1 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:03,360 Speaker 1: Hey everyone, it's Josh and for this week's select, I've 2 00:00:03,440 --> 00:00:09,560 Speaker 1: chosen our twenty sixteen episode on tarosaars, not flying dinosaurs, terosaars. 3 00:00:09,600 --> 00:00:12,160 Speaker 1: They were their own thing, and this episode brings out 4 00:00:12,160 --> 00:00:15,280 Speaker 1: the inner child paleontologist in me. I hope it does 5 00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:17,720 Speaker 1: for you too. There's only one way to find out. 6 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:21,000 Speaker 1: Sit back, relax and enjoy the episode. 7 00:00:25,480 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. 8 00:00:35,240 --> 00:00:37,880 Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's 9 00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:41,400 Speaker 1: Charles w Chuck Bryant, just the two of us batching 10 00:00:41,479 --> 00:00:45,239 Speaker 1: it today. Yeah, that's my dad used to say if 11 00:00:45,240 --> 00:00:47,200 Speaker 1: he had to take care of me while my mom 12 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:48,760 Speaker 1: was working, We're just batching it? 13 00:00:49,159 --> 00:00:50,640 Speaker 2: Is that? What was that what he said? 14 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:51,760 Speaker 1: Yeah? 15 00:00:52,159 --> 00:00:54,120 Speaker 2: I thought that was a relatively new term. 16 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:57,760 Speaker 1: No, I mean at least the early eighties, all right, 17 00:00:58,560 --> 00:01:00,560 Speaker 1: Maybe my dad was like way ahead of his time. 18 00:01:00,760 --> 00:01:02,640 Speaker 2: Why hasn't there been a movie called batching it? 19 00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:04,200 Speaker 1: I I don't know. 20 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:06,120 Speaker 2: That's actually pretty obvious. 21 00:01:06,480 --> 00:01:08,840 Speaker 1: The fact that it was around as a word in 22 00:01:08,880 --> 00:01:11,200 Speaker 1: the eighties makes me even more surprised that there's not 23 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:13,880 Speaker 1: a movie called batch in it. Yeah that like the 24 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:16,600 Speaker 1: protagonist has to put on like a car wash to 25 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:18,360 Speaker 1: save their business or something like that. 26 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 2: Yeah, Owen Wilson, what did he do? Well? He would 27 00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:25,160 Speaker 2: just be the star of batching it, I imagine, right. 28 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:28,600 Speaker 1: I guess. So could that guy be any more charming 29 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:29,120 Speaker 1: than he is? 30 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:30,080 Speaker 2: He's pretty charming. 31 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:35,080 Speaker 1: Speaking of charming, Chuck, let me introduce you to a 32 00:01:35,480 --> 00:01:43,080 Speaker 1: wonderful little beast named ketzil Coloattus north Ropie. Mh are 33 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:43,960 Speaker 1: you are you familiar? 34 00:01:44,160 --> 00:01:44,440 Speaker 2: Sure? 35 00:01:45,440 --> 00:01:50,640 Speaker 1: So, ketzel Colattis is named after the ASTech flying serpent 36 00:01:50,680 --> 00:01:54,960 Speaker 1: god quets old Colaudal. Yes, right, so it makes sense. 37 00:01:55,520 --> 00:01:58,480 Speaker 1: But this guy was a real thing. Not to put 38 00:01:58,520 --> 00:02:01,200 Speaker 1: down the Aztec's beliefs or anything like that, but this 39 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:05,560 Speaker 1: is a verifiable beast at one point, particularly in the 40 00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:09,639 Speaker 1: late Cretaceous period, and it's what you would probably call 41 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:12,760 Speaker 1: a pterodactyl. But if you call it a pterodactyl, you'd 42 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:15,720 Speaker 1: be dead wrong. Pal. Yeah, what it really is is 43 00:02:15,760 --> 00:02:20,440 Speaker 1: a terosaur. And there's a lot of misunderstandings that we're 44 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:23,360 Speaker 1: going to sort through, but the most important point is 45 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:26,919 Speaker 1: that this beast right here is twenty feet tall, as 46 00:02:26,919 --> 00:02:30,280 Speaker 1: tall as a giraffe, and it had a wingspan akin 47 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:33,720 Speaker 1: to about an f sixteen fighter jet and it was 48 00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:39,680 Speaker 1: a bad mamma jama. How's that for a leading That's good. 49 00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:41,040 Speaker 2: I like it. 50 00:02:41,880 --> 00:02:44,160 Speaker 1: I didn't even use the wayback machine, just trim the 51 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:45,920 Speaker 1: fat gone. 52 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:48,720 Speaker 2: Oh, you don't even need that old clunky thing anymore. 53 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: We just use our imaginations. We're not actually in the 54 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: Cretaceous period like we would be if we had used 55 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:55,560 Speaker 1: the wayback machine. 56 00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:59,399 Speaker 2: Okay, uh yeah. These terra starts with the P of course, 57 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:04,399 Speaker 2: the silent peace, that is from Greek meaning winged lizards. 58 00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 2: And that's pretty on point because they were reptiles. They 59 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:10,360 Speaker 2: were not dinosaurs. 60 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: Yes, big big distinction here. 61 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:16,280 Speaker 2: They're close, it's like a sister to a dinosaur. 62 00:03:16,320 --> 00:03:20,200 Speaker 1: Perhaps they're from the same claude, which is archosaurs, but 63 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:22,400 Speaker 1: it's a really wide claude. And all that means is 64 00:03:22,400 --> 00:03:25,000 Speaker 1: that they have in the very remote past some single 65 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:26,880 Speaker 1: common ancestor with dinosaurs. 66 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:30,840 Speaker 2: Yeah, and they were around roughly the same time period 67 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:35,280 Speaker 2: and definitely and went away in the same fashion. So 68 00:03:35,480 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 2: it's normal, I think for people to say, look at 69 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 2: that pterodactyl, look at that flying dinosaur, even though neither 70 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:44,320 Speaker 2: one of those is necessarily correct. 71 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 1: Yeah. So just to get this across, one more time. 72 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:52,080 Speaker 1: Pterosaurs were not flying dinosaurs. They were flying reptiles, but 73 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:56,360 Speaker 1: they weren't dinosaurs. They weren't birds either, And to confused 74 00:03:56,400 --> 00:03:59,840 Speaker 1: things even further, there were birds around at the time 75 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:03,440 Speaker 1: of the dinosaurs and the time of the pterosaurs. And 76 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:07,200 Speaker 1: to confuse things even further, there were such things as 77 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: actual flying dinosaurs. 78 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:17,400 Speaker 2: We call them velociraptors, right, and these vertebrates actually we're 79 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:22,440 Speaker 2: flying long before birds and bats, by like millions and 80 00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:23,520 Speaker 2: millions of years. 81 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:25,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, I think this how stuff works article. This is 82 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: a good one. I got to give big ups to 83 00:04:27,839 --> 00:04:29,719 Speaker 1: Clint pump Free. 84 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:30,479 Speaker 2: Yeah, pretty good. 85 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,320 Speaker 1: The pumpuff Yeah, it sounds like an action house Stuff 86 00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:38,359 Speaker 1: works writer Clint pump Frey just b frock, you know, 87 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:43,200 Speaker 1: uh huh. But he said, I think eighty million years difference, 88 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:44,720 Speaker 1: eighty million years before. 89 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:46,799 Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean that's that's a lot of years. 90 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:51,320 Speaker 1: It is. So there's a lot of like confusing stuff 91 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:53,400 Speaker 1: flying around. And I think there's one other thing we 92 00:04:53,400 --> 00:04:55,479 Speaker 1: should probably address right out of the gate, is that 93 00:04:55,839 --> 00:04:59,280 Speaker 1: you you shouldn't call them pterodactyls, even though a lot 94 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:04,719 Speaker 1: of people do. Pterodactyls are actually a specific genus of pterosaurs. 