:19,800 Speaker 1: Who doesn't love a big cueue? Right, show us that person, please? 23 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:23,959 Speaker 1: All right? It all brings us to our question ice, 24 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:35,400 Speaker 1: What is it? Well? Ice is frozen water? Done and done? Yep? Cool. Well, 25 00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:38,800 Speaker 1: now that that's over with, Now I know the technical 26 00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:44,960 Speaker 1: details that go into ice being frozen water are really fascinating. 27 00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: I promise you're making a face like you don't entirely 28 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:50,160 Speaker 1: believe me. But okay, let's break this down a little bit. 29 00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: Follow along, all right, First, basic physics review. Any given 30 00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:57,240 Speaker 1: substance has a temperature which it is solid, at which 31 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: it's liquid, and at which it's gas. Yeah, there's also 32 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:03,360 Speaker 1: plasma and like a few weird ones, but most of 33 00:02:03,360 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: those are not going to get served to you in 34 00:02:05,040 --> 00:02:08,720 Speaker 1: your glass of root beer. So let's concentrate for now. Okay. 35 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 1: If you apply increasing energy to a solid like plastic 36 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:16,800 Speaker 1: or iron, the molecules in it will become increasingly energetic. 37 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:21,040 Speaker 1: They'll break structural bonds among each other and start slouching around. 38 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:25,480 Speaker 1: And that's that's a liquid. Apply even more energy to 39 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:28,720 Speaker 1: that liquid, and the molecules will get even more energetic. 40 00:02:28,760 --> 00:02:32,400 Speaker 1: They'll break apart entirely and float off. That's a gas, 41 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:37,799 Speaker 1: and heat is energy, or the transfer of energy from 42 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:40,040 Speaker 1: one object to another. But yeah, so okay, if you've 43 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:42,600 Speaker 1: got water, that's a bunch of molecules of H two 44 00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:44,959 Speaker 1: hanging out with each other. H two. Oh, that's a 45 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:47,760 Speaker 1: two hydrogen atoms stuck to an oxygen atom, sort of 46 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:50,880 Speaker 1: like a mickey mouse head. I never thought. Yeah, yeah, 47 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 1: Now that's basically what it looks like under normal Earth circumstances. 48 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: From between the temperatures of about zero to one celsius 49 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,440 Speaker 1: or thirty two two two and twelve fahrenheit. The hydrogen 50 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:06,680 Speaker 1: atoms in those H two molecules are constantly making and 51 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:16,840 Speaker 1: breaking loose bonds with each other. They're sluching. Oh my gosh, 52 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:24,600 Speaker 1: you look so scandalized. I am scandalized. But okay, so 53 00:03:24,680 --> 00:03:27,840 Speaker 1: you apply heat above that upper point, they'll break those 54 00:03:27,840 --> 00:03:31,520 Speaker 1: bonds and escape as water vapor into the air. And 55 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:34,800 Speaker 1: if you remove energy to blow that lower point, the 56 00:03:34,840 --> 00:03:37,840 Speaker 1: molecules will slow down so much that the hydrogen atoms 57 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 1: lock up with each other. In these fascinatingly orderly repeating 58 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:47,520 Speaker 1: patterns called crystals. Water molecules take up more space locked 59 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 1: together as crystals than they do as a liquid, which 60 00:03:50,120 --> 00:03:53,720 Speaker 1: is a why water expands as it freezes, and b 61 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:56,920 Speaker 1: why ice floats in water. It's the same mass but 62 00:03:57,040 --> 00:04:01,400 Speaker 1: less dense and physically speak, when you put ice in 63 00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:04,640 Speaker 1: a drink, you're not making the drink cold, You're making 64 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:09,160 Speaker 1: the ice warm until it melts back into water. You 65 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:15,600 Speaker 1: are blowing my mind, Lauren, blowing my mind? What about 66 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:19,599 Speaker 1: what about nutrition? Though? Well, the average ice cube, I 67 00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:23,560 Speaker 1: believe has two thousand, seven hundred and thirty eight calories, 68 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:28,320 Speaker 1: So watch out. No, it's it's water, So it's made 69 00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:30,880 Speaker 1: of water. It's made of water, unless you're making ice 70 00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 1: out of espresso, which I do recommend, and your coffee 71 00:04:33,880 --> 00:04:40,039 Speaker 1: not in your water or like pickled juice. That then 72 00:04:40,080 --> 00:04:44,520 Speaker 1: that's different. But we're talking about water ice. Yeah. And 73 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:46,479 Speaker 1: also there's like a lot more than I could have 74 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: said about ice physics up there. But I'm this is 75 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:53,520 Speaker 1: a food show. It is. And one of the things 76 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:56,200 Speaker 1: that I kept running into on this episode that I 77 00:04:56,240 --> 00:05:00,520 Speaker 1: love about ice is, I mean, think about I skating 78 00:05:00,520 --> 00:05:04,359 Speaker 1: and ice sculpture. There's so many things that ice is 79 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:06,920 Speaker 1: involved in. But I think we should do an episode 80 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:09,640 Speaker 1: on ice sculpture at some point because it is food 81 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:15,120 Speaker 1: and hospitality related. It's adjacent, yes enough, so I think 82 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:17,839 Speaker 1: it deserves its own episode. Oh I'm in I was 83 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:19,960 Speaker 1: sort of bummed when I didn't get their research it 84 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:22,680 Speaker 1: too much. There's a little bit about ice sculpture in here. 85 00:05:23,240 --> 00:05:29,839 Speaker 1: But Americans love ice, and we have probably heard. I've 86 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:33,359 Speaker 1: definitely heard when you're traveling in different countries not to 87 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:37,200 Speaker 1: expect as much ice and drinks, and that has been 88 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:40,279 Speaker 1: my experience. Again, I'm totally on board with this, but 89 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:42,720 Speaker 1: a lot of people I travel with, we're not so 90 00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:46,040 Speaker 1: happy about it. The ice industry makes a cool two 91 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:48,640 Speaker 1: point five billion dollars annually, and most of that comes 92 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:51,920 Speaker 1: from the prepackaged stuff you find in those like beer 93 00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:55,800 Speaker 1: coolers and stores. Sure, the word ice in its modern 94 00:05:55,839 --> 00:05:59,000 Speaker 1: English spelling dates from the fourteen hundreds, which is like 95 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:01,160 Speaker 1: a surprisingly long time for a word to have survived 96 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:03,600 Speaker 1: in a in a single spelling um. But the sound 97 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:06,240 Speaker 1: of the word actually dates back to a Proto Germanic, 98 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:09,520 Speaker 1: which is also just a very long time our word 99 00:06:09,560 --> 00:06:12,039 Speaker 1: to have stuck around. I love that it is. I 100 00:06:12,160 --> 00:06:16,040 Speaker 1: also love as it's clear novelty ice shapes. I was 101 00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:18,360 Speaker 1: trying to remember was it Virgin Atlantic flights that had 102 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 1: those ice cube shaped like Richard Branson's head. I'm pretty 103 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:27,040 Speaker 1: sure that's true. But that's beautiful. Can you imagine having 104 00:06:27,080 --> 00:06:30,080 Speaker 1: like a mold of your own face for ice cubes 105 00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:34,160 Speaker 1: for people on a plane that you own for them 106 00:06:34,200 --> 00:06:37,560 Speaker 1: to enjoy it. I hadn't imagined that previously, but now 107 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:39,520 Speaker 1: now I'm thinking of it, and I like it the 108 00:06:39,680 --> 00:06:42,920 Speaker 1: more that I think about it. It's resolution season, Lauren. 