1 00:00:07,360 --> 00:00:09,400 Speaker 1: Have you ever wanted to travel to a distant star 2 00:00:09,560 --> 00:00:13,520 Speaker 1: or to a planet orbiting another sun all the time? However, 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,720 Speaker 1: I've heard that it's impossible. Yeah. The problem is that 4 00:00:16,760 --> 00:00:19,360 Speaker 1: the universe is just so big and it comes with 5 00:00:19,440 --> 00:00:22,200 Speaker 1: it's built in speed limit makes it pretty tough. So 6 00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:25,560 Speaker 1: that means that we'll never build a spaceship that will 7 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:29,840 Speaker 1: get us to another star within the span of a 8 00:00:29,960 --> 00:00:33,040 Speaker 1: human left time. That's almost true. It's almost a hard 9 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:35,320 Speaker 1: and fast rule. It turns out there's one or two 10 00:00:35,320 --> 00:00:57,680 Speaker 1: exceptions to that, immortality being frozen like an ice cube. Hello, 11 00:00:57,720 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 1: a lot more hand And I'm Daniel and this is 12 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:03,560 Speaker 1: our podcast Daniel and Jorge explain the universe, where we're 13 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:06,320 Speaker 1: going to take the whole universe, break it into little 14 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 1: bits that are bite size, and feed them to you 15 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:11,040 Speaker 1: one at a time. Today on the program, we are 16 00:01:11,080 --> 00:01:16,120 Speaker 1: going to ask the question, will we ever be able 17 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:20,320 Speaker 1: to travel faster than the speed of light? Zoom? That's 18 00:01:20,319 --> 00:01:22,000 Speaker 1: the sound it would make if we traveled faster than 19 00:01:21,959 --> 00:01:24,120 Speaker 1: the speed of light. Right there. We're going full throttle 20 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 1: on this episode. Pedal to the metal, that's right, Pedal 21 00:01:28,200 --> 00:01:30,520 Speaker 1: to the podcast, that's right. And I love this question 22 00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: because not only do people like traveling fast, but it 23 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:36,560 Speaker 1: gives us a sense for like, will we ever be 24 00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:38,920 Speaker 1: able to I feel like the subtext to the question 25 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:41,920 Speaker 1: is will we ever travel to other stars and get 26 00:01:41,959 --> 00:01:44,480 Speaker 1: to other places in the universe? Because the universe is 27 00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:47,400 Speaker 1: so darn big that it's hard to get places. Right. 28 00:01:47,440 --> 00:01:49,400 Speaker 1: So if we could travel fast in the speed of light, 29 00:01:49,480 --> 00:01:52,000 Speaker 1: we can actually see some cool stuff. Like what's the 30 00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:55,040 Speaker 1: nearest star to us? Oh, man, I should ask Siri, 31 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:57,920 Speaker 1: but I think it's about four light years away. Okay, 32 00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:00,160 Speaker 1: So even if we're able to go at this peed 33 00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: of light, you still have to sit in a spaceship 34 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:04,920 Speaker 1: for four years to get there. Let's if you could 35 00:02:04,960 --> 00:02:07,600 Speaker 1: travel at the speed of light. Yeah, but there's also 36 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:10,080 Speaker 1: the question of accelerating to the speed of light, Like 37 00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:12,160 Speaker 1: if you could, if you had a spaceship which could 38 00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:14,000 Speaker 1: get up to the speed of light, it would take 39 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:16,520 Speaker 1: a long time to get going that fast because, oh, 40 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:19,080 Speaker 1: just to get to the speed of light, yeah, you 41 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:22,080 Speaker 1: can't tolerate a huge amount of acceleration, you know, like 42 00:02:22,120 --> 00:02:25,400 Speaker 1: fighter pilots can take like eight or nine g s, right, 43 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:27,880 Speaker 1: the eight or nine times the acceleration you feel on Earth. 44 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 1: But squishy people like me, and you get into a jet, 45 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:33,080 Speaker 1: we can't tolerate, tolerate more than a couple of geese. 46 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:35,440 Speaker 1: You know, it'd be like being on the craziest roller 47 00:02:35,440 --> 00:02:38,160 Speaker 1: coaster ride for like a year, years just to get 48 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:39,679 Speaker 1: to the speed of light, just to get to the 49 00:02:39,720 --> 00:02:42,519 Speaker 1: speed of light. Yeah, and if you accelerate faster, you 50 00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:45,480 Speaker 1: would just get smushed against the sea. Yeah, exactly. You'd 51 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:49,240 Speaker 1: arrived as a puddle of Google. And don't forget you 52 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:51,639 Speaker 1: have to decelerate also because you don't want to arrive 53 00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:54,919 Speaker 1: someplace going the speed of light. To you'll be traveling 54 00:02:54,960 --> 00:02:57,040 Speaker 1: as a puddle of goo, and you would arrive as 55 00:02:57,080 --> 00:03:00,760 Speaker 1: a splatter of Google on the front. When that's right. 56 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:02,919 Speaker 1: But hey, if you're public good, it doesn't really matter 57 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,560 Speaker 1: when you arrive, does it. You're not feeling it or 58 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:09,399 Speaker 1: if you arrive or if you arrive. Yeah, that's why 59 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:11,240 Speaker 1: in a lot of these awesome science fiction books I've 60 00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:14,200 Speaker 1: been reading, you spend half the trip accelerating and then 61 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:16,440 Speaker 1: you turn the ship turns around and spends the second 62 00:03:16,440 --> 00:03:19,880 Speaker 1: half the ship decelerating, slowing down because you know, if 63 00:03:19,880 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 1: you arrive at your destination going a gazillion miles an hour. 64 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:25,519 Speaker 1: You just blow right through their solar system. You can't 65 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:28,720 Speaker 1: even stop or you know, get a smoothie or anything. Okay, 66 00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 1: So the question is is their hope of us ever 67 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:35,560 Speaker 1: getting to other stars or planets out during the universe? 68 00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: Can we ever go faster than the speed of light? 69 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:40,640 Speaker 1: That's right, So we went around and we asked people 70 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:43,320 Speaker 1: on the street. Here's what they had to say. I 71 00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:45,760 Speaker 1: do believe that one day we'll be able to travel 72 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:49,680 Speaker 1: faster than to speak the light. Essentially, yes, I don't 73 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:52,520 Speaker 1: think so because it's you know, Einstein series, something based 74 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:56,720 Speaker 1: on nothing, coin Fester p Night someone say no, honestly, 75 00:03:56,840 --> 00:03:58,960 Speaker 1: with like the way technology is going, I do think 76 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:03,640 Speaker 1: eventually we'll reach the point. Yeah optimistic. Okay, So the 77 00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:06,160 Speaker 1: first thing I find interesting about the responses is that 78 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:11,840 Speaker 1: everyone has an opinion, you know, like it's like no evidence, 79 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:15,680 Speaker 1: no theoretical background. They're like I think so, or they're 80 00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:20,200 Speaker 1: like no, I don't think So's everybody feels like technological 81 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:23,520 Speaker 1: progress is inevitable, Like you can say whatever bar you 82 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:26,960 Speaker 1: want and eventually we'll get there. Science will figure it out. 83 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:30,760 Speaker 1: I love that optimism and enthusiasm that like, yeah, scientists 84 00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:34,400 Speaker 1: can do anything. Yeah, Well, think about all the crazy 85 00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:36,920 Speaker 1: things we have been doing, right, Yeah, absolutely, you know, 86 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: like um downloading pictures of cats from the internet. Yeah, 87 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:43,400 Speaker 1: and then you're able to like change your genome using 88 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:45,919 Speaker 1: your cell phone or something like that. You want to 89 00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:47,960 Speaker 1: be a ginger, there's an app for that. You want 90 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:51,240 Speaker 1: to be dial it on your phone? That would oh man, 91 00:04:51,800 --> 00:04:57,040 Speaker 1: swipe right for redhead taller. Well, I think we're spinning 92 00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:00,000 Speaker 1: off ideas for science fiction novels here, But I love 93 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:02,640 Speaker 1: that optimism. And you know, frankly, I was surprised because 94 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:05,240 Speaker 1: these days a lot of people aren't really believing in science, 95 00:05:05,240 --> 00:05:07,479 Speaker 1: and like people aren't accepting global warming, and people aren't 96 00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:09,840 Speaker 1: accepting this and that the other. But everybody seems to 97 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:13,039 Speaker 1: believe that technological advancements will just be continue to be 98 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:17,039 Speaker 1: delivered on pace. And you know, people, you want technological deliverance, 99 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:20,080 Speaker 1: if you want technological marvels, you've got a fun science. 