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Speaker 1: Hey, everybody. Chuck here with another one of our sciencey

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Speaker 1: Playlist curated podcast episodes. This one's on global warming and

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Speaker 1: it's appropriately titled How global Warming Works. Please to listen

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Speaker 1: to it right now.

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Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from HowStuffWorks dot com.

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Speaker 3: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, and

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Speaker 3: there's the Chipper Cheery, Charles w Chuck Bryant, how do you?

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Speaker 3: And there's Jerry over there. Say hi, Jerry, how are

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Speaker 3: you doing? Man?

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Speaker 1: I'm welcher. How are you?

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Speaker 3: I'm pretty well myself. I'm feeling all right. Feel a

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Speaker 3: little fit? Yeah, yeah, yeah. You're a little sweaty as

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Speaker 3: you can tell. But I'm all right.

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Speaker 1: It's gross, it is.

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Speaker 3: I don't smell, do I No? Okay?

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Speaker 1: Good so friends, listeners, country men, You're gonna notice a

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Speaker 1: little something different in this week's feed. Tomorrow. This bears

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Speaker 1: a little explanation. We are dropping episodes one and two

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Speaker 1: of my new movie interview show movie Crush Do Do

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Speaker 1: Do Do? We're dropping those into the Stuff you Should

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Speaker 1: Know Feed, something we've never done here at the network,

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Speaker 1: but we're gonna I guess I'm the labrat on this one.

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Speaker 1: The guinea pig, the guinea pig. Sure, yeah, I guess

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Speaker 1: either one, right, the guinea pig doesn't die, the lab rat.

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Speaker 3: Dies, Yeah, I guess, so let's go with the guinea

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Speaker 3: pig for sure though.

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Speaker 1: All right, well either way, we are dropping those into

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Speaker 1: the stuff you should know feed uh, And we wanted

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Speaker 1: to alert you so when you saw all these new things,

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Speaker 1: you didn't rebel against us, like everyone hated you two

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Speaker 1: when they delivered the World Free album.

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Speaker 3: Right right, Yeah, I mean this is like, this is

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Speaker 3: not just it's not a U two album, it's your

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Speaker 3: new show. It's more important than any U two album.

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Speaker 1: Oh well, you know I appreciate that. Yeah, So yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's why they're there. And episode one is the great

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Speaker 1: Janet Varney with we talked about the movie Tron, and

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Speaker 1: that's the nature of the show as I talk to

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Speaker 1: people about their favorite movie. And episode two is tig

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Speaker 1: Nataro Wow, talking about the movie Mask And that one

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Speaker 1: is a very special episode and I'll tease it with this.

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Speaker 1: We recorded that interview or conversation rather seconds after she

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Speaker 1: got the call that she was cancer free at the

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Speaker 1: five year mark.

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Speaker 3: Oh wow.

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Speaker 1: So she started crying at the beginning and I didn't

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Speaker 1: know what was going on. I gave her some time.

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Speaker 1: I was freaking out, and it turned out to be

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Speaker 1: good news. But and I explained that all the at

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Speaker 1: the onset of the episode. But it turned out to

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Speaker 1: be a very special experience.

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Speaker 3: Man, Chuck, you're like Barbara Walters.

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Speaker 1: I didn't get it out of her. It was just

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Speaker 1: weird timing. Yeah, but anyway, those are in there, and

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Speaker 1: it won't happen every week. But I would love for

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Speaker 1: you to subscribe.

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Speaker 3: Well, yeah, that's the way to get it, right, Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Just subscribe anywhere you listen to podcasts.

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Speaker 3: These are a couple of gifts, a little gems.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and I appreciate your support on it.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, well, way to go, man. Congratulations. I speak for

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Speaker 3: me and the rest of the world when I say

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Speaker 3: we are looking forward to this.

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Speaker 1: Thanks dude. And you know I'm gonna have you on

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Speaker 1: as a guess. It's gonna be very strange and awesome.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 3: I think it'll be neat. I'll start crying too.

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Speaker 1: Do you know what your favorite movie is that you

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Speaker 1: would pick?

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Speaker 3: I got a couple I think I could choose from sure, all.

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Speaker 1: Right, well, hold on to that then, okay, and we'll

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Speaker 1: just pick that up later.

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Speaker 3: Okay, Well, congrats again man.

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Speaker 1: Thanks pal. Shall we warm the globe? Yeah?

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Speaker 3: All right, So, Chuck, I don't know if you've heard

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Speaker 3: about this term recently, but it's been in the news lately.

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Speaker 3: Global warming. Are you familiar?

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Speaker 1: It does ring a bell?

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Speaker 3: Okay, well, just in case you For those people who

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Speaker 3: aren't aware of global warming, global warming is what we're

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Speaker 3: talking about today, and a lot of people confuse it

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Speaker 3: or use it interchangeably with climate change, and it turns

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Speaker 3: out that's not actually fully accurate. Global warming is a

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Speaker 3: symptom of climate change as a whole, and climate change

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Speaker 3: is a whole bunch of differences to the Earth's climate.

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Speaker 3: We'll get into what climate is in a second, and

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Speaker 3: one of those is global warming. Also things like extreme

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Speaker 3: weather events, increased drought, increased temperatures, sea level rises, all

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Speaker 3: these things put together, that's climate change, right, or the

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Speaker 3: result of climate change, and global warming is one of them.

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Speaker 3: So global warming is climate change, but not all climate

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Speaker 3: change is global warming. I just wanted to make sure

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Speaker 3: we got that out of the way to begin with.

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Speaker 1: So, like the square rectangle thing, which I can still.

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Speaker 3: Never keeps straight, well, and I think the what.

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Speaker 1: Like, every square is not a rectangle, but every rectangle

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Speaker 1: square or the reverse of that, whichever it is.

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Speaker 3: I've never heard that before. What I even aced geometry

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Speaker 3: the second time I took it.

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Speaker 1: Oh, it was clearly a class that didn't care about squares.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess not. I mean they always talked about rectangles,

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Speaker 3: it squares were never brought up.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. I think it's you know, I'm not going to

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Speaker 1: dig myself a hole there. That's probably be so global

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Speaker 1: warming if you want just a kind of a straight

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Speaker 1: up definition. Is the science community defines it as this,

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Speaker 1: and they should know. It's a significant increase in the

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Speaker 1: climatic temperature over a short, relatively short period of time

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Speaker 1: as a result of activities of humans. And by increase,

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Speaker 1: in short, we're talking like one degree celsius in a

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Speaker 1: couple of hundred years.

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Speaker 3: Is global warming, right, because the effects of climate are

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Speaker 3: so pronounced on such a like with just small incremental changes.

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Speaker 3: Oh yeah, that that that that is climate change, something

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Speaker 3: that if you just look at it on paper, you're like,

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Speaker 3: that's nothing. Who cares about one degree? Actually, the point

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Speaker 3: of global warming is that when you have these these

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Speaker 3: this increase in global temperatures, a whole basket of events

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Speaker 3: starts to take place. That's climate change. Like global warming

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Speaker 3: is related to climate change, right, it can trigger other

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Speaker 3: climate changes, that's right.

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Speaker 1: And you hear a lot of people talk about you

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Speaker 1: hear a lot of numbskulls talking about weather as if

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Speaker 1: it is climate, right, like a very harsh winter might come,

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Speaker 1: and they'll say, yeah, global warming.

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Speaker 3: Right, that's a great numbskull.

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Speaker 1: It's not the same thing. Weather is local, it's short term.

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Speaker 1: Climate is long term. It's not even like the weather

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Speaker 1: over a period of a year or even a couple

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Speaker 1: of years. We're talking about predictable, generally predictable average weather

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Speaker 1: conditions in a region over a long, long period of time.

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Speaker 1: So you can safely say in Green Bay, Wisconsin, it

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Speaker 1: is cold in the winter time. That is the climate

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Speaker 1: of Green Bay in that Midwestern region as a whole. Right.

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Speaker 3: But if it snows in February February of you know,

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Speaker 3: next year, on a Tuesday, then that's just the weather.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Or if it snows in Miami once, then that's

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Speaker 1: not a refutation of what climate change means. That is

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Speaker 1: a weird anomaly. And those happen.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and this is a this is a grabster and

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Speaker 3: strickling code joint, by the way, So that's why heavy

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Speaker 3: it popped off the page if you noticed. But one

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Speaker 3: of the things they wisely picked point out is what

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Speaker 3: you just said that, Yes, some weather anomaly happens like that,

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Speaker 3: even if it happened three years in a row. I

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Speaker 3: think a lot of scientists would pay attention to why

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Speaker 3: it snowed in Miami three years in a row. Right,

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Speaker 3: But if it went back to normal or something like

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Speaker 3: that like that, that would not necessarily be climate change.

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Speaker 3: It's just a weird occurrence. Right. Climate change is this

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Speaker 3: change in predictable changes.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and that can take like thousands and ten thousands

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Speaker 1: of years sometimes.

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Speaker 3: Right normost times under natural circumstances. And here is where

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Speaker 3: we come to the current use for global warming. Right.

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Speaker 3: Global warming can happen by itself naturally. The Earth, basically

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Speaker 3: as in its current presence state, swings back and forth

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Speaker 3: between glacial periods and interglacial periods, so cool periods and

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Speaker 3: warm periods, and for an ice age to occur, the

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Speaker 3: global temperature only needs to drop by about five degrees

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Speaker 3: celsius on average, and all of a sudden, we're in

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Speaker 3: an ice age.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, that doesn't mean the entire Earth is a

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Speaker 1: big round cube, round cube.

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Speaker 3: Wow, that's like a square rectangle, but not at all

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Speaker 3: the same.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know when you go to a fancy cocktail

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Speaker 1: bar and they have those awesome round I want to

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Speaker 1: say ice cubes again, ice spheres. Yep, that's not what

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Speaker 1: the Earth looks like necessarily during an ice age.

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Speaker 3: No, no, no, it's just much cooler, and like, because it's

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Speaker 3: cooler by say, five degrees celsius. Like, a lot of

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Speaker 3: stuff changes. It's the same thing as global warming, but

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Speaker 3: on the opposite end, right, Like you have changes in

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Speaker 3: migration patterns, you have changes in habitat for animals, some

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Speaker 3: things go extinct during the transition, sea levels change, A

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Speaker 3: lot of stuff happens, right, So this is part of

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Speaker 3: the normal process of the Earth. But the Earth's kind

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Speaker 3: of got it, like, hey, hey, I've got this under control.

