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That's why they're working 21 00:01:07,080 --> 00:01:09,679 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 22 00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:13,920 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How 23 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:17,920 Speaker 1: is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic 24 00:01:17,959 --> 00:01:21,679 Speaker 1: digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy 25 00:01:21,760 --> 00:01:25,520 Speaker 1: that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit us 26 00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:38,560 Speaker 1: dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more. Hey, Jorge, 27 00:01:38,959 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 1: maybe you're not aware of it. You recently coined a 28 00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:44,120 Speaker 1: word that I now use all the time. 29 00:01:44,280 --> 00:01:45,600 Speaker 3: Oh yeah, banana smoothies. 30 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:47,600 Speaker 1: No, the word that you made up that I really 31 00:01:47,720 --> 00:01:50,000 Speaker 1: like is the word engineeringly. 32 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:53,240 Speaker 3: That was pretty pretty good word. But how to use 33 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 3: it in a sentence. 34 00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:57,480 Speaker 1: Let's see, you could say, for example, a warp drive 35 00:01:57,640 --> 00:02:01,600 Speaker 1: is physically possible, but engineer hearingly impossible. 36 00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:03,720 Speaker 3: That just sounds to me like you need better engineers. 37 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:07,360 Speaker 1: We definitely need better engineers, and I hope that they're 38 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:10,800 Speaker 1: out there in our audience listening today because we have 39 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:14,720 Speaker 1: some engineeringly very challenging projects on the docket. 40 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:34,040 Speaker 3: Hi am Horeham, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comments. 41 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm happy 42 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:39,440 Speaker 1: to put off my problems onto. 43 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:41,560 Speaker 3: Engineers, even your personal problems. 44 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:44,200 Speaker 1: There does seem to be a proliferation of engineers. You know, 45 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:46,720 Speaker 1: back in the day there was mechanical. 46 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:50,080 Speaker 3: Elect You make it sound like we're a pest or. 47 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:53,440 Speaker 1: But you know, now you've got the software engineers, you've 48 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:57,280 Speaker 1: got social engineers, you got every kind of engineer. It's crazy. So, yeah, 49 00:02:57,320 --> 00:03:00,480 Speaker 1: maybe Daniel's personal problem engineers. 50 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 3: As supposed to physicists, who there's only one kind. 51 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:05,840 Speaker 1: There are only a few of us. Yeah, that's true. 52 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:09,800 Speaker 3: There's like solid state matter, wet matter, it's dark matter. 53 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:11,880 Speaker 1: It's been a while since we invented a new kind 54 00:03:11,919 --> 00:03:14,560 Speaker 1: of physicist. Yeah, maybe it's time. Maybe it's time. 55 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:17,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, Daniel's personal problem physicists. 56 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:20,200 Speaker 1: I don't think any of my personal problems can be 57 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:21,280 Speaker 1: solved with physics. 58 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:25,480 Speaker 3: That there's thernal laws there to be found. But welcome 59 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:28,079 Speaker 3: to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a 60 00:03:28,160 --> 00:03:30,200 Speaker 3: production of iHeartRadio. 61 00:03:30,160 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: In which we focus on the questions that can be 62 00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:35,200 Speaker 1: answered and the questions that might one day in the 63 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:38,880 Speaker 1: future be answered. Questions about how the world works, about 64 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:41,240 Speaker 1: what the universe is like, how it will end, and 65 00:03:41,320 --> 00:03:44,040 Speaker 1: how it is put together. On the smallest scale. 66 00:03:44,880 --> 00:03:47,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, we love questions, and we love questions for which 67 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:49,880 Speaker 3: we know the answers, and we know we love the 68 00:03:50,040 --> 00:03:52,600 Speaker 3: also questions for which we don't know the answers, because 69 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:55,640 Speaker 3: there are still a lot of questions out there in 70 00:03:55,720 --> 00:03:58,120 Speaker 3: the universe that nobody knows the answer to. 71 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 1: And often on this podcast we take a tour of 72 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:03,680 Speaker 1: some of those questions. We show you what's in the 73 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:06,720 Speaker 1: mind of scientists at the forefront of knowledge is they 74 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:09,800 Speaker 1: try to peel back a layer of reality and expose 75 00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:13,520 Speaker 1: the universe as it really is. And sometimes we take 76 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:15,640 Speaker 1: you on a tour of the minds of our listeners, 77 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:19,000 Speaker 1: thinking about what everybody out there is wondering about. 78 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:22,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, and we love taking questions from listeners because they 79 00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:25,080 Speaker 3: really sort of give us an insight into what people 80 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:28,479 Speaker 3: are thinking and what they're what our podcast is kind 81 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:29,600 Speaker 3: of making them think about. 82 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:31,720 Speaker 1: That's right, and not just because they give us sort 83 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:35,080 Speaker 1: of like a checkpoint so that we understand what listeners 84 00:04:35,080 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: are getting and what they're confused about. But sometimes listeners 85 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:41,880 Speaker 1: questions really put their finger on something amazing about the universe. 86 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:45,000 Speaker 1: When I teach you know, freshman physics here at you 87 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:47,680 Speaker 1: See Irvine, it's when they ask a question that it 88 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:49,599 Speaker 1: makes me think about a topic in a new way, 89 00:04:49,720 --> 00:04:52,440 Speaker 1: makes me explain in a new way, and then it 90 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 1: really makes me understand it. So listener questions are really 91 00:04:55,760 --> 00:04:56,679 Speaker 1: a source of insight. 92 00:04:56,880 --> 00:04:58,680 Speaker 3: Yeah, And let's face it, we have I think the 93 00:04:58,720 --> 00:05:03,600 Speaker 3: best listeners in the universe Daniel, Oh, of course podcast 94 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:06,200 Speaker 3: on Earth, and I would say in anywhere else in 95 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:08,000 Speaker 3: the universe, I think we have the best listener. 96 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: That's right. And we're talking specifically about you. You know 97 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:12,200 Speaker 1: who you are. 98 00:05:12,520 --> 00:05:14,920 Speaker 3: We're talking about you right there listening to us right now. 99 00:05:15,279 --> 00:05:17,159 Speaker 3: You're the best, You're favorite listener. 100 00:05:17,400 --> 00:05:20,440 Speaker 1: You're the best looking, you smell great today, and you 101 00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:21,839 Speaker 1: ask awesome questions. 102 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:23,680 Speaker 3: I tell my kids that all the time. I'm like, 103 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:26,719 Speaker 3: you're my favorite daughter, and she's like, I'm your only 104 00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:34,200 Speaker 3: daughter that I know of. Daniel and Jorge dig Into 105 00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:36,080 Speaker 3: for his sordid pest. 106 00:05:36,200 --> 00:05:37,679 Speaker 1: Hey, you know, if this is going to be Daniel 107 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:39,800 Speaker 1: and Jorge starting to tell a novella, then you're going 108 00:05:39,880 --> 00:05:41,800 Speaker 1: to have some sort of you know, other family show 109 00:05:41,839 --> 00:05:43,360 Speaker 1: up at some point in season seven. 110 00:05:43,200 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 3: My evil twin. Hmm, maybe twin is genetically the same. 111 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:51,080 Speaker 3: Does that mean their kids are sort of also like 112 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:54,760 Speaker 3: your kids. Interesting you that a great listener question? 113 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:56,920 Speaker 1: Yeah? Or does that mean if you could have if 114 00:05:56,920 --> 00:05:58,799 Speaker 1: you can be twins and one of you is evil, 115 00:05:58,839 --> 00:06:00,520 Speaker 1: does that mean that evil is not genetic? 116 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 3: Or maybe you are evil but you don't know it. 117 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:06,679 Speaker 1: There are no good twins, is that what you're saying? 118 00:06:07,320 --> 00:06:09,320 Speaker 3: May well love them. They should either both be good 119 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:10,520 Speaker 3: or both be evil. 120 00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:12,960 Speaker 1: I'm sure that all the twins listening right now are 121 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:13,799 Speaker 1: both good. 122 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:14,120 Speaker 4: Well. 123 00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 3: Anyways, we do have the best listeners and they do 124 00:06:16,279 --> 00:06:19,440 Speaker 3: ask the best questions that they send us through Twitter 125 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:23,520 Speaker 3: or Facebook or Instagram or by email. And if you're 126 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:25,279 Speaker 3: out there listening to this podcast and you have a 127 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:27,680 Speaker 3: question about the universe, you can also write it to 128 00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 3: us and we will eventually get to it on the podcast. 129 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:34,599 Speaker 1: That's right, and we answer all of our listener emails 130 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:38,239 Speaker 1: pretty promptly. Sometimes people write in asking a good physics question. 131 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:42,200 Speaker 1: Sometimes people write in asking sort of off the wall questions. 