100 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:22,640 Speaker 1: So if you want a fancy new iPhone or to 101 00:05:22,720 --> 00:05:25,120 Speaker 1: travel fast in the speed of light, you better call 102 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:27,839 Speaker 1: your congress person and tell them to fund basic science. 103 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:33,400 Speaker 1: All right, and Brant, it's such so permeated in science 104 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:36,360 Speaker 1: fiction and movies and things right, Like, without faster than 105 00:05:36,440 --> 00:05:40,839 Speaker 1: light travel, most science fiction stories that involve other planets 106 00:05:40,839 --> 00:05:44,640 Speaker 1: would be super boring. Right, that's right exactly because it 107 00:05:44,680 --> 00:05:47,240 Speaker 1: tells us something about the scale of the universe, right, Like, 108 00:05:47,279 --> 00:05:49,760 Speaker 1: the universe is really big. No, the speed of light 109 00:05:49,839 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: is super fast. Like, let's remind people it's three times 110 00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:55,960 Speaker 1: tend to be eight meters per second or a hundred 111 00:05:56,000 --> 00:06:00,840 Speaker 1: and eighty six thousand miles per second. It's like blindingly fast, right, 112 00:06:00,839 --> 00:06:03,440 Speaker 1: It's not like any kind of speed we're used to. 113 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:06,200 Speaker 1: It's like, in one second, a ray of light can 114 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:08,640 Speaker 1: go around the Earth six times? Is that about it? 115 00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:11,080 Speaker 1: Six or seven times? Yeah, in a single second. It's 116 00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:14,039 Speaker 1: incredible to like one, that's it. We went around the 117 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:16,840 Speaker 1: world six times. That's right. It brought us postcards and 118 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:20,640 Speaker 1: and uh and drink it exactly, and so it's incredibly fast. 119 00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:22,600 Speaker 1: But the amazing thing is that even though the speed 120 00:06:22,600 --> 00:06:25,920 Speaker 1: of light is so fast, the universe is ridiculously big. 121 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:27,880 Speaker 1: So even going at the speed of light, it takes 122 00:06:27,880 --> 00:06:30,680 Speaker 1: you forever to get anywhere, right, thousands of years to 123 00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:33,400 Speaker 1: get somewhere, even if you're traveling as a light beam. Well, 124 00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:35,880 Speaker 1: so let's just ask the question. Daniel can we go 125 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:43,159 Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light? No, boat, We're done. 126 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:47,080 Speaker 1: That's right, We're done. It's a hard no, you're saying 127 00:06:47,200 --> 00:06:49,760 Speaker 1: it's a hard cannot go faster than the speed of light. 128 00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:53,359 Speaker 1: It's a hard note with a couple of asterisks and loopholes, 129 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 1: which maybe we'll get too later. Okay, Well, let's talk 130 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,400 Speaker 1: about first, like what kind of speed limit is it? Right, Like, 131 00:06:58,839 --> 00:07:01,120 Speaker 1: if you go faster than this beeed of light, does 132 00:07:01,120 --> 00:07:03,960 Speaker 1: the intergalactic police like pull you over and say and 133 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:07,400 Speaker 1: give you the intergalactic ticket? No, it's actually they're snipers, 134 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:09,120 Speaker 1: so they don't even bother the ticket, just take you 135 00:07:09,160 --> 00:07:12,040 Speaker 1: out right thereak you out. They don't mess around the 136 00:07:12,320 --> 00:07:15,160 Speaker 1: laws of physics we're talking about here, dude. Okay, so 137 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:18,000 Speaker 1: it's embedded in the laws of physics. Yeah, And the 138 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 1: right way to say it is that you can't travel 139 00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:24,240 Speaker 1: through space faster than light can travel through space. So 140 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:27,160 Speaker 1: that sounds like a loophole for later. Yeah, there's some 141 00:07:27,240 --> 00:07:31,040 Speaker 1: lawyerly caveats I'm setting up for later. Some intergalactic law 142 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:34,840 Speaker 1: firms salivating, They're like, I found a loophole. That's right. 143 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:38,520 Speaker 1: I'm I'm on retainer for some Andromeda lawyers exactly. So 144 00:07:38,560 --> 00:07:40,880 Speaker 1: what does happen? Like if I'm in a spaceship and 145 00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:43,760 Speaker 1: I would say I live forever and I have infinite energy, 146 00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:46,520 Speaker 1: and I just hit the accelerator on my spaceship and 147 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,880 Speaker 1: I just wait pedal to the metal for as long 148 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:52,600 Speaker 1: as it takes. What's going to happen? So in a scenario, 149 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:55,880 Speaker 1: you're an infinitely rich alien with who lives forever, and 150 00:07:55,960 --> 00:07:58,400 Speaker 1: this is how you're gonna spend your time. Wow, Well, 151 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:00,200 Speaker 1: first of all, you don't know that I'm an not 152 00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:04,360 Speaker 1: an infinitely rig It's true. Okay, So you're an infinitely 153 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:07,440 Speaker 1: rich alien and you're doing a podcast with I think 154 00:08:07,480 --> 00:08:11,000 Speaker 1: even more perplexing. I've lived forever, so you know I 155 00:08:11,080 --> 00:08:13,840 Speaker 1: give my kicks this way. Alright. So you're getting down 156 00:08:13,880 --> 00:08:16,280 Speaker 1: to item number three thousand four in two on your 157 00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:18,080 Speaker 1: bucket list and this is it? So what? Yeah, like, 158 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:20,240 Speaker 1: do you hit us like you hit a wall? Do 159 00:08:20,280 --> 00:08:21,840 Speaker 1: you know what I mean? Like? At some point I 160 00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:24,920 Speaker 1: can't go faster that do I crash? Does my engine 161 00:08:24,920 --> 00:08:27,480 Speaker 1: burn out? At some point? What happens if I try 162 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:29,560 Speaker 1: to go faster than the speed line? Yeah? Well, people 163 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:31,640 Speaker 1: have intuition about this kind of stuff because they're used 164 00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:34,319 Speaker 1: to balls and airplanes and cars and stuff, and they 165 00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:36,200 Speaker 1: think that if you put in twice as much energy, 166 00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:38,320 Speaker 1: you should go twice as fast. And that is true 167 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:40,000 Speaker 1: if you're on the surface of the Earth or you're 168 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:42,440 Speaker 1: going pretty slowly, meaning like if you burn a certain 169 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:45,240 Speaker 1: amount of fuel you should get you should accelerate a 170 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:48,120 Speaker 1: certain amount, you should go faster a little bit, that's right, 171 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:50,600 Speaker 1: And if you burn the same amount of fuel again, 172 00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:53,800 Speaker 1: you should go twice as fast. Yeah, there's a linear relationship. 