1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,880 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, We're rerunning two episodes today in Troy to 2 00:00:02,960 --> 00:00:08,640 Speaker 1: show Hi um Eves Welcome to This Day in History Class, 3 00:00:09,039 --> 00:00:11,680 Speaker 1: a show that reveals a little bit more about history 4 00:00:11,840 --> 00:00:22,279 Speaker 1: day by day. The day was made thirtieth, nineteen fifty three. 5 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 1: Just before midday, Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Nepolie 6 00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:31,680 Speaker 1: Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest, the 7 00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:35,960 Speaker 1: highest point above global means sea level. The pair became 8 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:39,120 Speaker 1: the first recorded people to summit the mountain, and since 9 00:00:39,159 --> 00:00:44,080 Speaker 1: then thousands of people have attempted to climb Everest. Mount 10 00:00:44,120 --> 00:00:47,240 Speaker 1: Everest is located in the Himalayas in Nepal and Tibet 11 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:51,559 Speaker 1: is the highest mountain on Earth above sea level. The 12 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:54,320 Speaker 1: climb to the top of the mountain is extremely challenging 13 00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:58,200 Speaker 1: and dangerous. Oxygen levels are low at the summit, and 14 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:02,920 Speaker 1: the weather is cold and predictable. The first recorded attempt 15 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,520 Speaker 1: to climb Mount Everest happened in nineteen one, when a 16 00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:10,080 Speaker 1: British expedition tricked miles across the Tibetan plateau to the 17 00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:12,959 Speaker 1: bottom of the mountain. They had to cut their climbs 18 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:16,119 Speaker 1: short when a storm broke out, but mountaineer George Lee 19 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:20,840 Speaker 1: Mallory was determined to complete the climb. Mallory, along with 20 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:23,679 Speaker 1: George Finch and Jeffrey Bruce, took a shot at the 21 00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:26,240 Speaker 1: climb the next year, but did not make it to 22 00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:31,959 Speaker 1: the top. Later in nineteen Mallory attempted to summit Everest again, 23 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:35,680 Speaker 1: but the climb ended in disaster when several sherperds died 24 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:40,280 Speaker 1: in an avalanche. Two years later, climber Edward Norton approached 25 00:01:40,319 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 1: the summit without using artificial oxygen, setting a world altitude 26 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:49,040 Speaker 1: record but not reaching the top. That same year, Mallory 27 00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:52,280 Speaker 1: and climber Andrew Irvine set off on an attempt to 28 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,680 Speaker 1: reach the summit, but the two were never seen alive again, 29 00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:59,000 Speaker 1: and Mallory's body was found on the mountain. In nineteen 30 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 1: more people attempted to summit Everest via Tibet and then Nepal. 31 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:09,200 Speaker 1: The north route up Everest through Tibet was closed and 32 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:13,480 Speaker 1: Nepaul only allowed one trip from the south annually. Britain 33 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:16,960 Speaker 1: had DIBs on nineteen fifty three, France was set for 34 00:02:17,080 --> 00:02:22,160 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty four, in Switzerland for nineteen fifty five. In 35 00:02:22,280 --> 00:02:26,600 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty two, Tensig, Nor Gay and Raymond Lambert attempted 36 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:29,480 Speaker 1: the feet and made it to just below the South summit, 37 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:33,600 Speaker 1: but they had to turn around for supplies. The next year, 38 00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:36,959 Speaker 1: a British expedition under the command of Colonel John Hunt 39 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:41,080 Speaker 1: was put together. New Zealander's Edmund Hillary and George Lowe, 40 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:45,000 Speaker 1: as well as Sherpa Tenzi Norgay, were part of the expedition. 41 00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:51,000 Speaker 1: The climbers had specially equipped clothing, radio equipment, and oxygen systems. 42 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,680 Speaker 1: The team had brought three hundred and sixty two porters, 43 00:02:55,080 --> 00:03:00,480 Speaker 1: twenty sherpas, and ten thousand pounds of luggage. On March tenth, 44 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:04,200 Speaker 1: the nineteen fifty three British Everest expedition set out from 45 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:08,520 Speaker 1: Catman Do in April and May. They ascended the mountain 46 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:12,920 Speaker 1: on the night of May nine. Hillary and Norgay, the 47 00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:16,080 Speaker 1: second assault team, prepared for the climb to the summit. 