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Speaker 3: I don't need any help from you humans. Sure, And

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Speaker 3: when I do do this, this is the Earth talking

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Speaker 3: and first person. When I do change from a glacial

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Speaker 3: period to a warm period, it takes many tens and

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Speaker 3: tens of thousands of years, right, yeah, you humans here again,

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Speaker 3: this is still me the Earth. Humans are really messing

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Speaker 3: with my program here and accelerating the process. And you

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Speaker 3: know what, I'll even give you a clue as to

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Speaker 3: what you're doing that's making it so bad carbon dioxide emissions. Bam,

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Speaker 3: said the Earth and dropped its microphone and walked away.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and then it went back and picked up as

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Speaker 1: mic and said, and maybe stop littering, yeah, and then

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Speaker 1: dropped the mic again. Yeah, we should talk a minute

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Speaker 1: about a wonderful group called the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel

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Speaker 1: on Climate Change. Yes, a lot of very smart people there.

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Speaker 3: Oh man, can I just say it's to me, the

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Speaker 3: IPCC is one of the coolest things humanity's ever come

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Speaker 3: up with. Yeah, cause it's the world coming together saying

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Speaker 3: we got a real problem on our hands. Let's get

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Speaker 3: our smartest people together and create a database here of

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Speaker 3: good science.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. And those people are specifically about twenty five hundred,

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Speaker 1: actually more twenty five hundred scientists from around the world

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Speaker 1: meeting together like Paris, because why not, right, Sure, they

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Speaker 1: did this about ten years ago and came up with

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Speaker 1: a lot of well, sort of a lot of distressing observations.

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Speaker 1: We'll just tick through a few of these as far

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Speaker 1: as temperature goes, and you know, like we said, like

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Speaker 1: one degree celsias can make a big swing, and what

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Speaker 1: kind of changes we see on the planet. Between nineteen

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Speaker 1: oh one and two thousand, the Earth warmed point six degrees,

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Speaker 1: so that's you. If you adjust that to nineteen oh

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Speaker 1: six to two thousand and six, it climbs up to

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Speaker 1: point seventy four degrees, So about three quarters of a

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Speaker 1: degree in temperature rise during that one hundred year period, right.

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Speaker 3: And there's a lot, It is a lot, And so

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Speaker 3: a lot of people say, well, you guys just said

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Speaker 3: the Earth tends to do this on its own, maybe

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Speaker 3: that's it. Well, actually, no, there's a lot of science

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Speaker 3: that the IPCC has been able to come up with

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Speaker 3: that shows pretty clearly that this is human cause stuff

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Speaker 3: that's actually creating this increase in temperature. And again it

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Speaker 3: seems to come back to carbon dioxide.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, should we took over a few of these other observations, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: for sure. Let me see. Here's a good one. The

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Speaker 1: ocean's temperature has increased to at least depths of almost

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Speaker 1: ten thousand feet down. The ocean's temperature has increased.

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Speaker 3: Yep, not a good thing, because that's how like what

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Speaker 3: glaciers tend to melt is from underneath, That's right.

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Speaker 1: What else, Chuck, Westerly winds have been growing stronger. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: Droughts have become more intense, lasted longer, covered bigger swaths

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Speaker 1: of land. What else Here, Precipitation has increased in the

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Speaker 1: Eastern Americas or the Europe parts of Asia.

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Speaker 3: But it's decreased elsewhere.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And that's I mean, we'll get into this a

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Speaker 1: little bit. A little bit of global warming can mean

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Speaker 1: longer growing and better growing seasons in some parts of

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Speaker 1: the world, but devastating to other parts of the world.

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Speaker 3: Exactly.

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Speaker 1: I guess I let the cat out of the bag there,

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Speaker 1: But we'll go over that again later. And how about

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Speaker 1: this on the warming trend of the last fifty years

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Speaker 1: is about double of the last one hundred years. So

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Speaker 1: what that means is the rate is increasing. The rate

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Speaker 1: of warming is increasing.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, actually so, I think the IPCC has determined that

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Speaker 3: each of the past forty years has been warmer than

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Speaker 3: the average temperature of the twentieth century, and that twenty

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Speaker 3: sixteen was the hottest year on record, and the twelve

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Speaker 3: warmest years on record have occurred since nineteen ninety eight. Dude,

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Speaker 3: you should see the we'll get into it some of

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Speaker 3: the charts that you can find. And again, like if

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Speaker 3: you're even remotely interested in this, like just go look

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Speaker 3: up the IPCC's stuff in some of it, like you

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Speaker 3: have to be a climatologist to understand what in the

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Speaker 3: name of God they're talking about. But other stuff, especially

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Speaker 3: if you read like executive summaries of studies and reports

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Speaker 3: and stuff like that's meant to for like a non

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Speaker 3: scientist specifically often like policy makers to read and understand, right,

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Speaker 3: so the average person can understand that. And they have

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Speaker 3: some really great stuff that's showing like all of the

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Speaker 3: changes that the world is going through thanks to these

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Speaker 3: increases in the global temperature. And again, some of the

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Speaker 3: charts that they have are just stunning when you see them,

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Speaker 3: because it's like going along fine, going along fine, everything's fine,

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Speaker 3: and they oh, my god, what the hell just happened?

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Speaker 1: Basically that was the Industrial Revolution?

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Speaker 3: It was. But also one of the things that they

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Speaker 3: found recently, especially in the last like three four years,

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Speaker 3: I believe, is that it is that I think you,

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Speaker 3: like you were saying the increase in global temperatures, but

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Speaker 3: also again the increase in carbon dioxide has really shot

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Speaker 3: up over the last like fifty years, like from from

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Speaker 3: the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. I think they usually

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Speaker 3: start that about seventeen fifty to maybe eighteen hundred at

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Speaker 3: the latest, up to like nineteen fifty or so nineteen sixty,

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Speaker 3: Like there's a pretty surprising increase, but it is just

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Speaker 3: skyrocketed in the last like fifty or sixty years. So

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Speaker 3: they're seeing like this, the science is bearing out the

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Speaker 3: kind of the general theory of global warming, which we

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Speaker 3: should probably talk about this theory of global warming, right, because,

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Speaker 3: like we said, it's not just human caused a human

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Speaker 3: cause mechanism, Like basically, it's an already existing natural mechanism

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Speaker 3: that basically keeps the earth nice and toasty for life

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Speaker 3: and water.

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Speaker 1: It keeps us from being Mars.

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Speaker 3: But we have started messing with it big time because

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Speaker 3: of our our contributions to this normal cycle.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so should we talk about the greenhouse effect a

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Speaker 1: little bit?

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Speaker 3: Yeah?

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Speaker 1: The greenhouse effect is literally what keeps us from being Mars.

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Speaker 1: It is a good thing when it occurs naturally because

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Speaker 1: like you said, it keeps us on. You know, it

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Speaker 1: makes earth habitable and lovely and nice for the best part,

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Speaker 1: So they strickling in the grabster. I'm not sure who

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Speaker 1: came up with the car analogy, but it's a pretty

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Speaker 1: good one.

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Speaker 3: I agree.

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Speaker 1: If you go into your car on a hot summer

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Speaker 1: day and you get in your car, it's been sitting

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Speaker 1: out the sun for a little while, it's a lot

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Speaker 1: hotter than it is outside. It's kind of a no brainer,

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Speaker 1: but you might not have thought about why that happens.

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Speaker 1: It's not magic. What's happening is the sun that's coming

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Speaker 1: in through your car windows gets absorbed by the interior

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Speaker 1: of your car, whether it's your seats or the dashboard

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Speaker 1: or basically kind of everything in the car absorbs that heat,

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Speaker 1: and that heat is then eventually emitted back out and

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Speaker 1: radiated out from the seats and things like that. But

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Speaker 1: it's at a different wavelength than that initial sunlight that

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Speaker 1: came in, so some of it might get back out

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Speaker 1: of the window, but most of it stays kind of

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Speaker 1: trapped in that car. So the end result of the

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Speaker 1: net net, as they would say in a corporate meeting,

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Speaker 1: is that there's less energy going out than coming in.

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Speaker 1: Right so your car is going to get hotter.

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Speaker 3: So pretend your car is the planet Earth basically, which

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Speaker 3: would be great, and the windshield is the atmosphere, right. Yeah,

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Speaker 3: So that's the greenhouse effect in a nutshell, as it

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Speaker 3: relates to the actual Earth. About seventy percent of the

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Speaker 3: solar energy that is directed toward Earth right, stays on

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Speaker 3: the planet, right, And instead of it being absorbed by

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Speaker 3: car seats and floor mats and stuff like that, it

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Speaker 3: gets absorbed by the ocean or land, or plants or

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Speaker 3: you right, right. And so about thirty percent of that

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Speaker 3: stuff that didn't make it through it was reflected back

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Speaker 3: by clouds, particles in the atmosphere, a bunch of other stuff. Right.

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Speaker 3: But as you're sitting there getting warm by the sun,

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Speaker 3: you actually have the potential to re emit that heat,

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Speaker 3: and so that stuff starts to go back through the

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Speaker 3: atmosphere out of space. Some of that stuff makes it

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Speaker 3: out into space, but there are other particles that take

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Speaker 3: that solar energy, usually in the form of heat, and

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Speaker 3: absorb it. And when they absorb it, they re emit

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Speaker 3: heat and then they direct it back down at Earth

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Speaker 3: and the process continues, and in some of that some

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Speaker 3: cases some of the stuff that they re emit, they

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Speaker 3: end up reabsorbing themselves, so that there is more heat

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Speaker 3: that's being trapped and sustained on Earth than is being

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Speaker 3: allowed to escape back into space at any given time. Yeah,

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Speaker 3: just like your car, right, And again, this is what

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Speaker 3: this is, like a positive feedback cycle that creates the atmosphere.

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Speaker 3: It also sustains the atmosphere. It also keeps water here

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Speaker 3: on Earth because water tends to heat up and rise,

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Speaker 3: but then it will it will cool off in the

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Speaker 3: atmosphere and fall back down as precipitation. And as long

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Speaker 3: as it can fall back down in the atmosphere and

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Speaker 3: nucleate around some of these particles that are trapped in

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Speaker 3: the atmosphere, we've got water here on Earth, that's right.

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Speaker 3: So it's all thanks to the wonderful, glorious greenhouse effect.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so that feels like a good place to pause.

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Speaker 1: Let people let that soak in a minute, like a

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Speaker 1: hot sun on a black car seat.

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Speaker 3: Like a warm chutney on your forehead.

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Speaker 1: My god. And we'll be back a little bit to

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Speaker 1: talk about the these gases in the atmosphere that we're

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Speaker 1: talking about here, all right, So we're back I think

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Speaker 1: everyone probably understands the greenhouse effect if you remember your

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Speaker 1: hot car. Yeah, it's kind of a nice easy way

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Speaker 1: to think about it. So, when you were explaining the

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Speaker 1: more like the Earth's version of that with getting absorbed

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Speaker 1: hitting things in the atmosphere, we're talking largely about three

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Speaker 1: things carbon dioxide, methane gas, actually four things, nitrous oxide,

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Speaker 1: and water vapor.

