1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,800 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:17,799 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Today we 4 00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:21,480 Speaker 1: are gonna travel back quite a ways to the hundreds 5 00:00:21,720 --> 00:00:24,079 Speaker 1: because you don't alwa's get enough time to kind of 6 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 1: dig into that older history. It takes a little bit 7 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:28,840 Speaker 1: of work because the records are not as clear as 8 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:31,960 Speaker 1: some of the more modern stuff. So, but it's time. 9 00:00:32,159 --> 00:00:33,920 Speaker 1: So we're going to talk about one of the battles 10 00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:37,040 Speaker 1: of the Hundred Years War, which is the Battle of Poitier. Uh. 11 00:00:37,159 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: This happened on September nineteenth, thirteen fifty six, and it 12 00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:42,040 Speaker 1: was one of the decisive battles of the Hundred Years War, 13 00:00:42,080 --> 00:00:44,560 Speaker 1: and it took place in France. It was the first 14 00:00:44,720 --> 00:00:47,760 Speaker 1: major battle after almost a decade of relative quiet, and 15 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:49,720 Speaker 1: we'll talk about why there was a decade of quiet. 16 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,479 Speaker 1: And it actually pitted a small English army against a 17 00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:56,960 Speaker 1: French military that was three times its size. Uh. And 18 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:01,680 Speaker 1: it features some interesting approaches to combat and some kind 19 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:05,319 Speaker 1: of widely moves on the part of the English, and UH, 20 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: you'll see how it plays out. So, just to start off, 21 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:10,600 Speaker 1: we're gonna do a quick and dirty intro on the 22 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 1: hundred years four in case anyone needs a quick catch up. 23 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:16,240 Speaker 1: So when the last direct line Compecian king of France, 24 00:01:16,240 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: who was Charles the Fourth, died in Edward the third 25 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:22,280 Speaker 1: of England made a move for the throne of France 26 00:01:22,319 --> 00:01:24,959 Speaker 1: because of his lineage as the grandson of Philip the 27 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:27,520 Speaker 1: fourth of France, who had ruled a bit before Charles 28 00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:30,880 Speaker 1: the Fourth. Philip the fourth daughter Isabella, was Edward the 29 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:35,039 Speaker 1: Third's mother, but instead of taking Edward the third as 30 00:01:35,080 --> 00:01:38,800 Speaker 1: their regent, Philip of Valois, who was the nephew of 31 00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:43,520 Speaker 1: Philip the fourth, was given rule of France. Nine years later, 32 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:47,080 Speaker 1: in thirteen thirty seven, King Philip the sixth of France 33 00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:50,800 Speaker 1: confiscated Edward the Third's duchy of Aquitaine. This is a 34 00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:55,000 Speaker 1: fifetom which sat on what's now French soil. In response, 35 00:01:55,360 --> 00:01:58,360 Speaker 1: Edward the third once again challenged Philip the sixth right 36 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:02,120 Speaker 1: to the throne, so Edward had closer blood ties to 37 00:02:02,160 --> 00:02:05,440 Speaker 1: fill up the fourth as grandson than Philip the sixth 38 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:08,560 Speaker 1: did as a nephew, but because of the fact that 39 00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:12,440 Speaker 1: Edward's bloodline passed through his mother rather than a male relative, 40 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:18,000 Speaker 1: and this was an issue of great contention. Yeah, the 41 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:21,440 Speaker 1: the women being able to carry the royal line was 42 00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:23,720 Speaker 1: a big problem and had some echoes later on. There's 43 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:26,720 Speaker 1: a reason there were no female rulers of France after 44 00:02:26,760 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 1: this whole thing got resolved, And that's part of it. 45 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:32,760 Speaker 1: And this challenge of the king's validity as a ruler 46 00:02:32,880 --> 00:02:35,399 Speaker 1: is often pointed to you as the event that ignited 47 00:02:35,440 --> 00:02:38,080 Speaker 1: the Hundred Years War, but we should also mention that 48 00:02:38,120 --> 00:02:41,040 Speaker 1: there was already a very long history of tensions between 49 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:44,200 Speaker 1: France and England which had really led up to it. 50 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:47,040 Speaker 1: There were a lot of factors going in and even 51 00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,840 Speaker 1: though this is the one event that people point to, 52 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:52,919 Speaker 1: there were many sort of smaller catalysts in play already 53 00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:55,040 Speaker 1: as well. Yeah. I feel like there should be one 54 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:58,440 Speaker 1: of those single use websites where you just like, was 55 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:00,959 Speaker 1: England at war with France and you just type in 56 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,080 Speaker 1: a year and it says yes or no, and a 57 00:03:04,120 --> 00:03:06,720 Speaker 1: lot of the time it will be yes. Yes. The 58 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 1: Hundred Years War actually went on for more than a 59 00:03:09,280 --> 00:03:12,120 Speaker 1: hundred years. It ran from thirteen thirty seven to fourteen 60 00:03:12,200 --> 00:03:15,880 Speaker 1: fifty three. So in terms of the larger ongoing war, 61 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:18,800 Speaker 1: the particular event that we're talking about today happened at 62 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:22,720 Speaker 1: the end of the second decade. For his part, Edward 63 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:25,080 Speaker 1: the Third was a really skillful strategist that he was 64 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:27,359 Speaker 1: able to use his claim to the throne to win 65 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:31,200 Speaker 1: over French royalty and nobles who weren't entirely on board 66 