173 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:56,640 Speaker 1: Doesn't matter what your speed is. If you add energy, 174 00:08:56,960 --> 00:09:00,560 Speaker 1: add speed. That's the people's intuition, But that's not true. 175 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:02,640 Speaker 1: That's not the way the universe actually works. So what 176 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:05,760 Speaker 1: happens in your scenario is you keep pouring on energy, 177 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:08,480 Speaker 1: but your speed, the increase in your speed, starts to 178 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:10,719 Speaker 1: slow down. So at first you speed up a lot 179 00:09:10,760 --> 00:09:13,640 Speaker 1: when you when you're burning rocket fuel, but then you 180 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:16,520 Speaker 1: just can't get faster very quickly, and you start to 181 00:09:16,559 --> 00:09:19,640 Speaker 1: approach the speed of light slower and slower and slower, 182 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:22,800 Speaker 1: so that every pile of energy or bottle of fuel 183 00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:25,440 Speaker 1: you burn gives you a smaller increase in your speed. 184 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:28,960 Speaker 1: So somebody watching you do this like from the outside 185 00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:31,720 Speaker 1: of your spaceship, they're gonna see you take off really fast, 186 00:09:32,440 --> 00:09:35,000 Speaker 1: and but at some point you're not. They're not going 187 00:09:35,080 --> 00:09:37,080 Speaker 1: to see you go faster and faster. They're just gonna 188 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:41,080 Speaker 1: see you peek in velocity. Yeah, your legions of screaming 189 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:42,920 Speaker 1: fans are just gonna watch. It's gonna get kind of 190 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:45,559 Speaker 1: boring because you're gonna get faster and faster and approach 191 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:48,160 Speaker 1: to the speed of light, but never actually get there. Right, 192 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:50,360 Speaker 1: But what's happening to me inside the spaceship though? Do 193 00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:52,199 Speaker 1: I think I'm going faster than the speed of light? 194 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:56,240 Speaker 1: Or no? No, you don't. You are aware of your speed, 195 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:57,760 Speaker 1: and you are aware of the fact that you're not 196 00:09:57,840 --> 00:10:00,080 Speaker 1: going fast in the speed of light, and you're are 197 00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: you frustrated? And you're screaming at your agent to get 198 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:06,440 Speaker 1: your bettership or whatever whatever infinitely rich horhe alien Jorge does, 199 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:09,360 Speaker 1: and but you just never get there. So, but it 200 00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:11,719 Speaker 1: doesn't time slow down for me too. I've heard the 201 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:14,480 Speaker 1: time slows down for me so that I think I'm 202 00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:18,200 Speaker 1: going faster, but I'm actually times slowing down for me. 203 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:23,280 Speaker 1: This isn't that how it works? Am I just infinitely wrong? Here. Well, 204 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:25,679 Speaker 1: you on the spaceship, time always moves for you at 205 00:10:25,679 --> 00:10:29,439 Speaker 1: one second per second, but um, other people looking at 206 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:31,560 Speaker 1: you will think the time is slowing down for you. 207 00:10:31,960 --> 00:10:34,880 Speaker 1: So people watching you will will see if they're like 208 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:37,360 Speaker 1: watching a clock that's in your ship, they'll see it's 209 00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:40,040 Speaker 1: slowing down. And that's one of the really bizarre things 210 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:42,800 Speaker 1: about relativity is that not only does it tell us 211 00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:45,079 Speaker 1: that there's a speed limit, which is hard to understand, 212 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:47,560 Speaker 1: but it also tells us that time is not the 213 00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:50,880 Speaker 1: same for everybody. Time is a local thing. Like how 214 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:53,520 Speaker 1: I feel time depends on where I am and how 215 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:58,319 Speaker 1: fast I'm going, So it's kind of an incremental uh 216 00:10:58,679 --> 00:11:00,880 Speaker 1: slowing down of you. Like I was thinking, like that's 217 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:03,480 Speaker 1: really cool because we think of the speed limit as 218 00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:05,800 Speaker 1: like a hard stop, but it really kind of affects 219 00:11:05,880 --> 00:11:08,400 Speaker 1: us all the way to the speed of light. Right, 220 00:11:08,559 --> 00:11:11,240 Speaker 1: that's right, Like even now, if I burn hot twice 221 00:11:11,240 --> 00:11:13,959 Speaker 1: the amount of fuel, I'm not going to go twice 222 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:16,080 Speaker 1: as fast with my car. I'm actually gonna go a 223 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:18,920 Speaker 1: little bit less than twice as fast, right, Yeah, But 224 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:22,080 Speaker 1: it's a really tiny effect until you get anywhere close 225 00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 1: to the speed of light. You can get up to 226 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:26,040 Speaker 1: like half the speed of light without really noticing the 227 00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:29,120 Speaker 1: limits of relativity. It's not because and and then it 228 00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:31,280 Speaker 1: starts to get very very strong the closer you get 229 00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:33,400 Speaker 1: to the speed of light. So unless you have a 230 00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:35,640 Speaker 1: really sleepy car, you won't notice. Yeah, but I think 231 00:11:35,679 --> 00:11:37,160 Speaker 1: people are used to thinking of it as like this 232 00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:40,160 Speaker 1: thing that happens in spaceships or like physics experiments, but 233 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:42,160 Speaker 1: really it's happening all around. Is like if I move 234 00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:45,839 Speaker 1: my arm back and forth here and in my studio, Um, 235 00:11:45,960 --> 00:11:49,560 Speaker 1: I'm being affected by relativity, like it's slowing me down somehow. 236 00:11:49,720 --> 00:11:51,520 Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, And the fact that you're looking at 237 00:11:51,559 --> 00:11:54,600 Speaker 1: your arm means you're using light to see it. And uh, 238 00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:58,079 Speaker 1: and so relativity is everywhere. It's it's deeply woven into 239 00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: the very fabric of our understanding of physics. Now, it's 240 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: amazing that we went so long without understanding this really 241 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:06,920 Speaker 1: basic concept that space and time are different from what 242 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:13,319 Speaker 1: we thought they were. So I guess the question then, 243 00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:16,720 Speaker 1: is why should there be a speed limit? Like why 244 00:12:16,760 --> 00:12:21,920 Speaker 1: does relativity have this weird limit baked into it? Yeah, 245 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:24,840 Speaker 1: it's a really bizarre feature, and it comes from the 246 00:12:24,920 --> 00:12:29,320 Speaker 1: observation that light always travels at the speed of light. 247 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:31,720 Speaker 1: No matter what you're doing or how fast you're going 248 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,640 Speaker 1: relative to the thing that's shooting out the light. Light 249 00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:36,640 Speaker 1: is always traveling at the speed of light. That's like 250 00:12:36,679 --> 00:12:39,600 Speaker 1: saying Jorge is always traveling at the speed of Joge, 251 00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:44,040 Speaker 1: that's right, orhe is always at maximal humor right? Or 252 00:12:44,520 --> 00:12:47,280 Speaker 1: are always the same funny? Um? Well, I mean it's 253 00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:49,040 Speaker 1: kind of a weird statement. It's like saying I'm always 254 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 1: going as fast as I'm going, that's right. So think 255 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:54,080 Speaker 1: about it like this. You're you know, if you have 256 00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:57,480 Speaker 1: a ball you can throw at ten miles an hour. Cool. Now, 257 00:12:57,520 --> 00:12:59,360 Speaker 1: what if you're sitting in a car that's moving at 258 00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: ten miles an hour, then you throw the ball. Somebody 259 00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:03,559 Speaker 1: on the ground is going to see the balls going. 