109 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:45,240 Speaker 1: You could make a goal. You can make a goal. 110 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:47,760 Speaker 1: I believe three D printing can make this dream come true. 111 00:06:48,080 --> 00:06:51,560 Speaker 1: I think it could, and we have access. But anyway, 112 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: there's a lot of shapes out there. There's smiley faces, 113 00:06:54,120 --> 00:06:58,760 Speaker 1: goldfish teeth, shark fins, lego snowflake starskulls, fossil ships, robots, 114 00:06:58,839 --> 00:07:03,200 Speaker 1: guns because free get it, because freeze, get it. Beans 115 00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: meant to be used with coffee as and cool beans 116 00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:09,640 Speaker 1: get it. Those shot glasses, icicles for wine. So many 117 00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:15,600 Speaker 1: options out there. It's a it's a beautiful escape it is, 118 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:19,360 Speaker 1: or a frozen healscape. I just like saying frozen healthscape. 119 00:07:19,400 --> 00:07:22,000 Speaker 1: It's a it's a good term. I wanted to put 120 00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:25,600 Speaker 1: a note in here about refrigerators and freezers, um kind 121 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:27,680 Speaker 1: of mixing in with the physics, but also in a 122 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:32,040 Speaker 1: transition sort of way, because these are amazing machines that 123 00:07:32,280 --> 00:07:35,520 Speaker 1: transfer heat from the inside of a box to the 124 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:38,960 Speaker 1: outside of that box. Thus they regulate the temperature on 125 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:41,160 Speaker 1: the inside of that box and keep it relatively low 126 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 1: compared with the air around the box. I don't usually 127 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:48,400 Speaker 1: think about it, but it really is just awesome. And 128 00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 1: it's not only awesome because cold things are fun to eat. 129 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:55,520 Speaker 1: As it turns out, most bacteria that cause disease in humans, 130 00:07:55,560 --> 00:07:59,360 Speaker 1: that is, pathogenic bacteria go into a hibernation of sorts 131 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:02,720 Speaker 1: below out forty degrees fahrenheight a k A four point 132 00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:06,160 Speaker 1: four celsius where and they're not reproducing, and that's why 133 00:08:06,240 --> 00:08:09,679 Speaker 1: we keep our fridges at or below that temperature. However, 134 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 1: many nonpathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms can grow at those temperatures, 135 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:17,960 Speaker 1: and some of them like eating our food as much 136 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: as we do, which is what causes food to spoil. 137 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:23,560 Speaker 1: As we've said before on the show, micro organisms are 138 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:25,760 Speaker 1: eating your food before you get a chance to causing 139 00:08:26,160 --> 00:08:30,280 Speaker 1: unpleasant flavors and textures. But even they will go into 140 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:32,880 Speaker 1: hibernation or maybe even die off when you bring food 141 00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:36,199 Speaker 1: down to around thirty two fahrenheit or zero celsius, because 142 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:40,520 Speaker 1: that's the temperature at which water freezes, and microbes generally 143 00:08:40,559 --> 00:08:42,800 Speaker 1: need liquid water to survive just as much as we do. 144 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:48,000 Speaker 1: For a long time, ice cubes weren't just a thing 145 00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:50,839 Speaker 1: to put in drinks. They were one of the only 146 00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:53,080 Speaker 1: things that could keep your food safe to eat for 147 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:55,839 Speaker 1: more than a couple of hours. And we'll get into 148 00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:57,959 Speaker 1: the history of that right after we get back from 149 00:08:57,960 --> 00:09:08,640 Speaker 1: a quick break for a word from our sponsor, and 150 00:09:08,679 --> 00:09:12,640 Speaker 1: we're back. Thank you, sponsor, Yes, thank you. So American 151 00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:16,000 Speaker 1: rapper and actor ice Cube was born as o'sh Jackson 152 00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:24,040 Speaker 1: in nine Oh wait, yeah, I mean also a good 153 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:27,920 Speaker 1: ice cube to talk about. He's a good ice cube 154 00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: to talk about. Thank you for coming along on this 155 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:34,960 Speaker 1: lame joke with me. Um. Alright, So, ice has been 156 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:40,800 Speaker 1: around for a long long time, but humans harvesting ice 157 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:44,760 Speaker 1: is not quite as old. It's so old, but not 158 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 1: quite comparatively right. In some northern areas where ice is 159 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:52,600 Speaker 1: easier to come by, hunter gatherers were harvesting ice earlier 160 00:09:52,640 --> 00:09:57,600 Speaker 1: than other people, primarily for preservation and storage. Hunters and 161 00:09:57,880 --> 00:10:00,160 Speaker 1: icy regions would use the ice as a way to 162 00:10:00,240 --> 00:10:03,640 Speaker 1: make the meat from their kills keep for longer periods. 163 00:10:04,160 --> 00:10:07,440 Speaker 1: They might not have known why this work precisely, but 164 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: they knew that it did. In some cases, when any 165 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:13,840 Speaker 1: leftover kill was buried to hide it from predators or 166 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:16,839 Speaker 1: other hunters, and the conditions are right, they were essentially 167 00:10:16,920 --> 00:10:23,760 Speaker 1: freezing food. Sometimes this happened via totally unavoidable accident. It 168 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:28,360 Speaker 1: was just that cold gonna happen. UM natural caves are insulated, 169 00:10:28,440 --> 00:10:31,600 Speaker 1: underground pits are chambers were popular ways to keep things 170 00:10:31,640 --> 00:10:37,560 Speaker 1: like grains, chili, and preserved ice. Pits existed four thousand 171 00:10:37,679 --> 00:10:41,760 Speaker 1: years ago and Mesopotamia. Evidence suggest the Chinese were harvesting 172 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:45,600 Speaker 1: and storing ice by one thousand BC, and this ice 173 00:10:45,760 --> 00:10:50,959 Speaker 1: might be transported for several miles. The upper class and 174 00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:54,320 Speaker 1: ancient civilizations like Persia, Rome, Greece and Egypt, who could 175 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:57,880 Speaker 1: afford to pay someone to go up a mountain and 176 00:10:57,960 --> 00:11:01,960 Speaker 1: get ice and or snow, used it in drinks, chilled fruits, 177 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:05,760 Speaker 1: and frozen desserts like flavored ices no matter the weather, 178 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:08,560 Speaker 1: and tea, which has been around for quite some time 179 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:13,080 Speaker 1: as CRT episode for that yes, was one of the 180 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:18,360 Speaker 1: first flavored drinks to be ice. Also, UM eliminate earl 181 00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:22,679 Speaker 1: Uh in Persia in particular, by around four hundred b C. 182 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:27,640 Speaker 1: That worked out how to create ice through the fascinating 183 00:11:27,640 --> 00:11:34,160 Speaker 1: physics of nocturnal cooling. Oh not internal cool, not internal cool. Yeah. Yeah, 184 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:36,079 Speaker 1: So this is a way to make artificial ice, to 185 00:11:36,200 --> 00:11:39,440 Speaker 1: make man made ice, in which you're taking advantage of 186 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:42,800 Speaker 1: this natural thing that just happens to make ice overnight, 187 00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,160 Speaker 1: even when the ambient air temperature is well above freezing. 