132 00:06:42,720 --> 00:06:45,919 Speaker 1: Nobody so far is asking for marriage advice. But here's 133 00:06:45,920 --> 00:06:47,960 Speaker 1: a question we got last week which sort of made 134 00:06:48,040 --> 00:06:48,560 Speaker 1: me chuckle. 135 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:51,960 Speaker 3: It's from gridgid Sing, and here's what he had to say. 136 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:55,080 Speaker 1: He wrote, if we assume the world is a simulation. 137 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:58,400 Speaker 1: Do you think there's only one conscious being and the 138 00:06:58,440 --> 00:07:01,920 Speaker 1: rest of the world are just biologedjal zombies or everyone 139 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:06,440 Speaker 1: is conscious? I love this question. It's like am I 140 00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:08,760 Speaker 1: playing a video game? Or are we all playing a 141 00:07:08,839 --> 00:07:11,200 Speaker 1: video game together? It's like are you a non player? 142 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:11,880 Speaker 3: Yeah? 143 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:14,040 Speaker 1: Yeah? Or is there somebody really in there? 144 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:17,920 Speaker 3: Interesting? Well, it just gets to the bottom of consciousness, right, 145 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:22,800 Speaker 3: like can a machine be conscious? By logical machine be conscious? 146 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:24,920 Speaker 1: Yeah? And maybe this guy spends a lot of time 147 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:27,800 Speaker 1: on video games wondering if those other players are real 148 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:30,280 Speaker 1: or not. But it's a fun question, but not one 149 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: that I, you know, necessarily have any expertise or ability 150 00:07:34,360 --> 00:07:37,640 Speaker 1: to answer. So I could pontificate as a physicist, but 151 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:40,400 Speaker 1: I think the physicists spend too much time talking about 152 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:43,320 Speaker 1: things outside their area of expertise. So I'm going at 153 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:47,240 Speaker 1: the punt on that one. Maybe you've noticed that all 154 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:47,840 Speaker 1: what if? 155 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:49,760 Speaker 3: What if you're playing a bit of games where you 156 00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:53,600 Speaker 3: have to kill zombies? Then technically are those zombies? But 157 00:07:53,680 --> 00:07:56,239 Speaker 3: are those zombies conscious? But they can because they're zombies? 158 00:07:56,720 --> 00:07:59,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, you could be committing digital moral crimes. 159 00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:03,080 Speaker 3: But we love answering listener questions and sometimes we have 160 00:08:03,120 --> 00:08:05,040 Speaker 3: episodes where we ask to them, and so today is 161 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:07,400 Speaker 3: one of those episodes. So today on the program, we'll 162 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:15,640 Speaker 3: be tackling listener questions about the universe. 163 00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: That's right. We'll be touching on exotic matter. We'll be 164 00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:21,600 Speaker 1: building roads that span the Earth and will take our 165 00:08:21,680 --> 00:08:25,200 Speaker 1: minds to other galaxies and wondering what life is like 166 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:26,880 Speaker 1: out there aliens. 167 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 3: Basically, I feel like we can have a listener questions 168 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:34,720 Speaker 3: episode without touching the hitting the alien button. 169 00:08:34,840 --> 00:08:37,079 Speaker 1: Are you saying that's because our listeners are fascinated with 170 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 1: aliens or are you suspecting that I'm picking the alien 171 00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:41,720 Speaker 1: questions out of the slush pile. 172 00:08:42,200 --> 00:08:47,320 Speaker 3: I feel like there's a Van diagram there listener questions 173 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:49,959 Speaker 3: and things Daniel loves to talk about. If you have 174 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:53,000 Speaker 3: a question about anything, dear listeners, just put the word 175 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:56,040 Speaker 3: alien in it and it will increase your chances that 176 00:08:56,080 --> 00:08:56,920 Speaker 3: we'll talk about it. 177 00:08:57,040 --> 00:08:58,200 Speaker 1: That's fair, that's good advice. 178 00:08:58,320 --> 00:09:01,880 Speaker 3: Yeah, uestion about dark matter. I just wonder if dark 179 00:09:01,920 --> 00:09:05,320 Speaker 3: matter could be made by aliens, And I'm sure we'll 180 00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:05,800 Speaker 3: consider it. 181 00:09:05,840 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 1: My kids know that already. They're like, hey, Dad, can 182 00:09:08,080 --> 00:09:10,600 Speaker 1: I have ten bucks? It's for aliens? Yeah, sure, here 183 00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:10,880 Speaker 1: you go. 184 00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:13,599 Speaker 3: All right, So today we have three questions from listeners 185 00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 3: from all around the world, and so we'll be tackling 186 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:18,839 Speaker 3: each of these questions one by one. And so the 187 00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 3: first question comes from Maria from Canada, and she has 188 00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:26,079 Speaker 3: a question about exotic matter. Here's her question. 189 00:09:26,320 --> 00:09:28,680 Speaker 4: Hi, Daniel and Jorge. My name's Maria and I'm a 190 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 4: listener from Victoria, Canada, and I was wondering what's exotic matter, 191 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:36,960 Speaker 4: how is it different from dark matter or antimatter? And 192 00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:39,599 Speaker 4: how many different kinds of matter even are there? Anyways, 193 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:40,120 Speaker 4: Thank you. 194 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:42,920 Speaker 3: So much, awesome questions. I feel like she's sort of 195 00:09:43,559 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 3: throwing little shaded physicists. 196 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:48,160 Speaker 1: I felt that, I felt that shade. Yeah, like, hey, 197 00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:51,439 Speaker 1: get this under control, Like people are ridiculous. 198 00:09:51,720 --> 00:09:54,600 Speaker 3: Yeah, that this matter naming is getting out of control. 199 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:56,840 Speaker 1: It's we have as many kinds as matter as there 200 00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,040 Speaker 1: are like fields of engineering, and that's absurd. 201 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,120 Speaker 3: We need any you feel for every kind of matter 202 00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:03,200 Speaker 3: you guys come up with. So it's not our fault. 203 00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: We need exotic physics, and exotic physicists. 204 00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:09,600 Speaker 3: Would just try to plug the holes that physicists are creed. 205 00:10:10,440 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: Thank you, by the way for your tireless work plugging 206 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:13,440 Speaker 1: our holes. 207 00:10:13,559 --> 00:10:14,960 Speaker 3: We do seem to have a lot of kinds of 208 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:19,840 Speaker 3: matter in our universe. There's, for example, baryonic matter, antimatter, 209 00:10:19,960 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 3: dark matter, exotic matter, super symmetric matter. 210 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:26,080 Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, the list goes on. And this is a 211 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:29,640 Speaker 1: totally great question, and it's a fair question also because 212 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:32,840 Speaker 1: this term is used in lots of different ways. In 213 00:10:32,880 --> 00:10:35,640 Speaker 1: a very general way, people use the phrase exotic matter 214 00:10:35,840 --> 00:10:38,439 Speaker 1: to me literally, just that like matter that seems kind 215 00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:41,920 Speaker 1: of weird, like exotic, something different from the every day 216 00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:45,880 Speaker 1: you know, the everyday matter is made of quarks and electrons, 217 00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:49,560 Speaker 1: and so from that definition, exotic matter could be like 218 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:53,480 Speaker 1: dark matter, you know, or other weird stuff that's out there. 219 00:10:53,679 --> 00:10:56,400 Speaker 3: Oh boy, now you're just making it worse, Daniel, Now 220 00:10:56,440 --> 00:10:59,360 Speaker 3: you're like overlapping all these matter designations. 221 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:01,360 Speaker 1: Great at that in particle physics, you. 222 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:03,600 Speaker 3: Like that the matter could just be any matter that 223 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:04,600 Speaker 3: is against something. 224 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, it could be. 225 00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:06,920 Speaker 3: So it's a different opinion. 226 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,240 Speaker 1: It's a very vague term, and it could even be 227 00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:14,240 Speaker 1: weird forms of familiar matter, like if you take atoms 228 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:17,000 Speaker 1: and you cool them down and make weird quantum states 229 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:21,360 Speaker 1: like Bose Einstein contensates some people would call that exotic matter, 230 00:11:21,679 --> 00:11:24,640 Speaker 1: or if you make superfluids, you could call that exotic matter. 231 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 3: Well, let's take it a step back here. You're saying 232 00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:31,600 Speaker 3: that the word exotic matter is not well defined in physics. 233 00:11:32,240 --> 00:11:35,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, if you just google what is exotic matter? For example, 234 00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:38,760 Speaker 1: you will see articles physicists discover exotic matter, but then 235 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:42,120 Speaker 1: it turns out it's actually about superfluids, or physicists use 236 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:45,600 Speaker 1: exotic matter to communicate quantum mechanically, and then it turns 237 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:47,559 Speaker 1: out it's just bosion stained contensates. 238 00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:51,520 Speaker 3: So you're saying, just like in our culture, the word 239 00:11:51,559 --> 00:11:54,080 Speaker 3: exotic is sort of outdated and inappropriate. 240 00:11:54,520 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a little bit. It's been a bit abused. 