95 00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:09,960 Speaker 1: So to call all pterosaurs pterodactyls would be incorrect, but 96 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:12,280 Speaker 1: you could call all pterodactyls pterosaurs. 97 00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:17,160 Speaker 2: Okay, yeah, And technically, like if you have seen this 98 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:19,280 Speaker 2: this thing in movies a lot that they say that's 99 00:05:19,279 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 2: a pterodactyl, what you've probably been looking at this whole 100 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 2: time is one of the species. And they're you know, 101 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:30,560 Speaker 2: potentially up to two hundred of these species right now. 102 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:33,039 Speaker 2: I think they've identified about one hundred and one hundred 103 00:05:33,080 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 2: and thirty ish. But a tara tara nodone, is that 104 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:43,080 Speaker 2: how you say it? I taranidon. 105 00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:44,520 Speaker 1: That's what I would have gone with. 106 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:48,160 Speaker 2: I like tara nodone. Right, that's probably what you've been 107 00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:50,880 Speaker 2: seeing in movies all this time, that you've been saying, 108 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:53,120 Speaker 2: that's a pterodactyl. Like if you if you look up 109 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:58,320 Speaker 2: in image search of the taranodon, you'll say that that's 110 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:00,000 Speaker 2: a pterodactyl because I saw it and can. 111 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:03,279 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like this giant winged beast with kind of short, 112 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:05,840 Speaker 1: stubby legs and a huge wing span and like a 113 00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:08,119 Speaker 1: weird crest on its head and a long pointy beak. 114 00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:10,880 Speaker 1: A pterodactyl. Everybody knows what a pterodactyl is. Don't be 115 00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:13,800 Speaker 1: an idiot. Yeah, you saw in King Kong nineteen thirty three, 116 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:16,360 Speaker 1: saw the same thing in Jurassic Park three in two 117 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:19,880 Speaker 1: thousand and one. Right, things hadn't changed all that much. 118 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: But in that time span, it's actually kind of surprising 119 00:06:22,839 --> 00:06:29,120 Speaker 1: because our understanding of terosaurs had increased dramatically, and yet 120 00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:33,520 Speaker 1: we were still just basically thinking of them exclusively as pterodactyls, 121 00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:34,640 Speaker 1: which isn't the case. 122 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 2: Yeah, there was a paleontologist named O. C. Marsh who 123 00:06:39,400 --> 00:06:44,160 Speaker 2: was a pretty good name for a paleontologist. Sure, he 124 00:06:44,200 --> 00:06:48,919 Speaker 2: collected these first fossils in what is now and was 125 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 2: then Western Kansas in the late eighteen hundreds, like eighteen seventy, 126 00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,440 Speaker 2: and they've been well, I was about to say, they've 127 00:06:57,440 --> 00:06:59,839 Speaker 2: been digging up lots of these since then. They sort 128 00:06:59,839 --> 00:07:04,039 Speaker 2: of have, but not nearly as many as other types 129 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:09,960 Speaker 2: of fossils, because these fossils are really highly breakable and dissolvable, 130 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:13,200 Speaker 2: and they're tough to get a hold of and keeping 131 00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 2: one piece throughout the process. 132 00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:17,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, we should, we should talk about that. Like, one 133 00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:19,920 Speaker 1: of the reasons there is so little understanding of terosaurs 134 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: is because they don't fossilize very well, Nah, because their 135 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:26,800 Speaker 1: bones were not designed to be fossilized. They were designed 136 00:07:26,840 --> 00:07:29,520 Speaker 1: to allow these giant reptiles to fly. 137 00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 2: Yeah. They didn't say like, oh, we need to be 138 00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:34,760 Speaker 2: designed to leave our mark later. No, it's like we 139 00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 2: want to fly right exactly. 140 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 1: So early on, I think the first tearodon or the 141 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:44,280 Speaker 1: first terosaur specimen was found in the late eighteenth century 142 00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:47,400 Speaker 1: in Germany, and by the time O. C. Marsh was 143 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: digging them up one hundred years later in Kansas, they 144 00:07:51,920 --> 00:07:54,160 Speaker 1: they'd been discovered, but they'd also just kind of been 145 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,920 Speaker 1: abandoned because there were very few follow up fossils that 146 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: were identified. Right, Yeah, Marsh started to dig him up. 147 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:04,960 Speaker 1: This is a big deal. And because he was finding 148 00:08:05,040 --> 00:08:10,640 Speaker 1: virtually all of the same species, the Tyrannadon, that became 149 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:16,400 Speaker 1: the common conception of what the terrasaar is. But it 150 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: was coupled with an earlier name, Pterodactyl, that had been 151 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:26,000 Speaker 1: given to the entire species or the entire group by 152 00:08:26,160 --> 00:08:28,400 Speaker 1: George Cuvier and I think eighteen twelve. 153 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, and that first fossil you were talking about, no 154 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:34,120 Speaker 2: one knows. No one got credit for that for digging 155 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:36,560 Speaker 2: that thing up. But like you said, it was in 156 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 2: Germany in a lime in limestone, like one hundred and 157 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:43,680 Speaker 2: fifty million year old limestone, late in the eighteenth century 158 00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:47,840 Speaker 2: that eventually found its way to a man with a 159 00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:51,280 Speaker 2: great name, Cossimo Alessandro Collini. 160 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:54,400 Speaker 1: That's a great man. When I first came across this 161 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:56,439 Speaker 1: in this article, I was like, I'm looking forward to 162 00:08:56,480 --> 00:08:57,960 Speaker 1: hearing Chuck say that guy's name. 163 00:08:58,080 --> 00:09:00,800 Speaker 2: That's him. He was Italian figure, and he was a 164 00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:04,800 Speaker 2: natural scientist, and he, like many others to follow, for 165 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:07,640 Speaker 2: a long time, didn't really know what it was, since 166 00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:13,319 Speaker 2: since they found that in an ancient lagoon with all 167 00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:16,920 Speaker 2: kinds of seafaring creatures, he understandably thought it was a 168 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 2: seafaring creature. 169 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:21,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, And some of the best preserved fossils that we 170 00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:24,760 Speaker 1: have of these things are found in things like lagoons 171 00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:29,280 Speaker 1: where something happened to them. They died suddenly quickly fell 172 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:33,640 Speaker 1: into a like a body of water, which probably broke 173 00:09:33,679 --> 00:09:36,120 Speaker 1: their fall a little bit. They landed at the muck 174 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:40,840 Speaker 1: and were covered up potentially in some anaerobic in an 175 00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:45,840 Speaker 1: anaerobic state, and eventually became fossilized very gently. That's what 176 00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:48,559 Speaker 1: it takes to fossilize a terosaur. 177 00:09:49,080 --> 00:09:52,839 Speaker 2: Yeah, and Cuvier who kind of got it all wrong 178 00:09:52,920 --> 00:09:55,800 Speaker 2: by calling it a pterodactyl for everyone in the future. 179 00:09:56,200 --> 00:09:59,360 Speaker 2: He was actually the same dude though, who did say, actually, 180 00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:03,240 Speaker 2: I think those are not paddles, right, And that was, 181 00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:04,520 Speaker 2: you know, a big breakthrough. 