260 00:13:03,559 --> 00:13:06,760 Speaker 1: It's twenty miles an hour. Right, that's cool. It's like 261 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:10,200 Speaker 1: the velocities add. Yeah, velocities add. They're supposed to add. 262 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:12,120 Speaker 1: You feel like they should add. It makes sense. It's 263 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:14,840 Speaker 1: it's an intuitive thing for us. Right. What if the 264 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:16,839 Speaker 1: person in the car, instead of having a ball, has 265 00:13:16,840 --> 00:13:20,520 Speaker 1: a flashlight. Well, they shine their flashlight. How fast is 266 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:23,600 Speaker 1: the light going from their flashlight at the speed of light, duh, right, 267 00:13:23,920 --> 00:13:26,520 Speaker 1: speed of light. Okay, But if they're in the car 268 00:13:26,679 --> 00:13:29,080 Speaker 1: and they're moving at ten miles an hour and I'm 269 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:31,720 Speaker 1: on the ground, how fast do I measure the speed 270 00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:34,880 Speaker 1: of light? Well, your intuition would say speed of light 271 00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:38,120 Speaker 1: plus ten miles an hour, right, because they add and 272 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 1: that's where it breaks. You measure those photons is leaving 273 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,400 Speaker 1: your flashlight the speed of light, and I'm outside the 274 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:47,480 Speaker 1: car on the ground, I still measure those photons as 275 00:13:47,520 --> 00:13:51,520 Speaker 1: moving at the same speed. So like if I put 276 00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:54,160 Speaker 1: a rocket on a flashlight and the flashlight is going 277 00:13:54,520 --> 00:13:56,839 Speaker 1: super fast, Let's say the flashlights going at the speed 278 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:58,959 Speaker 1: of light or close to the speed of light, and 279 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:01,520 Speaker 1: then it shoots the Pope boton or a beam of light. 280 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:04,640 Speaker 1: The light coming out of the flashlight is not going 281 00:14:04,679 --> 00:14:06,920 Speaker 1: to go faster than the speed of light either. That's right. 282 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:10,520 Speaker 1: Two people always measure light traveling at the same speed, 283 00:14:10,679 --> 00:14:13,400 Speaker 1: no matter how fast they're going relative to each other, 284 00:14:13,559 --> 00:14:16,160 Speaker 1: which is really weird. That's the core nugget of the 285 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:20,400 Speaker 1: counterintuitive bits of relativity, and everything follows from that. So 286 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:22,800 Speaker 1: you can ask why does light always travel at the 287 00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:24,600 Speaker 1: speed of light? And let's get to that in a minute. 288 00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:27,040 Speaker 1: But first, let's connected back to what we were saying earlier. 289 00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:30,200 Speaker 1: So if light always travels at the speed of light, 290 00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:32,760 Speaker 1: that's the thing that makes it impossible to go faster 291 00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:36,320 Speaker 1: than light. Okay, because it's this observation that light can 292 00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:38,880 Speaker 1: go faster than the speed of light or never does 293 00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:41,840 Speaker 1: that then limits our ability to go faster than the 294 00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:43,640 Speaker 1: speed of light. Is that what you're saying. Yeah, because 295 00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:47,480 Speaker 1: velocity and time are connected in relativity. If you're moving 296 00:14:47,680 --> 00:14:50,840 Speaker 1: really fast past the Earth, you see time on the 297 00:14:50,880 --> 00:14:54,120 Speaker 1: Earth passing more slowly. If you were moving the speed 298 00:14:54,120 --> 00:14:56,160 Speaker 1: of light, you would see Tom and Earth as frozen. 299 00:14:56,440 --> 00:14:58,560 Speaker 1: If you were moving faster than the speed of light, 300 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:01,160 Speaker 1: you would see Tom and Earth moving backwards, which is 301 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 1: totally impossible and breaks causality. I mean, trains would arrive 302 00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:07,520 Speaker 1: at the station before they left. It would be crazy. 303 00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:11,840 Speaker 1: I have so many questions for you, But before we 304 00:15:11,920 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: dive in, let's take a short break so we can 305 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:29,160 Speaker 1: go fast in the speed of light. Because light can't 306 00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:30,840 Speaker 1: go faster than the speed of light. And if we 307 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,360 Speaker 1: were to go fast in the speed of light, things 308 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:36,080 Speaker 1: just like don't don't make any time would be reversed 309 00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:39,760 Speaker 1: and crazy stuff like that, and to understand that in 310 00:15:39,920 --> 00:15:42,560 Speaker 1: great detail you have to have a few moving bits 311 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:44,960 Speaker 1: in some sort of thought experiments. We actually go into 312 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,120 Speaker 1: that in some fun detail in our book We have 313 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:50,320 Speaker 1: no idea. There's a whole chapter outlining that and and 314 00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: dotting all the logic lines from the statement that lights 315 00:15:53,240 --> 00:15:56,120 Speaker 1: always traveling at the same speed to nothing can go 316 00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:59,240 Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light. So that's pretty solid. Yeah, 317 00:15:59,480 --> 00:16:01,880 Speaker 1: And so that all comes from this one observation that 318 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,880 Speaker 1: light travels at the same speed no matter what. And 319 00:16:05,280 --> 00:16:09,640 Speaker 1: people discovered that about a hundred years ago, and that 320 00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:12,280 Speaker 1: blew people's minds. It didn't make any sense at all. 321 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:14,520 Speaker 1: I mean, people did this experiment, it's called the Michaelson 322 00:16:14,560 --> 00:16:17,200 Speaker 1: Morley experiment, and they shot beams of light in two 323 00:16:17,240 --> 00:16:20,360 Speaker 1: different directions and then measured how fast they went and 324 00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:22,800 Speaker 1: came back. And the idea as well, the Earth is moving, 325 00:16:23,280 --> 00:16:25,400 Speaker 1: and so if the Earth is moving through space, it 326 00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:28,200 Speaker 1: has some speed, right, and so we should be able 327 00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:30,360 Speaker 1: to measure that speed by seeing how fast light is 328 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:33,400 Speaker 1: moving in one direction versus another direction. But no matter 329 00:16:33,480 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 1: when they did it or how they did it, they 330 00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:37,560 Speaker 1: always got the answer that light is traveling at the 331 00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:41,560 Speaker 1: same speed, which shocked everybody was like, it's the kind 332 00:16:41,560 --> 00:16:43,880 Speaker 1: of result I always fantasize about, you know, the kind 333 00:16:43,880 --> 00:16:47,360 Speaker 1: of physics experiment where you get the result and people say, no, 334 00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:50,360 Speaker 1: that doesn't make any sense. You must have done something wrong. 335 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:55,080 Speaker 1: But instead it requires unraveling like the whole foundation of physics. Well, 336 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,800 Speaker 1: I think it's weird for people because you can't imagine 337 00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:00,920 Speaker 1: light going faster than light that you can imagine a 338 00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:05,440 Speaker 1: little photon, little wave moving faster and faster and faster, 339 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:08,960 Speaker 1: Like why should this little photon be limited in speed? 