241 00:11:57,320 --> 00:12:00,880 Speaker 1: But there is also sort of an error version of 242 00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:04,360 Speaker 1: exotic matter that has a very specific, fascinating meaning in 243 00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:06,559 Speaker 1: particle physics that I think we could dig into. 244 00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:09,760 Speaker 3: Oh I see, all right, So in general, it can 245 00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:13,240 Speaker 3: just mean any kind of non normal matter. 246 00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 1: Weird, spooky Halloween matter. 247 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:19,240 Speaker 3: In the loose sort of definition of it. Yeah, spooky 248 00:12:19,280 --> 00:12:24,320 Speaker 3: Halloween matter, or you know matter from the Orient, which. 249 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:27,120 Speaker 1: Is is that racists? 250 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:33,000 Speaker 3: Yeah yeah, yeah, it's Western centric. But no, you're saying, 251 00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 3: and in general, sense. It just means weird matter. But 252 00:12:36,600 --> 00:12:39,160 Speaker 3: there's also sort of maybe a hardcore group of physicists 253 00:12:39,160 --> 00:12:41,560 Speaker 3: who are like, hey, this means something very specific. 254 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:44,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, they rock out the heavy metal and they talk 255 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:46,920 Speaker 1: about this kind of matter. They are hardcore, And that's 256 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:50,839 Speaker 1: matter with negative mass. So in particle physics we talk 257 00:12:50,880 --> 00:12:54,600 Speaker 1: about exotic particles or exotic matter, and what we mean 258 00:12:54,920 --> 00:12:58,439 Speaker 1: are particles that have negative mass. Like you know that 259 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:01,320 Speaker 1: mass is something we attached particles, and I have mass 260 00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 1: and you have mass. And a fascinating thing about mass 261 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:07,520 Speaker 1: is that it seems to always be positive. So we've 262 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:10,240 Speaker 1: invented this idea. Maybe there are particles out there with 263 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:12,960 Speaker 1: the other kind of mass, some negative kind of mass. 264 00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:13,760 Speaker 5: Mmm. 265 00:13:14,440 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 3: Right, because mass is just kind of a label, right, 266 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:19,000 Speaker 3: it's not actually like stuff. It's just kind of a 267 00:13:19,559 --> 00:13:22,000 Speaker 3: like an electric charge can be positive or negative. 268 00:13:22,559 --> 00:13:24,559 Speaker 1: Yeah, we don't really understand it. And if you zoom 269 00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:28,280 Speaker 1: down to an individual particle, particles have no volume. They're 270 00:13:28,320 --> 00:13:31,200 Speaker 1: just points in space with labels, right, like electric charge, 271 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:34,400 Speaker 1: as you said, And mass is another property, and mass 272 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:37,120 Speaker 1: is a property that these particles get from interaction with 273 00:13:37,160 --> 00:13:39,880 Speaker 1: the Higgs field. But the fascinating thing about mass is 274 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:41,320 Speaker 1: that always seems to be positive. 275 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:41,520 Speaker 6: Right. 276 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,040 Speaker 1: We measure the mass of all these particles and we 277 00:13:44,080 --> 00:13:48,440 Speaker 1: see that they have positive mass, and that has fascinating consequences. 278 00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:52,040 Speaker 3: Because the Higgs field always gives these particles positive mass, 279 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:54,679 Speaker 3: or like the interaction is always positive. Like I said, 280 00:13:54,679 --> 00:13:57,400 Speaker 3: anyone had a bad experience with the Higgs field, I guess. 281 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,000 Speaker 1: It only has five star review use on Yelps. So yeah, 282 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,560 Speaker 1: in the Higgs field widely loved. 283 00:14:05,559 --> 00:14:08,839 Speaker 3: Would recommend Yes, Higgs field good. But did you know 284 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:11,199 Speaker 3: what I mean? Like, if something has negative mass, does 285 00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:13,040 Speaker 3: that mean that when it interacts with the Higgs field 286 00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:15,360 Speaker 3: it gets the negative mass or what does that mean? 287 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: Well, if a particle had negative mass, we don't know 288 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:19,880 Speaker 1: how it would get that mass. One way to get 289 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:22,160 Speaker 1: mass is to interact with the Higgs field. We think 290 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,640 Speaker 1: there might be other ways for particles to get mass too, 291 00:14:24,960 --> 00:14:27,720 Speaker 1: but we've never seen one like that, so there could 292 00:14:27,760 --> 00:14:31,040 Speaker 1: be various ways for particles to get mass. It doesn't 293 00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:32,320 Speaker 1: just have to be the Higgs field. 294 00:14:32,360 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 3: The Higgs field just kind of determines how it moves 295 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:37,320 Speaker 3: in the universe. Right, But you can still sort of 296 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:39,480 Speaker 3: have mass independent of the Higgs field. 297 00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:41,920 Speaker 1: Yes, you can get mass without getting it from the 298 00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:44,360 Speaker 1: Higgs field. We haven't ever done that, Like we don't 299 00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:47,120 Speaker 1: know neutrinos. Do they get mass from the Higgs field 300 00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:49,640 Speaker 1: or not? Do they get massed in this other weird way. 301 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:51,640 Speaker 1: And we can dive into that and a whole other podcast, 302 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,080 Speaker 1: but I think the important concept to remember is what 303 00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:55,960 Speaker 1: you just said is that it changes how you move 304 00:14:56,080 --> 00:14:58,680 Speaker 1: through the universe. Often when we talk about mass, we 305 00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:02,400 Speaker 1: really mean two different and things. One is inertia, Like 306 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: you give something a push. It takes a push to 307 00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:07,680 Speaker 1: move something, to change something's momentum, to get it started, 308 00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:11,880 Speaker 1: takes a push. We call that inertia. Really, that's mass, right, 309 00:15:11,920 --> 00:15:15,119 Speaker 1: and that comes from the formula F equals M. A 310 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:18,720 Speaker 1: force is mass times acceleration. To accelerate something, you have 311 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:21,680 Speaker 1: to apply a force, and the mass is the relationship 312 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:25,600 Speaker 1: between those two. So that's mass. Concept Number one is inertial. 313 00:15:25,160 --> 00:15:26,600 Speaker 3: Mass, like how hard it is to push? 314 00:15:27,120 --> 00:15:29,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, how hard is it to push to get going? 315 00:15:29,680 --> 00:15:31,720 Speaker 1: And also how hard is it to slow it down? 316 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:34,320 Speaker 1: Like a semi truck has a huge amount of mass, 317 00:15:34,480 --> 00:15:36,240 Speaker 1: takes a huge force to slow it down. 318 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:40,120 Speaker 3: Can something have negative inertial mass? Is that possible, or 319 00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:43,640 Speaker 3: like you push it and it goes faster, or you know, 320 00:15:43,840 --> 00:15:46,240 Speaker 3: like it push you push it and it actually pulls 321 00:15:46,240 --> 00:15:46,680 Speaker 3: it or something. 322 00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:48,440 Speaker 1: I don't know that that's what would happen. If you 323 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:50,840 Speaker 1: gave it a push to the left and it had 324 00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:53,200 Speaker 1: negative inertial mass, it would move to the right. 325 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:54,920 Speaker 3: It would push push you back. 326 00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:58,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, so the force would the opposite direction of the acceleration. 327 00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:00,960 Speaker 1: So the weird thing about negative mass is like, it 328 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:05,040 Speaker 1: seems weird, it's totally counterintuitive, but mathematically it kind of 329 00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:08,000 Speaker 1: hangs together, like we don't have a reason to believe 330 00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:11,440 Speaker 1: it doesn't exist. You could fitted into all of our equations. 331 00:16:11,480 --> 00:16:13,400 Speaker 1: We just never seen an example of it. 332 00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:16,080 Speaker 3: That kind of weird example could happen where you like 333 00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:19,120 Speaker 3: push it one way with a force field or something, 334 00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:20,400 Speaker 3: but it goes the other way. 335 00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:23,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, you could do that in theory. It's possible. We've 336 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:26,400 Speaker 1: never seen it, but you can work out all the 337 00:16:26,440 --> 00:16:29,760 Speaker 1: equations of motion and it works. So you push in 338 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:32,280 Speaker 1: to the left and it moves to the right. But 339 00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:34,640 Speaker 1: that's only one way of thinking about mass. Is a 340 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:39,040 Speaker 1: whole second concept of mass, which is mass in gravity. 341 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:42,760 Speaker 1: Like two objects that have mass feel gravity and attract 342 00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:43,240 Speaker 1: each other. 343 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,880 Speaker 3: So if something has negative mass, it could maybe repel 344 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:49,200 Speaker 3: another thing would mass. 345 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:52,480 Speaker 1: Yeah. The fascinating thing about positive mass and gravity is 346 00:16:52,480 --> 00:16:54,720 Speaker 1: that gravity is one of the only forces that so 347 00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:57,880 Speaker 1: far seems to be just attractive. Right, you get pulled 348 00:16:57,880 --> 00:16:59,800 Speaker 1: in by the sun, you get pulled in by the moon. 349 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:02,960 Speaker 1: There's no way that you get pushed by gravity, whereas 350 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:06,440 Speaker 1: like electromagnetism, there's a positive and a negativity, and if 351 00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:09,840 Speaker 1: you have the same charges you get repelled. And gravity 352 00:17:09,880 --> 00:17:13,000 Speaker 1: it is only positive and it seems to only be attractive. 