1 00:00:08,680 --> 00:00:12,760 Speaker 1: Hey, Jorge, are you a sinnisthite? Oh? Is that like 2 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:17,720 Speaker 1: a religiously No, it's a person who can see sounds 3 00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:20,159 Speaker 1: like Do I see a symphony of colors when I 4 00:00:20,239 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 1: hear classical music? Yeah? Exactly. I know that a lot 5 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:26,119 Speaker 1: of visual artists have some of that. Well, I do 6 00:00:26,239 --> 00:00:29,320 Speaker 1: see red when my kids are too loud. Does that count? 7 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:32,560 Speaker 1: I don't know. Maybe it just means you're singing the 8 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:36,159 Speaker 1: parental blues. Well, orange, use mark. Those are all the 9 00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:38,199 Speaker 1: color jokes I could think of. Yeah, let's not get 10 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:56,280 Speaker 1: into off color jokes. Hi, I'm Orhammed, cartoonists and the 11 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 1: creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle 12 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:03,120 Speaker 1: physicist and a professor at you see Irvine. What color 13 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:06,440 Speaker 1: would you describe your job as? Blue and gold? Of course, 14 00:01:06,640 --> 00:01:11,039 Speaker 1: the colors of use. Wow, you got the school spirit 15 00:01:11,080 --> 00:01:13,000 Speaker 1: to the core. I do believe in the mission of 16 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:16,240 Speaker 1: the University of California. Actually, we are the biggest public 17 00:01:16,240 --> 00:01:19,399 Speaker 1: school system I think in the world, educate lots of 18 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:22,360 Speaker 1: people who otherwise couldn't afford to go to college. So yeah, 19 00:01:22,440 --> 00:01:25,039 Speaker 1: that's why I'm at a public university. Yeah, you sees 20 00:01:25,080 --> 00:01:27,440 Speaker 1: are awesome. And now do you identify as an art 21 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:30,440 Speaker 1: vark or a bear because I know you went to Berkeley, 22 00:01:30,480 --> 00:01:32,440 Speaker 1: but now you work at easy Irvine. Well, i'd like 23 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:35,279 Speaker 1: to say bear to stand up against your Stanford tree. 24 00:01:35,480 --> 00:01:39,920 Speaker 1: Is it a tree? It is? Unfortunately? Are the Stanford 25 00:01:39,920 --> 00:01:42,520 Speaker 1: masket is a tree? Is it a shivering cedar or something? 26 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:47,320 Speaker 1: It actually changes every year? Yeah, it's a different tree 27 00:01:47,319 --> 00:01:49,480 Speaker 1: each year. No, but it's been a long time since 28 00:01:49,480 --> 00:01:51,800 Speaker 1: I was at Berkeley, so I definitely associate with you. 29 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:54,520 Speaker 1: See Irvine's art vark. I like a mascot that's not 30 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:58,080 Speaker 1: ferocious but a little bit cookie, right, and then eats insects. 31 00:01:58,120 --> 00:02:01,480 Speaker 1: That's pretty cool. I've eaten ants myself. They're actually quite tasty. 32 00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 1: You have turned into an art park, maybe z Welcome 33 00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:07,760 Speaker 1: to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a 34 00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:10,280 Speaker 1: production of My Heart Radio in which we feed you 35 00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:14,640 Speaker 1: tasty little tidbits of knowledge about the universe. No ants here, 36 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:18,480 Speaker 1: but lots of amazing facts about our bunkers universe. The 37 00:02:18,680 --> 00:02:21,520 Speaker 1: crazy things that happen all over the universe, from the 38 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:24,959 Speaker 1: cosmic scale of the large scale structure of the biggest 39 00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:28,280 Speaker 1: things in the universe to how the tiniest things buzz 40 00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:31,919 Speaker 1: around and work together to make you and me and 41 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:34,960 Speaker 1: ice cream. We take all that together, sprinkles on ants 42 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:37,440 Speaker 1: on top, and spoon feed it to you. Yeah, because 43 00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:41,600 Speaker 1: the universe is crawling with anti particles, isn't it. It's 44 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,640 Speaker 1: mostly particles, but there are a lot of anti particles 45 00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:47,239 Speaker 1: out there as well, that's true, and ants also in 46 00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:49,560 Speaker 1: uncle's that's right. So those of us who are both 47 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:52,840 Speaker 1: physicists and art barks are very into those anti particles. 48 00:02:52,919 --> 00:02:55,639 Speaker 1: What would you call a human art vark combination. It's 49 00:02:55,639 --> 00:02:59,600 Speaker 1: not like a where of ark art man or art person. 