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Speaker 3: And there are a lot of others, but as far

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Speaker 3: as stuff that really has the biggest impact on global warming,

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Speaker 3: it's these guys.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so we'll start with CO two excess. The when

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Speaker 1: you hear about most often carbon emissions gets all the

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Speaker 1: glory in the headlines these days. Carbon CO two is colorless,

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Speaker 1: it's gas. It is a byproduct of the combustion of

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Speaker 1: organic stuff, and it makes up a very small part

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Speaker 1: of the arth atmosphere point zero four percent, and most

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Speaker 1: of it that's up there has been there for a

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Speaker 1: long long time. It's from volcanic activity. However, we are

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Speaker 1: pumping lots and lots of CO two, additional CO two,

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Speaker 1: and remember there's a delicate balance going on there as

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Speaker 1: it is. So like you said, mother Earth doesn't need

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Speaker 1: us adding to this, and we have been adding CO

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Speaker 1: two like it's Gangbusters. Yeah.

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Speaker 3: So like that, you remember when I was talking about

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Speaker 3: how water turns into vapor and rises and falls back down.

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Speaker 3: That's the rain cycle. There's also a carbon cycle where

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Speaker 3: carbon molecules just kind of go back and forth between

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Speaker 3: the atmosphere and the earth. And apparently every year two

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Speaker 3: hundred and thirty gigatons of carbon are released into the

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Speaker 3: atmosphere from the Earth, from plants, from rocks, from us,

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Speaker 3: and then about the same amount another two hundred and

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Speaker 3: thirty gigatons comes back down and is locked into Earth

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Speaker 3: from the atmosphere. Right, And this is, like you said, Chuck,

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Speaker 3: like a pretty nice balance. The Earth has got this,

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Speaker 3: Please don't mess with it. But when we take carbon

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Speaker 3: and unlock it from these carbon sinks, like you know,

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Speaker 3: we bust up rocks and mining operations, we burn fossil

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Speaker 3: fuels that have carbon locked into them, we cut down

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Speaker 3: trees and burn those things. Is fuel that releases more carbon,

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Speaker 3: and it messes up that delicate pretty much even exchange

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Speaker 3: between the atmosphere and the Earth.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's a big problem because carbon has a

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Speaker 1: knack for absorbing infrared radiation, so that energy that escapes

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere. That's the form that it comes in. So

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Speaker 1: all this extra CO two means basically, like your card,

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Speaker 1: just an overall increase in temperature.

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Speaker 3: Right, And so not only does it absorb infrared heat,

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Speaker 3: hang on to it it, there's a lot of it

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Speaker 3: that we just finally, in the first time in the

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Speaker 3: history of the human race, all of humanity, not since

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Speaker 3: the Industrial Revolution, but ever since humans have been around,

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Speaker 3: the Earth reached four hundred parts per million, meaning that

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Speaker 3: out of every million molecules that you just snatched out

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Speaker 3: of the air and count, you're going to come up

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Speaker 3: with four hundred of those as carbon atoms, right, or

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Speaker 3: carbon dioxide molecules. So that's new. That's a big deal.

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Speaker 3: And the problem with that is is not just that

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Speaker 3: there's a lot of carbon dioxide in there, but it's

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Speaker 3: like you said, the more carbon dioxide there is, the

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Speaker 3: more radiative heat that comes back down to Earth that

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Speaker 3: doesn't escape into space, and the higher the global temperature gets.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and just to and a perspective, four hundred parts

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Speaker 1: per million now, and that's twenty seventeen numbers, I guess.

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Speaker 3: I think in twenty fifteen we hit four hundred and

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Speaker 3: more up to like four hundred and four now.

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Speaker 1: So that pre Industrial Revolution was about two hundred and

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Speaker 1: eighty parts per million, so it has swelled by about

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Speaker 1: one hundred and twenty four parts per million since the

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Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution, which is pretty staggering.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and there's apparently a way that you can tell

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Speaker 3: when you're actually measuring the carbon dioxide molecules themselves where

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Speaker 3: they came from, and ones that are introduced into the

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Speaker 3: atmosphere from burning fossil fuels have a specific signature that

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Speaker 3: we can detect, and we have seen that as the

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Speaker 3: global temperature has increased and more and more carbon dioxide

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Speaker 3: has been introduced into the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution,

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Speaker 3: so too has the concentration of that specific type of

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Speaker 3: carbon dioxide. So there's a strong correlation between the fossil

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Speaker 3: fuel burned carbon dioxide that we humans have put in

437
00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:08,480
Speaker 3: the air with rising global temperatures.

438
00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:12,960
Speaker 1: All right, moving on to nitrous oxide into which we

439
00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:15,760
Speaker 1: did a whole podcast on this right. Yeah, that was

440
00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:19,399
Speaker 1: a good one. That was a great one, mainly because

441
00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:21,000
Speaker 1: of that tank that we had here in the in

442
00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:21,960
Speaker 1: the studio, I.

443
00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:26,240
Speaker 3: Know, like we're method podcasters. That was that definitely enhanced

444
00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:26,800
Speaker 3: the whole thing.

445
00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:31,720
Speaker 1: So intwo oh is another greenhouse gas, super important, and

446
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:35,000
Speaker 1: we are not releasing like human activity is not releasing

447
00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:39,119
Speaker 1: nearly as much as we are CO two, But no

448
00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:43,080
Speaker 1: two or I'm sorry, into absorbs a lot more energy,

449
00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:46,440
Speaker 1: like two hundred and seventy times as much as CO two,

450
00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:49,560
Speaker 1: So that makes it something we really need to pay

451
00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:51,760
Speaker 1: attention to, and we are paying attention to it. It

452
00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:52,920
Speaker 1: just doesn't get all the headlines.

453
00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:55,840
Speaker 3: No, it definitely doesn't, just because there's so so much

454
00:25:55,920 --> 00:26:00,600
Speaker 3: less of it, right, And whereas it takes like tens

455
00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:03,800
Speaker 3: of thousands of years for you know, the twenty percent

456
00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:07,560
Speaker 3: of any given carbon dioxide emission to leave the atmosphere,

457
00:26:07,960 --> 00:26:10,359
Speaker 3: it takes about one hundred and fourteen years for a

458
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:13,600
Speaker 3: full emission of nitrous oxide to leave the atmosphere.

459
00:26:13,680 --> 00:26:16,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, as far as man made it's it is also

460
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:20,280
Speaker 1: a byproduct of combustion and a lot of fertilizer. Nitrogen

461
00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:23,760
Speaker 1: fertilizer that they use on crops as releases the in

462
00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:25,359
Speaker 1: to oh into the atmosphere as well.

463
00:26:25,520 --> 00:26:27,399
Speaker 3: See to me, all you have to do is like

464
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,040
Speaker 3: seed the atmosphere with a bunch of hippies and let

465
00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:32,480
Speaker 3: them huff all the nitrous oxide right out of it.

466
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:33,760
Speaker 3: Problem solved.

467
00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:36,520
Speaker 1: That's right, because you've also gotten rid of a concert

468
00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:40,800
Speaker 1: in the sky. Exactly what else do we have methane?

469
00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:44,200
Speaker 3: Methane's a big one, and this is super overlooked, but

470
00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:47,440
Speaker 3: I remember hearing about this when people first started realizing, like, oh,

471
00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:51,880
Speaker 3: that's a really big problem. It's it's there's very little

472
00:26:51,920 --> 00:26:54,160
Speaker 3: amount of it, whereas like there's four hundred and four

473
00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:57,719
Speaker 3: parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These

474
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,920
Speaker 3: days we can measure about one point even parts per

475
00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:07,080
Speaker 3: million of methane. But it absorbs and amidst thermal energy

476
00:27:07,280 --> 00:27:12,159
Speaker 3: like Gangbusters as well, far more than CO two. I

477
00:27:12,160 --> 00:27:15,400
Speaker 3: think about twenty times more. And there's there's a lot

478
00:27:15,440 --> 00:27:17,840
Speaker 3: of different places where it comes from. Like when we

479
00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:23,439
Speaker 3: mine coal, it releases methane. When are ample herds of

480
00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:29,119
Speaker 3: livestock fart yep, they release methane. No joke. That's actually

481
00:27:29,160 --> 00:27:31,200
Speaker 3: a huge contributor of greenhouse gases.

482
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:32,960
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, we talked about that, like I feel like

483
00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:35,720
Speaker 1: years ago in another episode.

484
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:38,320
Speaker 3: Surely we have another one, Chuck was do you remember

485
00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:42,400
Speaker 3: our plasma waste incineration?

486
00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:42,800
Speaker 1: Yeah?

487
00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:45,040
Speaker 3: Episode, sure, well, remember one of the things we talked

488
00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:49,199
Speaker 3: about was that the average landfill gives off methane, and

489
00:27:49,240 --> 00:27:51,960
Speaker 3: that's a huge problem too. So like if you go

490
00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:54,720
Speaker 3: to a landfill and you see that there's flames around it,

491
00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:59,480
Speaker 3: they're actually burning that stuff off because the co two

492
00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:03,399
Speaker 3: it released is after it's burned, is actually preferable in

493
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:06,120
Speaker 3: that case to the methane just being allowed to escape.

494
00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:09,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's bad news. It is bad news. And

495
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:12,960
Speaker 1: there are scientists who have even posited that maybe, like

496
00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:15,439
Speaker 1: you know, tens and hundreds of thousands of years ago,

497
00:28:15,960 --> 00:28:19,439
Speaker 1: that large scale venting of methane into the atmosphere, like

498
00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:25,120
Speaker 1: if a big block of ice cracked open and unlocked

499
00:28:25,119 --> 00:28:30,080
Speaker 1: a big methane bubble from under the ocean, that could

500
00:28:30,119 --> 00:28:33,880
Speaker 1: have caused like maybe a mass extinction, right, like because

501
00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:35,880
Speaker 1: it was released so quickly into the atmosphere.

502
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:39,120
Speaker 3: Yeah, like like we're doing now basically.

503
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:41,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, on a slower basis. I don't think anyone's saying

504
00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:41,920
Speaker 1: that's going to.

505
00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:44,680
Speaker 3: Happen now, I don't. I don't know. I think like

506
00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:47,640
Speaker 3: that is a concern that as arctis Arctic ice melts,

507
00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:50,040
Speaker 3: that methane bubbles could be released, which would just be

508
00:28:50,960 --> 00:28:53,360
Speaker 3: a nightmare on top of a catastrophe.

509
00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:53,920
Speaker 1: That's right.