353 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:16,920 Speaker 1: So if you add negative mass, then yeah, you could 354 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:18,920 Speaker 1: get repulsive gravity. 355 00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,399 Speaker 3: Or I guess maybe in like the Einstein space bending picture, 356 00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:24,720 Speaker 3: it would sort of bend space the other way. 357 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:28,479 Speaker 1: Yeah, instead of having like a dent down into space, 358 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:31,399 Speaker 1: it would be like a like an explosion of space 359 00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:33,920 Speaker 1: a little bit. So things like slide away from you. 360 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:36,480 Speaker 3: Like a ZiT in space, like a like a bump. 361 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:40,919 Speaker 1: A space like a space. Don't pop that ZiT on 362 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: my that's like a gravity bomb. 363 00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:45,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, you have a negative experience. Don't do it. 364 00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:48,720 Speaker 1: It's weird though, because this is a little counterintuitive. You 365 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:52,679 Speaker 1: know that positive mass of course attracts other positive mass, 366 00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:57,000 Speaker 1: it would also attract negative mass. A negative mass would 367 00:17:57,040 --> 00:17:59,959 Speaker 1: repel negative mass and also positive masses. 368 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:02,719 Speaker 3: Wait what Yeah, it wouldn't be like electrical charges. 369 00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:06,080 Speaker 1: It's not like electrical charges because what you just said 370 00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: that we don't think of gravity as a force. We 371 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:11,560 Speaker 1: think of it as a bending of space. So positive 372 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,040 Speaker 1: mass makes like a dent in space, like a hole 373 00:18:14,040 --> 00:18:16,840 Speaker 1: in space for things to fall into, regardless of their mass. 374 00:18:17,240 --> 00:18:21,120 Speaker 1: And negative masses make space zits. That was actually Einstein's term, 375 00:18:21,320 --> 00:18:29,320 Speaker 1: and it's their space, and that's to do. But a 376 00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:31,960 Speaker 1: negative mass make these, it would make these like you know, 377 00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:35,080 Speaker 1: or I'm going to say zits in space because we define. 378 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,600 Speaker 3: That hell everything that repels, Yeah. 379 00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:40,719 Speaker 1: Regardless of the mass of the other thing. Right, So 380 00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:45,800 Speaker 1: positive masses attract other positive or negative masses, and negative 381 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:48,520 Speaker 1: masses repel negative or positive masses. 382 00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:50,920 Speaker 3: It's like the opposite of a black hole. 383 00:18:51,480 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's weirdly sort of asymmetric, right, you like 384 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:56,439 Speaker 1: to think about the forces as being symmetric, so like 385 00:18:56,720 --> 00:18:59,320 Speaker 1: it depends on like the product of the charges or something. 386 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:01,959 Speaker 1: But it and that means if you have like a 387 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:04,840 Speaker 1: positive mass and a negative mass next to each other, 388 00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:08,679 Speaker 1: then the positive mass is pulling on the negative mass, 389 00:19:08,720 --> 00:19:12,040 Speaker 1: but the negative mass is pushing on the positive mass. 390 00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:13,800 Speaker 3: What would happen. 391 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:16,520 Speaker 1: They would actually just like lead to this runaway motion 392 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:19,720 Speaker 1: because the positive mass is pulling on the negative the 393 00:19:19,840 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: negative is trying to repel the positive. Attraction of the 394 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:27,720 Speaker 1: negative actually pushes the other direction right because of negative 395 00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:28,760 Speaker 1: inertial mass. 396 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:30,440 Speaker 3: So they would use a skip out of town. 397 00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:32,639 Speaker 1: They would skip out of town. 398 00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:34,840 Speaker 3: What for real? 399 00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:37,520 Speaker 1: Well, we don't know, Like this is the idea, so 400 00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:40,560 Speaker 1: we've never seen this stuff. It's just sort of an idea, 401 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:42,640 Speaker 1: and it would be pretty helpful because if we did 402 00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,880 Speaker 1: have exotic mass, we could use it to, for example, 403 00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:49,280 Speaker 1: stabilize wormholes and travel through the galaxy and this kind 404 00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:51,040 Speaker 1: of stuff. But we've never seen any of it. 405 00:19:51,040 --> 00:19:53,240 Speaker 3: It's just sort of like, well have Yeah. I guess 406 00:19:53,240 --> 00:19:56,160 Speaker 3: that's the next question, which is is this even real 407 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:57,720 Speaker 3: or is it just theoretical. 408 00:19:58,240 --> 00:20:01,400 Speaker 1: It's just theoretical, but it's important to recognize these sort 409 00:20:01,440 --> 00:20:04,880 Speaker 1: of theoretical opportunities. Some of these other kinds of matter 410 00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:08,040 Speaker 1: we talked about, like antimatter, they started out as theoretical 411 00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:11,480 Speaker 1: and somebody noticed, hey, the equations also work if you 412 00:20:11,680 --> 00:20:14,000 Speaker 1: flip all these signs and make this other weird kind 413 00:20:14,040 --> 00:20:16,160 Speaker 1: of matter. So maybe that's real and it turns out 414 00:20:16,240 --> 00:20:20,400 Speaker 1: it's true. So seeing these mathematical symmetries are often guides 415 00:20:20,480 --> 00:20:22,680 Speaker 1: to actually finding stuff in reality. 416 00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:24,360 Speaker 3: And that will tell us more about the universe. 417 00:20:24,520 --> 00:20:27,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, but the universe is asymmetric sometimes, like there's a 418 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:31,760 Speaker 1: lot of matter out there, very very little antimatter, if any. 419 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:34,320 Speaker 1: We don't know why that is. So there's a lot 420 00:20:34,359 --> 00:20:37,919 Speaker 1: of positive matter out there, none or maybe very little 421 00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:41,800 Speaker 1: negative matter. Why is that right? Fascinating questions? 422 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:43,880 Speaker 3: Yeah, maybe not all the matter matters. 423 00:20:44,520 --> 00:20:46,560 Speaker 1: All matter matters, man, But all right. 424 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:49,760 Speaker 3: So it seems like to answer Maria's question, exotic matter 425 00:20:51,320 --> 00:20:54,000 Speaker 3: can mean a lot of things, but it generally it's 426 00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:57,200 Speaker 3: generally used just to me like not normal matter, meaning 427 00:20:57,359 --> 00:20:59,359 Speaker 3: the matter you and I are made out of. If 428 00:20:59,440 --> 00:21:02,359 Speaker 3: it's kind of weird or unusual, some hysics call that 429 00:21:02,520 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 3: exotic matter. But there's also sort of the hardcore definition, 430 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,600 Speaker 3: which is that it means matter with negative mass. 431 00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:13,760 Speaker 1: Which is theoretically fascinating, totally possible but never been seen. 432 00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:16,000 Speaker 1: But you know. She also asked another question, which is 433 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:19,080 Speaker 1: how many different kinds of matter are there? Anyway? And 434 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:22,119 Speaker 1: that's such a good question. It's a question that I 435 00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:25,840 Speaker 1: have also because we see these symmetries in nature. We 436 00:21:25,880 --> 00:21:29,520 Speaker 1: see like, oh, there's matter and antimatter, there's maybe positive 437 00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:32,840 Speaker 1: matter and negative mass matter, and there's other symmetries like 438 00:21:33,119 --> 00:21:36,520 Speaker 1: we talked about supersymmetry on this program, like maybe every 439 00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:40,800 Speaker 1: spin half particle has a spin one particle that balances it, 440 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:44,400 Speaker 1: and vice versa. And all these symmetries tell us something 441 00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:46,679 Speaker 1: deep about the universe by the way it's put together, 442 00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:50,000 Speaker 1: about the what it reflects at its deepest level. And 443 00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:51,960 Speaker 1: we don't know what the answers are. But every time 444 00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: we find a symmetry, I feel like it's revealed something 445 00:21:55,119 --> 00:21:57,360 Speaker 1: about the universe that we've been desperate to find out. 446 00:21:57,720 --> 00:21:59,800 Speaker 3: Every time you find a new kind of matter or 447 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:02,359 Speaker 3: think up a new kind of matter, it kind of 448 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:05,200 Speaker 3: pushes your definition of what can exist. 449 00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:07,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, and these symmetries are really important, you know. We 450 00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:10,720 Speaker 1: talked also on this program about how the universe is 451 00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:14,359 Speaker 1: left handed. It prefers particles that spin in a certain 452 00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:17,080 Speaker 1: way relative to their emotion. We don't know why that is, 453 00:22:17,119 --> 00:22:19,600 Speaker 1: and so people suggested and maybe there's another kind of 454 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:24,040 Speaker 1: matter called mirror matter where it's the opposite. And every 455 00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:26,000 Speaker 1: time you have these symmetries, you have to ask, why 456 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:27,600 Speaker 1: is it this way and not the other way? Why 457 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:30,600 Speaker 1: is the universe sort of bifurcated into two options? What 458 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,680 Speaker 1: does that mean about the nature of the universe? At 459 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:36,280 Speaker 1: some higher temperature earlier in the universe, was this all 460 00:22:36,359 --> 00:22:38,920 Speaker 1: unified into something beautiful and crystalline and then it's just 461 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:41,479 Speaker 1: sort of cracked and fell apart. We don't know. 462 00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:44,879 Speaker 3: I think my favorite kind of matter are the matters 463 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:48,399 Speaker 3: of the heart. Daniel, all right, well, we hope that 464 00:22:48,440 --> 00:22:51,359 Speaker 3: answered your question, Maria. Thanks so much for asking the question. 