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:35,480 Speaker 1: with Philip the sixth, and in particular the Flemings, the Monforts, 67 00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:38,240 Speaker 1: and the and Charles of Navarre were all sided with 68 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:42,040 Speaker 1: Edward the Third. Yeah, Edward was able to use these 69 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:45,800 Speaker 1: alliances with discontented French royals to really break up King 70 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:49,560 Speaker 1: Philip's power, and he made it extremely difficult for the 71 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:53,520 Speaker 1: French regent to govern huge portions of France. And this 72 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:56,760 Speaker 1: also served Edward and that it fueled in fighting among 73 00:03:56,760 --> 00:03:59,520 Speaker 1: the French royalty and no nobility because they were all 74 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:02,720 Speaker 1: arguing over whether this person or that should be sided 75 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:04,960 Speaker 1: with England or whether they should be loyal to France, 76 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:08,280 Speaker 1: and this overall weakened the country's ability to stand against 77 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:11,280 Speaker 1: England as a united front. One of Edward the Third's 78 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:16,440 Speaker 1: other tactics involved the mounting of Chavochet expeditions Chevachet is 79 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:20,839 Speaker 1: French per Promenade, and that these military moves involved going 80 00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:24,080 Speaker 1: through an area and burning and pillaging territory that belonged 81 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: to the enemy. This broke down the economy and morale 82 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:30,840 Speaker 1: of a region, rather than engaging in a direct military action, 83 00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:33,919 Speaker 1: so the intent, generally speaking, was either to force the 84 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:37,200 Speaker 1: hand of the enemy and make them fight, or to 85 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:40,400 Speaker 1: discredit their power and interest in the common good because 86 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:44,159 Speaker 1: they weren't moving to defend the lower class subjects. And 87 00:04:44,240 --> 00:04:46,880 Speaker 1: ten years prior to the events we're talking about today 88 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,400 Speaker 1: that happened in thirteen fifty six, uh Kressy Prince had 89 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:53,480 Speaker 1: been soundly defeated by the English, who had had a 90 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:57,000 Speaker 1: much smaller army, and as a consequence, the French position 91 00:04:57,120 --> 00:04:59,640 Speaker 1: kind of from the Battle of crescy On had really 92 00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:02,599 Speaker 1: been actually one of defense. In the time between the 93 00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:05,120 Speaker 1: two battles, there had been not a whole lot of 94 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:08,960 Speaker 1: confrontation between the two countries because a much more pressing 95 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: issue took precedent, and that was the Black Death. So 96 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:15,800 Speaker 1: from thirteen forty eight to thirteen fifty six, most of 97 00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:19,920 Speaker 1: the skirmishes and the disagreements between England and France were 98 00:05:19,960 --> 00:05:22,520 Speaker 1: kind of just skipped over, pushed aside as Europe dealt 99 00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:25,400 Speaker 1: with the loss of at least one third of its population, 100 00:05:25,920 --> 00:05:28,440 Speaker 1: and some estimates, depending on what you look at, will 101 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:31,560 Speaker 1: actually put the death toll closer to sixty of the population, 102 00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:35,960 Speaker 1: but one third is generally accepted as a pretty solid guess, 103 00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:38,600 Speaker 1: and it could have been more. Uh. But even after 104 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:41,720 Speaker 1: the first worst wave of the plague had passed, there 105 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:44,600 Speaker 1: were these waves of smaller outbreaks to contend with, so 106 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:47,800 Speaker 1: people were still dying, but in smaller numbers. But sometimes 107 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:52,440 Speaker 1: those waves took the populations by surprise, so it's easy 108 00:05:52,480 --> 00:05:54,720 Speaker 1: to understand why fighting kind of took a back seat. 109 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:56,240 Speaker 1: They were just like, we don't really have time to 110 00:05:56,240 --> 00:05:58,360 Speaker 1: work on this right now. We're kind of busy all 111 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:01,839 Speaker 1: trying to survive and not catch the plague. So before 112 00:06:01,839 --> 00:06:04,520 Speaker 1: we go back to sort of how this conflict gets restarted, 113 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:06,080 Speaker 1: do you want to take a moment for a word 114 00:06:06,080 --> 00:06:09,159 Speaker 1: from a sponsor. Let's do that. So to get back 115 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:12,479 Speaker 1: to the story, Once the Black Death was fading into history, 116 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,480 Speaker 1: Edward the third son, who was the Prince of Wales 117 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:18,960 Speaker 1: Edward of Woodstock, was ready to mount a new effort 118 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:22,159 Speaker 1: against the French. The Prince of Wales, who was nicknamed 119 00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:25,720 Speaker 1: the Black Prince in the historic record probably was not 120 00:06:25,839 --> 00:06:29,160 Speaker 1: ever called that during his lifetime. He made a name 121 00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:33,040 Speaker 1: for himself at the Battle of Crescy in thirty six, 122 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:36,880 Speaker 1: under orders from his father, he started once again burning 123 00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:40,479 Speaker 1: and pillaging all through France. Yeah, and this was really 124 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:43,920 Speaker 1: immensely successful. The Black Prince was really good at this, 125 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:45,960 Speaker 1: and he was able to loot so much in these 126 00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:48,840 Speaker 1: raids in these Chevochet that