188 00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:50,120 Speaker 1: M m m m hmmm. So Persia's cities, even in deserts, 189 00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:54,480 Speaker 1: were serviced by these underground canals. And to make this ice, 190 00:11:54,720 --> 00:11:58,920 Speaker 1: they would make these wide, shallow pits or channels that 191 00:11:58,960 --> 00:12:02,080 Speaker 1: were protected by tall walls from daytime sun and nighttime 192 00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:04,160 Speaker 1: wind and fill them with just a couple inches of 193 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:09,040 Speaker 1: water overnight. Because the open sky is very cold when 194 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:11,880 Speaker 1: the sun isn't hitting it, heat would radiate up out 195 00:12:11,880 --> 00:12:14,439 Speaker 1: of the water into the sky and by the early 196 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:17,839 Speaker 1: hours of the morning the water would freeze. It can 197 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 1: be like forty degrees fahrenheit outside, like four point five 198 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:26,240 Speaker 1: celsius or more, and this will work. Yeah. The surface 199 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:28,600 Speaker 1: area of the pans or channels also helps it. As 200 00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:31,079 Speaker 1: water evaporates into the air, it takes a bit more 201 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:34,240 Speaker 1: heat energy to do it, and they had these domed 202 00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:36,760 Speaker 1: buildings to store the ice in during warmer times, um 203 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:39,439 Speaker 1: that were highly insulated, vented at the top, built over 204 00:12:39,440 --> 00:12:42,680 Speaker 1: these cool pits. It was amazing technology for the time. 205 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,120 Speaker 1: That sounds pretty amazing. That's that's another thing that I 206 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: didn't get to look into. But things like a glues 207 00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:54,960 Speaker 1: of ice has so many uses. It does hotels. I've 208 00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:58,000 Speaker 1: been to an ice bar. All these memories are flooding back. 209 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:02,839 Speaker 1: Oh my goodness, I was in China. It was so cold. Anyway, 210 00:13:02,840 --> 00:13:07,600 Speaker 1: you're already like you run like like you're you're chili 211 00:13:07,640 --> 00:13:10,160 Speaker 1: all the time. Yeah, there's usually some gloves and a 212 00:13:10,280 --> 00:13:14,280 Speaker 1: scarf involved in this podcast thing. Oh yeah, she's been 213 00:13:14,280 --> 00:13:19,760 Speaker 1: in here in like a parka still cold. I had 214 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:23,640 Speaker 1: fun though at the ice bar. But back to the history. Yes, 215 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:27,800 Speaker 1: in the Mediterranean, snow harvested from the mountains was sold 216 00:13:28,280 --> 00:13:31,960 Speaker 1: per day, are stored in pits that were covered with branches, 217 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:36,080 Speaker 1: leaf mats, or cloth. While Alexander the Great was in Petra, 218 00:13:36,240 --> 00:13:39,400 Speaker 1: he oversaw the digging of trenches that were then filled 219 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,319 Speaker 1: with snow and covered with branches so that his soldiers 220 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:47,960 Speaker 1: could enjoy it chilled wine in the summer. How kind, Yeah, 221 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:52,200 Speaker 1: chilled wine very important. Snow and ice weren't just used 222 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:55,880 Speaker 1: for food and drink and food storage. Early physicians also 223 00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:59,520 Speaker 1: used ice um to treat all sorts of ailments, many 224 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:03,160 Speaker 1: that we will use ice for today, like inflammation and fever. 225 00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: But when the Roman Empire fell, so too did ice 226 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:13,200 Speaker 1: popularity um, and it wasn't until like the thirteenth and 227 00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:16,080 Speaker 1: fourteen centuries that it started to kind of come back 228 00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:19,640 Speaker 1: onto the scene. Ice harvested from Lebanon's mountains was shipped 229 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 1: to Cairo to be enjoyed by Egyptian royalty. Around this time, 230 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:28,000 Speaker 1: ice sculptures started to enter the elegant party scene as 231 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: a centerpiece at banquets, and if we look at Europe, 232 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:36,240 Speaker 1: Italians often get the credit for reintroducing ice to that continent, 233 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:38,800 Speaker 1: followed swiftly by the French. But the French were doing 234 00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 1: it more as a show of well so were the 235 00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:43,920 Speaker 1: Italian They both were um like the case of Henry 236 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:47,920 Speaker 1: the Third, who impressed his guest with tables piled high 237 00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:52,800 Speaker 1: with snow and dice. However, many Europeans turned up their 238 00:14:52,840 --> 00:14:56,000 Speaker 1: noses at the idea of chill drinks. One quote from 239 00:14:56,040 --> 00:14:59,360 Speaker 1: the time described it as a mark of excessive and 240 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:05,240 Speaker 1: a femine it luxury huh yeah uh. Indeed, over on 241 00:15:05,280 --> 00:15:08,280 Speaker 1: the Indian subcontinent, by the mid to late sixteenth century, 242 00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:12,520 Speaker 1: some of the also not unshowy royalty of the Mughal 243 00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:16,120 Speaker 1: Empire were having ice harvested in the Himalayas and carted 244 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:20,560 Speaker 1: down daily, as ice drinks and desserts were very vogue, 245 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:23,640 Speaker 1: and also it's just hot as all get out during 246 00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:25,600 Speaker 1: the summer, and a lot of cities at the royalty 247 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:28,000 Speaker 1: were hanging out in in times when that was too 248 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:31,080 Speaker 1: expensive or just as a supplement, their ice sellers would 249 00:15:31,080 --> 00:15:34,520 Speaker 1: be filled up with ice created through the aforementioned nocturnal cooling, 250 00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:37,560 Speaker 1: and some of the reports I was reading about it, 251 00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:39,840 Speaker 1: they had a great system set up, like outside of 252 00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:42,600 Speaker 1: the cities in open fields, they had these shallow beds 253 00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:45,560 Speaker 1: dug lined with a straw or other dried plant waste 254 00:15:45,560 --> 00:15:49,160 Speaker 1: for insulation, and on cold, clear still nights, a whole 255 00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:52,680 Speaker 1: team of workers would be called with like vocal calls 256 00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:56,600 Speaker 1: or music to come fill earthenware pants and enter too 257 00:15:56,640 --> 00:15:58,280 Speaker 1: deep with water and fit them into the beds. And 258 00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:00,160 Speaker 1: in the morning they would pack the ice into the cellars. 259 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:05,120 Speaker 1: That is pretty amazing good system indeed, well maybe not 260 00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:10,640 Speaker 1: for the workers, no, for ice. Yes, productive system, that's 261 00:16:10,680 --> 00:16:14,040 Speaker 1: a good word. Around the same time, many of the 262 00:16:14,080 --> 00:16:16,080 Speaker 1: well to do in Europe, the Middle East, and China 263 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:19,840 Speaker 1: had ice houses, from palaces and estates to monasteries and abbeys. 264 00:16:19,840 --> 00:16:23,600 Speaker 1: I'm starting to think the well off people in in 265 00:16:23,680 --> 00:16:25,760 Speaker 1: this time in these areas just had a lot of houses. 