50 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:03,680 Speaker 1: But it is an incredibly large and amazing universe, full 51 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:08,120 Speaker 1: of huge and almost hard to grasp phenomenon and exploding 52 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:11,320 Speaker 1: stars and supernovas and big black holes. But it's also 53 00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:14,040 Speaker 1: filled with small phenomenon that it can also make you 54 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:18,280 Speaker 1: go wow and gasp and wonder. That's right. The mysteries 55 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:21,000 Speaker 1: of the universe are not just inside black holes or 56 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,440 Speaker 1: in the deep reaches of space or underground in billion 57 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:28,640 Speaker 1: dollar particle accelerators. They can also be found everywhere around you. 58 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,280 Speaker 1: It's possible to create things that physics hasn't quite yet 59 00:03:32,320 --> 00:03:35,480 Speaker 1: figured out. With just a few hundred dollars of equipment 60 00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: in your garage. Yeah, and there are deep mysteries in 61 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 1: terms of the particles and the very makeup of reality, 62 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: but there are also sort of interesting miracles and mysteries 63 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:46,920 Speaker 1: in our everyday lives. We just look around. There are 64 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:51,680 Speaker 1: things that even professional art park physicists can explain. That's right, 65 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:55,160 Speaker 1: because physics is sort of a patchwork of different ideas. 66 00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: You know, the full universe, in all of its glory, 67 00:03:58,360 --> 00:04:02,760 Speaker 1: is this incredibly complex, buzzing quantum soup of particles will 68 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:05,600 Speaker 1: never hope to understand. But the job of physics is 69 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:09,840 Speaker 1: to distill from that a few mathematical stories ideas about 70 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:13,000 Speaker 1: emergent phenomena, simplify things that we can pull out of 71 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:17,280 Speaker 1: this crazy chaos and tell little stories about. And sometimes 72 00:04:17,279 --> 00:04:19,680 Speaker 1: those stories fit together, and sometimes we find things that 73 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:22,880 Speaker 1: fall between the cracks that can't really be described by 74 00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:25,080 Speaker 1: any of the ideas that we have so far. Yeah, 75 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: and it's pretty cool to talk about these because I 76 00:04:26,839 --> 00:04:29,960 Speaker 1: feel like it opens people's eyes to the mystery that's arounds. 77 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:32,279 Speaker 1: And you know, once you find out there are mysteries 78 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:34,400 Speaker 1: in every corner of your house, and you sort of 79 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:36,640 Speaker 1: keep you an eye out after that to look for 80 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:38,839 Speaker 1: them and to have sort of an open eye for 81 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:41,520 Speaker 1: a wonder and awe. Yep. So when you go hunting 82 00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:44,320 Speaker 1: for big physics mysteries, you don't have to bag yourself 83 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:46,799 Speaker 1: and elk. You can pick up tiny little ants around 84 00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:48,920 Speaker 1: the house. So in this episode, we'll be talking about 85 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:53,080 Speaker 1: one particular interesting physics mystery or phenomenon that kind of 86 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:57,359 Speaker 1: involved all of the senses. It's tasty, it's tasty, and 87 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:01,240 Speaker 1: it feels good, but mostly involved a sigh and sound 88 00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:04,360 Speaker 1: without any special effects. So to be on the program, 89 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:13,360 Speaker 1: we'll be talking about can sound turn into light? That 90 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:17,360 Speaker 1: sounds pretty cool, Daniel. It sounds illuminating. It does sound illuminating. 91 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:19,960 Speaker 1: And when I first heard about this, actually as a teenager, 92 00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:23,360 Speaker 1: a high school student doing science reachers for the summer 93 00:05:23,520 --> 00:05:26,120 Speaker 1: at Los Alimos National Labs, I thought it was bonkers. 