his baggage train was often 127 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:52,960 Speaker 1: overloaded with plundered treasures. On August four, the arraid was 128 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:55,960 Speaker 1: mounted against the city of Bourgs, and while the usual 129 00:06:56,040 --> 00:06:59,880 Speaker 1: burning and pillaging were still used, this mission also incorporated 130 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:03,679 Speaker 1: military force spreading the attack between boors in the city 131 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:07,640 Speaker 1: of Oddly. It's estimated that somewhere between six thousand and 132 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:12,080 Speaker 1: seven thousand men were part of the younger Edwards attack. Yes, 133 00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 1: so he had gone into France with that number of men, 134 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:17,680 Speaker 1: and that that becomes important later on when you compare 135 00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:19,520 Speaker 1: it to the numbers of men that the French had 136 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,880 Speaker 1: at their disposal. Oddly was taken by the English Prince 137 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:25,800 Speaker 1: in this effort, although Bourgs was not, and in the 138 00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:28,920 Speaker 1: course of the raid, Prince Edwards forces also defeated several 139 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:32,240 Speaker 1: small bands of French Knights uh and they also captured 140 00:07:32,240 --> 00:07:36,640 Speaker 1: the French town of Ramarantin. By the time Ramarinen was taken, 141 00:07:36,840 --> 00:07:39,840 Speaker 1: the French monarch had mounted an army against the English, 142 00:07:39,880 --> 00:07:41,800 Speaker 1: and at this point the French were under the rule 143 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:46,400 Speaker 1: of Philip the sixth, successor Jean the Second, also known 144 00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:50,280 Speaker 1: as John the Good or Jean le Bon. Jean's forces 145 00:07:50,320 --> 00:07:52,520 Speaker 1: were in pursuit of Edward and his men, with the 146 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:55,400 Speaker 1: intent to intercept them before they could get back to 147 00:07:55,440 --> 00:07:59,960 Speaker 1: their base in Bordeaux. Learning that edwards forces were quite nearby, 148 00:08:00,200 --> 00:08:03,760 Speaker 1: King Jean released an estimated fifteen thousand and twenty thousand 149 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:07,240 Speaker 1: of his lesser men. He dismissed them in an effort 150 00:08:07,280 --> 00:08:09,160 Speaker 1: to keep his army nimble. He wanted them to be 151 00:08:09,200 --> 00:08:11,640 Speaker 1: able to move quickly to cover what the English were doing, 152 00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:14,680 Speaker 1: so he could already let go of fifteen thousand and 153 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:17,480 Speaker 1: twenty thousand men, So that gives you some sense of 154 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:19,880 Speaker 1: sort of the numbers and people he had at his 155 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: at his Beckend call for military action. When he found 156 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:26,280 Speaker 1: out about the French military's approach, Edward made his way 157 00:08:26,320 --> 00:08:29,120 Speaker 1: along the Loire River toward the west, and he eventually 158 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:31,360 Speaker 1: landed at the city of Tour where he tried to 159 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:34,600 Speaker 1: take the city's castle. That move did not work out 160 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 1: so well. The castle was a little too well fortified. 161 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:40,000 Speaker 1: And that was really the strength of a lot of 162 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:42,920 Speaker 1: French towns was that their their castles were fairly well 163 00:08:42,960 --> 00:08:45,640 Speaker 1: built and they were difficult to take uh. And the 164 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:48,320 Speaker 1: efforts of Edward's men were pretty much for not. And 165 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:51,920 Speaker 1: once they became aware it was just apparent they were 166 00:08:51,960 --> 00:08:55,040 Speaker 1: not gonna have a successful siege and tour. They were 167 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:57,400 Speaker 1: not gonna be able to take over the town. Edward 168 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:01,040 Speaker 1: commanded his troops instead to burn the surrounding area in 169 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:06,319 Speaker 1: the standard chevochet style. Once the chevachet at tour was complete, 170 00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:09,920 Speaker 1: the English forces headed to Bordeaux. They were pursued by 171 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:11,800 Speaker 1: the French and this whole cat and mouse game that 172 00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:15,160 Speaker 1: would go on for nearly two weeks before finally culminating 173 00:09:15,200 --> 00:09:19,360 Speaker 1: in a decisive action. Yeah, the they were sort of 174 00:09:19,440 --> 00:09:22,080 Speaker 1: chasing each other around and sometimes one would try to surge. 175 00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:24,600 Speaker 1: One part of an army would try to surge forward 176 00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:27,800 Speaker 1: around the other, and you're kind of just chasing each 177 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:31,720 Speaker 1: other through the countryside at this point. But on Sunday, 178 00:09:31,760 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 1: September Uh, the English forces had passed through Poitier, and 179 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:39,240 Speaker 1: they had settled several miles south of the city. And 180 00:09:39,280 --> 00:09:42,240 Speaker 1: throughout the day there were these efforts made to strike 181 00:09:42,280 --> 00:09:45,560 Speaker 1: a treaty between England and France. There were papal envoys 182 00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:48,439 Speaker 1: basically running back and forth between the two sides that 183 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,319 Speaker 1: were attempting to find a peaceful resolution to the conflict 184 00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:55,360 Speaker 1: and avoid a battle happening. The Black Princess said to 185 00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:58,880 Speaker 1: have eventually offered to return all of the pillaged goods 186 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: in return for a seve a year truce. At this point, 187 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:04,640 Speaker 1: his men were really weakened by weeks and weeks of travel, 188 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:08,360 Speaker 1: and they were running short on provisions. King John the 189 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:10,600 Speaker 1: Second was having none of it. He rejected the offer. 