266 00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,440 Speaker 1: You got your pineapple house, you got your ora injury, 267 00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:32,480 Speaker 1: you got your ice house. Just a very specific little house, 268 00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 1: fair whatever, for whatever thing you want to show off 269 00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:37,360 Speaker 1: that you could not only get but could make a 270 00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:41,800 Speaker 1: house for. Of course, they did have to show off 271 00:16:41,840 --> 00:16:43,840 Speaker 1: these things even more, and by the eighteenth century the 272 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:47,880 Speaker 1: architecture of these ice houses had gotten quite showy, featuring 273 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:53,200 Speaker 1: things like Grecian pillars are Gothic archways. These ice houses 274 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,000 Speaker 1: were almost solely used for ice at first makes sense, 275 00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:57,760 Speaker 1: but not until later did people start to view them 276 00:16:57,800 --> 00:16:59,880 Speaker 1: as we might a refrigerator at the place to st 277 00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:04,920 Speaker 1: or food. However, ice had become more commonplace by this time. 278 00:17:05,359 --> 00:17:08,159 Speaker 1: They might not have had ice houses, but peasants in 279 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:11,840 Speaker 1: Europe were known to have little stacks of ice constructed 280 00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:15,399 Speaker 1: out of branches, leaves, and heather for insulation. Yeah yeah, yeah, 281 00:17:15,440 --> 00:17:18,359 Speaker 1: and they would put these structures near water that froze 282 00:17:18,560 --> 00:17:22,520 Speaker 1: during the wintertime. During the nineteenth century Europe, in places 283 00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:25,720 Speaker 1: where warm and mild winters failed to produce ice, merchants 284 00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:29,439 Speaker 1: that depended on ice for business, like butchers, would scramble 285 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:34,320 Speaker 1: to buy ice from Greenland's cargo ships of ice. Archaeological 286 00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:37,720 Speaker 1: evidence indicates that ice pits were present in Jamestown, Virginia, 287 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:40,119 Speaker 1: all the way back in the seventeenth century, as the 288 00:17:40,160 --> 00:17:43,320 Speaker 1: colonists bought the European proclivity for child drinks and ice 289 00:17:43,320 --> 00:17:46,520 Speaker 1: desserts with them and the technology of these little makeshift 290 00:17:46,560 --> 00:17:49,800 Speaker 1: ice houses. Yeah right. To get this ice, ice harvesters 291 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:52,119 Speaker 1: would cut it from frozen bodies of water in the 292 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:55,000 Speaker 1: winter and store it in these pits or sellers during 293 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,920 Speaker 1: the rest of the year. They also might have built 294 00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:00,639 Speaker 1: huts over these cellars to a prevent loss of cool 295 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:03,760 Speaker 1: air and be to keep perishable items in like meat 296 00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:06,879 Speaker 1: and milk. By the eighteenth century, the pits and sellers 297 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,440 Speaker 1: were improved upon with the ice house, which was used 298 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,960 Speaker 1: for chilling food and drink and making ice cream. Ice 299 00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: cream comes up all the time in the history of 300 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:18,719 Speaker 1: ice um and storing ice too. These were more formal 301 00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:21,560 Speaker 1: sellars that were reinforced with stone lining and topped with 302 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:26,320 Speaker 1: a more elaborate buildings. Yes, and two people who had 303 00:18:26,359 --> 00:18:30,680 Speaker 1: probably very elaborate buildings, Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, who 304 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:35,000 Speaker 1: both had ice houses. One of the first advertisements for 305 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:39,280 Speaker 1: ice was published in Philadelphia in seventeen nine nine. Europeans 306 00:18:39,359 --> 00:18:42,520 Speaker 1: visiting the northern United States and seventeen nineties reported Americans 307 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:45,720 Speaker 1: drinking ice water and that hotels employed buckets of ice 308 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:50,480 Speaker 1: to cool down their rooms. The first cargo shipment of 309 00:18:50,520 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: ice made the journey from New York to Charleston, South Carolina, 310 00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:58,600 Speaker 1: also in seventeen and one fellow out of Boston, Frederick Tudor, 311 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:03,000 Speaker 1: made quite a lot of money shipping ice harvested from 312 00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:07,440 Speaker 1: Massachusetts overseas between eighteen o five and eighteen sixty, over 313 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:12,840 Speaker 1: twelve thousand tons of ice. His nickname the ice game, 314 00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:16,880 Speaker 1: like from Adventure Time? Is that his name it is, 315 00:19:16,880 --> 00:19:19,639 Speaker 1: isn't it? I think so? The ice games it's like 316 00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:23,399 Speaker 1: game of throw. It could be, you know, depending on 317 00:19:23,880 --> 00:19:27,600 Speaker 1: the movie that you're in. UM he pushed for the 318 00:19:27,640 --> 00:19:31,440 Speaker 1: construction of ice chest. He sent sales agents out to 319 00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:34,919 Speaker 1: encourage businesses to sell ice cream with an ice chest. 320 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:39,320 Speaker 1: Sung the praises of ice for preserving food, helped popularize 321 00:19:39,359 --> 00:19:43,600 Speaker 1: the sale of fizzy water, and he gave any bar 322 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:46,400 Speaker 1: owner that agreed to sell ice drinks at the same 323 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:50,200 Speaker 1: price as warm ones a year's worth of free ice. 324 00:19:51,480 --> 00:19:55,360 Speaker 1: Oh trixy yes, And perhaps in part due to this, 325 00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:59,359 Speaker 1: the market and popularity of cold drinks grew a lot 326 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:03,240 Speaker 1: during the mid nineteenth century. If we go back a 327 00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:06,760 Speaker 1: bit to Frederick Tutor, he's got an interesting story. Yeah. 328 00:20:07,119 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 1: He got the idea to get into the ice biz 329 00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:12,720 Speaker 1: from a passing remark from his brother about how nice 330 00:20:12,760 --> 00:20:14,960 Speaker 1: it would be to have an ice cold drink and 331 00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:18,359 Speaker 1: ice cream on a hot summer day. They were picnicking 332 00:20:18,359 --> 00:20:22,520 Speaker 1: when he said this. Um and Tutor was like eureka 333 00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:24,960 Speaker 1: and decided that they should ship some ice down to 334 00:20:25,040 --> 00:20:29,360 Speaker 1: the Caribbean. He reasoned, once people tried it, they wouldn't 335 00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:33,200 Speaker 1: be able to go on without it. The brothers were 336 00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:35,040 Speaker 1: just about the only ones who thought this was a 337 00:20:35,080 --> 00:20:38,520 Speaker 1: good idea, though um no one in the Boston area 338 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:41,760 Speaker 1: would transport the ice, so they had to spend about 339 00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:44,960 Speaker 1: five thousand dollars of their own money to get their 340 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,879 Speaker 1: own ship. Their eighteen o six launch was met with 341 00:20:48,920 --> 00:20:53,040 Speaker 1: this observation from the Boston Gazette. No joke, a vessel 342 00:20:53,119 --> 00:20:55,560 Speaker 1: with a cargo of eighty tons of ice has cleared 343 00:20:55,560 --> 00:20:58,640 Speaker 1: out from this port of Martinique. We hope this will 344 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:02,919 Speaker 1: not prove to be a slippery speculation. Oh, you gotta 345 00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:07,640 Speaker 1: give props from Tops or New Lauren. When the ice 346 00:21:07,760 --> 00:21:11,800 Speaker 1: arrived to Martinique, none the worse for travel. No one 347 00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:16,000 Speaker 1: wanted it. No one wanted it. Um and Tutor's brother 348 00:21:16,359 --> 00:21:19,520 Speaker 1: left the business, leaving Frederick all by his lonesome. A 349 00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:23,040 Speaker 1: couple of trade embargoes and a dwindling fortune later, he 350 00:21:23,359 --> 00:21:28,360 Speaker 1: finally turned a profit in ten. However, his fortune quickly 351 00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:33,760 Speaker 1: cooled thanks to the weather dubbed ice famines, war, and 352 00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:38,160 Speaker 1: bailouts for some of his relatives. I like that it's 353 00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:43,479 Speaker 1: more one bailout. Tutor ended up in Debtors prison three 354 00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:47,000 Speaker 1: times during the span of eighteen o nine, and spent 355 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:51,160 Speaker 1: much of his time outside of Debtor's prison avoiding the sheriff. 