465 00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:53,760 Speaker 3: And so let's get into our two other questions for 466 00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,040 Speaker 3: the episode, and these are about the biggest road ever 467 00:22:57,080 --> 00:23:02,000 Speaker 3: built and also about intergalact take aliens. But first let's 468 00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:03,200 Speaker 3: take a quick break. 469 00:23:07,359 --> 00:23:10,280 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what 470 00:23:10,400 --> 00:23:13,080 Speaker 1: you get. 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I 518 00:25:39,160 --> 00:25:42,600 Speaker 6: love how easy it is to take Symbiotica's supplements every morning. 519 00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:44,919 Speaker 6: I take SymbioticA right when I wake up, before I 520 00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:47,040 Speaker 6: start my day, and I love that it makes me 521 00:25:47,119 --> 00:25:49,520 Speaker 6: feel like I'm doing something that's good for my body. 522 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,840 Speaker 6: Prepping for my wedding, I've been making sure to prioritize 523 00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:55,720 Speaker 6: my health, which is easy with SymbioticA. I want to 524 00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:57,879 Speaker 6: make sure my skin is healthy and glowing, which is 525 00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:00,080 Speaker 6: why I have been loving one of my favorites and 526 00:26:00,119 --> 00:26:04,199 Speaker 6: Biotica products, the liposomal vitamin C. Not only is it 527 00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:06,600 Speaker 6: super easy to take, but I have noticed the biggest 528 00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:09,480 Speaker 6: difference in my skin. It's also great for your immune system, 529 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:12,000 Speaker 6: which is amazing because I can't be getting sick with 530 00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:14,479 Speaker 6: three kids and my wedding day right around the corner. 531 00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:17,600 Speaker 6: If you're not someone who thrives on routine, SymbioticA makes 532 00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:20,360 Speaker 6: it super easy to stay on track with a monthly order. 533 00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:23,359 Speaker 6: Your supplements arrive at your doorstep every month, so you 534 00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:25,520 Speaker 6: don't even have to think about it. One of the 535 00:26:25,520 --> 00:26:28,560 Speaker 6: best perks is you get to enjoy exclusive discounts and 536 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:31,560 Speaker 6: access to secret sales. And that's what's really cool is 537 00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:33,880 Speaker 6: if you don't know which supplements to get, you can 538 00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:36,840 Speaker 6: take their short online quiz and they'll recommend a personalized 539 00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:40,000 Speaker 6: supplement routine. That's how I found out what my body needed. 540 00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:43,120 Speaker 6: They have so many amazing, high quality products that help 541 00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:47,800 Speaker 6: with sleep, anti aging, energy, cognitive function, gut health, immunity, 542 00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:51,520 Speaker 6: and more. Head over to SymbioticA dot com slash Jana 543 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 6: for twenty percent off plus free shipping off your subscription order. 544 00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:06,520 Speaker 3: All right, we'll answering listener questions today. Answer Our next 545 00:27:06,560 --> 00:27:09,840 Speaker 3: question comes from Rahul from India, and so he has 546 00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:13,960 Speaker 3: a question about an interesting idea for an infinite road. 547 00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:15,040 Speaker 3: Here is Rahul. 548 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:18,159 Speaker 8: So, imagine you start building a bridge or a highway 549 00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:21,080 Speaker 8: above the surface and it goes all the way around 550 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:24,399 Speaker 8: the earth and meets each other. Now you have this 551 00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:30,360 Speaker 8: one long, continuous bridge. So obviously those bridges have pillars, 552 00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:34,119 Speaker 8: and now you decide to bomb all the pillars that 553 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:37,719 Speaker 8: supports the bridge at the same exact time. So what 554 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:40,520 Speaker 8: would happen to the bridge? Will it stay floating above 555 00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:44,600 Speaker 8: the surface or will it fall down and at which direction? 556 00:27:45,520 --> 00:27:48,639 Speaker 8: Or will it hula hoop the earth? And the second 557 00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:52,520 Speaker 8: condition is what would happen if the Earth was a 558 00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:53,560 Speaker 8: perfect sphere? 559 00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:55,960 Speaker 1: So I think this one might be more in your 560 00:27:56,040 --> 00:27:57,879 Speaker 1: alley because it's kind of a question about, you know, 561 00:27:57,920 --> 00:28:00,400 Speaker 1: whether something is engineeringly possible. 562 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:04,240 Speaker 3: You're like, this one's not interesting to me, or hey, 563 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:07,040 Speaker 3: you can take this one. It's just about building a road. 564 00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:12,200 Speaker 1: Now, if aliens build a road, No, just positive, that's 565 00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:15,200 Speaker 1: just let's imagine we're in an alien planet. 566 00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:17,320 Speaker 3: But the question is kind of interesting, and I have 567 00:28:17,359 --> 00:28:19,000 Speaker 3: to say it took me a second to sort of 568 00:28:19,119 --> 00:28:21,720 Speaker 3: get it. So he's asking, what if you build a 569 00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:26,640 Speaker 3: road all around the Earth, like a suspended road, right, 570 00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:30,760 Speaker 3: and it goes you know, from it starts here in California, 571 00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 3: goes through the US, crosses the Atlantic, goes over Europe Asia, 572 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:37,919 Speaker 3: and then it comes back around and connects in a 573 00:28:37,960 --> 00:28:42,360 Speaker 3: perfect circle to where we started the road. And then 574 00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:44,760 Speaker 3: so you build this road, it rings the earth and 575 00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:47,560 Speaker 3: then you take out all the columns the pillars that support. 576 00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:50,480 Speaker 1: It simultaneously with bombs. Right. I like that detail. 577 00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:55,480 Speaker 3: Yeah, that would probably be the funnest part actually, but 578 00:28:55,560 --> 00:28:57,640 Speaker 3: you've removed the pillars, all of a sudden, does the 579 00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:00,880 Speaker 3: bridge stay up floating or does it all fall down? 580 00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:03,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's a fun question because you imagine, oh, 581 00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:05,160 Speaker 1: you build a road, you support it with pillars, you 582 00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:08,080 Speaker 1: knock the pillars down, the road falls down. But in 583 00:29:08,080 --> 00:29:10,240 Speaker 1: this scenario, you've made it go all the way around 584 00:29:10,280 --> 00:29:12,920 Speaker 1: the earth. And so then he's wondering, like, is it 585 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:15,200 Speaker 1: possible for a road to float in the air. 586 00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:17,480 Speaker 3: Would it be an orbit, Daniel, or would it just 587 00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:20,520 Speaker 3: be sort of like a hula hoop held around your waist. 588 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:22,640 Speaker 1: Let's answer this from a physics point of view, which 589 00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:25,040 Speaker 1: means we have to like simplify things a little bit, 590 00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:27,160 Speaker 1: and then we'll make it a bit more practical. So 591 00:29:27,920 --> 00:29:28,960 Speaker 1: first let's start with the. 592 00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:31,320 Speaker 3: Let's hear answer a from Daniels. 593 00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:36,040 Speaker 1: First, is a perfectly spherical earth, like, very smooth, no deformities, 594 00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:39,120 Speaker 1: et cetera. And so the road is like one hundred 595 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:41,680 Speaker 1: meters or one hundred feet or whatever above the surface, 596 00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:44,920 Speaker 1: all the way around the Earth. Now, in that scenario, 597 00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:48,200 Speaker 1: you knock out all the pillars. Think about the gravitational 598 00:29:48,280 --> 00:29:51,280 Speaker 1: force on this thing. It's gonna be balanced, like the 599 00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:54,560 Speaker 1: Earth is pulling on one part over California, but it's 600 00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:57,320 Speaker 1: also pulling on another part over China, and those two 601 00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:00,280 Speaker 1: things are gonna balance. And if the road really those 602 00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:03,040 Speaker 1: all the way around the Earth, then for every part 603 00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,120 Speaker 1: of the road, there's a counterpart that's balancing its force, 604 00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:08,360 Speaker 1: and so it should just hover there. 605 00:30:08,560 --> 00:30:10,920 Speaker 3: So that's your answer that it would stay up floating. 606 00:30:11,360 --> 00:30:14,600 Speaker 1: If it's a perfectly spherical Earth and a perfectly circular road, 607 00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:15,880 Speaker 1: it would stay up there floating. 