190 00:10:10,760 --> 00:10:14,760 Speaker 1: His army was significantly larger than Edwards, as we said earlier, 191 00:10:14,840 --> 00:10:18,000 Speaker 1: so exact numbers were unknown. But it's one of those 192 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:22,440 Speaker 1: things where because we're looking so far back to the hundreds, 193 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: an exact count is difficult to get. You'll see estimates 194 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:29,560 Speaker 1: that put it anywhere between fifteen thousand and sixty thousand men, 195 00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:34,079 Speaker 1: but according to most currently used estimates and most modern historians, 196 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:36,400 Speaker 1: it's likely that it was somewhere between fifteen thousand and 197 00:10:36,440 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: twenty thousand, but in any case, his troops far outnumbered 198 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:43,280 Speaker 1: those of his English rival, which at their greatest estimate 199 00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:47,240 Speaker 1: were around seven thousand men. His counter offer, which he 200 00:10:47,280 --> 00:10:51,120 Speaker 1: almost certainly made, expecting it to be rejected, was that 201 00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:54,800 Speaker 1: the Black Prints and his finest one Nights would surrender themselves. 202 00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:58,960 Speaker 1: So naturally this did not fly, and so with no 203 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:01,560 Speaker 1: success that in a ord the next step would be battle. 204 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:04,280 Speaker 1: And I feel like I should give a bit of 205 00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:07,240 Speaker 1: a caveat as we discussed the arrangement of the battle, 206 00:11:07,559 --> 00:11:10,200 Speaker 1: because there is some disagreement on the exact layout of 207 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:14,199 Speaker 1: how the troops were positioned and where they were positioned. Uh, 208 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:18,120 Speaker 1: it seems like about between two of the most popular ones, 209 00:11:18,160 --> 00:11:20,240 Speaker 1: so I kind of went with one. So if you 210 00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:23,600 Speaker 1: do additional research on this and you find descriptions of 211 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:27,760 Speaker 1: the battle with slightly different placement details, that's why we're 212 00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:31,760 Speaker 1: going off, you know, elderly history recounted orally, and some 213 00:11:31,880 --> 00:11:34,160 Speaker 1: of it, some of the details just don't quite match up, 214 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:36,800 Speaker 1: but they're pretty close. None of them really contradict each 215 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,160 Speaker 1: other so much as they just aren't quite the same. 216 00:11:39,880 --> 00:11:42,439 Speaker 1: So Prince Edward at this point was working with the 217 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:45,400 Speaker 1: knowledge that the woods in the area were almost impenetrable, 218 00:11:45,840 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: and so he kind of used that as he said 219 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:50,880 Speaker 1: about strategizing the placement of his men. And at this 220 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:53,240 Speaker 1: point there was some degree to which he was trapped 221 00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:56,439 Speaker 1: kind of up against some of these very dense woods, 222 00:11:56,440 --> 00:12:01,040 Speaker 1: so he was working from a defensive position. The English 223 00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:03,719 Speaker 1: troops at this pointer said to have been so desperate 224 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:06,840 Speaker 1: for provisions that they actually gave their horses wine to 225 00:12:06,920 --> 00:12:11,000 Speaker 1: drink because they were out of water. Yeah, I guess, uh, 226 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:14,640 Speaker 1: drunk horses will do a better job than dead horses, 227 00:12:14,720 --> 00:12:17,360 Speaker 1: so they were they were kind of uh coming up 228 00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:20,840 Speaker 1: with desperate solutions for their their lack of provisions. And 229 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:23,360 Speaker 1: Prince Edward nestled his men into a position with the 230 00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:25,920 Speaker 1: woods of Saint Pierre to the left of them, in 231 00:12:25,960 --> 00:12:28,400 Speaker 1: the woods of Noai to the rear of them. And 232 00:12:28,480 --> 00:12:30,800 Speaker 1: the dense thicket of this area meant that both the 233 00:12:30,880 --> 00:12:33,160 Speaker 1: left flank and the rear could not be ambushed by 234 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:36,280 Speaker 1: any sort of sneak attack. And he also used an 235 00:12:36,280 --> 00:12:40,120 Speaker 1: existing hedgerow to protect his front line. Uh. And there 236 00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:41,760 Speaker 1: was a bit of a dip in front of it, 237 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:43,720 Speaker 1: almost like a ditch, so it would have been very 238 00:12:43,720 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: hard for the French to come up that that incline 239 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:48,720 Speaker 1: and through the hedgerow, and there was also a trench 240 00:12:48,760 --> 00:12:51,400 Speaker 1: along the right side of his troops that offered some protection. 241 00:12:52,760 --> 00:12:55,040 Speaker 1: Infantry men stood in the front line and they were 242 00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:57,880 Speaker 1: commanded by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of Warwick, 243 00:12:58,320 --> 00:13:02,400 Speaker 1: and Prince Edward commanded the cavalry and they rode in behind. 244 00:13:02,559 --> 00:13:04,760 Speaker 1: So then there was a group of archers armed with 245 00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:07,959 Speaker 1: longbows who stood to either side of the English troops. 