356 00:21:51,920 --> 00:21:56,400 Speaker 1: He was determined, though, and of this determination the idea 357 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:59,160 Speaker 1: of get one free of giving away. That free ice 358 00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:03,000 Speaker 1: was worn the free ice chest too. Um shipping improvements 359 00:22:03,119 --> 00:22:07,040 Speaker 1: helped stacking the ice closer together, insulating with sawdust instead 360 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:12,160 Speaker 1: of straw, and his business took off. Tutor partnered with 361 00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 1: Nathaniel Wyatt, who got the idea to use horse drawn 362 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:20,360 Speaker 1: plows to cut the ice along square grids. Then laborers 363 00:22:20,560 --> 00:22:24,240 Speaker 1: sawed these ice grids into blocks, which they then floated 364 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:27,000 Speaker 1: downstream to be to be put up on a conveyor 365 00:22:27,040 --> 00:22:30,879 Speaker 1: belt that transported them to ice houses. Which was pretty 366 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:36,080 Speaker 1: ice farming. Yeah, it wasn't safe though, um numb hands, 367 00:22:36,520 --> 00:22:41,200 Speaker 1: sharp tools, heavy towers of ice that slid and broke bones, 368 00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:44,119 Speaker 1: um something called ice man's knees or knees that were 369 00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:46,800 Speaker 1: covered and bruises and blood after days on end of 370 00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:50,200 Speaker 1: shoveling ice. And it wasn't as profitable as they wanted 371 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:53,919 Speaker 1: it to be either. Only ten of this ice was 372 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: ever sold. Still Tutor kept pushing. He was once quoted 373 00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:04,320 Speaker 1: as saying ice would make him inevitably and unavoidably rich. 374 00:23:05,119 --> 00:23:08,439 Speaker 1: He really had his heart and heads set on this. 375 00:23:09,119 --> 00:23:11,439 Speaker 1: He got his ice king nickname after a shipment of 376 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:15,120 Speaker 1: one eighty tons of ice arrived in Calcutta in eighteen 377 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:19,560 Speaker 1: thirty three. The British stationed there loved the ice. Some 378 00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:23,840 Speaker 1: even credited the success of his shipment with reopening the 379 00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:28,399 Speaker 1: trade route between India and Boston. Queen Victoria reportedly loved 380 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:31,840 Speaker 1: Tutor ice too, specifically Tutor ice, and had it shipped 381 00:23:31,960 --> 00:23:35,000 Speaker 1: from Boston rather than use what was more readily available 382 00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 1: to her in Europe. Fifty two thousand tons of ice 383 00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:42,320 Speaker 1: made it to twenty eight U s. Cities by eighteen 384 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:45,639 Speaker 1: forty seven, either by ship our train, and over half 385 00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:49,240 Speaker 1: of that was tutors. He had ice harvesting rights to 386 00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:53,320 Speaker 1: most of the ponds in Massachusetts, and Henry David Thureaux 387 00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:56,920 Speaker 1: once wrote about watching the ice harvesting He was both 388 00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:03,080 Speaker 1: annoyed and impressed. I feel like that's thorough. In general, 389 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:08,399 Speaker 1: tutors ice helped along innovations in medicine and science as well. 390 00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:13,439 Speaker 1: It impacted so many industries like fishing and beer. Tutor 391 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:16,280 Speaker 1: died in eighteen sixty four, a rich man, and this 392 00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:18,800 Speaker 1: is when the American ice harvesting scene was that its 393 00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:22,360 Speaker 1: most competitive. It was one of the most powerful industries 394 00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:24,880 Speaker 1: in the United States at the dawn of the twentieth century. 395 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:28,640 Speaker 1: Prior to and during the time of Tutor. By the way, 396 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:31,760 Speaker 1: there were other methods of producing ice um assault and 397 00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:36,280 Speaker 1: mineral acid mixture by machine, but these methods were expensive 398 00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:39,199 Speaker 1: and produced lower quality ice, and we're primarily used in 399 00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:42,159 Speaker 1: areas where getting ice was difficult, like polluted areas or 400 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:46,920 Speaker 1: the American South during the Civil War. But let's jump 401 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:50,520 Speaker 1: to eighteen forty four, all right. Looking to alleviate some 402 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:54,040 Speaker 1: of the discomfort of his yellow fever patients in American 403 00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,080 Speaker 1: position by the name of John Gory built a refrigerator 404 00:24:57,119 --> 00:25:00,480 Speaker 1: to cool the room they were housed in. It's possible 405 00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:04,840 Speaker 1: this is the first instance of an ice tray. Documentation 406 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:10,680 Speaker 1: suggests that the patients received ice drinks. Australia's James Harrison 407 00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:12,960 Speaker 1: got a patent for an ice maker in eighteen fifty five, 408 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:16,960 Speaker 1: and Alexander Twinning or Twining of Connecticut patented one in 409 00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:21,639 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty three. We get Gustavo's swift shipping chilled beef 410 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:25,360 Speaker 1: as opposed to living cows via train in and around 411 00:25:25,359 --> 00:25:29,160 Speaker 1: this time, folks started developing technology to make higher quality 412 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:33,280 Speaker 1: and commercially sustainable artificial ice. By the eighteen nineties, the 413 00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:36,040 Speaker 1: production of artificial ice was on the rise, such that 414 00:25:36,119 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: ice factories were being opened in the temperate American North, 415 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:42,960 Speaker 1: in addition to the slightly longer standing businesses in the 416 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,520 Speaker 1: South and down into South America. These factories were essentially 417 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:50,439 Speaker 1: giant refrigerators with huge ice trays that would create blocks 418 00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:53,399 Speaker 1: of ice that weighed some three pounds like a hundred 419 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:56,600 Speaker 1: forty five kilos over the course of sixty days, by 420 00:25:56,760 --> 00:26:01,199 Speaker 1: circulating cold compressed gas through pipes under the trays. And 421 00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:03,720 Speaker 1: by the turn of the century, this artificial ice was 422 00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:06,960 Speaker 1: often cheaper than natural ice, even in the North, and 423 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:09,720 Speaker 1: some considered it to be superior because it was more 424 00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:13,440 Speaker 1: like standardly compact the natural ice, which often has layers 425 00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:16,840 Speaker 1: with bubbles or with softer packed crystals. And the artificial 426 00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:18,480 Speaker 1: stuff could be cleaner as well, because it was made 427 00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:21,720 Speaker 1: from distilled water rather than whatever happened to show up 428 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:25,520 Speaker 1: in a lake. Rights. Yeah. By that turn of the century, 429 00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:29,199 Speaker 1: ice was widespread enough and cheap enough that many Americans 430 00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:31,600 Speaker 1: had an ice box in their house. This is a 431 00:26:31,720 --> 00:26:34,080 Speaker 1: precursor to the fridge. It was sort of a wooden 432 00:26:34,119 --> 00:26:37,040 Speaker 1: cabinet insulated with a metal like a ten or zinc, 433 00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:39,639 Speaker 1: with a place for a big block of ice and 434 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:43,879 Speaker 1: a drip tray underneath. You'd have blocks delivered frequently to 435 00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:47,320 Speaker 1: replace them as they melted. Iceman and during World War One, 436 00:26:47,359 --> 00:26:54,000 Speaker 1: ice women made daily rounds in we get fred Wolves 437 00:26:54,359 --> 00:26:58,400 Speaker 1: Doll Marry which is probably just D O M E 438 00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:05,040 Speaker 1: L R E, which was the domestic electric refrigerator. And 439 00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:07,720 Speaker 1: this was a