340 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:11,280 Speaker 1: Like why can't it just keep going faster? Yeah? Why 341 00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:13,920 Speaker 1: should there be a maximum speed limit at all? Right? Yeah, 342 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:16,879 Speaker 1: even for light? Right, Yeah, it's totally but saying like 343 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:20,080 Speaker 1: that's not how then, like the universe doesn't like things 344 00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:22,200 Speaker 1: to go faster than that, Like I know it was 345 00:17:22,440 --> 00:17:25,520 Speaker 1: an idea of them either at some point in physics history, 346 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:28,359 Speaker 1: like maybe we're swimming in some kind of goo that 347 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:32,560 Speaker 1: just doesn't let things travel very fast through it, right, Well, 348 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:34,840 Speaker 1: the idea of ether was trying to explain what light 349 00:17:34,920 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 1: is wiggling through, right, I mean, light is a wave, 350 00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:41,640 Speaker 1: and most waves like sound waves or pressure waves are 351 00:17:41,640 --> 00:17:45,000 Speaker 1: waves through something like sound waves are pressure waves in air, right, 352 00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:48,360 Speaker 1: So people were wondering what is light moving through because 353 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:50,440 Speaker 1: if lights a wave, it has to be the wiggling 354 00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:53,879 Speaker 1: of something. And that's why they invented the ether. They thought, well, 355 00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:57,040 Speaker 1: light must be wiggles in this invisible thing we've never 356 00:17:57,080 --> 00:17:59,399 Speaker 1: seen before, called the ether. And it was not a 357 00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:01,959 Speaker 1: terrible It just turned out to be wrong, you know, 358 00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:05,520 Speaker 1: and so um, that's what that was the origin of 359 00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:08,840 Speaker 1: this experiment. People thought, let's measure the velocity of the 360 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:11,159 Speaker 1: Earth through the ether, and then we'll be able to 361 00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:14,119 Speaker 1: tell how fast light is going relative to the ether. 362 00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:18,120 Speaker 1: But it turns out it wasn't. Light is not wiggling 363 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:22,160 Speaker 1: through ether. Light is an electromagnetic radiation that moves through 364 00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:24,919 Speaker 1: vacuum on its own. It's a really bizarre thing. It 365 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,040 Speaker 1: doesn't have to wiggle something else, right, but it's it 366 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:31,440 Speaker 1: is limited in like speed, like there's only so fast 367 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:34,240 Speaker 1: and this stuff we call space around this there's only 368 00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:38,399 Speaker 1: there's a kind of a maximum propagation speed. Yeah, so 369 00:18:38,560 --> 00:18:41,640 Speaker 1: light is this really bizarre thing that can only move 370 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:43,960 Speaker 1: at a certain maximum speed and nothing can move faster 371 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: than that. And no matter how how fast you're going, 372 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,040 Speaker 1: you always measure light moving at the same speed, And 373 00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:51,359 Speaker 1: that always boggled my mind because it makes me feel 374 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:54,120 Speaker 1: like two people can observe the same things and get 375 00:18:54,160 --> 00:18:57,880 Speaker 1: different answers and both be right. You know, Like if 376 00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: you shoot a flashlight and I'm traveling at half the 377 00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:03,160 Speaker 1: speed of light to try to catch up with it, 378 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:06,040 Speaker 1: It's strange to me that you'll measure those photons going 379 00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:08,320 Speaker 1: at the speed of light, and I'll also measure those 380 00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:10,000 Speaker 1: photons are going at the speed of light. It feels 381 00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:14,159 Speaker 1: like our observations disagree, but we're both correct, you know, 382 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:16,760 Speaker 1: we can have different views of the same events and 383 00:19:16,840 --> 00:19:23,159 Speaker 1: both be right. That's the craziest thing about relativity. I 384 00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:27,359 Speaker 1: feel like a really great um way to kind of 385 00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:30,359 Speaker 1: visualize how things break down that you once told me 386 00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:33,360 Speaker 1: about was this idea that like, if there's a ray 387 00:19:33,359 --> 00:19:36,280 Speaker 1: of light going through the universe, and like you, you 388 00:19:36,280 --> 00:19:38,119 Speaker 1: were able to catch up to it, Like you could 389 00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:41,439 Speaker 1: go as fast as that beam of light, and you 390 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:44,200 Speaker 1: were standing next to it, going at the speed of light, 391 00:19:44,640 --> 00:19:47,240 Speaker 1: it wouldn't make any sense for you to see a 392 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:50,080 Speaker 1: beam of light just standing there, you know what I mean. 393 00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:51,880 Speaker 1: Like if I'm going down the highway and I catch 394 00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:55,280 Speaker 1: up to a truck and I match it speed to me, 395 00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:57,879 Speaker 1: the truck will seem like it's just standing there. But 396 00:19:58,040 --> 00:20:00,359 Speaker 1: for a ray of light like that just doesn't make 397 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:04,640 Speaker 1: any sense to see a light ray just standing there 398 00:20:05,119 --> 00:20:07,760 Speaker 1: like that's where things would sort of break down, right, Yeah, 399 00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:10,640 Speaker 1: because not only did I no, No, that's totally right. 400 00:20:10,880 --> 00:20:13,200 Speaker 1: Not only can you never go the speed of light 401 00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:15,800 Speaker 1: because you have mass, and things that have mass can 402 00:20:15,840 --> 00:20:17,600 Speaker 1: approach to the speed of light and never get there, 403 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,840 Speaker 1: But things that are mass less always go the speed 404 00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:24,879 Speaker 1: of light. So not only photons, but also gravitons and 405 00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:26,840 Speaker 1: and other things that have no mass always go the 406 00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:30,080 Speaker 1: speed of light. And the reason is that exactly what 407 00:20:30,119 --> 00:20:32,520 Speaker 1: you said, that if they weren't going the speed of light, 408 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:34,840 Speaker 1: then you could eventually catch up to them and be 409 00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:37,600 Speaker 1: next to them. But what is a photon, right, It 410 00:20:37,880 --> 00:20:40,400 Speaker 1: has no mass, there's no stuff to it, there's nothing there. 411 00:20:40,440 --> 00:20:43,320 Speaker 1: It's just it's velocity. So if you catch up to 412 00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,399 Speaker 1: it and it's not moving relative to you, then it 413 00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:49,919 Speaker 1: doesn't really exist. So it actually makes more sense for 414 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:52,280 Speaker 1: light to always be zooming along at the speed of 415 00:20:52,359 --> 00:20:55,520 Speaker 1: light relative to everybody who's measuring it at the maximum 416 00:20:55,520 --> 00:20:59,200 Speaker 1: speed at the maximum speed. Yeah, and I think something 417 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:02,000 Speaker 1: you said earlier is interesting. Why should there be a 418 00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:05,760 Speaker 1: maximum speed? Right? And um, I think that's really cool, 419 00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:09,520 Speaker 1: But it tells you something about our universe. Right. We 420 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:11,679 Speaker 1: we need there to be a maximum speed so that 421 00:21:11,720 --> 00:21:14,040 Speaker 1: there's causality, so the things make sense, that things don't 422 00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 1: happen out of order, so that cause happens before effect. Right, 423 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:19,440 Speaker 1: if you go faster than the speed of light, then 424 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:21,920 Speaker 1: cause and effect breaks. Well, let's let's break it down. 425 00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:23,840 Speaker 1: Like I think, maybe it breaks down to the question 426 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:27,359 Speaker 1: what would happen if we had no speed limit in 427 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:30,280 Speaker 1: the universe? Like, what if things could go faster than 428 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:32,720 Speaker 1: the speed of light? What would happen? Well, you'd have 429 00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,960 Speaker 1: to have a totally different universe because the way our 430 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:38,960 Speaker 1: universe is set up, that's pretty much baked in at 431 00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:41,200 Speaker 1: the at the ground level, and so the universe would 432 00:21:41,240 --> 00:21:44,159 Speaker 1: be totally different if there was no maximum speed. I 433 00:21:44,160 --> 00:21:45,760 Speaker 1: think one thing that's fun to think about is what 434 00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:48,199 Speaker 1: if the maximum speed was different? Right, what if it 435 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:50,360 Speaker 1: was like twice as much or ten times as much 436 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:53,720 Speaker 1: or a tenth as much. Because one deep question we 437 00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:56,320 Speaker 1: have is why is the speed of light this speed? 