246 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:10,960 Speaker 1: To get at the English army, the French military would 247 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:13,439 Speaker 1: have to scale the hedgerow and the ridge that it 248 00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:17,800 Speaker 1: stood on, and Jean the Second Army was organized a 249 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:20,680 Speaker 1: bit differently. It was organized into three waves. So the 250 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:24,280 Speaker 1: first group was led by the inexperienced Crown Prince Charles, 251 00:13:24,360 --> 00:13:27,520 Speaker 1: who was in That group was several thousand men strong, 252 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 1: and the division behind the Dauphinse was helmed by the 253 00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:34,520 Speaker 1: Duke of Orleans, and that consisted of about three thousand 254 00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:37,400 Speaker 1: to four thousand troops. And the last group led by 255 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:40,600 Speaker 1: King Jean. The Second was sizeable. It was somewhere between 256 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:43,280 Speaker 1: six thousand and seven thousand men, so it was close 257 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:46,880 Speaker 1: to the number of the entire English army and Jehan 258 00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:49,400 Speaker 1: the second and almost two dozen of his knights dressed 259 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:52,720 Speaker 1: identically for the battle so as to confuse English troops 260 00:13:52,760 --> 00:13:55,120 Speaker 1: that were, you know, their primary goal was in the 261 00:13:55,240 --> 00:13:58,679 Speaker 1: end going to be to capture the king. In addition 262 00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:02,040 Speaker 1: to these three groups of soldiers, two thousand crossbowmen from 263 00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:05,160 Speaker 1: Genoa fought for France. Their mission was to take out 264 00:14:05,160 --> 00:14:08,480 Speaker 1: the English archers so that the French could advance against 265 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:12,840 Speaker 1: the Black Prince's forces. And there's actually a little bit 266 00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:15,440 Speaker 1: of debate about the first move that happened in the 267 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:18,480 Speaker 1: early morning of September nineteenth, which kind of kicked off 268 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: the events of the battle. So the English troops led 269 00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:24,000 Speaker 1: by Warwick started to move to the south along an 270 00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: old Roman road, but whether this was part of a 271 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:29,600 Speaker 1: plan to begin the battle or attempt to retreat is 272 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:34,200 Speaker 1: actually a little bit unclear. And it's also a possibility 273 00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:37,560 Speaker 1: that because the wagon full of loot who was in 274 00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:39,520 Speaker 1: that group, that they may have been just trying to 275 00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:42,120 Speaker 1: protect the stuff that they had been pillaging all this time. 276 00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:45,600 Speaker 1: But it did catalyze action. The French advanced on the 277 00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:47,960 Speaker 1: Warwick's moving left flank, and they also went for the 278 00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:54,239 Speaker 1: right flank, and this left their Genoese crossbowmen unprotected English longbowmen. 279 00:14:54,440 --> 00:14:58,200 Speaker 1: Their archers immediately began firing, and they were shooting off 280 00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 1: as many as ten shots per minute per man By 281 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 1: some accounts, many of the mounted French troops were brought 282 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:07,280 Speaker 1: down with their horses. They had actually been warned by 283 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:10,080 Speaker 1: one of the the one of King John the Second 284 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:13,040 Speaker 1: War Council, that the horses were going to be a problem. 285 00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:15,960 Speaker 1: If if the archers of England could take down the horses, 286 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,880 Speaker 1: they were going to cause some panic and some mayhem 287 00:15:19,880 --> 00:15:23,640 Speaker 1: on the field. So those that survived this volley of 288 00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:26,160 Speaker 1: arrows struggled in an effort to move forward on this 289 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,440 Speaker 1: field that was now becoming cluttered with down horses, and 290 00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:31,960 Speaker 1: horsemen who had been thrown from their mounts or able 291 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:35,000 Speaker 1: to dismount when their horses were struck, were then at 292 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:39,040 Speaker 1: this disadvantage because they were on foot in heavy armor. Meanwhile, 293 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:42,440 Speaker 1: Warwick's division, that had been moving seemingly away from the battle, 294 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:45,040 Speaker 1: had stopped their movement and they turned to fight the 295 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:52,000 Speaker 1: oncoming attack, and this sort of confused and rapid initial 296 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:55,080 Speaker 1: volley between the two ended up with the first wave 297 00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:59,800 Speaker 1: of French troops being quickly defeated the Dauphin moved his 298 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,920 Speaker 1: and forward next, and he focused primarily on the English 299 00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:06,640 Speaker 1: right flank. This advance was made pretty clumsily because the 300 00:16:06,680 --> 00:16:09,040 Speaker 1: remaining men of the previous group, which had met with 301 00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:11,840 Speaker 1: such a huge failure. We're all trying to retreat across 302 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:15,920 Speaker 1: the same ground at the same time. Yeah, not really 303 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:18,160 Speaker 1: like moving like a Swiss clock. They were all kind 304 00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:22,240 Speaker 1: of causing each other to have some problems, uh, And 305 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,240 Speaker 1: the French seemed to continually be uh their own worst 306 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:29,560 Speaker 1: enemy to some degree. So the Dauphin's wave attempted to 307 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: breach the hedgerow and they ended up battling with the 308 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:34,720 Speaker 1: English for more than two hours straight, which, as you 309 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:38,440 Speaker 1: can imagine, was quite exhausting, and eventually the Dauphin ordered 310 00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,000 Speaker 1: a retreat. King John the Second sent his son, the Dauphin, 311 00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:45,160 Speaker 1: and some of his men away from the battlefield because 312 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 1: they were so exhausted. Because at this point this battle 313 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,320 Speaker 1: had been going on to four to five hours, depending 314 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:53,080 Speaker 1: on the account that you read. Some of the English 315 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 1: troops are said to have thought the battle was over 316 00:16:55,320 --> 00:16:58,360 Speaker 1: at this point. They couldn't actually see all the remaining 317 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,320 Speaker 1: French fighters because of where they were placed and so 318 00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:04,720 Speaker 1: they started to tend to the wounded and assess the situation. 