182 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:07,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, and the reason he called them pterodactyls it means 183 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:12,240 Speaker 1: wing finger in the Greek, right, So terosar means winged 184 00:10:12,280 --> 00:10:17,120 Speaker 1: lizard and pterodactyl means wing finger because as we'll see, 185 00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:20,120 Speaker 1: the front edge of the wing, the leading edge of 186 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:23,720 Speaker 1: the wing is actually an extraordinarily long pinky. 187 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:26,240 Speaker 2: Yeah, that's a good way to put it. 188 00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,120 Speaker 1: I think so too. That's a good way to lead 189 00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 1: up to a break too, don't you think? 190 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:30,040 Speaker 2: Agreed? 191 00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:38,560 Speaker 1: Let's go Sish. 192 00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:46,800 Speaker 3: Well, now we're on the road, driving in your truck. 193 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 3: I want to learn a thing or two from Josh Chuck. 194 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:58,440 Speaker 1: It's stuff you should know. All right, Okay, we're back. 195 00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:00,240 Speaker 1: I feel like we kind of jumbled things out up 196 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:04,240 Speaker 1: like a bunch of TerraSAR bones. Sure, so let's reset here, 197 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:04,760 Speaker 1: shall we? 198 00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:11,920 Speaker 2: Should we reset with the head? Let's the head crests. 199 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:16,360 Speaker 2: If you've seen a movie like Jurassic Park and you 200 00:11:16,480 --> 00:11:19,640 Speaker 2: saw what you thought was a pterodactyl and he had 201 00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:23,520 Speaker 2: that beautiful looking he or she, well maybe he, because 202 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:26,400 Speaker 2: now they think that maybe only the malesh these head crests. 203 00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:33,439 Speaker 2: These things were sort of one of the staples of many, 204 00:11:33,559 --> 00:11:35,920 Speaker 2: if not all, of these species, but they were all 205 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 2: really different and some fantastic looking, and they're not exactly sure. 206 00:11:41,559 --> 00:11:43,280 Speaker 2: There's still a lot of debate over what they used 207 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:44,120 Speaker 2: these big crests for. 208 00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:48,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, they thought maybe they use them as a rudder 209 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:51,760 Speaker 1: in the air to steer with as they are flying around. 210 00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:55,240 Speaker 1: It does make sense. Some people thought that they may 211 00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:57,760 Speaker 1: be used him as a marine rudder. Maybe they used 212 00:11:57,800 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: them for defense because they were like made of horn 213 00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:03,920 Speaker 1: and bone covered with skin, and they think possibly they 214 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:07,040 Speaker 1: had coloring to them. Maybe they had feathers or light fur. 215 00:12:07,480 --> 00:12:10,480 Speaker 1: They're not quite sure. But because there's just such a 216 00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:14,240 Speaker 1: lack of understanding, and because terosaur fossils are so few 217 00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:17,600 Speaker 1: and far between, it's still basically anybody's guess what they 218 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:20,199 Speaker 1: were used for. But then I think in Germany, and 219 00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:23,480 Speaker 1: I'm not exactly certain when this was discovered, but a 220 00:12:23,960 --> 00:12:30,280 Speaker 1: female terosaur was discovered and it had a or i 221 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:34,439 Speaker 1: should say she had an egg in her oviduct. Still, 222 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:38,280 Speaker 1: so it was the only terosaur to ever be positively 223 00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:42,880 Speaker 1: identified by sex in the history of the world. And 224 00:12:42,920 --> 00:12:46,719 Speaker 1: she lacked that headcrest, so it really lent support to 225 00:12:46,760 --> 00:12:49,360 Speaker 1: the idea that it was males only, kind of like 226 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:52,120 Speaker 1: how a peacock has the very bright feathers and the 227 00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:55,199 Speaker 1: p hen does not. They think that maybe it's the 228 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: same thing or more kin to, like antlers in deer 229 00:12:59,040 --> 00:13:01,320 Speaker 1: or moose. Their male are the ones that have the antlers, 230 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:03,120 Speaker 1: and they think they use it, maybe a little bit 231 00:13:03,160 --> 00:13:05,719 Speaker 1: for a defense, but mostly to say, hey, I'm a 232 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,800 Speaker 1: dude and I'm looking for some action. Check out the 233 00:13:08,840 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: sides of my antlers. They think it was probably the 234 00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:12,400 Speaker 1: same with tyrosaurs. 235 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:15,760 Speaker 2: Now, yeah, and these things, like, it's amazing when you 236 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:18,360 Speaker 2: look up these pictures. Some of them are just really 237 00:13:18,360 --> 00:13:21,640 Speaker 2: fantastically colored. Some of them are really big, like that 238 00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:25,120 Speaker 2: Tapahara imperator. 239 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:29,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, if you look up one terasaar during this episode, 240 00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:30,160 Speaker 1: make it this guy. 241 00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,439 Speaker 2: Yeah, this is cool. This thing looks like it literally 242 00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:35,040 Speaker 2: has a sailboat sail on top of its. 243 00:13:34,880 --> 00:13:38,800 Speaker 1: Head, and like if the coloring is anywhere remotely like 244 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:42,120 Speaker 1: what the artist's conceptions are. It just must have been 245 00:13:42,240 --> 00:13:43,080 Speaker 1: something to see. 246 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:48,680 Speaker 2: Yeah, that niktosaurus is pretty interesting too. This one didn't 247 00:13:48,679 --> 00:13:51,199 Speaker 2: seem to have any sort of a It looked like 248 00:13:51,240 --> 00:13:56,959 Speaker 2: a sail without the sale, Like, what do you call 249 00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:58,920 Speaker 2: the frame of the sale. I'm sure there's some great 250 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:00,080 Speaker 2: name for it. 251 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:02,480 Speaker 1: The uh, the timber, the timber. 252 00:14:02,679 --> 00:14:06,839 Speaker 2: Sure, but these, I mean, it's they they like it 253 00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:11,600 Speaker 2: in this article the pump does to television intena and 254 00:14:11,640 --> 00:14:15,240 Speaker 2: they are really big and look only clunky to me. 255 00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean it'd be good for skewering, I guess, 256 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:21,880 Speaker 1: but it could also be terrible for skewing. Like if 257 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:24,760 Speaker 1: you were hunting or spearing fish with it, you could 258 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:26,520 Speaker 1: probably catch a lot of fish, but you couldn't get 259 00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:29,280 Speaker 1: the fish off because it's they're just these antenna We're 260 00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:31,200 Speaker 1: just way too tall and long. 261 00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:34,280 Speaker 2: Yeah. And then this terradustro is really you should look 262 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:37,440 Speaker 2: that one up too, It's pretty amazing. This one looks 263 00:14:37,480 --> 00:14:44,040 Speaker 2: like this one looks like if a dinosaur mated with 264 00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:46,880 Speaker 2: a pelican and a toothbrush. 265 00:14:47,640 --> 00:14:50,040 Speaker 1: Yeah. I saw one person described it as a toothbrush 266 00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: with wings. 267 00:14:50,920 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 2: Yeah, like the lower jaw has like a thousand really long, 268 00:14:54,880 --> 00:14:58,320 Speaker 2: small needle like teeth, and it looks like this big 269 00:14:58,360 --> 00:14:59,680 Speaker 2: toothbrushy underbite. 