438 00:21:56,560 --> 00:22:01,000 Speaker 1: And not some other speed, Right, that's a thing idea, 439 00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:04,520 Speaker 1: the idea that that's just how our universe is put together, 440 00:22:04,560 --> 00:22:07,400 Speaker 1: Like that's just baked into the rules. And maybe there's 441 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:09,760 Speaker 1: another universe where the speed of light is different or 442 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:11,439 Speaker 1: there's no speed of light. Is that kind of what 443 00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:14,480 Speaker 1: you're saying, Like, it's possible maybe to construct the universe 444 00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:17,160 Speaker 1: without a speed limit. I'm not sure if it's possible 445 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 1: to construct the universe with no speed limit, but it's 446 00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:22,720 Speaker 1: definitely possible to construct the universe with a different speed limit, 447 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:25,639 Speaker 1: one that's much higher or one that's much lower. I mean, 448 00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:27,600 Speaker 1: as far as we know. You know, if you're like 449 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:30,080 Speaker 1: at the control panel of the universe, this is just 450 00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:32,240 Speaker 1: a parameter that you can set, and if you change 451 00:22:32,240 --> 00:22:34,560 Speaker 1: the speed of light to something else, physics still works. 452 00:22:35,119 --> 00:22:37,280 Speaker 1: So we don't know why the speed limit is what 453 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:40,960 Speaker 1: it is, um it. We can't construct the universes that 454 00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:45,200 Speaker 1: don't have speed limits, where things travel instantaneously um across 455 00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:48,480 Speaker 1: time and space. Those things don't work because they break causality. 456 00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:50,920 Speaker 1: Things can arrive before they leave and stuff like that. 457 00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:53,520 Speaker 1: But we can make universes where the speed of light 458 00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:55,800 Speaker 1: is different, and that's fun to think about because it 459 00:22:55,880 --> 00:22:58,600 Speaker 1: changes your relationship, like we were talking about earlier, with 460 00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:01,320 Speaker 1: far away things. You know, the fact that stars are 461 00:23:01,359 --> 00:23:03,840 Speaker 1: really far away really tells you about how far the 462 00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:06,320 Speaker 1: way they are relative to the speed of light. Yeah, 463 00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:09,520 Speaker 1: let's talk about that, but first let's take a quick break. 464 00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:26,760 Speaker 1: How would breaking the speed of light break the fundamental 465 00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:29,760 Speaker 1: like logic of the universe. It's it would break the 466 00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:32,119 Speaker 1: universe because it would break causality. And by that I 467 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:35,480 Speaker 1: mean that things could happen out of order. Relativity tells 468 00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:38,880 Speaker 1: us that things happen differently depending on your velocity, right, 469 00:23:38,960 --> 00:23:41,960 Speaker 1: and so, and time works differently depending on your velocity. 470 00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:45,280 Speaker 1: As you go faster, you can see the order of events, 471 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:47,639 Speaker 1: the time of events change, and if you go fast 472 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:50,040 Speaker 1: in the speed of light, some things flip so that 473 00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:53,639 Speaker 1: the effect happens before the cause. Like the equations just 474 00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:56,240 Speaker 1: no longer make any sense. It just no longer makes sense, 475 00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:58,840 Speaker 1: like it it just breaks. And it comes from this 476 00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:03,240 Speaker 1: this fact that how you see time changes based on 477 00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:06,320 Speaker 1: how fast you're going, which again is totally connected to 478 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:08,919 Speaker 1: the fact that everybody sees the speed of light always 479 00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:11,879 Speaker 1: moving at the same speed no matter what. Wow. But 480 00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:13,960 Speaker 1: the basic idea is just that it's just baked into 481 00:24:14,040 --> 00:24:16,720 Speaker 1: the equations that nothing can go faster than the speed 482 00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:19,040 Speaker 1: of light. That's right, Like it's just big. If you 483 00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:21,280 Speaker 1: try to go faster, it will just break the equations 484 00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:25,720 Speaker 1: by which the universe is put together. And we have 485 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:28,800 Speaker 1: tested it a zillion ways from here to Sunday, and 486 00:24:29,040 --> 00:24:31,920 Speaker 1: relativity is very solid. This part of relativity, it's called 487 00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:35,840 Speaker 1: special relativity, that describes how light moves and time is affected, 488 00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:39,399 Speaker 1: is totally well tested and we really believe it, and 489 00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:41,639 Speaker 1: and it's the underpinnings of everything we've built. So if 490 00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:44,359 Speaker 1: it's wrong, then we're going to throw everything away. Now 491 00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:46,240 Speaker 1: I'm not saying that doesn't mean it's wrong, right, It 492 00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:48,000 Speaker 1: could be wrong. And it could be that we discover 493 00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:51,159 Speaker 1: that it's replaced by a different theory and and everything 494 00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:53,199 Speaker 1: is wrong. That would be frankly kind of awesome. I 495 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:56,000 Speaker 1: love these revolutions in physics. But so far it seems 496 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:58,800 Speaker 1: to be pretty solid. Like maybe like your kids or 497 00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:02,000 Speaker 1: some kid out there right now, future physicists might figure 498 00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:06,520 Speaker 1: it out that it's a that real special realtibilities is wrong. Yeah, 499 00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:08,120 Speaker 1: And in fact, there was a result a few years 500 00:25:08,119 --> 00:25:10,720 Speaker 1: ago where people thought they had figured that out there 501 00:25:10,760 --> 00:25:13,040 Speaker 1: was this result from the opera experiment at CERN that 502 00:25:13,119 --> 00:25:16,520 Speaker 1: sent new trinos zooming through Italy, and they thought they 503 00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:19,840 Speaker 1: measured some new trinos going faster than the speed of light, 504 00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:22,120 Speaker 1: and they put out this big paper and then it 505 00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 1: turned out to be wrong and turned out to be 506 00:25:25,080 --> 00:25:29,800 Speaker 1: an operatic track. That's right. Um, it was actually quite embarrassing. 507 00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:31,879 Speaker 1: One of the cables they were using to measure the 508 00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:33,720 Speaker 1: timing had come loose and there was a little bit 509 00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:35,879 Speaker 1: of jiggle and and that was the source of the 510 00:25:35,880 --> 00:25:37,560 Speaker 1: whole mistake and they had to pull it back and 511 00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:41,399 Speaker 1: the spokespeople resigned, and it was embarrassing. So if you're 512 00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,600 Speaker 1: gonna try to disprove all of modern physics, check your cables. 