319 00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:09,040 Speaker 1: So this was theoretically the perfect time for King John 320 00:17:09,119 --> 00:17:11,600 Speaker 1: the Second to take control of the battle. So the 321 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:15,080 Speaker 1: King's division started to move forward, but at the same time, 322 00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:18,280 Speaker 1: possibly because they were confused or panicked, the Duke of 323 00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:21,359 Speaker 1: Orleans took his troops over the field, following the front 324 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:23,679 Speaker 1: the Prince, who had already you know, been on his 325 00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:28,200 Speaker 1: way away. This disrupted King John's move forward because he 326 00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:31,360 Speaker 1: was trying to move forward in the same place as 327 00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:35,040 Speaker 1: the men were running away in different directions. Yeah, it 328 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:37,199 Speaker 1: really was like sort of if it weren't such a 329 00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:39,640 Speaker 1: tragic thing to be involved in battle. In my head, 330 00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:42,480 Speaker 1: this is like a Benny Hill moment where every time 331 00:17:42,520 --> 00:17:45,280 Speaker 1: like one French group of French troops tries to move forward, 332 00:17:45,520 --> 00:17:47,480 Speaker 1: the ones that had come before them are running either 333 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:51,119 Speaker 1: at them or to the side and preventing their progression. 334 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:54,160 Speaker 1: So they kind of wasted this opportunity that they had 335 00:17:54,400 --> 00:18:00,240 Speaker 1: where um, the Black Prince, Prince Edward of England, you know, 336 00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: had his troops kind of they were breaking things down, 337 00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:05,679 Speaker 1: they were figuring out, you know, what their losses were, 338 00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:10,160 Speaker 1: but instead they did they lost that moment of advantage 339 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:12,320 Speaker 1: when the English troops were not ready because they were 340 00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:14,560 Speaker 1: all trying to cross the battlefield in different directions at 341 00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:17,959 Speaker 1: the same time. So as the King's large division finally 342 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:21,160 Speaker 1: made its way forward, the remaining English troops, now having 343 00:18:21,200 --> 00:18:23,480 Speaker 1: been obviously alerted to the fact that things were happening 344 00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:26,720 Speaker 1: still and the battle was going on, they consolidated all 345 00:18:26,760 --> 00:18:30,160 Speaker 1: their men except for one small group of somewhere between 346 00:18:30,160 --> 00:18:33,000 Speaker 1: a hundred and sixty and two hundred, and this little 347 00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:36,560 Speaker 1: cabal of English soldiers was able to quietly mount some horses, 348 00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,119 Speaker 1: some in state on foot, and they rode around the 349 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:41,639 Speaker 1: right flank of the English army under cover of this 350 00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:46,400 Speaker 1: very dense thicket, and they circled behind the French forces. 351 00:18:46,440 --> 00:18:50,240 Speaker 1: So as the French were finally able to engage Edwards troops, 352 00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:53,360 Speaker 1: the small group that had snuck around the battle attacked 353 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,040 Speaker 1: the French from the left flank and the rear. This 354 00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,600 Speaker 1: probably served the English more psychologically than in terms of 355 00:18:59,640 --> 00:19:03,320 Speaker 1: actual military force, because the French were completely thrown into chaos, 356 00:19:03,359 --> 00:19:07,200 Speaker 1: believing they were being attacked on three sides, even though 357 00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:09,640 Speaker 1: there was only a small number of English troops at 358 00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:13,320 Speaker 1: their rear and their left, and so in this sort 359 00:19:13,359 --> 00:19:15,960 Speaker 1: of moment of panic where they thought, possibly for a moment, 360 00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:18,679 Speaker 1: that they were either outnumbered or just outgunned, many of 361 00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:21,760 Speaker 1: the French fighters ran and those who stayed on in 362 00:19:21,840 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 1: battle kind of clustered in small groups to fight, but 363 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:29,840 Speaker 1: they were basically just defeated pretty handily by reinvigorated English troops. 