270 00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:01,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, and it does. Like when you look at it, 271 00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:03,920 Speaker 1: you're like, oh, it's clearly got to be related to 272 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:06,440 Speaker 1: a pelican. Again, it's not pelicans, a bird, and birds 273 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:09,000 Speaker 1: were around during the time of dinosaurs, and if birds 274 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:12,280 Speaker 1: are anything, they're actually the real flying dinosaurs. But it 275 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:15,760 Speaker 1: does look a lot like it, and it makes sense 276 00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:18,720 Speaker 1: that it would because from what we're learning about pterosaurs 277 00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:21,320 Speaker 1: now these days is that a lot of them were 278 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:24,480 Speaker 1: ocean going, that they had the goods to fly across 279 00:15:24,520 --> 00:15:27,000 Speaker 1: an entire ocean over the course of a few days, 280 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,720 Speaker 1: like maybe an albatross wood, and that they would fly low, 281 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:34,000 Speaker 1: some of them, and skim the surface of these ancient 282 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:39,400 Speaker 1: oceans on Earth and scoop up marine life with their jaws, 283 00:15:39,440 --> 00:15:42,840 Speaker 1: with their lower jaw, just like a pelican would. So 284 00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:46,640 Speaker 1: what's even more interesting about that, besides the idea that 285 00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:49,920 Speaker 1: this is going on one hundred million years ago, is 286 00:15:49,960 --> 00:15:54,080 Speaker 1: that pelicans are not related to these things, so that 287 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:59,600 Speaker 1: this trait, this behavior, this characteristic evolved more than one time. 288 00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:02,160 Speaker 1: You know what I'm saying. I find that fascinating rather 289 00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: than saying, oh, pelicans descended from that, Actually they didn't. 290 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:09,320 Speaker 1: That's just two different branches of the same tree developing 291 00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:11,080 Speaker 1: into something very similar. 292 00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:13,000 Speaker 2: Position in isolation. Didn't know what they call that. 293 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:21,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, or no convergent evolution, Okay, I think yes, it is. 294 00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:25,120 Speaker 1: It's conversion evolution when like a trait or behavior characteristic 295 00:16:25,560 --> 00:16:29,760 Speaker 1: develops separately among different branches of the tree, rather than 296 00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: developing once and then descendants all have that same trait. 297 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:37,960 Speaker 2: Yeah. And although they did certainly love a good seafood meal, 298 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 2: they used to think that was sort of all they ate, 299 00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:44,320 Speaker 2: And now new research suggests that they do eat or 300 00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:49,239 Speaker 2: did eat, all kinds of things, even tiny dinosaurs. 301 00:16:49,880 --> 00:16:51,840 Speaker 1: Yeah. The way that they're they describe them now is 302 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:54,120 Speaker 1: that it's just like birds, Right, You've got birds that 303 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:56,840 Speaker 1: eat all sorts of different things, that fill all sorts 304 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,240 Speaker 1: of different ecological niches. That's what they're coming to to 305 00:17:00,440 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: the conclusion about with terosaurs, which I mean, chuck, this 306 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:05,919 Speaker 1: is like a huge sea change from what it was 307 00:17:05,960 --> 00:17:09,560 Speaker 1: even back in the nineteen fifties or sixties or seventies, 308 00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:11,960 Speaker 1: and we thought there were just a few species, and 309 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,480 Speaker 1: it turns out there were a ton of different ones 310 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:16,959 Speaker 1: and a lot of variety and a lot of diversity, 311 00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:19,399 Speaker 1: and now we're starting to kind of get a handle 312 00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:19,760 Speaker 1: on that. 313 00:17:20,119 --> 00:17:22,480 Speaker 2: Yeah, and they think they were probably able after they 314 00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:26,719 Speaker 2: hatch to fly pretty quickly, to take care of themselves 315 00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:32,000 Speaker 2: pretty quickly, and like you mentioned, they're flying. They believe 316 00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:35,160 Speaker 2: now was they were kind of built for the long 317 00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:39,520 Speaker 2: haul that it weren't super fast, but could you know, 318 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:41,720 Speaker 2: like a long distance jetliner. 319 00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:43,600 Speaker 1: Right. 320 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:45,560 Speaker 2: But some of them were small, some of them were 321 00:17:45,560 --> 00:17:48,560 Speaker 2: small songbirds, and I imagine they were flitty. Yeah. 322 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:50,240 Speaker 1: I can't remember the name of one, but there was 323 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:53,719 Speaker 1: one that was extremely tiny, a very tiny, little little 324 00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:55,680 Speaker 1: flying terosaur. 325 00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:59,120 Speaker 2: Could you imagine anything more frightening than what you would 326 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:01,080 Speaker 2: call a terodactyl the size of a robin? 327 00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:02,800 Speaker 1: Yeah? 328 00:18:02,920 --> 00:18:04,320 Speaker 2: I imagine a hundred of those. 329 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:06,760 Speaker 1: Or it could look kind of cool like the little 330 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,440 Speaker 1: UFOs and batteries not included, remember those. 331 00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:11,080 Speaker 2: I didn't see that movie. 332 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:13,560 Speaker 1: Do you remember like the ads or anything from it? Though? 333 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:14,160 Speaker 2: No? 334 00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:18,440 Speaker 1: It was basically Cocoon, but set in a tenement and 335 00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:24,480 Speaker 1: with UFOs rather than the actual aliens. Okay, it was 336 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:27,359 Speaker 1: very similar though, uh huh. I think Donna Michi was 337 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:28,480 Speaker 1: in both Maybe. 338 00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:31,280 Speaker 2: Why not had he had that market cornered. 339 00:18:31,359 --> 00:18:33,480 Speaker 1: If you can get your hands on Donna Michi, you 340 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:34,680 Speaker 1: put him in your movie. 341 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:36,840 Speaker 2: Buddy, Yeah for sure. 342 00:18:37,119 --> 00:18:41,560 Speaker 1: So okay, where are we at, Chuck, Well, I. 343 00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:45,359 Speaker 2: Think we can go. We can hop over to the 344 00:18:45,359 --> 00:18:49,639 Speaker 2: fact that for many years people thought we've already mentioned birds, 345 00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:52,840 Speaker 2: but bats was the other thing that people confused them with. 346 00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:57,200 Speaker 2: There was a an anatoby professor named Samuel Thomas von 347 00:18:57,280 --> 00:19:02,160 Speaker 2: Summering in the eighteen hundred. He incorrectly suggested that these 348 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:07,080 Speaker 2: were bats. Another Paleontoller's named Harry Seely even wrote a 349 00:19:07,080 --> 00:19:10,760 Speaker 2: book called Dragons of the Sky in which he said 350 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:15,040 Speaker 2: birds were the descendants of these And it's understandable why 351 00:19:15,080 --> 00:19:17,639 Speaker 2: these dudes were wrong. They were doing the best they could. 352 00:19:18,680 --> 00:19:23,240 Speaker 2: And when you look at those wings, it looks, you know, 353 00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:25,840 Speaker 2: that membrane, it looks like it would be a batswing. 354 00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:27,560 Speaker 2: But there are some differences. 355 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, there's some big differences. And you like a bat 356 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:34,399 Speaker 1: in particular, I could see confusing it with right, like 357 00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:38,800 Speaker 1: an ancient bat, because with a bat you have four digits, 358 00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:43,280 Speaker 1: and three of those digits form the bones in the wing, 359 00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: and you got one little digit wiggling free, so a 360 00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:49,080 Speaker 1: bat can climb around with its index fingers. Right, Yes, 361 00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:53,280 Speaker 1: with a terrasaar, you have three digits that are free, 362 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:55,840 Speaker 1: and then the pinky. The fourth digit is the one 363 00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:03,240 Speaker 1: that forms that long sometimes ten twenty feet long bone 364 00:20:03,720 --> 00:20:05,480 Speaker 1: that's the front ende of the wing. 365 00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 2: Yeah, that's crazy, but they had three. 