513 00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,240 Speaker 1: Make sure they're right. That's right. If you're going up 514 00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:50,080 Speaker 1: against Einstein, doubill check the box that's right. If you're 515 00:25:50,119 --> 00:25:54,439 Speaker 1: gonna shoot for the king, you better kill him, so 516 00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:56,320 Speaker 1: I guess. And the last question is like, does that 517 00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:58,960 Speaker 1: mean that we can never reach these like far away 518 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:02,480 Speaker 1: planets in a decent amount of time without turning into 519 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: puddles of ooze? Like does that mean, like you know, 520 00:26:05,359 --> 00:26:07,720 Speaker 1: like you and me will never get to step on 521 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:12,159 Speaker 1: another solar system and things like that, or uh, you know, 522 00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:13,680 Speaker 1: if we can't go fast through the speed of light, 523 00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:17,399 Speaker 1: does that mean that interstellar travel is impossible? Right, So 524 00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:19,680 Speaker 1: it's time to return to those caveats we talked about. 525 00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:23,840 Speaker 1: Traveling through space faster than the speed of light is 526 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:25,800 Speaker 1: impossible and as far as we can tell, will never 527 00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,320 Speaker 1: be possible. It's not like there's some technological breakthrough or 528 00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:32,720 Speaker 1: waiting for. It's like just difficult or expensive or something 529 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:36,480 Speaker 1: or complicated. Right, it seems totally impossible to move through 530 00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:39,040 Speaker 1: space fasten the speed of light. Now, I say through 531 00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:42,480 Speaker 1: space because that's the caveat we've recently learned the last 532 00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:45,600 Speaker 1: couple of decades that space is not this fixed thing 533 00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:48,200 Speaker 1: that you move through. It's not like this empty backdrop. 534 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:51,679 Speaker 1: It's squishy, it's dynamical. It can do things, and we 535 00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:54,360 Speaker 1: can squeeze it and expand it and ripple in it. 536 00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:57,560 Speaker 1: So instead, so the caveat is, instead of trying to 537 00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:00,800 Speaker 1: move through space faster than the speed of light, change 538 00:27:00,880 --> 00:27:03,080 Speaker 1: the space we're moving through. So you want to go 539 00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:06,320 Speaker 1: from here to Alpha Centauri, can we squeeze that space 540 00:27:06,359 --> 00:27:09,320 Speaker 1: to make the distance shorter? Right? Then breaking the rules 541 00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:11,040 Speaker 1: of physics to go through it. So it's kind of 542 00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:13,800 Speaker 1: like we're we're not Space is not an empty and 543 00:27:13,880 --> 00:27:16,359 Speaker 1: empty noess right, It's like maybe we are in some 544 00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:19,960 Speaker 1: kind of like a sponge or some kind of liquid 545 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:22,320 Speaker 1: as if you know, just in as an analogy, and 546 00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:25,560 Speaker 1: you can't move through this sponge faster than the speed 547 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,520 Speaker 1: of light, but you could maybe like bend the sponge 548 00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:31,560 Speaker 1: or squish the sponge to get from one side of 549 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:33,520 Speaker 1: the sponge to the other side. You could do tricks 550 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:35,160 Speaker 1: like that. Is that what? That's exactly what I mean, 551 00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:40,440 Speaker 1: And that is theoretically totally possible, though experimentally very very difficult. 552 00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:42,600 Speaker 1: It's not like we've achieved this or we're like on 553 00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:44,880 Speaker 1: the on the edge of being able to do this 554 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,480 Speaker 1: or whatever. But you know, the first step in a 555 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:50,879 Speaker 1: project like this is go from impossible to possible, and 556 00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:56,359 Speaker 1: then the rest is engineering to go from possible to practical. Right, So, um, 557 00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:58,720 Speaker 1: I leave that for the engineers. The physicist job is 558 00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:01,200 Speaker 1: to go from impossible to possible. Next week will be 559 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:04,000 Speaker 1: it will be a feature on your test LA Autopilot 560 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:08,080 Speaker 1: to Alpha Centauri. Anyways. Um, yeah, so you might be wondering, well, 561 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: how is it possible? Well, you know that space can 562 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:12,679 Speaker 1: bend right, I mean where the Earth goes around the 563 00:28:12,720 --> 00:28:16,119 Speaker 1: Sun because Sun has bent space, so the Earth moves 564 00:28:16,119 --> 00:28:20,480 Speaker 1: around it because the space is bent right, And gravitational 565 00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,040 Speaker 1: waves shows that, like colliding black holes can make ripples 566 00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:26,680 Speaker 1: in space. So how did you actually get from here 567 00:28:26,680 --> 00:28:29,440 Speaker 1: to there? You'd have to squeeze the space, which takes 568 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:32,160 Speaker 1: a huge amount of energy. So just like a gravitational 569 00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:37,560 Speaker 1: wave cannot propagate, you can maybe like create a giant 570 00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:40,640 Speaker 1: wave that somehow compresses space from here to Alpha Centauri 571 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,560 Speaker 1: so that it's just really close. Yeah, or some sort 572 00:28:43,560 --> 00:28:46,120 Speaker 1: of standing wave that's always compressing the space right in 573 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 1: front of you so that you can move through it rapidly. Yeah, 574 00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:53,720 Speaker 1: like you're surfing a gravitational wave exactly. Surfing a gravitational 575 00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:57,000 Speaker 1: wave exactly. But remember the gravitational wave caused by like 576 00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:01,200 Speaker 1: colliding black holes squeezes space by one part in ten 577 00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:04,960 Speaker 1: to the twenty. So you need an even bigger source 578 00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:08,520 Speaker 1: of gravitational energy than colliding black holes. So that's a 579 00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:11,560 Speaker 1: tall order. Well, in the movies like Star Wars and 580 00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:15,280 Speaker 1: Star Trek, whenever they go into warp speed, you see 581 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:16,880 Speaker 1: kind of they always show it as this kind of 582 00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:20,600 Speaker 1: like distortion of space, right, like the stars stretch out 583 00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:24,640 Speaker 1: or like the spaceships stretches out before it disappears. But 584 00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:27,560 Speaker 1: maybe there's something I mean, they got something right about that, right, 585 00:29:27,560 --> 00:29:29,360 Speaker 1: Like maybe that's why we're thinking. They were thinking, like 586 00:29:29,480 --> 00:29:33,720 Speaker 1: you're actually like stretching space or you're like compressing space, 587 00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:36,560 Speaker 1: and that's how you're moving faster than like, Yeah, I'm 588 00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:38,760 Speaker 1: pretty sure the guys who wrote Star Trek did these 589 00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:42,240 Speaker 1: calculations before they wrote those episodes, and it's been motivated 590 00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:47,160 Speaker 1: by actual physics. Yeah. Yeah, everyone in Hollywood has a PhD. Right, 591 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:49,360 Speaker 1: that's right. That's why they never called me to ask 592 00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:52,640 Speaker 1: for physics help, right, they just understand it themselves. And 593 00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 1: that's why there are no physics mistakes in any Hollywood movies. 594 00:29:55,480 --> 00:29:58,120 Speaker 1: I think you've totally figured it out. So that's one loophole, 595 00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:00,040 Speaker 1: is that you can squeeze space so that you and 596 00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:02,600 Speaker 1: travel faster through And are there are the other loopholes 597 00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:07,560 Speaker 1: or is that the main like possibility for getting top Yeah, 598 00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:09,320 Speaker 1: So if you're out there about to write a check 599 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,240 Speaker 1: for our warp drive company, hold on a moment, because 600 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:16,000 Speaker 1: there are other options, right, And another option is wormholes right. 