fairly small device meant to be put 440 00:27:07,760 --> 00:27:10,359 Speaker 1: in ice boxes in the place of a block of 441 00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,359 Speaker 1: ice to keep the interior cool. But it wasn't particularly 442 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 1: affordable or reliable, right, and it was not a success, 443 00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:22,359 Speaker 1: but it featured a basic ice cube trade design that 444 00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,000 Speaker 1: went on to influence future designs, and as we enter 445 00:27:25,119 --> 00:27:28,800 Speaker 1: the twenties and thirties, most refrigerator manufacturers included an ice 446 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:32,879 Speaker 1: cube tray, so that's something. Yeah, speaking of refrigerators, this 447 00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:35,520 Speaker 1: was kind of the death knell of the competitive ice 448 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:39,560 Speaker 1: harvesting industry in America. People could just get ice at 449 00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,000 Speaker 1: home and there wasn't really a need to ship it 450 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:45,880 Speaker 1: across the country. And what about dry ice? What about it? 451 00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:48,040 Speaker 1: People knew it was a thing going all the way 452 00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 1: back to Etive, but is the first year that someone 453 00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:56,480 Speaker 1: Thomas Slate sold it? Something only possible because of innovations 454 00:27:56,680 --> 00:27:59,920 Speaker 1: leading to refrigerated rail cars. Dry ice is a whole 455 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:02,760 Speaker 1: our episode. It is indeed also really fun if you're 456 00:28:02,760 --> 00:28:10,200 Speaker 1: making an exploding volcano cake. Um, then we get the Kelvinator. 457 00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:13,200 Speaker 1: This was the first refrigerator that came with the self 458 00:28:13,240 --> 00:28:17,280 Speaker 1: contained compressor and cooling system. It was named for discoverer 459 00:28:17,359 --> 00:28:21,880 Speaker 1: of absolute zero, Lord Kelvin. Also, one of my favorite 460 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:25,239 Speaker 1: lame jokes from an Arnold Swartzenegger movie is when he 461 00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:30,919 Speaker 1: kills absolute zero in Running Man and he says absolute zero, 462 00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:36,880 Speaker 1: now plain zero. That was a really good Arnold. Stay here, 463 00:28:37,119 --> 00:28:42,440 Speaker 1: I'm impressed with myself. Um. The first rubber ice cube 464 00:28:42,440 --> 00:28:47,160 Speaker 1: patent was filed in by Lloyd Groff Copeman and Clarence 465 00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:50,840 Speaker 1: Bird's Eye. I yes that Clarence Bird's Eye. Um sells 466 00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:53,640 Speaker 1: his patent for frozen food to General Foods Corporation in 467 00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:56,800 Speaker 1: nine and you can see are Frozen Food episode for 468 00:28:57,040 --> 00:29:02,240 Speaker 1: so much more about that. The getting in one frigid 469 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:06,480 Speaker 1: air fridges come with free on. While it was safer 470 00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:09,600 Speaker 1: than chemicals that had been used previously, it was still 471 00:29:10,160 --> 00:29:13,440 Speaker 1: not good for the environment. It wasn't until the nineteen 472 00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:16,840 Speaker 1: seventies that people started raising the alarm about how bad 473 00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:21,240 Speaker 1: this stuff was for the planet. And this ice cube 474 00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:25,200 Speaker 1: thing took another step in ninety three when guy at 475 00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:30,280 Speaker 1: Tincom invented the flexible stainless steel all metal ice tray 476 00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:35,040 Speaker 1: that ejected ice cuse by flexing sideways. The McCord ice 477 00:29:35,120 --> 00:29:40,600 Speaker 1: tray price fifty cents. A year later we get the 478 00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,880 Speaker 1: first motorized ice shaving machine thanks to Ernest Hansen, and 479 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:48,640 Speaker 1: ice cubes were considered a quote delightful and trendy novelty 480 00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:51,400 Speaker 1: in the late thirties through the mid forties. According to 481 00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:55,640 Speaker 1: the Smithsonian Natural Museum of American History, another delightful and 482 00:29:55,680 --> 00:30:00,640 Speaker 1: trendy novelty. I don't know how the al and trendy 483 00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:02,880 Speaker 1: it is, but I feel like it is. Um It 484 00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,640 Speaker 1: debuted in ninety nine and this was the answer to 485 00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:12,120 Speaker 1: the Zamboni family's ice block factory. It flooded and uh 486 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:15,400 Speaker 1: they just had like an ice skating rink. Uh, well 487 00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:18,200 Speaker 1: that's what they turned it into anyway. And then when 488 00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:20,560 Speaker 1: they were asking, well, what do we do now, it's 489 00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:24,120 Speaker 1: got all of these dents and rivets, and you know what, 490 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:31,440 Speaker 1: they invented the sambo. That's great. It is talk about 491 00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:36,720 Speaker 1: turning what is it like ice water into ice skating rink. Yeah, 492 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:40,600 Speaker 1: something like that. Um. The ice maker refrigerator enters the 493 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:44,560 Speaker 1: market in nineteen fifty three, and with round ice to boot, 494 00:30:45,320 --> 00:30:49,800 Speaker 1: by the mid nineteen fifties of Americans owned a refrigerator. 495 00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:53,360 Speaker 1: Frigid Air comes out with the first ice maker in 496 00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:57,520 Speaker 1: the door refrigerator in nineteen sixty five. At that point, 497 00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,680 Speaker 1: ice makers and fridges were widespread, and I spect Frigid 498 00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:04,000 Speaker 1: Air was looking to get a leg up. And then 499 00:31:04,120 --> 00:31:07,240 Speaker 1: our most important fact of the episode, famous ice lover, Mr. 500 00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:10,600 Speaker 1: Freeze Grace is the page of a Batman comic for 501 00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:16,600 Speaker 1: the first time in nine six. That's critical, very important 502 00:31:17,080 --> 00:31:22,240 Speaker 1: to a food deep dive about ice. No it is, 503 00:31:22,960 --> 00:31:27,320 Speaker 1: I mean. And also, speaking of Arnold Schwarzenegger, you're right, 504 00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,120 Speaker 1: oh yeah, okay, what's a good quote from in that movie? 505 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:33,960 Speaker 1: He says the ice age? Oh, Lauren, what is? Every 506 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:37,160 Speaker 1: single thing I said was an ice pun. But mostly 507 00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,520 Speaker 1: all I can remember is the trailer with him going like, okay, 508 00:31:40,520 --> 00:31:49,000 Speaker 1: everybody chill well with that. We're gonna pause for one 509 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:59,480 Speaker 1: more quick break for a word for our sponsor, and 510 00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:02,280 Speaker 1: we're back. Thank you sponsored, Yes, thank you. And we 511 00:32:02,360 --> 00:32:05,120 Speaker 1: spent that ad break going over Arnold Schwartz Andigger quotes, 512 00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:09,160 Speaker 1: and I realized I misquoted the absolute zero quote. It's 513 00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:13,000 Speaker 1: sub zero. So don't write in about it. Oh, they 514 00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:18,600 Speaker 1: already did. You're right, they did. They did. Um, but 515 00:32:18,680 --> 00:32:22,800 Speaker 1: this brings us to these are modern times more or less. 516 00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:25,480 Speaker 1: And uh, we got to talk about those fancy ice 517 00:32:25,520 --> 00:32:29,040 Speaker 1: cubes that you get in bars. Yes, Oh, I didn't 518 00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:33,960 Speaker 1: go into the physics of the sphery thing. I'll do 519 00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:36,560 Speaker 1: it in another time. I'm sorry, No, we forgive you. 520 00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:41,920 Speaker 1: It's a lot. Um. As I became more commonplace, so 521 00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:45,440 Speaker 1: too did it become more common to use in cocktails. 