510
00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:57,720
Speaker 3: There's another problem with methane too, that in the atmosphere

511
00:28:58,040 --> 00:29:01,520
Speaker 3: it frequently converts to CO two, so it just not

512
00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:04,800
Speaker 3: only contributes itself, it also contributes to the CO two

513
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:11,080
Speaker 3: emission problem. There's also chuck another thing called short lived

514
00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:15,800
Speaker 3: climate pollutants slcps. They don't get a lot of press either,

515
00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:18,160
Speaker 3: but a lot of people think that if we focused

516
00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:21,440
Speaker 3: on these we could really see some real results in

517
00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:26,480
Speaker 3: the short term. Supposedly slcps account for something like thirty

518
00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:30,840
Speaker 3: to forty percent of global warming. But they are particles

519
00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:35,800
Speaker 3: like black carbon methane counts as one of them, hydro

520
00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:42,560
Speaker 3: chloroflorocarbons nice, and they can live in the atmosphere from

521
00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:46,360
Speaker 3: say like days to tens of years, and then they

522
00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:50,719
Speaker 3: go away. And if we really cut down on some

523
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,920
Speaker 3: of those emissions, it would we would see the effects

524
00:29:53,960 --> 00:29:54,840
Speaker 3: of that very quickly.

525
00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:59,600
Speaker 1: Wow. Yeah, So speaking of effects, I guess we should

526
00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:01,680
Speaker 1: kind of talk about what this all could mean and

527
00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:07,120
Speaker 1: does mean. Yep, and is meaning sure. Number one, we

528
00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:10,600
Speaker 1: can talk a little bit about sea level or sea levels.

529
00:30:11,160 --> 00:30:14,000
Speaker 1: Glaciers and ice shelves are melting all around the world

530
00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:18,840
Speaker 1: and losing large chunks of ice like this can accelerate

531
00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:22,080
Speaker 1: this warming because there's less of the Sun's energy. You know,

532
00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:25,040
Speaker 1: we talked earlier about it being reflected by ice sheets

533
00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:29,440
Speaker 1: and things like that, these reflective surfaces. Less reflective surface

534
00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,320
Speaker 1: means less is getting reflected away. So just at like

535
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:36,440
Speaker 1: the very base level, that's gonna be an increase in temperature.

536
00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:42,360
Speaker 3: Yes, Also, depending on where the glacier is, it could

537
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:47,440
Speaker 3: contribute to sea level increases too, as we'll talk about.

538
00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:50,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean we might as well hit that, huh.

539
00:30:50,080 --> 00:30:53,320
Speaker 3: Okay. So if one of the things that I learned

540
00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:55,640
Speaker 3: from this that I just absolutely did not know, what

541
00:30:55,760 --> 00:31:00,240
Speaker 3: makes total sense, is that the Arctic sea ice, if

542
00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:04,280
Speaker 3: it melts, it will contribute zero to a sea level increase.

543
00:31:04,560 --> 00:31:06,640
Speaker 1: Yeah. Interesting, I had no idea.

544
00:31:06,360 --> 00:31:08,840
Speaker 3: But it makes total sense because it turns out that

545
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:12,360
Speaker 3: Arctic sea ice in particular floats on the sea, so

546
00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:15,720
Speaker 3: it's already in the sea and it's already contributed to

547
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:19,360
Speaker 3: the sea level rise. If anything, If that stuff, if

548
00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:21,560
Speaker 3: we went through an ice age and all that stuff

549
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:24,680
Speaker 3: froze into basically a frozen land mass, then you'd see

550
00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:27,280
Speaker 3: a sea level decrease. But the way it is right now,

551
00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:30,440
Speaker 3: there wouldn't be a sea level rise if it melts completely.

552
00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:34,640
Speaker 3: There are other places around Earth where the glaciers and

553
00:31:34,720 --> 00:31:38,920
Speaker 3: ice caps are basically land masses, and if they did melt,

554
00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:41,240
Speaker 3: then you would see a sea level rise just from

555
00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:42,400
Speaker 3: that melted water, right.

556
00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:46,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean we're talking about Antarctica there, and the

557
00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:53,000
Speaker 1: likelihood of Antarctica thawing out is not great, which is good.

558
00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:55,400
Speaker 3: Well, not all of it, but there's certainly parts of

559
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:58,640
Speaker 3: it could, yeah for sure. And then same with Greenland too.

560
00:31:59,160 --> 00:32:03,920
Speaker 1: We had Greenlands because it is much closer to the equator,

561
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:08,200
Speaker 1: so temperatures are higher there anyway, It's not like negative

562
00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:11,440
Speaker 1: thirty seven degrees on average like it is in Antarctica. Right,

563
00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:14,000
Speaker 1: So I feel like I have to say that so specifically,

564
00:32:14,160 --> 00:32:16,440
Speaker 1: and the Arctica c Yeah.

565
00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:20,080
Speaker 3: And the other problem too with with this this loss

566
00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:22,640
Speaker 3: of ice, like people might say, like, no, it's crazy,

567
00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:25,520
Speaker 3: Like there's I see plenty of glaciers, there's still but

568
00:32:25,760 --> 00:32:29,320
Speaker 3: if every season a little more melts off than is

569
00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:33,080
Speaker 3: replenished by snowfall in the winter, you have a net

570
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:35,720
Speaker 3: loss of ice. And then over time, if you look

571
00:32:35,720 --> 00:32:37,880
Speaker 3: at it on a scale of a decade or two

572
00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:41,720
Speaker 3: decades or three decades. That's a substantial amount of lost ice,

573
00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:46,000
Speaker 3: and that is what increases the sea level that leads

574
00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:46,960
Speaker 3: to sea level rise.

575
00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:51,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, so, as far as the IPCC is concerned, they

576
00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:55,880
Speaker 1: estimate that sea levels rose about a little over six

577
00:32:55,880 --> 00:33:01,160
Speaker 1: and a half inches in the twentieth century. Doesn't sound

578
00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:03,320
Speaker 1: like much, but it is a lot. Like sea level

579
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:07,640
Speaker 1: rise in low lying coastal areas can mean pretty bad

580
00:33:07,680 --> 00:33:13,280
Speaker 1: flooding at just mere inches. They propose that if things

581
00:33:13,320 --> 00:33:16,040
Speaker 1: continue to go this way, they could rise by as

582
00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:18,960
Speaker 1: much as twenty two inches almost two feet by the

583
00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:21,240
Speaker 1: year of twenty one hundred and brother, if that happens,

584
00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:24,240
Speaker 1: we're gonna have to redraw the world map.

585
00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:27,040
Speaker 3: That's true. I was looking, I was like, how high

586
00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:30,080
Speaker 3: is Miami Beach. Miami Beach is apparently just under four

587
00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:35,240
Speaker 3: feet above sea level. Yeah, New Orleans is like zero feet.

588
00:33:35,720 --> 00:33:39,120
Speaker 3: I think it's maybe at two feet basically. Yeah, there's

589
00:33:39,160 --> 00:33:45,760
Speaker 3: a lot of coastal city Singapore, I think Copenhagen, they're

590
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:51,200
Speaker 3: all like very very close to sea level or just

591
00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:54,760
Speaker 3: slightly above sea level, and so yeah, two feet rise.

592
00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:57,520
Speaker 3: I know. The Maldives is frequently mentioned as like being

593
00:33:57,640 --> 00:34:01,479
Speaker 3: under real threat from sea level rise. But even if

594
00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:05,320
Speaker 3: you don't necessarily live in a coastal area that's two feet,

595
00:34:05,800 --> 00:34:08,759
Speaker 3: you know, just two feet above sea level, consider this,

596
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:11,799
Speaker 3: If the sea level rose just six inches, like they

597
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:15,160
Speaker 3: were saying, that means that when you have extreme weather

598
00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:17,600
Speaker 3: events which go hand in hand with global warming and

599
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,240
Speaker 3: are part of climate change, where it rains really hard

600
00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:25,359
Speaker 3: and there's more like more major flooding than before, then

601
00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:28,399
Speaker 3: it's already working with an extra six inches than any

602
00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:31,480
Speaker 3: flood that you've been used to before. So the floods

603
00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:34,360
Speaker 3: are much more extensive. And that's a really good example

604
00:34:34,440 --> 00:34:39,600
Speaker 3: of how interconnected the global climate system is, where if

605
00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:41,560
Speaker 3: one thing gets messed up a little bit, it has

606
00:34:41,640 --> 00:34:45,439
Speaker 3: all these other widespread effects around the world on regions too.

607
00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:47,839
Speaker 1: Yeah, because I think they found that there are not

608
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:53,080
Speaker 1: necessarily more frequent like tropical storms and hurricanes and things,

609
00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:56,840
Speaker 1: but they are becoming much more intense, and that's the

610
00:34:56,880 --> 00:34:57,560
Speaker 1: issue at hand.

611
00:34:57,719 --> 00:35:00,080
Speaker 3: Yeah, And that one in particular has to do with

612
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:03,440
Speaker 3: the surface temperature of the oceans increasing as the temperature

613
00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,560
Speaker 3: of the world increases, because that's where those storms, hurricanes

614
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:09,600
Speaker 3: and cyclones get their their energy from, is from the

615
00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:11,879
Speaker 3: warm surface of the sea.

616
00:35:12,239 --> 00:35:12,640
Speaker 1: Yeah.

617
00:35:12,719 --> 00:35:15,480
Speaker 3: So if it's warm. That's like you'll see them like

618
00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:18,640
Speaker 3: hit land and like lose steam, and then when they

619
00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:20,920
Speaker 3: go back over the ocean, they'll start to like regather

620
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,759
Speaker 3: their strength. That's because they're over warm water again and

621
00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:26,560
Speaker 3: that's where that's where they get it all from.

622
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:28,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, plus there is uh. I don't think we mentioned

623
00:35:28,760 --> 00:35:30,160
Speaker 1: this yet about the density of water.

624
00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:33,520
Speaker 3: No, no, I don't want to go anywhere near it.

625
00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:34,000
Speaker 3: You take this.

626
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:40,120
Speaker 1: One, well, very simply, water is most dense at four

627
00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:44,520
Speaker 1: degrees celsius. So that's its kind of a homeostasis of

628
00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:47,600
Speaker 1: where it needs to be. Anything above or below that

629
00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:51,319
Speaker 1: temperature and the density is going to decrease, So the

630
00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:54,640
Speaker 1: overall temperature of the water is going to increase naturally

631
00:35:54,680 --> 00:35:57,960
Speaker 1: and this is not like human cause. But that will

632
00:35:57,960 --> 00:35:59,960
Speaker 1: also cause the oceans to rise some and that's just

633
00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:04,040
Speaker 1: a natural thing, right. Well said, all right, let's leave

634
00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:05,399
Speaker 1: that one market right there.

635
00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:07,399
Speaker 3: I'm glad you mentioned that though, because you don't see

636
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:10,040
Speaker 3: that really ever, Like no one ever mentions like, oh yeah,

637
00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:13,279
Speaker 3: water is just gonna expand as it warms. I've never

638
00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:14,640
Speaker 3: thought about that one either.