608 00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:20,880 Speaker 3: You don't believe it, well, so I have an engineering answer, 609 00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:23,440 Speaker 3: but I'll just keep going with your physics answer here 610 00:30:23,480 --> 00:30:23,880 Speaker 3: for a bid. 611 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:25,880 Speaker 1: The other way to think about it is just by symmetry, 612 00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:28,680 Speaker 1: Like if it goes in one direction, which direction could 613 00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:31,040 Speaker 1: it go? Then you'd have to choose a direction. And 614 00:30:31,080 --> 00:30:33,400 Speaker 1: if the Earth is a perfect sphere, then there's no 615 00:30:33,480 --> 00:30:36,120 Speaker 1: preferred direction, so it can't go in anywhere any direction. 616 00:30:36,320 --> 00:30:38,320 Speaker 3: So it would keep rotating with the Earth. 617 00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:39,960 Speaker 1: It would keep rotating with the Earth, yes, but it 618 00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:41,200 Speaker 1: wouldn't have to rotate either. 619 00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:45,040 Speaker 3: What if something knocks it off of alignment a little bit? 620 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:47,680 Speaker 3: Like what if the wind blows an in in one 621 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:50,000 Speaker 3: side of the Earth and not the other and now 622 00:30:50,120 --> 00:30:52,920 Speaker 3: it's a little bit closer to one side than it 623 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:54,480 Speaker 3: is to the other side of the Earth. 624 00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, so we're leaving the world of perfect physics scenario 625 00:30:58,080 --> 00:31:01,760 Speaker 1: and we're adding things like wind and urbans, And you're 626 00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:04,880 Speaker 1: right that it would be very unstable because if it 627 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,200 Speaker 1: moves like one foot closer to the Earth here, then 628 00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:10,560 Speaker 1: it's a foot further from the Earth on the other side. 629 00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:13,040 Speaker 1: So now the force is stronger on this side and 630 00:31:13,280 --> 00:31:16,960 Speaker 1: weaker on the other side. So it's unstable. As soon 631 00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:19,680 Speaker 1: as it deviates from this sort of like perfect spot 632 00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:21,520 Speaker 1: it's in, it's going to come crashing down. 633 00:31:21,720 --> 00:31:23,520 Speaker 3: Oh, I see it moves a little bit. And so 634 00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:26,840 Speaker 3: now let's say it moves down here in California, so 635 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:30,040 Speaker 3: it's closer to the Earth, and now the center of 636 00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:34,720 Speaker 3: mass of the whole thing is aligned with the center 637 00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:37,000 Speaker 3: of the Earth. Wouldn't that just make it come back 638 00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:39,040 Speaker 3: to the center of the earth realign. 639 00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:41,880 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure it's unstable. And the reason is that 640 00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:44,840 Speaker 1: the mass of the Earth is distributed as a function 641 00:31:45,080 --> 00:31:47,520 Speaker 1: of the radius. So you can't just think of the 642 00:31:47,560 --> 00:31:49,800 Speaker 1: motion of the center of massive two objects. These are 643 00:31:49,880 --> 00:31:53,920 Speaker 1: two large distributed objects, and as one side of it 644 00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:56,200 Speaker 1: gets closer to the Earth, the other side gets further, 645 00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:58,560 Speaker 1: then you're going to get a relative force difference on 646 00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:00,800 Speaker 1: the whole thing that's going to push it further from 647 00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:04,880 Speaker 1: stability instead of closer to stability. But I haven't done 648 00:32:04,920 --> 00:32:07,560 Speaker 1: the simulations. So maybe we should actually build this thing 649 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:08,280 Speaker 1: and find. 650 00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:13,680 Speaker 3: Out to answer the Rahul's question. Let's spend a trillion dollars. 651 00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:16,480 Speaker 1: Why not you got something better to spend it on. 652 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:18,880 Speaker 3: So sounds like a plan. 653 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,840 Speaker 1: Let's crowdsource it. Everybody send in ten bucks to build 654 00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:22,720 Speaker 1: the Rahul's Road. 655 00:32:23,320 --> 00:32:26,160 Speaker 3: Okay, so you're saying that from a physics point of view, 656 00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:29,080 Speaker 3: it is possible for this thing to exist. If nothing 657 00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:31,840 Speaker 3: touches it or knocks it out of balance or moves 658 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:33,960 Speaker 3: it at all a little bit, it would just float 659 00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:36,600 Speaker 3: above the earth, certainly the Earth, like a ring, like 660 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:37,120 Speaker 3: a Hulu hoo. 661 00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:39,680 Speaker 1: Yeah. And I think the key there is that as 662 00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:42,080 Speaker 1: soon as you build something that's the size of the Earth, 663 00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:44,960 Speaker 1: you can no longer apply the rules of your intuition 664 00:32:45,080 --> 00:32:47,320 Speaker 1: that you apply to things that are the size of you, 665 00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:50,520 Speaker 1: or your house or even your city. Right Like things 666 00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,880 Speaker 1: can float up in space in orbit. That seems weird. 667 00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:57,000 Speaker 1: Why don't they fall, right, That's because they're largely moving 668 00:32:57,040 --> 00:33:01,280 Speaker 1: at cosmological astronomical speeds, and so here's an object really 669 00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:04,760 Speaker 1: of astronomical scale, and so it wouldn't necessarily fall into 670 00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:05,080 Speaker 1: the Earth. 671 00:33:05,120 --> 00:33:08,840 Speaker 3: It's like an object that spans both sides of the Earth, 672 00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:12,360 Speaker 3: of the center of mass, of something big. 673 00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:15,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, and this actually appears in a novel. I mean, 674 00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:18,520 Speaker 1: not as a road, but in Neil Stephenson's recent novel 675 00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:22,840 Speaker 1: Seven Eves. Earth becomes uninhabitable because of xyz plot devices 676 00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:26,320 Speaker 1: that won't spoil, and humanity builds a huge ring around 677 00:33:26,360 --> 00:33:29,120 Speaker 1: the Earth, like a mechanical ring, and actually live on it. 678 00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:32,240 Speaker 3: Well, I think that's the physical answer, I guess, you know, 679 00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:34,920 Speaker 3: as an engineer, when I saw this question, I didn't, 680 00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:36,960 Speaker 3: you know, sit down and make the calculations. But I 681 00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:39,520 Speaker 3: think right away my thought was that no, it would 682 00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:41,080 Speaker 3: fall apart right away. 683 00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:43,080 Speaker 1: You mean, because you couldn't build something that big, that 684 00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:43,600 Speaker 1: was rigid. 685 00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:46,040 Speaker 3: I think I was thinking, you know, the limitations of 686 00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:49,640 Speaker 3: whatever you build it out of, you know, would collapse 687 00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:52,440 Speaker 3: like nothing. I don't think anything that we know of 688 00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:55,120 Speaker 3: can withstand those kinds of forces, and so it just 689 00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:56,400 Speaker 3: crack and fall apart. 690 00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:59,680 Speaker 1: You mean forces from like an entire twenty four thousand 691 00:33:59,760 --> 00:34:02,200 Speaker 1: mile road segment pulling on any individual piece. 692 00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:04,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, you know, like there's a reason you can't just 693 00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:07,800 Speaker 3: make a suspended bridge without any columns. Like if this 694 00:34:08,160 --> 00:34:11,000 Speaker 3: was possible, then you could just build a bridge, and 695 00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:13,160 Speaker 3: if you make it the curvature of the earth, then 696 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:15,239 Speaker 3: it would just stay up, wouldn't it. I would you 697 00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:16,359 Speaker 3: just hold both ends? 698 00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:19,560 Speaker 1: Yeah? Well, not an expert on mechanical engineering, so I'll 699 00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:22,400 Speaker 1: take your word for it. I think you're right, and 700 00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:25,000 Speaker 1: I think there are other practical issues also, you know, 701 00:34:25,120 --> 00:34:27,600 Speaker 1: like you have to have it at the same height 702 00:34:27,719 --> 00:34:30,480 Speaker 1: above the earth all the way around, but of course 703 00:34:30,560 --> 00:34:32,759 Speaker 1: there isn't a constant height above the earth. You know, 704 00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:35,000 Speaker 1: you have to clear mountains and all sorts of stuff, 705 00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:37,280 Speaker 1: and so that would throw the whole thing off balance. 706 00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:40,880 Speaker 3: All right, Well, I think that's maybe answer, which is 707 00:34:40,920 --> 00:34:44,600 Speaker 3: that it sort of would be possible, and it would 708 00:34:44,680 --> 00:34:48,279 Speaker 3: hang there floating above the earth if nothing touched it 709 00:34:48,719 --> 00:34:52,560 Speaker 3: or nothing perturbed it at all, had no weather, and 710 00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:55,440 Speaker 3: if it was made from like this incredible material that 711 00:34:56,360 --> 00:35:00,520 Speaker 3: would could withstand these incredible forces, which I'm not sure 712 00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:01,239 Speaker 3: we have that. 713 00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:03,680 Speaker 1: We definitely don't, because if we did, we could build 714 00:35:03,680 --> 00:35:07,040 Speaker 1: a space elevator, which is sort of weird in similar ways, 715 00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:09,960 Speaker 1: something hanging out there in space you can actually climb up. 716 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:12,680 Speaker 1: And one of the limitations there is just building a 717 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:15,120 Speaker 1: rope that could even hang that is. 718 00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:18,239 Speaker 3: That long, right, Yeah, something that can that wouldn't just 719 00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:22,600 Speaker 3: crack under all those forces. It's under but definitely cool 720 00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:23,439 Speaker 3: and fun to think about. 