601 00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:19,640 Speaker 1: This is the idea that space might not be simply connected. 602 00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:22,320 Speaker 1: It might not be that every piece of space is 603 00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:24,760 Speaker 1: connected to the piece of space next to it. The 604 00:30:24,840 --> 00:30:27,440 Speaker 1: connection could be a little bit more complicated. It could 605 00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:29,880 Speaker 1: be that, like some piece of space is connected to 606 00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:32,320 Speaker 1: a piece of space that's far far away. Right, That's 607 00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:35,280 Speaker 1: what a wormhole is, this connection between pieces of space 608 00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,239 Speaker 1: that are far away, and that requires space. Maybe it's 609 00:30:38,280 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: not this like just homogeneous thing. It could have like 610 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:44,960 Speaker 1: little loops in it. It could be like tangled up. Yeah, exactly. 611 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:46,880 Speaker 1: It requires you to think about space in a really 612 00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:49,280 Speaker 1: different way. It's not just this emptiness you move through. 613 00:30:49,640 --> 00:30:52,719 Speaker 1: It's more like nodes on a subway station, right, and 614 00:30:52,720 --> 00:30:54,520 Speaker 1: you can they can be connected in any way. You 615 00:30:54,560 --> 00:30:57,680 Speaker 1: can travel from one to the other. And so why right, yeah, 616 00:30:57,720 --> 00:31:00,640 Speaker 1: why not? Exactly? In fact, we think that space probably 617 00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:03,760 Speaker 1: is that way. That the tiny quantum level space might 618 00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,640 Speaker 1: even be quantized um and discreet, and and that you 619 00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:10,440 Speaker 1: can move around like you move around a subway map um. 620 00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:12,719 Speaker 1: And it could be that on the macroscopic level these 621 00:31:12,760 --> 00:31:15,600 Speaker 1: things exist too. And general relativity, the theory that tells 622 00:31:15,680 --> 00:31:18,040 Speaker 1: us about how space time's bent and all that stuff 623 00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:22,080 Speaker 1: does allow for wormholes, it's totally possible. Now, there's a 624 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:25,920 Speaker 1: huge number of caveats there, like, we've never seen a wormhole. Um, 625 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:30,720 Speaker 1: so we're not sure. So they're theoretical only they're theoretical. Okay, yeah, 626 00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,400 Speaker 1: but you know what black holes used to be theoretical. 627 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:35,880 Speaker 1: It used to be like, well, here's a funny property 628 00:31:35,880 --> 00:31:39,040 Speaker 1: of general relativity, but nobody's ever seen one. Gravitational ways 629 00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:42,440 Speaker 1: worth theoretical to write, and we just exactly exactly. So 630 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:45,880 Speaker 1: maybe you know, wormholes are last year's black holes, right, 631 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:54,880 Speaker 1: wormholes are the new forty and the trending wormhole. Yeah, 632 00:31:54,880 --> 00:32:00,480 Speaker 1: hashtag put Kanye in a wormhole? Um, And so we 633 00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:02,560 Speaker 1: think they might exist, but we've never seen one. We 634 00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:04,760 Speaker 1: have no idea how to make one, We have no 635 00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:08,680 Speaker 1: idea how to keep them open, and man, maybe most importantly, 636 00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:10,840 Speaker 1: we don't know what we like to go through them. 637 00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:13,800 Speaker 1: Probably if you went through it, it would stretch and 638 00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:16,080 Speaker 1: squish you and you'd be that pile of goo anyway. 639 00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:19,840 Speaker 1: But you can maybe send like a signal or a 640 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:22,480 Speaker 1: probe or maybe something answer. Are you gonna say, hamster, 641 00:32:22,600 --> 00:32:25,720 Speaker 1: don't send the hamster. I'm gonna call the SPC on 642 00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:30,600 Speaker 1: you not my hamster. My answer, yes, you probably could 643 00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:32,840 Speaker 1: send information through the work, so you can talk to 644 00:32:32,880 --> 00:32:35,320 Speaker 1: the aliens interesting you know, or whoever is on the 645 00:32:35,320 --> 00:32:38,960 Speaker 1: other side of the word, or the future you or whatever. Yeah. So, 646 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,560 Speaker 1: even though you can't travel through space fasten the speed 647 00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:44,920 Speaker 1: of light and that's pretty solid, there are some ways 648 00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:48,560 Speaker 1: you might be able to traverse huge distances without waiting 649 00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:52,000 Speaker 1: at zillion years. So there is some hope. You're saying, 650 00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:55,880 Speaker 1: theoretically it's possible, and so maybe, like our people on 651 00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:58,840 Speaker 1: the street that we talked to, maybe there's some future 652 00:32:58,880 --> 00:33:01,920 Speaker 1: engineer or physicist to figure out how to make it happen. 653 00:33:02,080 --> 00:33:04,080 Speaker 1: That's right, And if you do, please send us a 654 00:33:04,120 --> 00:33:06,680 Speaker 1: note because we want to be involved. Yeah, we want 655 00:33:06,720 --> 00:33:09,480 Speaker 1: to be able to spend my infinite riches out there. 656 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:12,640 Speaker 1: That's right. And I think probably that's what the folks 657 00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:15,160 Speaker 1: we interviewed, that's probably what they were expressing. They probably 658 00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:17,640 Speaker 1: weren't thinking, well and starting special world too, so it's 659 00:33:17,640 --> 00:33:20,840 Speaker 1: just impossible. So no, they were thinking, well, humans figure 660 00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:23,760 Speaker 1: it out, and whenever we're faced with the problems, somebody 661 00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,160 Speaker 1: comes up with a solution. There's so many smart people 662 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:28,360 Speaker 1: out there with their brains cooking on this. That me 663 00:33:28,480 --> 00:33:30,680 Speaker 1: other that somebody will figure out a way to get 664 00:33:30,720 --> 00:33:34,240 Speaker 1: there faster than lightspeed travel, even if you're not actually 665 00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:36,760 Speaker 1: going faster than lights to feed through space. So that's 666 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:38,400 Speaker 1: why I like to think that people were thinking that 667 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:42,560 Speaker 1: they were this optimistic view of science solving every problem 668 00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:45,200 Speaker 1: that we have, and maybe the person who figures it 669 00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:47,680 Speaker 1: out is like out there right now, you know, could 670 00:33:47,720 --> 00:33:50,960 Speaker 1: be some kid or some person out there whom it 671 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:54,200 Speaker 1: could be somebody listening to this podcast getting inspired right now. 672 00:33:54,280 --> 00:33:56,800 Speaker 1: Scribble those ideas down, don't forget them. Include us in 673 00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:01,240 Speaker 1: the patent please, or we will sue you. I have 674 00:34:01,320 --> 00:34:04,400 Speaker 1: some good lawyers from Office Centar. We will see you 675 00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:09,279 Speaker 1: at the speed of light. Well, thank you very much. 676 00:34:09,320 --> 00:34:11,399 Speaker 1: Hope you enjoyed that. We'll see you guys next time 677 00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:22,560 Speaker 1: as we explain the whole universe. If you still have 678 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:26,000 Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop 679 00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,120 Speaker 1: us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You 680 00:34:28,160 --> 00:34:31,560 Speaker 1: can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel 681 00:34:31,640 --> 00:34:35,120 Speaker 1: and Jorge that's one word, or email us at Feedback 682 00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:46,240 Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com.