639
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:17,600
Speaker 1: Or Cools, I think, right, yeah, or Cools.

640
00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:23,080
Speaker 3: It's a weird weird thing, weird weird material. So let's

641
00:36:23,080 --> 00:36:26,120
Speaker 3: take another break and we'll get back to explaining why

642
00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:56,400
Speaker 3: global warming is a real pain, all right, Chuck. So

643
00:36:56,400 --> 00:36:59,000
Speaker 3: we talked about the ice caps melting, we talked about

644
00:36:59,040 --> 00:37:02,799
Speaker 3: glaciers melting, we talked about sea level rise. Correct, there's

645
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:06,560
Speaker 3: also I mean people are out there saying like that's great,

646
00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:10,799
Speaker 3: but how does it impact may Yeah, a human that's

647
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:13,400
Speaker 3: what I want to know about. Well, there's tons of ways.

648
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:17,319
Speaker 3: Because as technologically clever as we humans are, we are

649
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:22,600
Speaker 3: extraordinarily dependent on the earth. So as these this climate

650
00:37:22,680 --> 00:37:27,200
Speaker 3: change happens due to global warming, we're going to see

651
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:29,880
Speaker 3: all sorts of problems. And we already are starting to

652
00:37:29,880 --> 00:37:30,839
Speaker 3: see problems.

653
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:33,600
Speaker 1: Yeah. So we did mention earlier that if you live

654
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:35,719
Speaker 1: in a temperate area, if you've got like four kind

655
00:37:35,719 --> 00:37:38,480
Speaker 1: of lovely seasons, like let's say Atlanta, Georgia, for instance,

656
00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:40,839
Speaker 1: you may have a longer growing season, you might have

657
00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:43,520
Speaker 1: a bit more rain. It might be actually good for

658
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:46,319
Speaker 1: the crops here in Georgia in some ways. But other

659
00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:49,920
Speaker 1: parts of the world, less temperate zones are going to

660
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:55,480
Speaker 1: see big temperature increases, way less rain, and longer droughts,

661
00:37:55,640 --> 00:37:59,719
Speaker 1: worse drouts, bigger deserts. It's not going to be so

662
00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:00,760
Speaker 1: good of those places.

663
00:38:01,000 --> 00:38:05,239
Speaker 3: No. They apparently have found that every trillion tons of

664
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:11,360
Speaker 3: CO two it contributed to that atmosphere raises the global

665
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:15,279
Speaker 3: temperature average by about three quarters of a degree celsius.

666
00:38:15,840 --> 00:38:20,040
Speaker 3: And then they went and correlated that each one degree

667
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:25,359
Speaker 3: celsius increase in temperature equals an evaporative increase of about

668
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,799
Speaker 3: seven to fifteen percent here on planet Earth in the soil. Right,

669
00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:33,600
Speaker 3: so as temperatures increase, there's going to be less water

670
00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:37,439
Speaker 3: in the soil, which affects crops and leads to things

671
00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:41,600
Speaker 3: like droughts and even desertification as well. But and man,

672
00:38:41,640 --> 00:38:43,719
Speaker 3: every time I throw out one of these terms, I'm like,

673
00:38:43,719 --> 00:38:45,720
Speaker 3: we did an episode on that, We did an episode

674
00:38:45,760 --> 00:38:46,960
Speaker 3: on that and droughts.

675
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:50,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, we've been dancing around this one for a while.

676
00:38:50,280 --> 00:38:52,760
Speaker 3: We have. I'm glad we finally tackle that. Man, agreed,

677
00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:57,040
Speaker 3: you're doing great, by the way, Well, hold on, hold on.

678
00:38:57,200 --> 00:38:59,920
Speaker 3: So as the water evaporates from the soil and go

679
00:39:00,239 --> 00:39:04,040
Speaker 3: up and is locked into the atmosphere again, it's eventually

680
00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:07,439
Speaker 3: going to come down, and when it does, you're going

681
00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:12,319
Speaker 3: to have a far more severe flooding and precipitation than

682
00:39:12,360 --> 00:39:14,600
Speaker 3: you would have normally when it was just going up

683
00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:16,560
Speaker 3: and coming down and going up and coming down like

684
00:39:16,600 --> 00:39:19,560
Speaker 3: on its normal cycle. Yeah, so that's one way that

685
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:22,240
Speaker 3: it can affect you, because while it's turning to droughts,

686
00:39:22,280 --> 00:39:25,680
Speaker 3: you got wildfires, and then when the soil gets degraded

687
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:28,120
Speaker 3: and there's suddenly a lot of rain, you've got flooding.

688
00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:30,520
Speaker 3: And people get carried away in their cars because they

689
00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:32,799
Speaker 3: think it can drive across a flowing river.

690
00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:38,080
Speaker 1: That's not funny at all, by the way, I guess,

691
00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,919
Speaker 1: not just the way you put it was. So one

692
00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:44,759
Speaker 1: of the other devastating effects. And this one is kind

693
00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:48,040
Speaker 1: of tougher to predict because we've don't haven't really seen

694
00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:52,320
Speaker 1: what can happen with our living human eyeballs, but ecosystems,

695
00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:56,680
Speaker 1: And I think we did we do on ecosystems as

696
00:39:56,719 --> 00:39:58,920
Speaker 1: a whole, or just have we talked about it forever

697
00:39:59,000 --> 00:39:59,520
Speaker 1: and everything.

698
00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:01,520
Speaker 3: I think it's just popped up in so many of them,

699
00:40:01,560 --> 00:40:02,200
Speaker 3: it seems like that.

700
00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:04,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, we've definitely covered coral reefs and things like that.

701
00:40:04,520 --> 00:40:07,040
Speaker 1: We're talking about living ecosystems, and we all know they're

702
00:40:07,120 --> 00:40:10,719
Speaker 1: very delicate and the delicate balance of the ecosystem is

703
00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:13,719
Speaker 1: what makes it worse. And we've talked ad nauseum over

704
00:40:13,760 --> 00:40:18,520
Speaker 1: the past nine years about how little, just little things

705
00:40:18,960 --> 00:40:22,040
Speaker 1: can happen in an ecosystem that will create this chain reaction.

706
00:40:22,600 --> 00:40:26,960
Speaker 1: It's all interconnected, and we don't know what might happen

707
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:30,520
Speaker 1: in terms of global warming in our living ecosystem. Sure,

708
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:36,680
Speaker 1: some animals might adapt, some might move, but there would

709
00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:41,480
Speaker 1: also be you know, massive amounts of extinction. Coral reefs

710
00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:44,920
Speaker 1: are already dying. We're seeing that with our eyeballs. Forests

711
00:40:44,920 --> 00:40:48,759
Speaker 1: are dying off and turning to grassland. And it's not

712
00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:52,200
Speaker 1: just like, oh, well, there they go. Now we have

713
00:40:52,239 --> 00:40:53,560
Speaker 1: grassland instead of a forest.

714
00:40:53,960 --> 00:40:55,400
Speaker 3: Let's make some houlus kirts.

715
00:40:55,520 --> 00:41:02,759
Speaker 1: Yeah. Again, it's just it's that that domino effect that

716
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:05,440
Speaker 1: we're going to see. It's just no one knows what

717
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:07,320
Speaker 1: it's going to mean in the end. It's really troubling.

718
00:41:07,719 --> 00:41:10,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, And I was, I was, I was like, well,

719
00:41:10,520 --> 00:41:13,600
Speaker 3: how are ecosystems interconnected? I know they are, but how

720
00:41:13,840 --> 00:41:16,560
Speaker 3: so I looked up a good example and found salmon.

721
00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:19,239
Speaker 3: So salmon are born in like little streams and they

722
00:41:19,360 --> 00:41:22,280
Speaker 3: end up like traveling down into bigger streams and eventually

723
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:25,040
Speaker 3: rivers and then estuaries, and then they actually go and

724
00:41:25,160 --> 00:41:27,920
Speaker 3: mature out in the ocean, which I hadn't really thought of,

725
00:41:28,360 --> 00:41:30,720
Speaker 3: And then when it's time for them to go breed,

726
00:41:30,920 --> 00:41:35,040
Speaker 3: they swim back upstream, back into the rivers, back back

727
00:41:35,080 --> 00:41:38,439
Speaker 3: into the streams themselves. Actually they go back to where

728
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:41,600
Speaker 3: they were born to breed and then die. And as

729
00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:45,360
Speaker 3: they're doing it, they're basically acting as nutrient transport systems

730
00:41:45,680 --> 00:41:49,080
Speaker 3: between all these different ecosystems each step of the way.

731
00:41:49,239 --> 00:41:51,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like a seed being scattered in the wind.

732
00:41:51,520 --> 00:41:53,640
Speaker 3: Yeah, very much so, but a seed that can actually

733
00:41:53,680 --> 00:41:56,480
Speaker 3: come back home and bring all the nutrients that it gathered,

734
00:41:56,520 --> 00:41:59,279
Speaker 3: like out in the ocean back into its home ecosystem

735
00:41:59,280 --> 00:41:59,959
Speaker 3: where it was born.

736
00:42:00,200 --> 00:42:00,439
Speaker 1: Yeah.

737
00:42:00,440 --> 00:42:02,520
Speaker 3: So it's pretty interesting. And I mean, like that's just

738
00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:05,399
Speaker 3: a great example. Let's just salmon, you know. So, Yeah,

739
00:42:05,440 --> 00:42:10,120
Speaker 3: the ecosystems are very much connected, so if something happens

740
00:42:10,120 --> 00:42:11,960
Speaker 3: with one, it's going to have an effect on all

741
00:42:12,040 --> 00:42:14,480
Speaker 3: the other ones. And like you said, some things will survive,

742
00:42:14,719 --> 00:42:15,560
Speaker 3: some things won't.

743
00:42:15,840 --> 00:42:16,440
Speaker 1: But the.

744
00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:20,000
Speaker 3: Thing that I think most of us here on Earth

745
00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:24,439
Speaker 3: are agreeing to agree about is we should probably do

746
00:42:24,520 --> 00:42:29,120
Speaker 3: something to stop those extinctions as best we can, even

747
00:42:29,239 --> 00:42:31,319
Speaker 3: if we'll probably survive, you.

748
00:42:31,280 --> 00:42:33,640
Speaker 1: Know, yeah, And you know we're this is a very

749
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:37,319
Speaker 1: USA centric show for the most part. That's where we're based.