522 00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:48,719 Speaker 1: And certain cocktails called for certain types of ice, like 523 00:32:48,760 --> 00:32:53,280 Speaker 1: shaved for mint juelips. There's lumps lumped ice for other drinks. 524 00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:56,520 Speaker 1: And this was already happening in because we have records 525 00:32:56,520 --> 00:33:00,880 Speaker 1: of visitors commenting on the fantastic cocktail scene in the 526 00:33:00,920 --> 00:33:04,560 Speaker 1: United States and how ice was a part of that. Um. 527 00:33:04,680 --> 00:33:09,240 Speaker 1: Then wham bam, thank you, ma'am. Prohibition so all went away. Um. 528 00:33:09,280 --> 00:33:13,160 Speaker 1: It's taken this country a while to bounce back from that, 529 00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:17,920 Speaker 1: and also the dark pre mixed drink days of the eighties. 530 00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:21,920 Speaker 1: But starting with the new millennium, bartenders really started getting 531 00:33:21,920 --> 00:33:25,160 Speaker 1: into the art of the cocktail again, and ice is 532 00:33:25,280 --> 00:33:30,040 Speaker 1: a part of that problem. No one really harvest ice 533 00:33:30,080 --> 00:33:33,560 Speaker 1: from frozen bodies of water anymore. We get them and 534 00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:37,680 Speaker 1: relatively the same shapes from refrigerators are ice machines. Apparently 535 00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:40,960 Speaker 1: this is known in the business as hotel ice. Uh 536 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:44,040 Speaker 1: specifically the kind of like quarter moon shaped ice cubes, 537 00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:47,800 Speaker 1: the rounded one side rounded ice cubes. Yeah yeah, um 538 00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:51,640 Speaker 1: so new ice machines were developed capable of producing larger, 539 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:57,440 Speaker 1: clearer ice cubes, but bartenders wanted more, more shapes, clearer ice. 540 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:01,800 Speaker 1: If you make ice shapes use a commercial freezer, they'll 541 00:34:01,840 --> 00:34:05,400 Speaker 1: probably be cloudy. And that's because, Okay, first of all, 542 00:34:05,520 --> 00:34:09,560 Speaker 1: water isn't one pure h two oh. Outside of like 543 00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:12,440 Speaker 1: laboratory settings, most of the time, the water from your 544 00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:15,080 Speaker 1: faucet or from a bottle may contain a reflex of 545 00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:18,120 Speaker 1: dust or minerals or plant remains or whatever, along with 546 00:34:18,160 --> 00:34:21,280 Speaker 1: some dissolved gases like oxygen and maybe minute air bubbles. 547 00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:25,319 Speaker 1: When water freezes, that debris can concentrate into clusters that 548 00:34:25,480 --> 00:34:29,640 Speaker 1: impede and scatter light, making otherwise clear ice look white 549 00:34:29,640 --> 00:34:32,759 Speaker 1: and cloudy. That debris is what causes ice cubes that 550 00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:34,399 Speaker 1: you make at home to be kind of hazy white 551 00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:37,000 Speaker 1: in the middle. Most ice makers and ice cube trays 552 00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:40,719 Speaker 1: will freeze water from the outside inward, which drives that 553 00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:45,080 Speaker 1: gas and that debris towards the center of the cube. Secondly, 554 00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:48,240 Speaker 1: when water freezes quickly, the crystals of ice that form 555 00:34:48,440 --> 00:34:51,960 Speaker 1: tend to be super tiny, and each crystal surfaces are reflective, 556 00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:54,279 Speaker 1: So the more crystals you have in your ice, the 557 00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:58,120 Speaker 1: more incoming light will scatter, and the cloudier your ice 558 00:34:58,160 --> 00:35:01,200 Speaker 1: will look. So to get your ice, you need relatively 559 00:35:01,200 --> 00:35:04,880 Speaker 1: little debris and you need to let it freeze slowly. 560 00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:09,200 Speaker 1: There are restaurant grade ice machines will freeze water super 561 00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:12,960 Speaker 1: gradually with the coldest temperatures concentrated on one side of 562 00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:15,560 Speaker 1: the ice, which lets the gas and debris settled to 563 00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:19,640 Speaker 1: the other end, which can be discarded. There are whole 564 00:35:19,640 --> 00:35:22,879 Speaker 1: companies that specialize in producing clear ice, like climb Bell 565 00:35:22,960 --> 00:35:26,920 Speaker 1: that turns out three pound blocks of the stuff. A 566 00:35:26,920 --> 00:35:30,040 Speaker 1: bar in New York boasted the first in house ice 567 00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:32,880 Speaker 1: harvesting and production because they had one of those machines 568 00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:36,800 Speaker 1: in their basement. But yeah, fancy bars are really into 569 00:35:36,920 --> 00:35:40,040 Speaker 1: having these huge blocks of ice delivered and then cutting 570 00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:42,480 Speaker 1: them and molding them into what they want for each 571 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:46,040 Speaker 1: individual drink. One of my favorite restaurants in Atlanta, Iberian Pig, 572 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:48,239 Speaker 1: has these huge chunks of clear ice that you can 573 00:35:48,280 --> 00:35:51,239 Speaker 1: see them cutting from, yeah, right behind the bar. It 574 00:35:51,239 --> 00:35:53,759 Speaker 1: always makes me very nervous when a bartender busts out 575 00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:56,759 Speaker 1: an ice pick, like not for my safety, like I made, 576 00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:59,320 Speaker 1: I'm sure that they're holding themselves together more or less, 577 00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:02,400 Speaker 1: but like, oh man, I'm always just like, just be 578 00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:06,560 Speaker 1: careful with your fingers. You need those. Yeah. Our ads 579 00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:09,800 Speaker 1: team here at work has a fancy ice cube trade 580 00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:12,480 Speaker 1: that they sort of try to keep secret, and then 581 00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:15,279 Speaker 1: the secret got out. But it's like special occasion ice. 582 00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:22,840 Speaker 1: I think by special occasion they mean like Friday. Yeah, 583 00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:24,839 Speaker 1: yeah um. And if you want to make clear ice 584 00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:28,240 Speaker 1: at home, it's you know, it's not going to be perfect, 585 00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:31,279 Speaker 1: but you can try boiling the water first to drive 586 00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:34,000 Speaker 1: out any dissolved gases and then let it cool a 587 00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:37,239 Speaker 1: bit and add it to your ice creep train. And 588 00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:39,799 Speaker 1: I wanted to end on a cultural note that I 589 00:36:39,840 --> 00:36:42,799 Speaker 1: didn't bother to spread throughout, but man, I'm kind of 590 00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:45,040 Speaker 1: thinking about it. I want to see if we can 591 00:36:45,080 --> 00:36:46,960 Speaker 1: maybe do a crossover with stuff to blow your mind 592 00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,879 Speaker 1: if they haven't already done an episode like this, because yeah, 593 00:36:50,920 --> 00:36:54,440 Speaker 1: like throughout the ages, folks have been fascinated by and 594 00:36:54,680 --> 00:37:00,000 Speaker 1: terrified of ice. Just for literature examples in thes Dante 595 00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:03,320 Speaker 1: about the innermost circle of Hell being frozen and Satan 596 00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:07,319 Speaker 1: himself being chest deep frozen and ice. In eighty three, 597 00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:11,000 Speaker 1: Mary Shelley and Dr Frankenstein could at the end only 598 00:37:11,120 --> 00:37:16,319 Speaker 1: set their monster adrift in ice. In ninety one, Lovecraft 599 00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:20,160 Speaker 1: wrote about horrors preserved and awoken in the Antarctic ice 600 00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:22,720 Speaker 1: in the Mountains of Madness, and within the same decade, 601 00:37:22,719 --> 00:37:25,120 Speaker 1: and author by the name of John W. Campbell wrote 602 00:37:25,160 --> 00:37:27,759 Speaker 1: a story with a similar theme called Who Goes There, 603 00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:31,240 Speaker 1: which would go on to be adapted into films several times, 604 00:37:31,239 --> 00:37:35,920 Speaker 1: including the John Carpenter film The Thing, which recently got 605 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:38,680 Speaker 1: sequel in like a pretty good board game. We're still 606 00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:43,439 Speaker 1: fascinated by this stuff. And for a final ending ending 607 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:47,280 Speaker 1: a quote here from a book called The Spiritual History 608 00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:52,280 Speaker 1: of Ice, Romanticism, Science and the Imagination by one Eric G. Wilson. 