94 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:28,880 Speaker 1: I thought it was crazy that you could turn sound 95 00:05:28,880 --> 00:05:31,760 Speaker 1: waves into flashes of light. Frankly, I thought I was 96 00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:34,039 Speaker 1: having my leg pulled. WHOA, So this has been a 97 00:05:34,080 --> 00:05:36,720 Speaker 1: mystery since you were a grad student. That's a long time. 98 00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:43,279 Speaker 1: Are you calling me old? I think you're calling me old, Well, 99 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:45,440 Speaker 1: your old alimal because I know we're the same age. 100 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:48,800 Speaker 1: That's true. You know, I was recently accidentally see seed 101 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:51,880 Speaker 1: on an email about me where I was described as 102 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:57,240 Speaker 1: a junior ish scientist. Oh interesting, that's good. Well, I 103 00:05:57,279 --> 00:05:59,039 Speaker 1: guess it depends on who was calling you that. Was 104 00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:02,880 Speaker 1: it a an older professor or like a hippon grad student. 105 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:07,840 Speaker 1: It was definitely a very senior professor. Yes, there you go. Yeah, 106 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:09,360 Speaker 1: I don't know how you should take that. I took 107 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 1: it as a compliment, like the way I take everything. 108 00:06:11,480 --> 00:06:13,480 Speaker 1: So you're a junior, that means there's still a lot 109 00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 1: ahead of you in terms of science. That's right. It's 110 00:06:15,520 --> 00:06:17,880 Speaker 1: gonna be decades before I'm that old and crusty. But 111 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:21,000 Speaker 1: this has been a fascinating mystery since long before I 112 00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:24,039 Speaker 1: was doing physics and long before I was born. This 113 00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:27,159 Speaker 1: has been something of a mystery for almost a century 114 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:29,520 Speaker 1: since it was discovered. Yeah, and so it's a pretty 115 00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:32,200 Speaker 1: fascinating phenomenon. And what's kind of cool is it? You know, 116 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:34,799 Speaker 1: it's not something that you need a billion dollar particle 117 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:37,440 Speaker 1: collider to explore or to see or to kind of 118 00:06:37,600 --> 00:06:39,320 Speaker 1: try to figure out. It's something you can do and 119 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,840 Speaker 1: like your garage, right, for a few hundred bucks. Yeah, 120 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:44,720 Speaker 1: there are folks out there on YouTube that have instructions 121 00:06:44,720 --> 00:06:46,480 Speaker 1: for how to make this happen. You get the right 122 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:49,440 Speaker 1: equipment and assemble it in a little bit of sophistication 123 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: within a scilloscope, and you can create flashes of light 124 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:55,719 Speaker 1: from sound in your own garage. So the idea said 125 00:06:55,760 --> 00:06:59,200 Speaker 1: you can turn sound into light, and so that happens. 126 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:01,320 Speaker 1: And there's a name for that phenomenon, right, that's right. 127 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,719 Speaker 1: It's a pretty cool name too. I'm curious to hear 128 00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:05,599 Speaker 1: what you're going to think of it. It's called so 129 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 1: No luminescence. It sounds like son of luminescence, like the 130 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:13,960 Speaker 1: sequel maybe too luminescence. I see luminescence. It's back and 131 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:18,240 Speaker 1: it's piste off. Yeah, it's fun once revenge now, So 132 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:20,440 Speaker 1: I guess that makes sense. Right. It's like sound, right, 133 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:22,840 Speaker 1: and the luminescence means that light. Yeah, it means glowing. 134 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:25,560 Speaker 1: It means Sonic glowing. So you know this is when 135 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: you're playing Sonic the video game and you get that 136 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:31,720 Speaker 1: extra boost and Sonic starts to glow and your eyes 137 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:34,840 Speaker 1: get crossed from all the viatore game playing. But yeah, 138 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:37,960 Speaker 1: it's called so No luminescence and it's kind of an 139 00:07:37,960 --> 00:07:42,600 Speaker 1: interesting phenomenon that apparently physicists can't explain quite fully. And 140 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:44,800 Speaker 1: so we were wondering how many people out there had 141 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:47,960 Speaker 1: heard of this term, this phenomenon and or have any 142 