364 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,919 Speaker 1: The disguise ruse of the king and his duplicately dressed 365 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:36,600 Speaker 1: knights also worked right up until the king was the 366 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:40,240 Speaker 1: only one of them left fighting. He eventually surrendered to 367 00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:43,960 Speaker 1: one of edwards knights. Yeah, it was actually a French 368 00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:48,240 Speaker 1: knight who was uh sided with Edwards. So I have 369 00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:49,879 Speaker 1: to wonder if that didn't sting a bit for the 370 00:19:49,880 --> 00:19:52,720 Speaker 1: French king to surrender to theoretically what should have been 371 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:55,359 Speaker 1: one of his own countrymen. Uh. And before we go 372 00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:58,320 Speaker 1: on to talk about sort of the fallout of this battle, uh, 373 00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:02,600 Speaker 1: let's do a quick word from our response. So once 374 00:20:03,359 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 1: things had settled down and the dust had cleared, at 375 00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:08,919 Speaker 1: the end of the day, roughly two thousand, five hundred 376 00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:11,440 Speaker 1: French troops had been killed at the Battle of Poitier, 377 00:20:11,640 --> 00:20:15,439 Speaker 1: and another two thousand men were captured Edwards forces on 378 00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:17,800 Speaker 1: the other hand, lost very few men. The sort of 379 00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:21,000 Speaker 1: biggest estimate is just a few hundred, so in comparison, 380 00:20:21,040 --> 00:20:23,880 Speaker 1: they really did very well, even though they were much smaller. 381 00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:27,720 Speaker 1: King John the second was held by England for four 382 00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:30,919 Speaker 1: years while his ransom was decided in the terms of 383 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:34,760 Speaker 1: a treaty were discussed. The number that was eventually decided 384 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:39,280 Speaker 1: on for the ransom was three million crowns. In addition 385 00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 1: to the ransom, Edward the third was given Aquitaine once again, 386 00:20:42,520 --> 00:20:45,600 Speaker 1: this time in a slightly larger version than the territory 387 00:20:45,840 --> 00:20:50,160 Speaker 1: France had actually confiscated and returned. Edward with would withdraw 388 00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:52,800 Speaker 1: his claim to the French crown. Yeah, that was all 389 00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:56,440 Speaker 1: laid out in the Treaty of brittany Um. And once 390 00:20:56,480 --> 00:21:00,800 Speaker 1: those terms were established, they let King John go and 391 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:04,119 Speaker 1: instead of him, his son Louis of age you served 392 00:21:04,119 --> 00:21:06,440 Speaker 1: as captive. And that was so that Jean the second 393 00:21:06,480 --> 00:21:08,520 Speaker 1: could return to France to raise the money that was 394 00:21:08,560 --> 00:21:12,320 Speaker 1: now owed to England. But France had broken down considerably 395 00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:16,160 Speaker 1: in terms of economic stability. The Black Death and then 396 00:21:16,160 --> 00:21:18,480 Speaker 1: the raids and the Battle of Poitier had taken a 397 00:21:18,480 --> 00:21:22,119 Speaker 1: really significant toll. It was more difficult than expected to 398 00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:24,760 Speaker 1: raise this ransom money in the six months that had 399 00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 1: been negotiated to do it, and so uh Louis. After that, 400 00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:31,480 Speaker 1: this is this one of the sons of King Jean 401 00:21:32,080 --> 00:21:34,239 Speaker 1: kind of grew tired of waiting on this payment. He 402 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:38,639 Speaker 1: was stuck in England as the the surrogate prisoner for 403 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:42,320 Speaker 1: his father, and after it just became apparent that this 404 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:45,159 Speaker 1: money was not coming in, he attempted to negotiate his 405 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:48,080 Speaker 1: own treaty in terms of release, but that didn't go 406 00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:52,320 Speaker 1: so well, so instead the dauphin Louis escaped in thirteen 407 00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:57,280 Speaker 1: sixty three. Mortified by his son's behavior, King Jehan the 408 00:21:57,320 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: second went back to England of his own accord, believing 409 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:03,880 Speaker 1: that he must uphold the values of civilry and honor. 410 00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:07,639 Speaker 1: So unfortunately, while he was warmly greeted in England, he 411 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:09,600 Speaker 1: got sick while he was there and he died in 412 00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:13,760 Speaker 1: thirteen sixty four. Yeah, apparently, King John the second was 413 00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:16,320 Speaker 1: a great guy and the English really liked having him around. 414 00:22:16,359 --> 00:22:19,360 Speaker 1: So when he came back, especially because he did come 415 00:22:19,359 --> 00:22:23,280 Speaker 1: back of his own volition to fulfill this agreement after 416 00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:26,560 Speaker 1: his son had escaped, he was like given a parade 417 00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:30,159 Speaker 1: and people cheered for him in the streets. Uh. And 418 00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:33,080 Speaker 1: what's really interesting is that the Battle of Poitier, along 419 00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:35,120 Speaker 1: with the Battle of Crescy and the Battle of Agincourts, 420 00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:38,119 Speaker 1: sort of stands as one of the three decisive events 421 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:40,680 Speaker 1: of the Hundred Years War, But a lot of times 422 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:43,200 Speaker 1: the Battle of Poitiers really gets a lot less attention 423 00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:45,800 Speaker 1: than the other two. One of the interesting things is 424 00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:49,399 Speaker 1: that the use of longbows during this time pretty significantly 425 00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:52,639 Speaker 1: changed warfare in Europe. Uh. And the Battle of Poitier 426 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: is often cited by historians as an example of the 427 00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:58,800 Speaker 1: English being more adaptive on the battlefield than the French. 