721 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:26,560 Speaker 1: Thanks for who for sending in your crazy question. All right, 722 00:35:26,560 --> 00:35:29,600 Speaker 1: are we ready to talk about aliens? Because I'm ready. 723 00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:32,480 Speaker 3: You're always ready, Daniel. All right, let's talk about aliens. 724 00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:34,520 Speaker 3: But first let's take a quick break. 725 00:35:39,239 --> 00:35:42,000 Speaker 6: This is Jana Kramer from wind Down with Jana Kramer. 726 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,759 Speaker 6: I had no idea supplements would make that much of 727 00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:48,279 Speaker 6: a difference in how I feel every single day. That's 728 00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:52,560 Speaker 6: why I'm so happy I found SymbioticA. SymbioticA is one 729 00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:55,959 Speaker 6: of the fastest growing health and wellness companies right now. 730 00:35:56,239 --> 00:35:58,600 Speaker 6: I take their supplements every single day, and I can 731 00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:01,279 Speaker 6: really feel a difference in how I feel. I love 732 00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:03,920 Speaker 6: that their supplements have no seed oils, no fillers, no 733 00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:08,160 Speaker 6: additives or artificial nonsense. It's just pure goodness, and every 734 00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:11,200 Speaker 6: pouch I love how easy it is to take Symbiotica's 735 00:36:11,239 --> 00:36:14,560 Speaker 6: supplements every morning. I take SymbioticA right when I wake up, 736 00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:16,680 Speaker 6: before I start my day, and I love that it 737 00:36:16,719 --> 00:36:19,000 Speaker 6: makes me feel like I'm doing something that's good for 738 00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:22,040 Speaker 6: my body. 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They have so many amazing, high quality 758 00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:17,799 Speaker 6: products that help with sleep, antiaging, energy, cognitive function, gut health, immunity, 759 00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:21,560 Speaker 6: and more. Head over to SymbioticA dot com slash Janna 760 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:25,120 Speaker 6: for twenty percent off plus free shipping off your subscription order. 761 00:37:25,320 --> 00:37:28,200 Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the 762 00:37:28,320 --> 00:37:32,160 Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily 763 00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:35,240 Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent 764 00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:38,200 Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings 765 00:37:38,239 --> 00:37:41,080 Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the 766 00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:44,400 Speaker 1: wallet app subject to credit approval. 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That's why they're working hard 776 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:15,480 Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve 777 00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:19,359 Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 778 00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,480 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four 779 00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:26,000 Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes 780 00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:28,840 Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy 781 00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:32,600 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn 782 00:38:32,680 --> 00:38:36,560 Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 783 00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:38,680 Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a 784 00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:40,719 Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know 785 00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:43,479 Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using 786 00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:47,000 Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense 787 00:38:47,120 --> 00:38:49,839 Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit 788 00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:52,719 Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 789 00:39:01,520 --> 00:39:04,640 Speaker 3: All right, our last question comes from Nanu from Adahindina, 790 00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:08,759 Speaker 3: and she has a question about life from other galaxies. 791 00:39:09,080 --> 00:39:10,560 Speaker 3: So here's Nanu, Why. 792 00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:12,360 Speaker 9: When't we talk about life in other planets? Do we 793 00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:14,600 Speaker 9: always talk about it in terms of our own galaxy? 794 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:17,040 Speaker 9: Do we not consider life in other galaxies because they 795 00:39:17,040 --> 00:39:19,680 Speaker 9: are so far away it would be inconsequential for us. 796 00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:22,520 Speaker 9: I still have a hard time figuring out distances. So 797 00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:25,279 Speaker 9: I am wondering could it be possible for millions of 798 00:39:25,360 --> 00:39:28,200 Speaker 9: years old alien race to take up intergalactic trouble and 799 00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:29,520 Speaker 9: arrive to our own galaxy? 800 00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:31,880 Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, did you just get really excited when 801 00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:34,600 Speaker 3: you opened up your boss and sawas question? Did your 802 00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:37,080 Speaker 3: heart start raising a little bit? She get excited. 803 00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:39,240 Speaker 1: I got excited, and then I got a little offended, 804 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:41,319 Speaker 1: you know, she said, what do you mean? Well, she said, 805 00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:43,960 Speaker 1: how can we never think about intergalactic aliens? And I 806 00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:45,719 Speaker 1: was like, what are you talking about? I think about 807 00:39:45,719 --> 00:39:48,920 Speaker 1: intercalecting aliens all the time. It's one of my favorite 808 00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:50,040 Speaker 1: things to think about. 809 00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:54,680 Speaker 3: I think maybe she thinks that she's talking culturally, the 810 00:39:54,719 --> 00:39:55,600 Speaker 3: culture in. 811 00:39:55,520 --> 00:40:00,000 Speaker 1: General, or responsible scientists really talk about intergalactic aliens. 812 00:40:00,200 --> 00:40:02,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess, And is that true? Do I guess? 813 00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:05,200 Speaker 3: Do most people think of aliens as coming from this galaxy? 814 00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:09,160 Speaker 1: I think so. Even in science fiction, often the drama 815 00:40:09,280 --> 00:40:13,120 Speaker 1: takes place across the galaxy. Or in one galaxy. And 816 00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:16,200 Speaker 1: there's a reason for that. The reason is that galaxies 817 00:40:16,239 --> 00:40:20,160 Speaker 1: are huge, right, They're big enough to span enormous space 818 00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:23,720 Speaker 1: operas and lots of different empires and thousands and billions 819 00:40:23,719 --> 00:40:27,719 Speaker 1: of stars. Plus they're super far apart, so it's like 820 00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:30,800 Speaker 1: each galaxy is an island and all the other galaxies 821 00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:33,080 Speaker 1: are so far away they're almost irrelevant. 822 00:40:33,160 --> 00:40:37,319 Speaker 3: It's almost impossible to think about communications between galaxies, or 823 00:40:37,360 --> 00:40:39,080 Speaker 3: to travel between galaxies, yeah, or. 824 00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:42,640 Speaker 1: Travel between galaxies, you know, not to mention like intergalactic marriages. 825 00:40:42,719 --> 00:40:43,759 Speaker 1: You know all the problems that. 826 00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:45,800 Speaker 3: Would raise in a long distance. 827 00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:47,160 Speaker 1: I know, you got the kids that are there for 828 00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:49,400 Speaker 1: one weekend. I got the kids over here for another weekend. 829 00:40:49,600 --> 00:40:52,279 Speaker 1: It's a nightmare. But let's give them a sense of scale, right, 830 00:40:52,360 --> 00:40:55,680 Speaker 1: Like the Milky Way is like one hundred thousand light 831 00:40:55,760 --> 00:40:59,440 Speaker 1: years across. That's already, like it's incredibly big. 832 00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:01,400 Speaker 3: Even if you're going at the speed of light, it 833 00:41:01,440 --> 00:41:04,840 Speaker 3: would take you one hundred thousand years, yeah, to go 834 00:41:04,880 --> 00:41:05,759 Speaker 3: from one end to the other. 835 00:41:05,920 --> 00:41:09,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So it's hard to even imagine having like 836 00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:12,440 Speaker 1: an empire that spans a galaxy. Because you send people 837 00:41:12,480 --> 00:41:14,920 Speaker 1: a message, like all right, let's raise taxes one percent 838 00:41:15,320 --> 00:41:17,600 Speaker 1: and it doesn't get there for one hundred thousand years. 839 00:41:17,640 --> 00:41:20,520 Speaker 1: It's impossible to coordinate. That's why people invent, you know, 840 00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:23,440 Speaker 1: faster than light travel and faster than light communication just 841 00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:27,600 Speaker 1: to get stuff done within one galaxy in novels, in 842 00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:31,160 Speaker 1: movies and hopefully one day in reality, but yes, mostly 843 00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:32,040 Speaker 1: novels and movies. 844 00:41:32,160 --> 00:41:34,319 Speaker 3: Yes, you seem to mention it like, is we had, 845 00:41:34,360 --> 00:41:35,000 Speaker 3: we already have that. 846 00:41:35,719 --> 00:41:38,839 Speaker 1: People are working on it. People are working on it. Hey, 847 00:41:38,840 --> 00:41:40,920 Speaker 1: we were talking about wormholes a minute ago, right, so 848 00:41:41,520 --> 00:41:42,440 Speaker 1: that's the idea. 849 00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:45,000 Speaker 3: But you were saying, so milk a galaxy, A typical 850 00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:49,080 Speaker 3: galaxy is one hundred thousand light years wide, but the 851 00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:53,239 Speaker 3: distance between galaxies is you know, many times that over 852 00:41:53,560 --> 00:41:55,440 Speaker 3: by several orders of magnitude. 853 00:41:55,719 --> 00:41:59,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, Like the nearest galaxy is Andromeda, and that's two 854 00:41:59,080 --> 00:42:02,200 Speaker 1: and a half million million light years away, right, so 855 00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:02,640 Speaker 1: it's like. 856 00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:05,160 Speaker 3: And a half million years light years. 