48 00:03:16,880 --> 00:03:21,560 Speaker 1: Tensing had made six summit attempts before this one. Their 49 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:24,160 Speaker 1: oxygen supply was short and the pair would have to 50 00:03:24,200 --> 00:03:27,040 Speaker 1: do with three liters a minute rather than the four 51 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:31,200 Speaker 1: they had planned for. They ate sardines, jam and honey 52 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:34,680 Speaker 1: and drank hot water with leomen By six thirty in 53 00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:38,720 Speaker 1: the morning. On May Hillary and Norgay left camp for 54 00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:42,920 Speaker 1: the summit in negative seventeen degree fahrenheit weather with two 55 00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:46,560 Speaker 1: twenty pounds cylinders of oxygen, one of which was only 56 00:03:46,680 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 1: partially filled. By nine in the morning, they reached the 57 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: South summit and at eleven thirty a m. The two 58 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: became the first to summit Mount Everest. Hillary took three 59 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:04,160 Speaker 1: photos of his climbing partner and laid down across Tensing 60 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:07,000 Speaker 1: left some sweets at the top of the mountain. They 61 00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:09,880 Speaker 1: made their way back down to camp fifteen minutes after 62 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:13,360 Speaker 1: they reached the summit. Queen Elizabeth the second night at 63 00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:17,359 Speaker 1: Hillary for the achievement. Nor Gay received the British Empire 64 00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:21,839 Speaker 1: Medal for the feat. Hillary went on more adventures, including 65 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:25,440 Speaker 1: to the North and South Poles. He established the Himalayan 66 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:30,520 Speaker 1: Trust and assisted Sherpas in Nepal. Norgay became the first 67 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,760 Speaker 1: director of field Training of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in 68 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:39,040 Speaker 1: Zarjeeling and later founded a trekking inventor company. The effects 69 00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: climbers have on Mount Everest in the environment, as well 70 00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:46,240 Speaker 1: as the danger of conditions on Everest for climbers, remains 71 00:04:46,240 --> 00:04:50,280 Speaker 1: a topic of debate. I'm Eve jeffco and hopefully you 72 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:54,479 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 73 00:04:55,520 --> 00:04:59,000 Speaker 1: And as an additional note, there has been controversy over 74 00:04:59,080 --> 00:05:01,719 Speaker 1: whether nor gay in Hillary we're really the first to 75 00:05:01,839 --> 00:05:05,120 Speaker 1: get to the summit. Some say that Andrew Irvine and 76 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:07,720 Speaker 1: George Mallory made it to the top on their fatal 77 00:05:07,760 --> 00:05:12,280 Speaker 1: climb and just did not make it back down. Thank 78 00:05:12,320 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 1: you for joining me today. You can find us on Twitter, Instagram, 79 00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:22,800 Speaker 1: and Facebook at T D I h C podcast And 80 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:26,680 Speaker 1: if you are interested in learning more about history, you 81 00:05:26,720 --> 00:05:29,520 Speaker 1: can listen to the show on a popular a new 82 00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:32,960 Speaker 1: podcast hosted by me that's about people who took a 83 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:37,120 Speaker 1: stand against the status quo to create meaningful change. You 84 00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:40,400 Speaker 1: can't subscribe on the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 85 00:05:40,600 --> 00:05:44,640 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to podcasts. Thanks again for listening 86 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:58,040 Speaker 1: and we'll see you again tomorrow. Hey y'all, I'm Eves 87 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:00,920 Speaker 1: and welcome to the Stay in History Class, a podcast 88 00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:03,479 Speaker 1: where we opened the book of history, flipped through it 89 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:13,000 Speaker 1: and tear out a page. The day was made thirtieth, 90 00:06:13,200 --> 00:06:18,120 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty seven, the Republic of Biafra declared its independence 91 00:06:18,160 --> 00:06:22,479 Speaker 1: from Nigeria. In nineteen fourteen, the Colony and Protectorate of 92 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:27,599 Speaker 1: Nigeria was established. British Governor General Frederick Lugard instituted a 93 00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:31,479 Speaker 1: policy of indirect rule and this set up. Traditional structures 94 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:35,160 Speaker 1: were allowed to remain to establish regulations, but they were 95 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:39,960 Speaker 1: subordinate to British officials. Britain used existing ethnic and social 96 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:44,000 Speaker 1: divisions to keep Nigerians from organizing effective political resistance to 97 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:48,600 Speaker 1: its rule. It encouraged competition between Nigeria's largest ethnic groups, 98 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: the House of Fulani, Ebo, and Euroba. In nineteen fifty four, 99 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:57,880 Speaker 1: Britain divided Nigeria into the Northern, Western, and Eastern regions, 100 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:00,800 Speaker 1: with the latter two in the southern half of the federation. 101 00:07:01,480 --> 00:07:04,280 Speaker 1: Each region was soon dominated by an ethnic group, the 102 00:07:04,279 --> 00:07:07,120 Speaker 1: House of Fulani in the North, the Yorba in the West, 103 00:07:07,279 --> 00:07:11,160 Speaker 1: and the Ebo in the East. As the British consolidated 104 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 1: their power in the region, ethnic and religious tension escalated. 105 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:17,480 Speaker 1: At the same time, the British based descent from the 106 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:22,280 Speaker 1: Nigerians who challenged British rule. In nineteen sixty, Nigeria gained 107 00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:26,239 Speaker 1: independence from Britain. Abu Bakar to follow a Ballewa became 108 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:30,040 Speaker 1: the first prime minister, but the period just after independence 109 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:35,840 Speaker 1: was marked by violent leadership transitions and regional hostilities. Though 110 00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:40,600 Speaker 1: some nationalists wanted a unified Nigeria, the state was immensely divided. 