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:50,560 Speaker 1: ideas about what it could be. So Daniel went out 143 00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 1: there to the internet to ask people what is so 144 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:56,600 Speaker 1: no luminescence? And I'm still looking for more volunteers for 145 00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: people who are willing to play our game of answer 146 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:03,760 Speaker 1: wren them physics question without any preparation. It's fun, it's easy, 147 00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:07,320 Speaker 1: it's no stress. If you'd like to participate, please write 148 00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:10,680 Speaker 1: to me two questions at dandelion Jorge dot com. Yes, 149 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:12,360 Speaker 1: so think about it for a second. What do you 150 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:16,280 Speaker 1: think causes so no luminescence? Here's what people had to say. 151 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:21,000 Speaker 1: I've never heard of sono luminescence before. It sounds like 152 00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 1: something that has to do with both sound and light. 153 00:08:25,600 --> 00:08:30,440 Speaker 1: So maybe sound that somehow emits light, or maybe vice versa. 154 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:34,400 Speaker 1: I've never heard of sono luminescence, but since so no 155 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:39,880 Speaker 1: implies sound, might it be that something lights up when 156 00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:44,080 Speaker 1: you shoot sound waves at it? So something that causes 157 00:08:44,200 --> 00:08:47,240 Speaker 1: light under the influence of sound. I know what luminescences, 158 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:50,200 Speaker 1: which is basically just when something gives off light. Find 159 00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:53,040 Speaker 1: out what sonar is. But that sounds different to what 160 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:56,120 Speaker 1: sono means, So for that I have no idea. It 161 00:08:56,280 --> 00:09:00,160 Speaker 1: must be something to do with sound and light, but 162 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:02,640 Speaker 1: I'm not sure what. I've never heard of sun no 163 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:07,439 Speaker 1: luminescence before, but I'm wondering by the name if it 164 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: has to do with something glowing and sound, I look 165 00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:16,560 Speaker 1: forward to learning. I know that luminescence is some kind 166 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:20,600 Speaker 1: of light um those neon color lights you having like 167 00:09:20,760 --> 00:09:25,880 Speaker 1: parties or like paint people with. So no is sound, 168 00:09:26,080 --> 00:09:29,400 Speaker 1: so I know that much. So I could, I would 169 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:32,080 Speaker 1: say that it has to do with sound and light, 170 00:09:32,480 --> 00:09:37,200 Speaker 1: like how the photons are moving or changing for variations 171 00:09:37,200 --> 00:09:39,840 Speaker 1: of sounds. I assume that this has something to do 172 00:09:39,920 --> 00:09:45,080 Speaker 1: with light radiation or the afterglow that results from some 173 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:50,680 Speaker 1: form of heat concentration, like in a body or body 174 00:09:50,679 --> 00:09:55,240 Speaker 1: of massive body. So no, like sound, luminescence like light. 175 00:09:55,440 --> 00:10:00,319 Speaker 1: Maybe is that the way in which sound creates lights 176 00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:04,080 Speaker 1: or something observable? I think there's so no luminescence is 177 00:10:04,160 --> 00:10:08,320 Speaker 1: what happens when you vibrate something, maybe like a cloud 178 00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:12,480 Speaker 1: in space, and it begins to glow. All right, some 179 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 1: pretty interesting answers. A lot of people made the connection 180 00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:17,240 Speaker 1: that it's sound and light. So kudos on the naming 181 00:10:17,240 --> 00:10:19,040 Speaker 1: of this phenomena. I'm sorry, what did you say? I 182 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:20,839 Speaker 1: couldn't quite hear that. Can you repeat that? I said, 183 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:23,040 Speaker 1: you did a good job naming this physical fit off. 184 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:27,120 Speaker 1: I'm so glad I have that on tape and just 185 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:29,439 Speaker 1: copy and paste it every time. That's right. We did 186 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:33,200 Speaker 1: it once successfully, so we can now retire. That's right, 187 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: It's possible. I guess that's how you go from being 188 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:39,319 Speaker 1: a junior physicist being junior ish. You accomplish something, you 189 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:42,200 Speaker 1: did it twice, you maybe get to junior certified. But 190 00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:45,880 Speaker 1: people are right, this is a connection between sound and light. 