750
00:42:37,360 --> 00:42:40,680
Speaker 1: We try to think outside that that box as much

751
00:42:40,719 --> 00:42:43,080
Speaker 1: as we can. And in the case of global warming,

752
00:42:43,200 --> 00:42:46,239
Speaker 1: it is the poorest nations of the world are the

753
00:42:46,239 --> 00:42:48,560
Speaker 1: ones that are going to be hit the hardest. They're

754
00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:51,480
Speaker 1: the ones in a lot of times, in the less

755
00:42:51,480 --> 00:42:54,439
Speaker 1: temperate zones that are going to be hit with more

756
00:42:54,440 --> 00:42:58,239
Speaker 1: devastating crop loss. But crop loss is going to be

757
00:42:58,280 --> 00:43:01,479
Speaker 1: a big deal all over the world. That already there's

758
00:43:01,840 --> 00:43:05,560
Speaker 1: something called the Carnegie Institution that estimates about five billion

759
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,840
Speaker 1: dollars in crop losses per year due to global warming

760
00:43:08,920 --> 00:43:11,839
Speaker 1: is already going on right now, and farmers are seeing

761
00:43:11,880 --> 00:43:17,240
Speaker 1: a decrease of about forty million metric tons of wheat, barley, corn,

762
00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:22,120
Speaker 1: other cereal greens every year. So just one degree fahrenheit

763
00:43:22,560 --> 00:43:25,239
Speaker 1: an average temper of an increase could result in three

764
00:43:25,239 --> 00:43:29,960
Speaker 1: to five percent drop in crop yields. So it's a

765
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:33,920
Speaker 1: global issue. Sure, some of the poorest nations might be

766
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,160
Speaker 1: affected earliest in the worst, but it is going to

767
00:43:37,160 --> 00:43:38,080
Speaker 1: touch every nation.

768
00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:40,680
Speaker 3: It definitely will. It doesn't necessarily have to be the

769
00:43:40,680 --> 00:43:44,040
Speaker 3: poorest nations. It can be the poorest people of rich nations.

770
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,239
Speaker 3: Well yeah, true, and it can be people who are

771
00:43:46,360 --> 00:43:48,799
Speaker 3: very rich who end up living in areas that are

772
00:43:48,840 --> 00:43:52,799
Speaker 3: hit Like Houston saw a lot of increase in water

773
00:43:52,880 --> 00:43:57,640
Speaker 3: borne illnesses because of the flooding from Hurricane Harvey. That's

774
00:43:57,719 --> 00:44:00,879
Speaker 3: something that they otherwise wouldn't have had to have done with. Yeah,

775
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:04,880
Speaker 3: there's there's like that whole crop loss thing and starvation

776
00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:07,279
Speaker 3: that it leads to. Like, there's a lot of ways

777
00:44:07,320 --> 00:44:11,120
Speaker 3: people can be affected. And just like salmon, like, we're

778
00:44:11,239 --> 00:44:14,120
Speaker 3: connected to other people as well, even if they're on

779
00:44:14,160 --> 00:44:16,600
Speaker 3: the other side of the world, and you know, we're

780
00:44:16,640 --> 00:44:19,440
Speaker 3: not really talking to them or don't really know them personally,

781
00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:22,440
Speaker 3: we're still connected to them. So if they suffer a

782
00:44:22,480 --> 00:44:24,879
Speaker 3: crop loss, it'll affect us all. And if they die

783
00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:27,319
Speaker 3: of starvation, it ends up affecting us all.

784
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:31,480
Speaker 1: Yeah. This I really like this computer model thing. Did

785
00:44:31,480 --> 00:44:35,600
Speaker 1: you see that? Yes, that was pretty pretty cut and dried,

786
00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:36,520
Speaker 1: you know.

787
00:44:36,920 --> 00:44:37,160
Speaker 3: Yes.

788
00:44:37,600 --> 00:44:40,920
Speaker 1: So the IPCC they used a computer model and what

789
00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:44,960
Speaker 1: they did was they tried to simulate climate change and

790
00:44:45,080 --> 00:44:48,920
Speaker 1: what they found was the only models, the only models

791
00:44:48,920 --> 00:44:52,319
Speaker 1: that looked like today's climate that equalled, hey, well, this

792
00:44:52,360 --> 00:44:55,520
Speaker 1: looks like what's going on today, were models that included

793
00:44:56,120 --> 00:44:59,319
Speaker 1: the human contribution to global warming. When they did not

794
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:02,640
Speaker 1: plug in the here human contribution. The answer that it

795
00:45:02,719 --> 00:45:05,959
Speaker 1: spit out was no, that climate doesn't look like what's

796
00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:10,080
Speaker 1: going on right now, right, So that is basically proof

797
00:45:10,280 --> 00:45:14,839
Speaker 1: that humans are contributing to this, right exactly. Yep.

798
00:45:15,280 --> 00:45:18,160
Speaker 3: That combined with you know the signature of the carbon

799
00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:23,320
Speaker 3: dioxide from fossil fuel burning, all that jazz, Yes, you're

800
00:45:22,880 --> 00:45:25,200
Speaker 3: we and we should probably get to this part. Like,

801
00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:29,920
Speaker 3: there's there's a there's a tendency among naysayers to be like,

802
00:45:30,600 --> 00:45:34,000
Speaker 3: you know, there's not even like scientific consensus. They're not

803
00:45:34,160 --> 00:45:38,680
Speaker 3: one hundred percent certain that it's it's it's us creating

804
00:45:38,719 --> 00:45:42,279
Speaker 3: this global warming, right, and so science has really kind

805
00:45:42,280 --> 00:45:44,960
Speaker 3: of taken it upon itself in the last like decade

806
00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:48,479
Speaker 3: or so to address this and say, yes, that's true.

807
00:45:48,520 --> 00:45:52,000
Speaker 3: There's basically no such thing as settled science. But there

808
00:45:52,040 --> 00:45:55,080
Speaker 3: has so been so much like we've made it our

809
00:45:55,160 --> 00:46:01,080
Speaker 3: business to create and conduct so much research and study

810
00:46:01,320 --> 00:46:04,239
Speaker 3: all of this so closely over the last like ten

811
00:46:04,239 --> 00:46:08,239
Speaker 3: to fifteen twenty years that we have basically come up

812
00:46:08,280 --> 00:46:11,439
Speaker 3: with a scientific consensus that basically, if you take any

813
00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:15,279
Speaker 3: scientist on the street, there is pretty close to one

814
00:46:15,360 --> 00:46:18,919
Speaker 3: hundred percent chance that that person is going to say, yes,

815
00:46:19,040 --> 00:46:22,040
Speaker 3: climate change is real, Yes, global warming is happening, and

816
00:46:22,160 --> 00:46:23,520
Speaker 3: yes humans are causing it.

817
00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:27,680
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, Because they use words differently than we use words.

818
00:46:28,440 --> 00:46:31,960
Speaker 1: And you sent this great article certainty versus uncertainty colon

819
00:46:32,560 --> 00:46:34,880
Speaker 1: understanding scientific terms about climate change.

820
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:36,520
Speaker 3: You know, it's smart when there's a colon.

821
00:46:38,360 --> 00:46:41,319
Speaker 1: And for the average Joe or Jane walking around on

822
00:46:41,320 --> 00:46:44,080
Speaker 1: the street, if you say the word uncertain that means, well,

823
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:46,799
Speaker 1: you just don't know. Scientists when they use the word

824
00:46:46,880 --> 00:46:50,480
Speaker 1: uncertain they mean how well you might know something or not.

825
00:46:51,520 --> 00:46:55,240
Speaker 1: So that's a big difference. It sounds like word games,

826
00:46:55,440 --> 00:46:59,680
Speaker 1: but there is no, very rarely is there absolute certainty

827
00:46:59,680 --> 00:47:03,040
Speaker 1: in sciencience. So their job is to research and research

828
00:47:03,480 --> 00:47:05,600
Speaker 1: and limit that uncertainty as much as possible.

829
00:47:05,880 --> 00:47:09,000
Speaker 3: No, and that uncertainty in their public broadcasting of that

830
00:47:09,239 --> 00:47:12,160
Speaker 3: uncertainty has been used against them. It's been hijacked and

831
00:47:12,200 --> 00:47:16,120
Speaker 3: used against them to fight doing anything about climate change. Right,

832
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:19,759
Speaker 3: So so they have started to use especially if you

833
00:47:19,800 --> 00:47:25,320
Speaker 3: go through like the ipccs like policymaker executive summaries. Everything

834
00:47:25,360 --> 00:47:28,920
Speaker 3: that they're stating, they will put like how confident they

835
00:47:28,960 --> 00:47:31,440
Speaker 3: are that what they're they're saying is true.

836
00:47:31,560 --> 00:47:33,759
Speaker 1: They have a structure to that now, right.

837
00:47:33,480 --> 00:47:39,200
Speaker 3: And so most of the stuff that they're releasing as

838
00:47:39,320 --> 00:47:43,920
Speaker 3: in their reports has something like a ninety percent chance

839
00:47:44,080 --> 00:47:47,239
Speaker 3: or greater of being correct. So they call it like

840
00:47:47,239 --> 00:47:51,000
Speaker 3: a very likely outcome or a very high confidence. And

841
00:47:51,080 --> 00:47:54,520
Speaker 3: I've even seen something called an extremely high confidence which

842
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:57,800
Speaker 3: indicates ninety five percent or greater, and then the come

843
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:00,720
Speaker 3: on which is ninety nine per cent greater.

844
00:48:01,520 --> 00:48:04,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, so they're the there are five points which they

845
00:48:04,480 --> 00:48:10,040
Speaker 1: have quote very high confidence end quote about or even greater.

846
00:48:10,560 --> 00:48:13,200
Speaker 1: So at least ninety percent or greater certainty that the

847
00:48:13,320 --> 00:48:18,520
Speaker 1: following human induced warming influences physical and biological systems everywhere.

848
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:23,560
Speaker 1: Sea levels are rising, glaciers and permafrost are shrinking, oceans

849
00:48:23,560 --> 00:48:26,480
Speaker 1: are becoming more acidic, and ranges of plants and animals

850
00:48:26,480 --> 00:48:30,280
Speaker 1: are shifting. So that's between ninety and one hundred percent

851
00:48:30,360 --> 00:48:31,600
Speaker 1: certainty on those things.