111 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:43,720 Speaker 1: The government was led by the Northern People's Congress in 112 00:07:43,760 --> 00:07:47,120 Speaker 1: alliance with the National Council of Nigerian Citizens, and in 113 00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty three the country became a republic, but ethnic conflict, 114 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,160 Speaker 1: as well as economic and social imbalances brought tensions to 115 00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:59,400 Speaker 1: a head. In January of nineteen sixty six, the civilian 116 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: government was to posed in a coup and General Aguigi 117 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:06,640 Speaker 1: Iransi and Ebo became the head of state. Ebo leaders 118 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:09,560 Speaker 1: claimed the coup was an attempt to save Nigeria from dissolution, 119 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:13,200 Speaker 1: but the House of Fulani and Yorba people remained suspicious. 120 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:18,360 Speaker 1: The new administration abolished the federation and instituted a unitary state, 121 00:08:18,920 --> 00:08:21,200 Speaker 1: but the leaders of the coup were accused of favoring 122 00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:25,840 Speaker 1: Ebo domination. In July of nineteen sixty six, General Yakubu 123 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:29,000 Speaker 1: Gawan and Anga from the Middle Bill of Nigeria led 124 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:32,840 Speaker 1: a counter coup with help from Northern groups. AGUII Iransi 125 00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:35,760 Speaker 1: was killed along with thousands of others from the South 126 00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:39,160 Speaker 1: who were living in the North. Galwan and restored the 127 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:43,439 Speaker 1: federal state. He promised to restore democratic rule, but continued 128 00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 1: ethnic tensions led to massacres. Thousands of Southern Nigerians living 129 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:52,640 Speaker 1: in the North, particularly Ebo's, were killed. Northern Nigerians were 130 00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:56,600 Speaker 1: also targeted in Eastern Nigeria. After the programs in the North, 131 00:08:57,000 --> 00:08:59,760 Speaker 1: thousands of Ebo's fled to their traditional lands and s 132 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:04,160 Speaker 1: learn in Eastern Nigeria. Gallan's government did not respond to 133 00:09:04,200 --> 00:09:07,800 Speaker 1: ebo appeals for justice, and support grew for Ebo secession. 134 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:12,400 Speaker 1: On May thirtieth, nineteen sixty seven, the Eastern regions seceded 135 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:16,559 Speaker 1: and proclaimed the Republic of Biafra. Ebo Leader in General 136 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:20,400 Speaker 1: Amica of Juku, declared the Republic of Biafra a free 137 00:09:20,440 --> 00:09:23,959 Speaker 1: and a sovereign state. He also recommended that Biafra become 138 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:26,960 Speaker 1: a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and adopt a 139 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:32,079 Speaker 1: federal constitution based on the new provincial units. Ojuku proclaimed 140 00:09:32,120 --> 00:09:35,240 Speaker 1: that all ties between the Republic of Biafra and the 141 00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:39,360 Speaker 1: Federal Republic of Nigeria were dissolved. He also declared that 142 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 1: any contractual obligation entered into by any authority or organization 143 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,600 Speaker 1: within the Republic of Biafra would be considered as entered 144 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:51,120 Speaker 1: into with the government of the Republic of Biafra. The 145 00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:54,840 Speaker 1: Nigerian government turned to violence to reclaim the region. For 146 00:09:54,960 --> 00:09:57,840 Speaker 1: more than two years, Biafra and the government of Nigeria 147 00:09:57,880 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: were engaged in a civil war. Biafra did gain recognition 148 00:10:02,280 --> 00:10:06,319 Speaker 1: from some African states and received aid from international organizations, 149 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:10,600 Speaker 1: but Ojuku fled the country and Biafra surrendered in January 150 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:14,600 Speaker 1: of nineteen seventy. More than a million people are estimated 151 00:10:14,679 --> 00:10:18,160 Speaker 1: to have died during the civil war, including many Biafra 152 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 1: and civilians who died from starvation. After the war, the 153 00:10:22,360 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: Nigerian government adopted a policy of no victor, no vanquished. 154 00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:30,719 Speaker 1: Biafra was reabsorbed into Nigeria. The federal government proceeded to 155 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: consolidate its power and the Ebos grew more influential, but 156 00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:39,040 Speaker 1: they were still marginalized. I'm e Chef Coote and hopefully 157 00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:41,680 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 158 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:45,559 Speaker 1: did yesterday. And if you have any comments our suggestions, 159 00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:48,040 Speaker 1: you can send them to us via email. At this 160 00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:50,760 Speaker 1: day and i heart media dot com. You can also 161 00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:53,720 Speaker 1: hit us up on social media where at t d 162 00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: i h C podcast. Thanks so much for listening to 163 00:10:57,440 --> 00:11:07,440 Speaker 1: the show and we'll see you tomorrow m H. For 164 00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:09,640 Speaker 1: more podcasts from My Heart Radio, visit the i heart 165 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:12,240 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 166 00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 1: favorite shows.