609 00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:57,800 Speaker 1: Polar Terry, Incognita and other Frozen Shapes, Kill and Cure 610 00:37:58,360 --> 00:38:01,760 Speaker 1: they blanched the earth into a core. They translucently reveal 611 00:38:01,960 --> 00:38:05,600 Speaker 1: life's vital core. The whiteness of ice is the whiteness 612 00:38:05,760 --> 00:38:15,160 Speaker 1: of the whale. Give me chilling. You could also end 613 00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:18,200 Speaker 1: on the immortal words of Mr Freeze, allow me to 614 00:38:18,200 --> 00:38:21,640 Speaker 1: break the ice. My name is Freeze. Len it well 615 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:27,600 Speaker 1: for such chilling sound of your doom. M hmm. Both 616 00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:33,040 Speaker 1: of these are very serious, very serious philosophical points. I 617 00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:37,600 Speaker 1: haven't really considered it, but yes, both serious philosophical points. 618 00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:41,200 Speaker 1: But also, yeah, I s is, it comes up a 619 00:38:41,239 --> 00:38:46,160 Speaker 1: lot in our our entertainment and our culture. Um it is. 620 00:38:46,239 --> 00:38:49,880 Speaker 1: It's such a fascinating food thing it is. Oh and yeah, 621 00:38:49,920 --> 00:38:53,480 Speaker 1: there's um there's a lot of physics that make it 622 00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:57,880 Speaker 1: really cool. It's the it has fifteen different crystal forms, 623 00:38:57,920 --> 00:38:59,960 Speaker 1: Like a lot of things that do make up crystal 624 00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:04,319 Speaker 1: shapes can have a different temperatures, different formations of crystallization. 625 00:39:04,360 --> 00:39:07,120 Speaker 1: But I says fifteen, that's like a lot, a lot. 626 00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:10,279 Speaker 1: It's like more than two. It's a bunch, yes, a 627 00:39:10,360 --> 00:39:14,040 Speaker 1: bunch a lot, several many. And oh and like the 628 00:39:14,080 --> 00:39:17,480 Speaker 1: reason why ice is slippery is great, and there's a 629 00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:20,480 Speaker 1: lot there is. If I could just I would do 630 00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:24,560 Speaker 1: another several episodes about ice physics, because we're a physics show. 631 00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:27,839 Speaker 1: But yeah, and I would just do bad are old 632 00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:30,799 Speaker 1: sorts and your impressions and it would be I think, 633 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:37,800 Speaker 1: very interesting show. Your your your impressions are great. Both 634 00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:42,480 Speaker 1: of our impressions are top notch. We should get nominated 635 00:39:42,520 --> 00:39:49,400 Speaker 1: for something something best best impersonations. Send us suggestions about 636 00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:55,120 Speaker 1: what nollominations should get us invited. Four volts yes, yes, goodness, 637 00:39:55,239 --> 00:39:57,719 Speaker 1: which brings us to the end of this episode. And two. 638 00:40:04,239 --> 00:40:12,719 Speaker 1: Mr free Eric wrote, when you mentioned to the US 639 00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:16,359 Speaker 1: ban on importing unpasteurized cheeses, I vaguely remembered a video 640 00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:19,279 Speaker 1: I'd seen a while ago. Turnout turns out it's a 641 00:40:19,280 --> 00:40:22,040 Speaker 1: part of a YouTube series from Bravo called Going Off 642 00:40:22,040 --> 00:40:25,000 Speaker 1: the Menu. In this particular episode, two chefs attended a 643 00:40:25,040 --> 00:40:29,120 Speaker 1: private dinner event featuring a variety of unpasteurized French cheeses 644 00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:32,319 Speaker 1: that have been smuggled into the United States. The chef 645 00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:35,520 Speaker 1: who hosts these events sells tickets for them through his website. 646 00:40:35,920 --> 00:40:38,800 Speaker 1: UH seats are limited and seem to be in high demand. 647 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:40,960 Speaker 1: From the video, I got the impression that the location 648 00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:44,320 Speaker 1: of the event changes sporadically. If not on every occasion, 649 00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:48,080 Speaker 1: which further leads to the thrill of an illegal cheese party. 650 00:40:48,239 --> 00:40:50,920 Speaker 1: I figured both of you would enjoy another reason to 651 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:56,080 Speaker 1: ponder the black market of cheese. Legal cheese, legal cheese party. 652 00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:58,480 Speaker 1: That's even better than a legal cheese party. Maybe my 653 00:40:58,560 --> 00:41:01,880 Speaker 1: next cheese giving will be a little questionable on the 654 00:41:01,960 --> 00:41:11,840 Speaker 1: legality side. You rebel, Yeah maker, Sam wrote in Papua 655 00:41:11,880 --> 00:41:14,759 Speaker 1: New Guinea, which is the most linguistically diverse country on 656 00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:17,400 Speaker 1: the planet, there's this community of people who have a 657 00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:21,880 Speaker 1: special language reserved exclusively for gathering nuts. There are two 658 00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:24,520 Speaker 1: different beliefs for why this is. One of them is 659 00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:26,320 Speaker 1: that there is a spirit who lives in the mountains 660 00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:29,000 Speaker 1: who can rip people to pieces. According to the lore, 661 00:41:29,080 --> 00:41:31,000 Speaker 1: he has a guardian of the nuts, and by talking 662 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,920 Speaker 1: about nuts you can summon him and incur his wrath. 663 00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:38,160 Speaker 1: The other belief is that by using language such as dry, rotten, small, 664 00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:41,680 Speaker 1: et cetera, they actually tap into the performative nature of 665 00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:44,600 Speaker 1: language or the magical power of words, and by speaking 666 00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:49,480 Speaker 1: the words they actually make it so, albeit unintentionally. So. 667 00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:51,399 Speaker 1: By saying the word wet, the fears that they will 668 00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:53,400 Speaker 1: make all the nuts wet, and so they use a 669 00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,319 Speaker 1: different word. The phenomenon is known as linguistic perjuration and 670 00:41:57,440 --> 00:42:00,360 Speaker 1: is used in England mostly when talking about the toilet, 671 00:42:00,440 --> 00:42:04,719 Speaker 1: as bodily functions are usually taboo e g. U lou restroom, 672 00:42:04,760 --> 00:42:08,759 Speaker 1: little boy's room, powder room instead of toilet. Moving on 673 00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:11,560 Speaker 1: from nuts in general and onto another nut, I can't 674 00:42:11,600 --> 00:42:16,799 Speaker 1: eat the hazelnut something like of all hazelnuts grown worldwide 675 00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:19,560 Speaker 1: are from Iran or Turkey, and two thirds of this 676 00:42:19,719 --> 00:42:23,520 Speaker 1: go directly into Ferreiro Rochet products and the tela at all. 677 00:42:24,239 --> 00:42:27,800 Speaker 1: The company is really committed to reducing its waste outputs, 678 00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,480 Speaker 1: so it uses the entire nut in the production process, 679 00:42:30,520 --> 00:42:33,640 Speaker 1: including the shell, which is broken down and repurposed as 680 00:42:33,680 --> 00:42:38,840 Speaker 1: the actual casing for its Ferrairo Rochet chocolates. That's pretty cool. 681 00:42:39,800 --> 00:42:45,560 Speaker 1: Huh yeah, hazel nut episode. Oh yeah, thank you for 682 00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:48,480 Speaker 1: the linguistic note. As I'm sure y'all have noticed once 683 00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:51,880 Speaker 1: or twice, we are language nerds, so a little bit 684 00:42:51,960 --> 00:42:55,040 Speaker 1: kind of bit, a little bit. Yeah, Thanks to both 685 00:42:55,120 --> 00:42:57,799 Speaker 1: of them for writing in. If you would like to 686 00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:00,520 Speaker 1: write to us, you can. Our email is Hello at 687 00:43:00,560 --> 00:43:05,000 Speaker 1: savor pod dot com. We're also on social media. We're 688 00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:07,399 Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. You can find us there 689 00:43:07,440 --> 00:43:09,759 Speaker 1: at savor Pod. We do hope to hear from you. 690 00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,080 Speaker 1: Thank you as always to our super producers Dylan Fagin 691 00:43:13,160 --> 00:43:15,560 Speaker 1: and Andrew Howard. Thank you to you for listening, and 692 00:43:15,560 --> 00:43:26,080 Speaker 1: we hope that lots more good things are coming your way.