852
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:37,359
Speaker 3: Yeah, they also say they're comfortable saying with certainty that

853
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:39,880
Speaker 3: the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests

854
00:48:39,920 --> 00:48:43,000
Speaker 3: release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. They say, there is

855
00:48:43,040 --> 00:48:46,520
Speaker 3: no uncertainty about that. They also say that they've learned

856
00:48:46,560 --> 00:48:49,680
Speaker 3: that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

857
00:48:49,840 --> 00:48:53,279
Speaker 3: trap heat through the greenhouse effect. They say, again there

858
00:48:53,320 --> 00:48:55,840
Speaker 3: is no uncertainty about this, and that the Earth is

859
00:48:55,880 --> 00:48:59,120
Speaker 3: warming because these gases are being released faster than the

860
00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:02,160
Speaker 3: k can be or by natural processes. And then they

861
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:05,480
Speaker 3: say it's very likely greater than ninety percent probability that

862
00:49:05,640 --> 00:49:08,920
Speaker 3: human activities are the main reason for the world's temperature

863
00:49:08,960 --> 00:49:12,839
Speaker 3: increase in the past fifty years in particular. And so

864
00:49:12,880 --> 00:49:15,680
Speaker 3: they're saying, like, we are scientists, we're the ones who

865
00:49:15,719 --> 00:49:18,239
Speaker 3: are studying this. No, we're not a hot we can't

866
00:49:18,239 --> 00:49:23,840
Speaker 3: say with unequivocal certainty that this is the case. But

867
00:49:24,040 --> 00:49:26,920
Speaker 3: what really, people, what more do you need? Like we

868
00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:30,239
Speaker 3: have studied this so closely, we are so close to

869
00:49:30,239 --> 00:49:34,160
Speaker 3: one hundred percent certainty that like, what's the problem here,

870
00:49:34,239 --> 00:49:36,759
Speaker 3: Let's just get on board. And there was actually a

871
00:49:36,880 --> 00:49:40,359
Speaker 3: study done in two thousand and seven by this economist.

872
00:49:41,960 --> 00:49:45,080
Speaker 3: It made the news, made the news cycle. The same

873
00:49:45,160 --> 00:49:51,680
Speaker 3: is doctor Peter Cigaris, and he basically said if you

874
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:54,919
Speaker 3: look at the cost of doing something and the cost

875
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:59,280
Speaker 3: of doing nothing, statistically speaking, it makes way more sense

876
00:49:59,800 --> 00:50:03,560
Speaker 3: to you take steps to mitigate climate change and be

877
00:50:03,719 --> 00:50:06,040
Speaker 3: wrong about the fact that it was us humans.

878
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:06,840
Speaker 1: Yea, then it.

879
00:50:06,840 --> 00:50:10,880
Speaker 3: Would to take no steps at all and be wrong

880
00:50:10,960 --> 00:50:13,960
Speaker 3: about it. Actually, no, it actually was us humans.

881
00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:17,200
Speaker 1: Yeah. I mean that's where I get. I don't want

882
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:18,799
Speaker 1: to get too much on a soapbox, but I get

883
00:50:18,920 --> 00:50:22,919
Speaker 1: angry that there are people out there that say, well,

884
00:50:22,960 --> 00:50:26,120
Speaker 1: you're not there's that ten percent or less chance. So

885
00:50:26,239 --> 00:50:30,719
Speaker 1: let's just gamble humanity, the future of humankind on that

886
00:50:30,760 --> 00:50:35,000
Speaker 1: ten percent or less chance, because we don't want to

887
00:50:35,040 --> 00:50:39,760
Speaker 1: get with the program and get behind green initiatives because

888
00:50:39,760 --> 00:50:44,040
Speaker 1: there's a chance you're not one hundred percent certain. I

889
00:50:44,040 --> 00:50:45,960
Speaker 1: I don't know that short sight, and it's just it's

890
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:46,719
Speaker 1: staggering to me.

891
00:50:46,880 --> 00:50:50,719
Speaker 3: Well, plus also that it's been proven I've mentioned that

892
00:50:50,760 --> 00:50:53,920
Speaker 3: book before, the Merchants of Doubt that think tanks have

893
00:50:53,960 --> 00:50:58,120
Speaker 3: been set up to basically influence public thought and point

894
00:50:58,160 --> 00:51:00,440
Speaker 3: out like scientists aren't a hundred percent so in sciences

895
00:51:00,520 --> 00:51:02,560
Speaker 3: are one hundred percent certain, and they're not looking out

896
00:51:02,560 --> 00:51:05,120
Speaker 3: for you or the earth or your family they're looking

897
00:51:05,120 --> 00:51:09,160
Speaker 3: out for their business interests because it's the fossil fuel industry.

898
00:51:09,080 --> 00:51:13,439
Speaker 3: They're they're the ones who are who benefit the most

899
00:51:13,440 --> 00:51:18,160
Speaker 3: from not taking steps against climate change. But even if

900
00:51:18,160 --> 00:51:21,240
Speaker 3: you look at some of the some of these fossil

901
00:51:21,239 --> 00:51:26,440
Speaker 3: fuel industry companies, they're like, no, we should probably do something.

902
00:51:26,480 --> 00:51:29,080
Speaker 3: We can figure this out. Even some of them are

903
00:51:29,120 --> 00:51:31,920
Speaker 3: saying this now as of twenty fourteen.

904
00:51:33,360 --> 00:51:33,800
Speaker 1: Amazing.

905
00:51:34,239 --> 00:51:38,359
Speaker 3: So, Chuck, speaking of twenty fourteen, there was something big

906
00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:43,960
Speaker 3: that happened, the Paris Accords. Yes, and in twenty fourteen,

907
00:51:44,040 --> 00:51:47,240
Speaker 3: I think one hundred and ninety five countries came together

908
00:51:47,800 --> 00:51:50,040
Speaker 3: and said, you know what, we're going to do something.

909
00:51:50,040 --> 00:51:53,360
Speaker 3: We're going to do everything we can to keep the

910
00:51:53,400 --> 00:51:58,440
Speaker 3: global average temperature from increasing two degrees above normal two

911
00:51:58,520 --> 00:52:01,640
Speaker 3: degrees celsius. I should say, because that was kind of

912
00:52:01,680 --> 00:52:04,600
Speaker 3: a largely agreed upon tipping point that there would be

913
00:52:04,640 --> 00:52:07,799
Speaker 3: a lot more extreme weather, sea level rise, we would

914
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:10,840
Speaker 3: feel the effects of climate change from a two degree

915
00:52:10,880 --> 00:52:14,120
Speaker 3: celsius increase in global temperature. And so they took this

916
00:52:14,239 --> 00:52:20,360
Speaker 3: really interesting approach where they said, instead of us coming

917
00:52:20,440 --> 00:52:25,439
Speaker 3: up with a multi government group that decrease stuff, we're

918
00:52:25,440 --> 00:52:27,800
Speaker 3: going to just decentralize the whole thing, and how about

919
00:52:27,840 --> 00:52:30,719
Speaker 3: every country come up with what their country can do

920
00:52:30,840 --> 00:52:35,960
Speaker 3: on their own to fight to fight global warming, and

921
00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:38,000
Speaker 3: then we'll bring them all together and everybody will take

922
00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:40,279
Speaker 3: a pledge and we'll go do it. And it was

923
00:52:40,560 --> 00:52:44,080
Speaker 3: hugely successful, like out of one hundred and ninety five countries,

924
00:52:44,520 --> 00:52:47,239
Speaker 3: one hundred and sixty eight have ratified it. And the

925
00:52:47,360 --> 00:52:51,400
Speaker 3: US had had a pretty good plan as well. I

926
00:52:51,400 --> 00:52:55,600
Speaker 3: think we were going to we were going to pledge

927
00:52:55,640 --> 00:52:59,560
Speaker 3: that we would reduce our climate emissions something like twenty

928
00:52:59,560 --> 00:53:03,279
Speaker 3: six twenty eight percent by twenty twenty five, which would

929
00:53:03,320 --> 00:53:08,719
Speaker 3: be a huge significant contribution to fighting global warming. But

930
00:53:08,920 --> 00:53:11,400
Speaker 3: we got pulled out of that one, I think in

931
00:53:11,920 --> 00:53:13,080
Speaker 3: twenty seventeen.

932
00:53:13,480 --> 00:53:14,080
Speaker 1: It's correct.

933
00:53:14,760 --> 00:53:17,160
Speaker 3: So now the rest of the world seems to be

934
00:53:17,160 --> 00:53:21,480
Speaker 3: carrying on without us, fighting climate change through their own

935
00:53:21,480 --> 00:53:24,799
Speaker 3: decentralized plans. But that's where the United States stands right now.

936
00:53:24,840 --> 00:53:28,520
Speaker 3: We have said we're not going to be taking part

937
00:53:28,640 --> 00:53:29,360
Speaker 3: in that.

938
00:53:29,360 --> 00:53:31,920
Speaker 1: That's right, But that's not to say that the citizens

939
00:53:31,920 --> 00:53:34,319
Speaker 1: of the United States can't do everything they can on

940
00:53:34,360 --> 00:53:36,880
Speaker 1: their own in their own lives by doing some of

941
00:53:36,920 --> 00:53:41,280
Speaker 1: the following things. First and foremost, decreasing your carbon footprint.

942
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:44,359
Speaker 1: And I'm going to put out a call for us

943
00:53:44,480 --> 00:53:47,040
Speaker 1: right now to go ahead and do one soonish on

944
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:52,520
Speaker 1: carbon offsets, because we're a few years into a few

945
00:53:52,560 --> 00:53:54,880
Speaker 1: years down the road from when carbon offsets first became

946
00:53:54,880 --> 00:53:58,760
Speaker 1: a thing and it's much more understood now.

947
00:53:59,080 --> 00:54:01,239
Speaker 3: Didn't we do one on the I don't think so

948
00:54:01,520 --> 00:54:04,480
Speaker 3: we've done them on some week Oh I know what

949
00:54:04,520 --> 00:54:06,759
Speaker 3: it was. We talked about that kind of cap and

950
00:54:06,800 --> 00:54:10,320
Speaker 3: trade scheme in the Acid Rain, right, Yeah.

951
00:54:10,239 --> 00:54:11,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, we should do on a carbon offsets, so because

952
00:54:11,920 --> 00:54:14,920
Speaker 1: they're much better understood now and then you it's pretty

953
00:54:14,920 --> 00:54:17,200
Speaker 1: clear now like the best ways to go about doing

954
00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:17,879
Speaker 1: something like that.

955
00:54:18,280 --> 00:54:18,560
Speaker 3: Cool.

956
00:54:18,640 --> 00:54:20,080
Speaker 1: So we're not going to cover it too much here,

957
00:54:20,120 --> 00:54:24,719
Speaker 1: but you can buy carbon offsets look for future podcasts.

958
00:54:25,600 --> 00:54:29,120
Speaker 1: But reducing your carbon footprint is the biggest thing. I mean,

959
00:54:29,160 --> 00:54:32,560
Speaker 1: it's really simple. The stuff that generates the greenhouse gases,

960
00:54:32,600 --> 00:54:35,239
Speaker 1: if we create less of it, that's a good thing.

961
00:54:35,760 --> 00:54:38,200
Speaker 1: So you doing that on a local level can make

962
00:54:38,239 --> 00:54:40,120
Speaker 1: a big impact of a lot of people are doing that.