191 00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:49,479 Speaker 1: So even though nobody had actually heard of this specific phenomena, 192 00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:52,360 Speaker 1: pretty much everybody guessed it just from the name. So 193 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:55,400 Speaker 1: good job everyone as all around. Yeah, and so this 194 00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:57,520 Speaker 1: is not just the thing where you have sound and light. 195 00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: This is like how do you transform one type of 196 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:04,119 Speaker 1: energy or one type of phenomenon into another type of phenomenon, 197 00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:07,160 Speaker 1: Like how do you go from sound to light or 198 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:10,480 Speaker 1: light to sound? And it's really kind of dramatic. You 199 00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:13,200 Speaker 1: take these ingredients that you never imagine you could get 200 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:15,520 Speaker 1: them to glow, but you can create the conditions to 201 00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:18,800 Speaker 1: create these incredible flashes of light. Yeah, so it's pretty 202 00:11:18,800 --> 00:11:21,280 Speaker 1: cool effects. So let's dive into it, Daniel, what's like 203 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:24,839 Speaker 1: the basic experiment? How do you transform sound into light? 204 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:27,559 Speaker 1: The basic idea is to take a small container of water, 205 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:30,960 Speaker 1: get a bubble to form in that container, and then 206 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:34,800 Speaker 1: shake that bubble using sound waves. Remember, sound waves are 207 00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:39,160 Speaker 1: basically compression waves. So every time I speak, that energy 208 00:11:39,240 --> 00:11:42,079 Speaker 1: is transmitted and that information moves through the air because 209 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:44,720 Speaker 1: the molecules are pushing on the next molecules, which push 210 00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:47,680 Speaker 1: on the next molecules, sort of like waves in traffic. 211 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:50,040 Speaker 1: And so if you shake that water using sound, and 212 00:11:50,080 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: you do it adjust the right resonant frequency with the 213 00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:55,600 Speaker 1: little bubble that you have in the center of the water, 214 00:11:55,880 --> 00:11:59,040 Speaker 1: you can cause that bubble to expand and then collapse, 215 00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:01,960 Speaker 1: and when it lapses, you get this bright flash of 216 00:12:02,160 --> 00:12:05,439 Speaker 1: light that comes out of this bubble in your water. Wait, 217 00:12:05,559 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: what so you have a little like a glass of water, 218 00:12:09,280 --> 00:12:11,840 Speaker 1: I guess you when you put like speakers next to 219 00:12:11,880 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: it or all around them, and then you basically send 220 00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:17,880 Speaker 1: like vibrations into it, and they have to be kind 221 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:20,280 Speaker 1: of resonant or something right with the container. And if 222 00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:22,640 Speaker 1: you have a bubble already in the water, then that 223 00:12:22,679 --> 00:12:26,200 Speaker 1: bubble is gonna expand and then collapse suddenly. Yeah, And 224 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:28,000 Speaker 1: you can do it several ways. You can either create 225 00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:31,520 Speaker 1: the bubble in advance and then make their resident frequency 226 00:12:31,880 --> 00:12:34,200 Speaker 1: match the size of the bubble. Or if you have 227 00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:37,280 Speaker 1: powerful enough sound, you can just start cranking up the 228 00:12:37,280 --> 00:12:40,080 Speaker 1: sound waves and they will create their own bubbles. And 229 00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:43,160 Speaker 1: then what happens is that those bubbles expand and collapse 230 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: and you get this bright flash of light. It's very 231 00:12:46,360 --> 00:12:48,720 Speaker 1: very brief. Wow. And I think it has to be 232 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 1: supersonic sound, right, Like, it's not just like you know, 233 00:12:51,559 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 1: turning on metallica and then you sudden like the water 234 00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,439 Speaker 1: will glow. No, the sound doesn't have to be anything special, 235 00:12:57,520 --> 00:12:59,719 Speaker 1: right The sound waves are not traveling that fast, not 236 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:03,480 