366 00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:12,159 Speaker 1: They had three fingers free. And this is really significant 367 00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:14,800 Speaker 1: because before they used to think and if you go 368 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:18,399 Speaker 1: back and you look at how pterodactyls were drawn in 369 00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:21,680 Speaker 1: like the middle of the twentieth century, when they weren't 370 00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:25,880 Speaker 1: in flight, they were probably standing on their back legs, 371 00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 1: and they realized that this is probably not how pterosaurs stood. 372 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:36,840 Speaker 1: That instead, because their forearms were far more powerful than 373 00:20:36,880 --> 00:20:40,760 Speaker 1: their back legs, they were probably quadrupeds, which meant that 374 00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:45,439 Speaker 1: they walked on all four legs, putting most of their 375 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:49,120 Speaker 1: weight on their front way legs with their front forearms, 376 00:20:49,160 --> 00:20:53,520 Speaker 1: with their three free digits and their wings tucked off 377 00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:57,399 Speaker 1: to the side. And they look kind of like a 378 00:20:57,440 --> 00:21:01,360 Speaker 1: cartoon bulldog walks, is what I'm seeing. That's what they 379 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:02,320 Speaker 1: think now. 380 00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:04,400 Speaker 2: Like a cartoon bulldog, not a real. 381 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:07,640 Speaker 1: One, right, Well, I mean a real bulldog doesn't walk 382 00:21:07,760 --> 00:21:12,119 Speaker 1: quite like a cartoon. Bulldog cartoon. Bulldog's more exaggerated pronounced, 383 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:14,160 Speaker 1: you know what I mean. Sure, it's a cartoon. 384 00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:16,800 Speaker 2: Should we take another break? Sure, all right, we'll do 385 00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:19,120 Speaker 2: that and then we'll talk a little bit about how 386 00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:21,680 Speaker 2: they fly and other good stuff. 387 00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:29,680 Speaker 1: Right for this pterosaurs, Josh. 388 00:21:30,760 --> 00:21:39,720 Speaker 3: Suis, Well, now we're on the road, driving in your truck. 389 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:42,760 Speaker 3: I want to learn a thing or two from Josh 390 00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:43,560 Speaker 3: am Chuck. 391 00:21:43,840 --> 00:21:45,360 Speaker 1: It's stuff you should. 392 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:52,320 Speaker 2: Know, should all right? All right, So you mentioned they 393 00:21:52,320 --> 00:21:54,639 Speaker 2: were quadrupedal m. 394 00:21:56,280 --> 00:21:58,080 Speaker 1: Four footed, four footed. 395 00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:03,119 Speaker 2: And initially they thought that they would like birds because 396 00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:05,840 Speaker 2: we see birds do it, and it's probably especially back 397 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:09,280 Speaker 2: in the eighteen hundreds, it was maybe they were all 398 00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:15,440 Speaker 2: working off the notion of the easiest solution is probably correct, Yeah, 399 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:17,960 Speaker 2: because they would see a bird hop off those back 400 00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:21,240 Speaker 2: legs and think, well, this is clearly what pterodactyls did. 401 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,159 Speaker 1: Yeah, and I never thought about that, but that's exactly 402 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:26,160 Speaker 1: what a bird does. It jumps up in the air 403 00:22:26,240 --> 00:22:28,800 Speaker 1: from its back legs and flaps its wings and then 404 00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:32,560 Speaker 1: provides lift from that point on using its wings. Yeah. 405 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:35,160 Speaker 1: I'd never really thought about that, but that's how birds fly. 406 00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:37,639 Speaker 2: Yeah, they hop around and if they want to. And 407 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:40,040 Speaker 2: it is funny one of the other articles you sent. 408 00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:43,880 Speaker 2: One of those guys believed the pale tallers believes that 409 00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:47,359 Speaker 2: it even evolved into flying, that they used to hop 410 00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:51,479 Speaker 2: around on four legs and eventually they started jumping higher 411 00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:54,879 Speaker 2: and higher and then started flapping and then before you 412 00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:55,720 Speaker 2: knew it, they were flying. 413 00:22:56,000 --> 00:23:00,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe they went from leaping to gliding to lying, 414 00:23:01,640 --> 00:23:04,679 Speaker 1: and they don't know. Again, they haven't found what you 415 00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:09,359 Speaker 1: would call a proto terosaar like whatever was the link 416 00:23:09,440 --> 00:23:14,159 Speaker 1: between ancient reptiles and terosaurs. But that's kind of the 417 00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:16,399 Speaker 1: current guess right now, is that they evolved from some 418 00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:18,919 Speaker 1: small white lizard that was good at jumping. 419 00:23:19,640 --> 00:23:21,960 Speaker 2: Yeah, and they're they one of the big keys in 420 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,080 Speaker 2: finding out and I don't think you said this how 421 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:27,960 Speaker 2: strong their arms were. Yeah, that sort of was a 422 00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:33,720 Speaker 2: big breakthrough because when you think of like, you think 423 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:36,679 Speaker 2: it all comes from the legs because they're jumping. But 424 00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:40,960 Speaker 2: because they found more fossils, they realized they were quadrupedal, 425 00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:44,240 Speaker 2: and they said, man, they actually have incredibly strong arms 426 00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:48,440 Speaker 2: and shoulders and these little tiny feet. So not only 427 00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 2: are they quadrupedal, but a lot of that initial hopping 428 00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:54,680 Speaker 2: lift may come from the arms and not the legs 429 00:23:54,720 --> 00:23:55,000 Speaker 2: at all. 430 00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:58,879 Speaker 1: So they think, now what they do is it's just 431 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:02,119 Speaker 1: basically pushed themselves off their front arms and legs to 432 00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:05,000 Speaker 1: an extent and just basically hop up into the air 433 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:08,560 Speaker 1: and then start flapping their wings rather than like a 434 00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:10,520 Speaker 1: bird jumping off of their back legs. Is that what 435 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:10,840 Speaker 1: you mean? 436 00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:13,960 Speaker 2: Yeah? And then but most of that comes from the 437 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:16,880 Speaker 2: from the arms and shoulders rather than the feed, right, 438 00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:19,920 Speaker 2: And the feed I think just sort of drag behind 439 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:24,480 Speaker 2: and perhaps maybe helped with steering, is that right? Yeah? 440 00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:27,800 Speaker 1: And they so there you can actually divide pterosaurs into 441 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:31,880 Speaker 1: two groups depending on when they were around. One started 442 00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:34,440 Speaker 1: around one hundred and fifty million years ago, and then 443 00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:37,800 Speaker 1: one came later. And the first groups had long tails. 