963
00:54:40,920 --> 00:54:43,640
Speaker 1: Using less energy obviously is just a sort of a

964
00:54:43,680 --> 00:54:47,440
Speaker 1: no brainer. And this is just period in life, like

965
00:54:47,560 --> 00:54:51,759
Speaker 1: just being less wasteful Yeah, whether it's water or your

966
00:54:52,440 --> 00:54:55,520
Speaker 1: lights that you're turning on, or riding your bike instead

967
00:54:55,560 --> 00:54:58,520
Speaker 1: of driving your car, like, all of that makes a

968
00:54:58,520 --> 00:54:59,160
Speaker 1: big difference.

969
00:54:59,760 --> 00:55:03,920
Speaker 3: But and with electricity in particular, one thing we always mentioned,

970
00:55:04,040 --> 00:55:07,480
Speaker 3: always mentioned is that even though it seems like your

971
00:55:07,560 --> 00:55:10,799
Speaker 3: light bulb is fine, it's getting its power most likely

972
00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:11,960
Speaker 3: from burning coal.

973
00:55:12,960 --> 00:55:16,439
Speaker 1: So is that electric car that you bought that's plug

974
00:55:16,520 --> 00:55:19,479
Speaker 1: in for sure? Yeah, And your electric car is only

975
00:55:19,480 --> 00:55:22,680
Speaker 1: as good as the energy that it's where it gets

976
00:55:22,680 --> 00:55:26,879
Speaker 1: its energy from. Yeah, and we can that's a whole

977
00:55:26,960 --> 00:55:30,359
Speaker 1: rabbit hole into itself hybrids and electric cars and how

978
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:35,240
Speaker 1: green they are. But the research I did today roundly

979
00:55:35,280 --> 00:55:38,400
Speaker 1: says that in the end, a hybrid and an electric

980
00:55:38,440 --> 00:55:42,120
Speaker 1: car is has a much smaller carbon footprint than a

981
00:55:42,160 --> 00:55:45,279
Speaker 1: combustion engine. Sure, and I know about the batteries, and

982
00:55:45,320 --> 00:55:48,400
Speaker 1: I know where they get the stuff. And this is

983
00:55:48,440 --> 00:55:51,520
Speaker 1: considering all the costs that go into making these cars

984
00:55:51,560 --> 00:55:53,759
Speaker 1: and what happens these cars over the years. There are

985
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:55,480
Speaker 1: a lot of smart people that put this all together,

986
00:55:56,200 --> 00:55:59,200
Speaker 1: and it's still a better option than you know, a

987
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:02,600
Speaker 1: combustion gas engine. Right, But that's you know, I'm not

988
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:03,840
Speaker 1: here to say go out and get a hybrid or

989
00:56:03,840 --> 00:56:04,880
Speaker 1: an electric car that's up to you.

990
00:56:06,160 --> 00:56:09,040
Speaker 3: Well, that kind of raises one of the issues too,

991
00:56:09,160 --> 00:56:12,480
Speaker 3: is like it can be expensive to be eco friendly,

992
00:56:12,520 --> 00:56:13,640
Speaker 3: you know, which really sucks.

993
00:56:14,040 --> 00:56:15,600
Speaker 1: But you can also save money though.

994
00:56:16,160 --> 00:56:19,040
Speaker 3: Yeah, in the end, it's just the upfront costs or

995
00:56:19,080 --> 00:56:22,080
Speaker 3: sometimes you know, greater which is the problem for you know,

996
00:56:22,440 --> 00:56:25,160
Speaker 3: for people who can't afford like a more expensive car.

997
00:56:25,480 --> 00:56:27,759
Speaker 3: Is the same thing with like food, you know, like

998
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:30,600
Speaker 3: the better your food, the more expensive it is, which

999
00:56:30,719 --> 00:56:31,359
Speaker 3: sucks too.

1000
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:34,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, but you can use less energy in your home

1001
00:56:34,200 --> 00:56:36,239
Speaker 1: and pay less of an energy bill.

1002
00:56:36,480 --> 00:56:38,239
Speaker 3: Yeah, no, No, there's plenty of things of other things

1003
00:56:38,239 --> 00:56:40,400
Speaker 3: you can do, Like it doesn't cost anything to recycle,

1004
00:56:40,520 --> 00:56:40,799
Speaker 3: you know.

1005
00:56:41,640 --> 00:56:45,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And all this stuff like recycling, you think, well,

1006
00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:47,880
Speaker 1: I mean, I know that's good because there's no trash,

1007
00:56:47,880 --> 00:56:50,520
Speaker 1: but no trash means it's not going to that landfill

1008
00:56:50,560 --> 00:56:54,120
Speaker 1: and that means it's not releasing bad gases into the atmosphere.

1009
00:56:54,160 --> 00:56:57,560
Speaker 1: So yep, this all affects your carbon footprint. Recycling to

1010
00:56:57,920 --> 00:57:00,719
Speaker 1: how long you take a shower because you're using hot

1011
00:57:00,760 --> 00:57:03,160
Speaker 1: water and that water has to be heated somehow, yep.

1012
00:57:03,480 --> 00:57:05,520
Speaker 3: And I mean if this has become like an issue

1013
00:57:05,520 --> 00:57:07,239
Speaker 3: for you. Then then make it one of the things

1014
00:57:07,280 --> 00:57:09,640
Speaker 3: you vote on too, Like vote for people who care

1015
00:57:09,719 --> 00:57:14,920
Speaker 3: about this, and we'll make sure that that regulations are

1016
00:57:14,960 --> 00:57:19,200
Speaker 3: put into place that fight climate change. Yeah, it's a

1017
00:57:19,240 --> 00:57:19,720
Speaker 3: big one.

1018
00:57:20,160 --> 00:57:22,400
Speaker 1: There are politicians out there that care very much about this.

1019
00:57:23,040 --> 00:57:25,840
Speaker 3: Yeah. I remember after we pulled out of the Paris Accord,

1020
00:57:26,040 --> 00:57:28,840
Speaker 3: like a few cities said we're still doing this. We're

1021
00:57:28,880 --> 00:57:30,280
Speaker 3: going to stick to it regardless.

1022
00:57:30,440 --> 00:57:30,920
Speaker 1: Yeah.

1023
00:57:31,480 --> 00:57:33,320
Speaker 3: Yeah, you can do it. Your city can do it,

1024
00:57:33,360 --> 00:57:35,439
Speaker 3: other people can do it. The rest of the world

1025
00:57:35,560 --> 00:57:41,880
Speaker 3: doing it except for Nicaragua and Syria, I remember correctly,

1026
00:57:41,920 --> 00:57:45,720
Speaker 3: you remember, Yeah, if you want to know more about

1027
00:57:46,320 --> 00:57:50,320
Speaker 3: global warming, just step outside. And since I said that,

1028
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:53,760
Speaker 3: it's time for listener mate.

1029
00:57:54,080 --> 00:57:56,600
Speaker 1: I'm going to call this so smart. I don't get it.

1030
00:57:57,120 --> 00:57:59,560
Speaker 1: But remember during the Buildering podcast we read a listener

1031
00:57:59,560 --> 00:58:03,000
Speaker 1: mail about We asked why you get sleepy when you

1032
00:58:03,040 --> 00:58:06,720
Speaker 1: read Yes, Well, we hit a chiropractor right in and

1033
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:10,200
Speaker 1: he says he has the answer. And I don't know

1034
00:58:10,240 --> 00:58:12,760
Speaker 1: if this is right or not, but it certainly sounds

1035
00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:16,040
Speaker 1: good to me. So he's a chiropractor, and he studied

1036
00:58:16,600 --> 00:58:20,280
Speaker 1: functional neurology in school, and he said. The answer is

1037
00:58:20,280 --> 00:58:22,760
Speaker 1: that when you're reading, your eyes move laterally as they

1038
00:58:22,800 --> 00:58:26,280
Speaker 1: scan the page. This involves the lateral rectus muscle of

1039
00:58:26,320 --> 00:58:30,000
Speaker 1: the eye, which is innervated by the six cranial nerve

1040
00:58:30,840 --> 00:58:36,640
Speaker 1: the abductionins Hey, So the abduction's originates in the ponds

1041
00:58:37,120 --> 00:58:39,560
Speaker 1: and the brainstem. And what happens is that as you

1042
00:58:39,640 --> 00:58:43,600
Speaker 1: activate this nerve through reading, you also activate the ponto

1043
00:58:44,320 --> 00:58:49,680
Speaker 1: medullary reticular formation or PMRF. One job of the PRF

1044
00:58:50,040 --> 00:58:54,040
Speaker 1: is to dampen the sympathetic response of the intero medio

1045
00:58:54,320 --> 00:58:58,760
Speaker 1: lateral cell column in the spinal chord, which activates the

1046
00:58:58,760 --> 00:59:03,720
Speaker 1: sympathetic nervous system. In short reading, dampens the sympathetic response

1047
00:59:03,840 --> 00:59:07,560
Speaker 1: and relaxes you. Nice, I think that's the takeaway. I

1048
00:59:07,560 --> 00:59:09,920
Speaker 1: hope you find this interesting. I love your podcast. Use

1049
00:59:09,960 --> 00:59:12,680
Speaker 1: a lot of your knowledge to you teach for Trivia

1050
00:59:12,720 --> 00:59:15,560
Speaker 1: Tuesday that my coworkers and I play at my clinic.

1051
00:59:16,200 --> 00:59:20,760
Speaker 1: And that is from doctor Michael Hilton in good old Washington, DC.

1052
00:59:21,240 --> 00:59:22,760
Speaker 1: Nice or the district.

1053
00:59:23,280 --> 00:59:28,520
Speaker 3: Thanks doctor Michael, the chiropractor from DC.

1054
00:59:29,040 --> 00:59:29,440
Speaker 1: That's right.

1055
00:59:30,320 --> 00:59:32,040
Speaker 3: If you want to get in touch with us, like

1056
00:59:32,120 --> 00:59:35,640
Speaker 3: doctor Michael did, you can tweet to us at Josh

1057
00:59:35,840 --> 00:59:39,880
Speaker 3: M Clark or s YSK podcast. Both me and Chucker

1058
00:59:39,960 --> 00:59:42,920
Speaker 3: on Facebook, and you can go to our official page

1059
00:59:42,920 --> 00:59:45,680
Speaker 3: at Facebook dot com slash stuff you Should Know. You

1060
00:59:45,960 --> 00:59:48,120
Speaker 3: can send us an email of the Stuff podcast at

1061
00:59:48,120 --> 00:59:50,680
Speaker 3: house stuffworks dot com and as always, joined us at

1062
00:59:50,720 --> 00:59:58,640
Speaker 3: our home on the web, Stuff you Should Know dot com.

1063
00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:01,320
Speaker 2: For more on this and thats of other topics, visit

1064
01:00:01,400 --> 01:00:02,480
Speaker 2: HowStuffWorks dot com.

1065
01:00:08,920 --> 01:00:10,520
Speaker 3: M h m hmm