428 00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:01,240 Speaker 1: Uh And in this sense, since that led to their success, 429 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:03,640 Speaker 1: it kind of shifted this idea of like we will 430 00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:05,199 Speaker 1: line up in the two rows and we will do 431 00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:08,159 Speaker 1: the old school battle, and it had a little bit 432 00:23:08,160 --> 00:23:10,119 Speaker 1: more to do with strategy and kind of thinking on 433 00:23:10,160 --> 00:23:14,360 Speaker 1: your feet. So it's interesting and cool as much as 434 00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:17,600 Speaker 1: war can be cool, it's a cool to see how 435 00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:20,560 Speaker 1: things shifted during that time. So that is the Battle 436 00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:24,720 Speaker 1: of Poitier. Uh. And now I have two pieces of 437 00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:28,960 Speaker 1: listener mail. This email is from our listener Mary Rose, 438 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:30,919 Speaker 1: and she says, hi, ladies, I've just finished listening to 439 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:33,800 Speaker 1: your Conto Earthquake podcast and I have a question. You 440 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:35,719 Speaker 1: mentioned that many of the buildings in the area were 441 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:38,080 Speaker 1: vulnerable to quake damage as they were made of wood, 442 00:23:38,359 --> 00:23:41,119 Speaker 1: where the buildings you're referring to rickety or poorly constructed. 443 00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:43,080 Speaker 1: The reason I ask is that I live in a 444 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:47,119 Speaker 1: very quake prone Wellington, New Zealand, and experienced teeth rattlingly 445 00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:49,959 Speaker 1: strong earthquakes all the time. I live in a wooden 446 00:23:49,960 --> 00:23:52,120 Speaker 1: house and feel safer when we have a quake because 447 00:23:52,119 --> 00:23:54,280 Speaker 1: wood is flexible and can move with the shake, rather 448 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:58,440 Speaker 1: than inflexible concrete or brick, which tends to crack and crumble. Uh. 449 00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:00,320 Speaker 1: Any who love the podcast thanks to the great work 450 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:03,320 Speaker 1: that you do. Um. Yeah, it wasn't just that it 451 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,480 Speaker 1: was an issue of it being particularly vulnerable to the quake, 452 00:24:06,560 --> 00:24:09,119 Speaker 1: but the fires that came after really consumed all of 453 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:12,120 Speaker 1: the wood buildings. So if I characterized that to be 454 00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:16,720 Speaker 1: exclusively that it was a quake issue, uh, my apologies 455 00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:18,960 Speaker 1: because that was not the intent. Japan at that point 456 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:20,840 Speaker 1: was having quakes all the time. It wasn't like they 457 00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:23,399 Speaker 1: weren't used to them. Many of those buildings have been 458 00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:25,200 Speaker 1: around for quite a while. It really in that case 459 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:28,480 Speaker 1: was the fire that just basically turned those to kindling 460 00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:31,480 Speaker 1: in seconds. So thank you for that question, Mary Rose, 461 00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:33,840 Speaker 1: and I love the term teeth rattling Lye Strong, I'm 462 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: gonna start using that one. And the next email comes 463 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:40,040 Speaker 1: from our listener Nicole. She says, Hello, Holly and Tracy. 464 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:42,840 Speaker 1: I'm a textile conservator that works at the museum at 465 00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:45,439 Speaker 1: f I T, which is a fashion based history museum 466 00:24:45,440 --> 00:24:49,840 Speaker 1: in New York City. Oh my goodness, Nicole, that sounds delightful. First, 467 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:51,399 Speaker 1: she says, I would like to thank you ladies for 468 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:53,600 Speaker 1: your podcast. I regularly listen to you guys while I 469 00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:56,439 Speaker 1: can serve and prepare museum objects for exhibition. As was 470 00:24:56,480 --> 00:24:59,200 Speaker 1: the case today, I wanted to respond to the question 471 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:01,160 Speaker 1: posed by listener Allison at the end of the Red 472 00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,399 Speaker 1: Ghost and Camel Core podcast. We just finished installing an 473 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:06,879 Speaker 1: exhibition on the history of lingerie, and if Allison is 474 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:09,600 Speaker 1: anywhere near New York City, she might enjoy checking it out. 475 00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,240 Speaker 1: The show is called Exposed, and it displays a range 476 00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:14,399 Speaker 1: of garments from as early as the eighteenth century up 477 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:17,040 Speaker 1: to present day. If New York is too much of 478 00:25:17,040 --> 00:25:19,400 Speaker 1: a trek for Allison or anyone else interested. There's also 479 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:22,480 Speaker 1: an amazing catalog of all the objects shown in the exhibition, 480 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:24,320 Speaker 1: and then she gives us a link to the exhibit 481 00:25:24,320 --> 00:25:27,280 Speaker 1: page and also another article that has a really good 482 00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:28,960 Speaker 1: slideshow of the pieces that are in it, and we'll 483 00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:31,480 Speaker 1: put those links in our show notes. She says, also 484 00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:33,639 Speaker 1: as an aside, I really enjoy listening to episodes that 485 00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:35,920 Speaker 1: you have done in the past about fashion. The Poire 486 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:38,119 Speaker 1: episode from a long time ago, a spot on my 487 00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,639 Speaker 1: thesis was on him, and the Roseta episode was fantastic too, 488 00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:44,520 Speaker 1: And then she gives us a list of topics that 489 00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:46,920 Speaker 1: she feels are not so well known today but famous 490 00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,040 Speaker 1: in their day designers that would make great topics for 491 00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:51,320 Speaker 1: a show. Nicole, I am happy to tell you all 492 00:25:51,359 --> 00:25:53,359 Speaker 1: of those people were on my list already. I just 493 00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:55,639 Speaker 1: try to spread the fashion out because while it's one 494 00:25:55,680 --> 00:25:58,560 Speaker 1: of my very favorite things, you know, it cannot be 495 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,600 Speaker 1: fashion talk. So that's the scoop. 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