444 00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:40,960 Speaker 1: So if you look at old drawings of pterodactyls, you'll 445 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,359 Speaker 1: frequently see with kind of like a long forked devil's tail, 446 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:48,400 Speaker 1: you know, And it's actually kind of accurate. They think 447 00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:51,520 Speaker 1: that the original ones had longer tails to learn to 448 00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:54,240 Speaker 1: steer in the air, but then as they got more 449 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:59,560 Speaker 1: and more adapted to flying gracefully, they lost their tails 450 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:03,359 Speaker 1: to the ones, the ones that were around when the 451 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:09,239 Speaker 1: Cretaceous period ended suddenly mostly called osdar kids, which is 452 00:25:09,280 --> 00:25:13,840 Speaker 1: not an easy word to pronounce that that they had 453 00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:16,240 Speaker 1: they had lost their tails because they had developed other 454 00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:22,080 Speaker 1: methods of changing how they fly mid flight. Right, So 455 00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:25,160 Speaker 1: like they because the wing membrane was connected to their 456 00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:29,520 Speaker 1: ankle from their shoulder with their finger, uh, kind of 457 00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:33,280 Speaker 1: providing the front of the wing. If they altered the 458 00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:35,879 Speaker 1: angle of their wristbone where they moved their ankle in 459 00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:39,800 Speaker 1: and out, it would change the actual dynamics of their 460 00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:42,120 Speaker 1: wing and they could dive and lift and do all 461 00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:44,960 Speaker 1: sorts of other things, which is this is a big 462 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,119 Speaker 1: sea change in our understanding of pterosaurs too, because they 463 00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:49,960 Speaker 1: used to think that they basically had to run and 464 00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:52,240 Speaker 1: jump off of a cliff to gain. 465 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:53,400 Speaker 2: Flight or hang like that. 466 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:58,359 Speaker 1: Yeah, because they were so weird looking and so weirdly 467 00:25:59,520 --> 00:26:05,160 Speaker 1: developed in different ways, huge heads, enormous beaks, big heag crest, small, 468 00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:06,760 Speaker 1: puny little withered. 469 00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:12,040 Speaker 2: Feet, you know, like like mister Burns hands or yeah. 470 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:16,159 Speaker 1: That's a good one, or David Cross in the Titanica 471 00:26:17,160 --> 00:26:20,920 Speaker 1: segment on Mister Show like that, right, that's like a 472 00:26:21,040 --> 00:26:25,840 Speaker 1: terosaur's legs. So it didn't make any sense, how they flew. 473 00:26:26,240 --> 00:26:28,040 Speaker 1: But now that we're starting to learn more and more 474 00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:29,920 Speaker 1: about him, we're like, oh, actually, they had a lot 475 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:33,840 Speaker 1: of really really interesting adaptations, not the least of which 476 00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:34,720 Speaker 1: was their bones. 477 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:38,720 Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, are all of their bones hollow or 478 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:41,399 Speaker 2: just those wing bones all of them? Wow? I mean 479 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:44,720 Speaker 2: that made them incredibly light, obviously, But that also ended 480 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:47,360 Speaker 2: up being one of the problems in trying to get 481 00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:50,840 Speaker 2: fossils of these guys, because they just they were very 482 00:26:50,920 --> 00:26:57,520 Speaker 2: highly destructible, non fossilizable, non fossilizable. 483 00:26:57,680 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: Do you remember a fossil episode that was like one 484 00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:01,640 Speaker 1: of the better old ones if you ask. 485 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:03,119 Speaker 2: Me, Yeah, I agree, I learned. 486 00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:04,399 Speaker 1: I learned a lot on that. 487 00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,720 Speaker 2: Yeah, we should trot that out in the selects soon. 488 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:08,960 Speaker 1: That's a great idea. 489 00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:11,280 Speaker 2: That'd be a good one. They also thought if they 490 00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:14,120 Speaker 2: were on water, like they had just had a little 491 00:27:14,119 --> 00:27:17,760 Speaker 2: snack on a lake, that they would use those wings 492 00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:20,640 Speaker 2: as paddles and just get going that way, pushing off 493 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:23,400 Speaker 2: the surface and then flapping until they were, you know, 494 00:27:23,560 --> 00:27:26,360 Speaker 2: shaking it off twenty feet above the above the water. 495 00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:29,960 Speaker 1: Right, exactly a lot like marine birds do today. Right, 496 00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:34,119 Speaker 1: So those bones, like you kind of hit it on 497 00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:37,720 Speaker 1: the head they are extra. They were extremely light, right, 498 00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:42,520 Speaker 1: they were about a millimeter thick, something like the thickness 499 00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:44,000 Speaker 1: of a plane card I saw. 500 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:45,000 Speaker 2: But nuts. 501 00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:48,120 Speaker 1: It is super nuts, especially considering that these things were 502 00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:50,040 Speaker 1: holding up like a bird that was up to twenty 503 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:53,960 Speaker 1: feet tall, right, or not a bird, a terrasaar. 504 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:54,920 Speaker 2: Yeah, not a cherodactyl. 505 00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:58,760 Speaker 1: Man I just averted so much email chuck, like a 506 00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:02,160 Speaker 1: millimeter thick bone wall. But the way that their bones 507 00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:07,040 Speaker 1: were made, they were made of cross sections of basically 508 00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: like plywood, so they were really strong. And then if 509 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:13,600 Speaker 1: you cut their bone in two and looked down the 510 00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:16,560 Speaker 1: hollow tube, you would see that there are little struts 511 00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:22,000 Speaker 1: criss crossing to provide even more internal support for those bones. Amazing, 512 00:28:22,359 --> 00:28:27,159 Speaker 1: So you could have a twenty foot tall terrasaar that 513 00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:30,359 Speaker 1: could actually fly because it was that light. I saw 514 00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:35,399 Speaker 1: one one of that as dark kids was something like 515 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:39,200 Speaker 1: had a twenty foot wingspan, but it probably didn't weigh 516 00:28:39,240 --> 00:28:41,160 Speaker 1: any more than twenty pounds. 517 00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:43,320 Speaker 2: Yeah, and some of these, I mean, what were the 518 00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:46,080 Speaker 2: largest ones, like thirty five forty feet in wingspan. 519 00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:50,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, so about like ten to fifteen meters in wingspan, 520 00:28:53,280 --> 00:28:55,680 Speaker 1: like the size of like a jet plane. Like a 521 00:28:55,720 --> 00:28:56,480 Speaker 1: fighter jet. 522 00:28:57,080 --> 00:28:58,640 Speaker 2: I just flew in my first private jet. 523 00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:00,640 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, how was it? 524 00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:04,920 Speaker 2: You know what? First of all, I've always wanted to 525 00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:08,200 Speaker 2: fly on a private jet, but never thought I would 526 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:13,160 Speaker 2: have cause to, because, you know, unless you're extremely wealthy, 527 00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:15,959 Speaker 2: you only do that if you get invited to for 528 00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,000 Speaker 2: some strange reason, like you don't just book it. 529 00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:22,080 Speaker 1: You should be on high alert if you some wealthy 530 00:29:22,120 --> 00:29:23,760 Speaker 1: person invites you on the private jet. 531 00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 2: And it was awesome. It was as awesome as you think. 