857 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,440 Speaker 1: Like years, it's twenty five times as why as the 858 00:42:07,480 --> 00:42:10,319 Speaker 1: whole galaxy. It's like if you have a house and 859 00:42:10,360 --> 00:42:14,040 Speaker 1: the neighbor's house is like, you know, blocks and blocks 860 00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:16,839 Speaker 1: away from you. So we're basically living in the middle 861 00:42:16,880 --> 00:42:17,480 Speaker 1: of the woods. 862 00:42:17,640 --> 00:42:20,160 Speaker 3: So maybe that would explain why we don't see it 863 00:42:20,239 --> 00:42:24,040 Speaker 3: much in movies and novels, because you know, the plot logistics, 864 00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:28,120 Speaker 3: which is be too much. But and also I think 865 00:42:28,160 --> 00:42:30,160 Speaker 3: maybe it's also kind of recent. You know, this idea 866 00:42:30,160 --> 00:42:32,919 Speaker 3: that there are other galaxies is kind of new, isn't 867 00:42:32,960 --> 00:42:35,560 Speaker 3: it In the last fifty to sixty years or something 868 00:42:35,600 --> 00:42:38,040 Speaker 3: like that. Before that, we thought like our galaxy was it. 869 00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:40,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's about one hundred years old. It originates with Hubble. 870 00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:43,240 Speaker 1: He's the guy who measured how far away these little 871 00:42:43,239 --> 00:42:45,840 Speaker 1: smudges in the sky where he thought maybe there were nebula, 872 00:42:45,880 --> 00:42:48,600 Speaker 1: there were gas clouds. He measured their distance and found 873 00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:51,080 Speaker 1: that they were crazy far away. They were further away 874 00:42:51,160 --> 00:42:54,520 Speaker 1: than all the other stars. And that's what made him realize, oh, 875 00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:57,920 Speaker 1: these are other galaxies, and the whole universe just became 876 00:42:58,120 --> 00:43:01,239 Speaker 1: much bigger in his mind. So you're right, But we've 877 00:43:01,239 --> 00:43:03,000 Speaker 1: had about one hundred years to get used to this 878 00:43:03,120 --> 00:43:06,640 Speaker 1: idea that the universe is incredibly vast, but we haven't 879 00:43:06,680 --> 00:43:09,799 Speaker 1: sort of mentally populated it with aliens. And I think 880 00:43:09,840 --> 00:43:12,120 Speaker 1: you're right. The one reason is that they're just so 881 00:43:12,320 --> 00:43:14,200 Speaker 1: far away it seems almost irrelevant. 882 00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:16,719 Speaker 3: We may never hear from them, or see them or 883 00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:17,319 Speaker 3: visit them. 884 00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:20,319 Speaker 1: We may never that's true, but we can still think 885 00:43:20,360 --> 00:43:22,920 Speaker 1: about them. And I think a really fun angle in 886 00:43:22,960 --> 00:43:26,799 Speaker 1: this question is wondering, like, is life more likely to 887 00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:31,000 Speaker 1: occur in those galaxies or in ours? Is our galaxy unusual? 888 00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:33,440 Speaker 1: The same way we think about is our solar system 889 00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:36,600 Speaker 1: unusual in our galaxy? We can ask is our galaxy 890 00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:38,880 Speaker 1: unusual in the universe for us. 891 00:43:38,760 --> 00:43:41,160 Speaker 3: To have developed here or evolved here? 892 00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:41,880 Speaker 2: Like? 893 00:43:42,120 --> 00:43:46,320 Speaker 3: Maybe most like maybe all other galaxies are too dangerous 894 00:43:46,320 --> 00:43:47,279 Speaker 3: for life to evolve in. 895 00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:50,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe we're in a special place, right, or maybe 896 00:43:50,120 --> 00:43:52,719 Speaker 1: we're in a totally vanilla galaxy, and so we do 897 00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:54,960 Speaker 1: know something about that, right. We know that the Milky 898 00:43:54,960 --> 00:43:57,920 Speaker 1: Way is a spiral galaxy, and spiral galaxies are one 899 00:43:57,920 --> 00:44:00,680 Speaker 1: of the most common kinds of galaxies we look out 900 00:44:00,680 --> 00:44:02,520 Speaker 1: in the sky. We see in lots and lots of 901 00:44:02,560 --> 00:44:06,239 Speaker 1: spiral galaxies, So there doesn't seem to be anything particularly 902 00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:08,759 Speaker 1: weird about our galaxy. It's not the smallest, it's not 903 00:44:08,840 --> 00:44:11,799 Speaker 1: the biggest, it's not the brightest or the darkest. It 904 00:44:11,840 --> 00:44:14,640 Speaker 1: has dark matter like other galaxies, so it's sort of 905 00:44:14,719 --> 00:44:19,080 Speaker 1: a generic galaxy. I mean I love it. It's beautiful. I 906 00:44:19,080 --> 00:44:20,279 Speaker 1: don't mean generic in a bad way. 907 00:44:20,320 --> 00:44:23,760 Speaker 3: I mean called it generic in a totally vanilla way. 908 00:44:24,320 --> 00:44:28,080 Speaker 1: By which I mean that there's possibilities for life in 909 00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:30,160 Speaker 1: other galaxies the same weather it is here. 910 00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:32,279 Speaker 3: By which you mean it's the example by which all 911 00:44:32,320 --> 00:44:34,040 Speaker 3: other galaxies are asparring to. 912 00:44:34,280 --> 00:44:38,120 Speaker 1: I mean it's the role model galaxy. It's the exemplary galaxy, precisely. 913 00:44:38,680 --> 00:44:41,520 Speaker 1: And it means that if there's life here, there's no 914 00:44:41,640 --> 00:44:44,040 Speaker 1: reason to believe there couldn't also be life in those 915 00:44:44,040 --> 00:44:46,600 Speaker 1: other galaxies. But could we ever find it? Could we 916 00:44:46,640 --> 00:44:49,440 Speaker 1: ever communicate with them? Could we ever shake hands and 917 00:44:49,480 --> 00:44:52,480 Speaker 1: spend time at a chalkboard, you know, revealing secrets of 918 00:44:52,520 --> 00:44:56,000 Speaker 1: the universe together. Whooh boy, that's hard to imagine. 919 00:44:55,719 --> 00:44:57,880 Speaker 3: But maybe not that hard to imagine. I mean, if 920 00:44:57,920 --> 00:45:02,759 Speaker 3: we can imagine us contact aliens within this galaxy, you know, 921 00:45:02,880 --> 00:45:08,240 Speaker 3: them crossing the large amount of space between us and them, 922 00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:10,359 Speaker 3: you know, it's not that hard to imagine doing that 923 00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:13,680 Speaker 3: twenty times over to do it between galaxies. 924 00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:16,000 Speaker 1: Right, you won't drive an hour down here to Irvine 925 00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:18,600 Speaker 1: to hang out with me, but you'll drive twenty hours somewhere. 926 00:45:18,719 --> 00:45:19,319 Speaker 1: Is that what you're saying. 927 00:45:19,560 --> 00:45:22,400 Speaker 3: I'm saying if I really wanted to see you, the 928 00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:27,160 Speaker 3: difference between one hour and twenty five hours wouldn't be. 929 00:45:26,480 --> 00:45:28,759 Speaker 1: If I was an alien, then you would drive twenty 930 00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:30,279 Speaker 1: five hours to come back to me. 931 00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:33,800 Speaker 3: If it took twenty five seconds to go see Daniel. 932 00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:34,879 Speaker 3: I don't know if I still would. 933 00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:39,200 Speaker 1: Oh no, it's a good point. You're right that if 934 00:45:39,200 --> 00:45:41,640 Speaker 1: we're going to explore our galaxy, we either need to 935 00:45:41,640 --> 00:45:44,640 Speaker 1: do it very very slowly over zillions of years, or 936 00:45:44,719 --> 00:45:47,200 Speaker 1: figure out a way to overcome these distances which are 937 00:45:47,280 --> 00:45:50,160 Speaker 1: already an obstacle in our galaxy. And once we do that, 938 00:45:50,480 --> 00:45:52,880 Speaker 1: then maybe we could also hop to nearby galaxies. 939 00:45:53,120 --> 00:45:55,680 Speaker 3: Yeah. Right, Like if you invent or you figure out 940 00:45:55,680 --> 00:45:59,719 Speaker 3: how to do wormholes or warp drys or suspended animation, 941 00:46:00,160 --> 00:46:02,120 Speaker 3: what's the difference between a year and twenty five years 942 00:46:02,120 --> 00:46:03,280 Speaker 3: to go to another galaxy? 943 00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:06,760 Speaker 1: That's true. And you know, while we're tossing out ridiculous ideas, 944 00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:10,800 Speaker 1: remember our recent episode about stellar engines. We could drive 945 00:46:10,840 --> 00:46:12,880 Speaker 1: the Sun out of the Milky Way and go visit 946 00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:15,960 Speaker 1: another galaxy. We could like move galaxies and go hang 947 00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:16,799 Speaker 1: out in Andromeda. 948 00:46:16,960 --> 00:46:19,840 Speaker 3: All right, Well, to answer Nano's question. I guess the 949 00:46:20,680 --> 00:46:22,839 Speaker 3: answer is, we don't know. We don't know why we 950 00:46:22,960 --> 00:46:25,840 Speaker 3: don't think about amis form another galaxy, but maybe we 951 00:46:25,840 --> 00:46:28,719 Speaker 3: should because it's not that far off from aliens in 952 00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:29,719 Speaker 3: our own galaxy. 953 00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:33,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's true none that in millions of years, 954 00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:37,080 Speaker 1: alien races could use intergalactic travel to come here and 955 00:46:37,080 --> 00:46:39,000 Speaker 1: tell us all about what it's like to live in 956 00:46:39,040 --> 00:46:40,120 Speaker 1: another galaxy, and. 957 00:46:40,080 --> 00:46:42,919 Speaker 3: They'd be like, whoa, this is a better galaxy. You're right, 958 00:46:43,719 --> 00:46:45,160 Speaker 3: it has better reviews on Yelp. 959 00:46:46,120 --> 00:46:49,759 Speaker 1: So thank you to everybody for writing in those amazing questions, 960 00:46:49,840 --> 00:46:52,440 Speaker 1: and thank you to everybody else who's writing in questions 961 00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:55,600 Speaker 1: on a daily basis. We'll get to your questions as well. 962 00:46:55,560 --> 00:46:57,799 Speaker 3: And if you have a question, feel free to send 963 00:46:57,800 --> 00:47:01,360 Speaker 3: it to us. Daniel likes to sit around and answer questions. 964 00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:04,200 Speaker 1: I like to be distracted from my real job by 965 00:47:04,239 --> 00:47:06,800 Speaker 1: thinking about your crazy ideas about physics. 966 00:47:07,040 --> 00:47:09,359 Speaker 3: So thanks for listening. We hope you enjoyed that. See 967 00:47:09,360 --> 00:47:09,919 Speaker 3: you next time. 968 00:47:17,520 --> 00:47:19,839 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 969 00:47:19,880 --> 00:47:23,080 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 970 00:47:23,120 --> 00:47:25,560 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 971 00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:29,319 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or 972 00:47:29,440 --> 00:47:33,759 Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for 973 00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:36,720 Speaker 1: listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe 974 00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:41,160 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 975 00:47:41,280 --> 00:47:45,440 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 976 00:47:45,520 --> 00:47:46,720 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. 977 00:47:56,160 --> 00:47:59,000 Speaker 2: Have you boosted your business with Lenovo Pro yet? Become 978 00:47:59,040 --> 00:48:02,080 Speaker 2: a Lenovo Pro Maram for free today and unlock access 979 00:48:02,120 --> 00:48:06,160 Speaker 2: to Lenovo's exclusive business store for technology expert advisors and 980 00:48:06,320 --> 00:48:10,080 Speaker 2: essential products and services designed just for you. 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