532 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:30,640 Speaker 2: And the most awesome part of it was the uh, 533 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:35,800 Speaker 2: just the sheer lack of hassle. Yeah, like you Like, 534 00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:39,160 Speaker 2: I parked my car at the little tiny airport here 535 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:43,000 Speaker 2: Intocab County, walked across the parking lot and into the 536 00:29:43,040 --> 00:29:47,160 Speaker 2: lobby and there's literally a guy standing there, a captain, 537 00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:49,520 Speaker 2: and he was like, are you Chuck, And I said yes, 538 00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:52,600 Speaker 2: and he said right this way, and he walked out 539 00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:56,560 Speaker 2: the back door and there's a plane and they say 540 00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:58,600 Speaker 2: watch your head. You get on it, and he says, 541 00:29:58,640 --> 00:29:59,320 Speaker 2: you're ready to go. 542 00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:01,880 Speaker 1: That's was it just you? 543 00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:05,040 Speaker 2: No, no, no, that was like five of us on 544 00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:06,120 Speaker 2: an eight seater. 545 00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:07,720 Speaker 1: Everybody was waiting for you. 546 00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:09,840 Speaker 2: Uh yeah, I was the last person to get there, 547 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:11,440 Speaker 2: and I was a little stressed. But then I thought, 548 00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:13,760 Speaker 2: wait a minute, that's the other perk is they don't 549 00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:16,800 Speaker 2: leave you. Yeah, like there, I mean there's a schedule, 550 00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:20,920 Speaker 2: but it's really late. Uh but it was cool. I 551 00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:23,600 Speaker 2: mean they're the one we were on. Was uh. I 552 00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:26,520 Speaker 2: mean it's not roomy, so it's not like Air Force 553 00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:29,440 Speaker 2: one or anything like you feel like you can just 554 00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:32,640 Speaker 2: walk around. But like when I was standing, I'm five 555 00:30:32,680 --> 00:30:36,840 Speaker 2: foot ten and if I said completely straight, my head 556 00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:38,320 Speaker 2: would brush the ceiling a little bit. 557 00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:43,160 Speaker 1: M but uh, and you're just like, ugh private. 558 00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:46,800 Speaker 2: But no TSA like you just you just walk on. 559 00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:50,360 Speaker 2: They fly you there and then you get off and 560 00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:52,960 Speaker 2: you're right there. It's like this just the lack of hassle, 561 00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:55,320 Speaker 2: And all I could think of was like, man, it 562 00:30:55,360 --> 00:30:59,360 Speaker 2: must be great to be a billionaire sure and never 563 00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:00,880 Speaker 2: have to deal than airport again. 564 00:31:01,080 --> 00:31:02,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, but yeah. 565 00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:03,800 Speaker 2: It was kind of cool. But then also once you're 566 00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:05,280 Speaker 2: up there, you're kind of like, eh, well, you know, 567 00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:07,600 Speaker 2: it's it's not like life changing. 568 00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:10,880 Speaker 1: Yeah. You me, actually I've never flown on one. You 569 00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:13,440 Speaker 1: me flew on one, And she said basically the exact 570 00:31:13,480 --> 00:31:16,560 Speaker 1: same thing you did. That just the lack of hassle 571 00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:20,800 Speaker 1: and how fast you get somewhere yeah, is just just 572 00:31:20,840 --> 00:31:21,760 Speaker 1: beyond amazing. 573 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,280 Speaker 2: Yeah. I mean it takes away hours and hours of 574 00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:25,600 Speaker 2: airport crap. 575 00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:29,280 Speaker 1: I know, you start to develop like that terrible sensation 576 00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:32,040 Speaker 1: where your eye's hurt for some weird reason, even though 577 00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:34,720 Speaker 1: you haven't even gotten on the plane yet. Like there's 578 00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:36,920 Speaker 1: a lot of stuff that I'd be happy to leave behind. 579 00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:40,400 Speaker 2: Yeah. And it also when you're going to take off, 580 00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:44,040 Speaker 2: because just because it's small, it feels like you're going 581 00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:46,600 Speaker 2: as fast as you're going, whereas in a jumbo jet 582 00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:48,920 Speaker 2: it really doesn't. Right, Like I was kind of like, man, 583 00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:50,320 Speaker 2: we're going fast. 584 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:55,480 Speaker 1: So oh hey, So speaking of you, me and flying, 585 00:31:55,560 --> 00:31:58,920 Speaker 1: I have an update. Okay, do you remember the story 586 00:31:59,040 --> 00:32:01,720 Speaker 1: about the Russia visas that we failed to get? 587 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:02,160 Speaker 2: Sure? 588 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,200 Speaker 1: I told her that I told that story and she 589 00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:07,120 Speaker 1: was like, you said we forgot And I was like, yeah, 590 00:32:07,160 --> 00:32:09,400 Speaker 1: we did, right, and she's like, no, we asked like 591 00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:12,400 Speaker 1: five different people, five different times, and we're told we 592 00:32:12,480 --> 00:32:15,920 Speaker 1: didn't need visas. So I wanted to let you know, Chuck, 593 00:32:16,280 --> 00:32:18,800 Speaker 1: that we actually are as buttoned up as you think. 594 00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:20,040 Speaker 1: We were just misinformed. 595 00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:22,920 Speaker 2: We got that great email from a new listener that 596 00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:26,040 Speaker 2: was like, listen to some dumb story about some guy 597 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:29,160 Speaker 2: and his dumb visa. I was like, oh, welcome to 598 00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:30,120 Speaker 2: the show, brother. 599 00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:35,240 Speaker 1: Yeah you should probably the door. Was that that guy? 600 00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:37,440 Speaker 1: That one guy? Uh huh oh okay. 601 00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:39,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, he's very turned off by your side about your 602 00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:43,320 Speaker 2: visa story. Yeah whatever, So anyway, thanks for indulging the 603 00:32:43,360 --> 00:32:44,280 Speaker 2: private jet convo. 604 00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, I'll bet that guy loved the private jet aside. 605 00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:49,240 Speaker 2: It'll probably never happen again, but it was basically like 606 00:32:49,320 --> 00:32:52,720 Speaker 2: riding around on a terosaur. So that's how I wedged 607 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:53,160 Speaker 2: it in there. 608 00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:58,280 Speaker 1: Nice work, that's nice. So I'm trying to think of 609 00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:00,560 Speaker 1: what else. Like tasaur is kind of to bring out 610 00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:02,320 Speaker 1: the little entertain year old to me. I don't know 611 00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:07,560 Speaker 1: if you've noticed, but I'm wearing my little outdoor archaeologist boots. 612 00:33:07,680 --> 00:33:12,080 Speaker 1: I see that white pull up crewse socks, and I'm 613 00:33:12,120 --> 00:33:13,400 Speaker 1: just a total little nerd. 614 00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:15,280 Speaker 2: You keep dusting everything in here too. 615 00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:17,840 Speaker 1: I'm not even like one of those dinosaur nerds, but 616 00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:21,080 Speaker 1: some just getting into researching dinosaurs. Does it do that 617 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:22,840 Speaker 1: to you two? It just kind of draws out like 618 00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: the little kid. 619 00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:27,240 Speaker 2: I think so, And I think probably because at least 620 00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:28,760 Speaker 2: when I was and you and I were growing up, 621 00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:31,680 Speaker 2: I feel like public schools just like did such a 622 00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:34,320 Speaker 2: poor job of talking about these periods. 623 00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:37,800 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, you know, yeah I remember that. But I 624 00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:43,280 Speaker 1: also remember dinosaurs being kind of huge in the eighties. Yeah, 625 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:47,240 Speaker 1: at least they were in Ohio. Does that an Ohio thing? 626 00:33:47,520 --> 00:33:50,280 Speaker 2: I don't know, I'm trying to remember. I mean, Jurassic 627 00:33:50,280 --> 00:33:53,600 Speaker 2: Park obviously changed everything as far. Yeah, but when was 628 00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:55,800 Speaker 2: that nineties? Yeah? Early nineties. 629 00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:58,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, but I feel like dinosaurs are pretty popular among 630 00:33:58,520 --> 00:34:01,000 Speaker 1: the kids before that. Maybe I'm wrong, Maybe I hit 631 00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:02,320 Speaker 1: my head and don't realize it. 632 00:34:02,480 --> 00:34:04,240 Speaker 2: I don't know, I know kids. I mean, my daughter 633 00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:05,640 Speaker 2: loves dinosaurs. So it's a thing. 634 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:09,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, it definitely is a thing, and it's getting to 635 00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:11,719 Speaker 1: be even more of a thing the more we learn 636 00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:15,839 Speaker 1: about terosaurs too, which is somebody called the twenty first 637 00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:21,280 Speaker 1: century the Golden Age of terosaar research. So they're expecting 638 00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:23,000 Speaker 1: big things from the field. 639 00:34:23,239 --> 00:34:25,759 Speaker 2: Yeah, and like you said, hopefully they can find that 640 00:34:26,440 --> 00:34:31,040 Speaker 2: proto terosaur and that's when the community really gets all 641 00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:33,360 Speaker 2: excited when they can make those links. 642 00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:35,799 Speaker 1: Hey, you know, it's speaking of the community. I read 643 00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:41,000 Speaker 1: this article in National Geographic and God bless them. I 644 00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:43,359 Speaker 1: can't remember the guy who wrote it, but it's called 645 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:46,120 Speaker 1: why Terosaurs were the Weirdest Wonders on Wings. 646 00:34:46,200 --> 00:34:47,000 Speaker 2: Yeah, it was a good one. 647 00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:51,479 Speaker 1: It's a great article. And the guy basically just got 648 00:34:51,520 --> 00:34:56,000 Speaker 1: into all like the dirty laundry of the terosar paleontology community. 649 00:34:56,239 --> 00:34:59,880 Speaker 1: And apparently they're very well known among paleontologists for just 650 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:05,080 Speaker 1: despising each other. Like the terosaur paleontologists don't like each other, 651 00:35:05,440 --> 00:35:08,839 Speaker 1: talk smack about each other publicly, and just snipe at 652 00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:11,439 Speaker 1: one another a lot, which makes the whole thing even 653 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:14,440 Speaker 1: that much more fascinating, you know, huh. Like they're real 654 00:35:14,560 --> 00:35:16,200 Speaker 1: competitive and real backbitity. 655 00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,359 Speaker 2: Interesting. Yeah, and in this case that's a good thing. 656 00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:25,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, because they keep pushing one another. Agreed, You got 657 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:25,759 Speaker 1: anything else? 658 00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:26,120 Speaker 2: No? 659 00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:27,640 Speaker 1: Are we done with terosaurs? 660 00:35:29,960 --> 00:35:31,279 Speaker 2: I don't have anything else, I don't think. 661 00:35:31,520 --> 00:35:35,080 Speaker 1: Okay, Well, if you want to know more about terosaurs, 662 00:35:35,120 --> 00:35:38,680 Speaker 1: go to your local natural history museum and say, hey, 663 00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:41,399 Speaker 1: tell me about that pterodactyl. See if you can stump them. 664 00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:44,799 Speaker 1: And since I said stump, it's time for listener mail. 665 00:35:47,120 --> 00:35:53,960 Speaker 2: I'm gonna call this one. Which one is this? One, oh, footbinding. 666 00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:58,000 Speaker 2: I believe we did this in a select episode. It's 667 00:35:58,040 --> 00:36:00,000 Speaker 2: one of our older ones, but a really good one, 668 00:36:00,080 --> 00:36:03,239 Speaker 2: I think agreed, and this goes like this. Hey guys, 669 00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:08,480 Speaker 2: I'm assumed to be grad student from Guangdong, China and 670 00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:10,960 Speaker 2: have been a listener for a couple of years now. 671 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,759 Speaker 2: This is my first time riding in and it's about footbinding. 672 00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:16,879 Speaker 2: I talked to my grandmother after listening, remembering she told 673 00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:20,200 Speaker 2: me that her grandmother had bound her feet. I asked 674 00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:24,080 Speaker 2: if great Grandma had trouble walking, and she said she 675 00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:26,640 Speaker 2: had never even wabbled a little bit. Because it turns 676 00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:30,080 Speaker 2: out she never made her own little shoes. She just 677 00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:31,680 Speaker 2: bought toddler shoes for herself. 678 00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:38,879 Speaker 1: That's called making lemons. No, that's called making lemonade out 679 00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:40,200 Speaker 1: of lemons with your feet. 680 00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:42,960 Speaker 2: That's right, she said. Great great grandma came from a 681 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:45,560 Speaker 2: wealthy family and bound feet for more of a symbol 682 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,440 Speaker 2: of your family wealth, meaning you don't have to do 683 00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:51,440 Speaker 2: farming chores in catering to the male foot fetish at 684 00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:54,160 Speaker 2: that time. We are not exactly sure when she was born, 685 00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:56,920 Speaker 2: but we do know that when her daughter, my great grandmother, 686 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:59,400 Speaker 2: was born in nineteen fourteen, she made sure that her 687 00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,200 Speaker 2: feet were never bound. She also put all of her 688 00:37:02,239 --> 00:37:04,719 Speaker 2: kids through high school, which is very remarkable back then. 689 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:07,719 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, footbinding is certainly not something that I am 690 00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:10,359 Speaker 2: proud of. To think that I'm just five generations away 691 00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:12,759 Speaker 2: from having to get my own feed bound as supposed to. 692 00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:15,200 Speaker 2: Sitting here writing you guys right now, it just says 693 00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:17,919 Speaker 2: to me how far we've gone. Thanks for the show. 694 00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:21,040 Speaker 2: By the way, the Draft podcast, Josh was having trouble 695 00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:29,239 Speaker 2: pronouncing qi n G dynasty Q maybe roughly pronounced as ts, 696 00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:32,759 Speaker 2: not exactly the same, So just say sing next time, 697 00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:33,279 Speaker 2: that would do. 698 00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:36,239 Speaker 1: I didn't. I don't even think I tried that one. 699 00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:38,880 Speaker 1: I tried every other phone me except for sing. 700 00:37:39,680 --> 00:37:42,960 Speaker 2: And this is best regards from Ruoi. 701 00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:45,960 Speaker 1: Thank you very much, Ruoi. That's pretty cool and like 702 00:37:46,120 --> 00:37:49,960 Speaker 1: nice sense of perspective too. If you want to get 703 00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:52,680 Speaker 1: in touch with us with an awesome story like Ruoi did, 704 00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:55,520 Speaker 1: you can catch up with us on social media. Just 705 00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:58,360 Speaker 1: go to our website stuffishould Know dot com and you 706 00:37:58,360 --> 00:38:00,640 Speaker 1: will find all of our social medi links there. And 707 00:38:00,680 --> 00:38:02,760 Speaker 1: if you want send us a good old fashioned email, 708 00:38:03,080 --> 00:38:05,359 Speaker 1: wrap it up, smack it on the bottom and send 709 00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:11,879 Speaker 1: it off to stuff Podcasts at HowStuffWorks dot com. 710 00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:14,960 Speaker 2: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For 711 00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:19,239 Speaker 2: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 712 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:21,200 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.