Speaker 1: tiling supersonically in the water. I mean you do need 237 00:13:03,559 --> 00:13:06,680 Speaker 1: sort of fairly high frequency. It's not just like you know, 238 00:13:06,720 --> 00:13:08,720 Speaker 1: if you turn on a glass of water near a speaker, 239 00:13:08,760 --> 00:13:10,920 Speaker 1: it's going to happen, but it's not like hypersonic. You 240 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:13,160 Speaker 1: can buy the equipment to generate these for you know, 241 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:16,960 Speaker 1: like a hundred bucks online. It's nothing that fancy. And 242 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:19,720 Speaker 1: so the bubble expands and then collapses. And then when 243 00:13:19,720 --> 00:13:22,800 Speaker 1: it collapse that it actually it collapses so hard that 244 00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:26,280 Speaker 1: it generates light. It generates light. Yes, you get this 245 00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:29,040 Speaker 1: flash of light, and it's really incredible because you know, 246 00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:32,200 Speaker 1: there's not that much energy in this sound. It's not 247 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:36,000 Speaker 1: like you're blastingness with this incredible amount of energy. But 248 00:13:36,120 --> 00:13:39,760 Speaker 1: what comes out of the bubble? Are you v photons? 249 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:41,240 Speaker 1: I mean some of them are visible, so you can 250 00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:43,760 Speaker 1: see them with the naked eye, but it extends up 251 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:48,440 Speaker 1: into the ultraviolet and ultra violet are very high energy photons. 252 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:51,440 Speaker 1: We know from like looking out into space that the 253 00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:54,200 Speaker 1: temperature of things connects with the energy of the photons. 254 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:56,640 Speaker 1: They emit, you know, the Earth emits in the infrared 255 00:13:56,720 --> 00:13:59,200 Speaker 1: and the Sun emits in the visual. And it takes 256 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:02,640 Speaker 1: like a super hot gas around black holes usually to 257 00:14:02,880 --> 00:14:07,040 Speaker 1: generate ultra violet radiation in this significant amount. And so 258 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:12,800 Speaker 1: these tiny little bubbles in your garage are generating UV photons. Wow. 259 00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:15,120 Speaker 1: And so it is it like one bubble it's going 260 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:16,960 Speaker 1: to blind you? Or is it like you need to 261 00:14:16,960 --> 00:14:18,960 Speaker 1: see like a whole bunch of bubbles doing this at 262 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:21,320 Speaker 1: the same time to sort of see the actual glow. Well, 263 00:14:21,360 --> 00:14:23,600 Speaker 1: you should always wear safety goggles anytime you do a 264 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:26,880 Speaker 1: physics experiment, especially one that involves a glass and sound, 265 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 1: because it could shatter, but it's not dangerous. But the 266 00:14:29,520 --> 00:14:31,760 Speaker 1: other incredible thing about it is that it doesn't just 267 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:34,360 Speaker 1: happen once. If you set it up, then the bubble 268 00:14:34,360 --> 00:14:36,920 Speaker 1: emits light when it collapses, and then it recovers, and 269 00:14:36,920 --> 00:14:39,560 Speaker 1: it does it again and again and again, and you 270 00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:42,720 Speaker 1: can do it like extremely regularly, so you get a 271 00:14:42,760 --> 00:14:45,840 Speaker 1: continuous source of these flashes. So you set this thing up, 272 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:48,280 Speaker 1: you can see it with your naked eyes in an 273 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:52,040 Speaker 1: undarkened room. Wow, Well, you won't see the bubble, right 274 00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:54,400 Speaker 1: because the bubbles are super tiny, right. It's not like 275 00:14:54,440 --> 00:14:57,640 Speaker 1: a giant bubble going exploding and expanding. It's like a 276 00:14:57,720 --> 00:15:00,720 Speaker 1: Brazilian tiny little bubbles. You can't see the bubble with 277 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:03,200 Speaker 1: a naked eye because it's like a micrometer, But you 278 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:05,840 Speaker 1: can see the photons with your naked eye. Like what 279 00:15:05,920 --> 00:15:08,160 Speaker 1: you will see is a glowing dot. And it depends 280 00:15:08,160 --> 00:15:10,760 Speaker 1: exactly how you set it up. Until around thirty years ago, 281 00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:12,960 Speaker 1: people were doing what you described, they would just like 282 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:15,680 Speaker 1: crash a bunch of sound into water and they would 283 00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:17,800 Speaker 1: get a lot of little bubbles. But these days people 284 00:15:17,840 --> 00:15:20,400 Speaker 1: are doing single bubble sun of luminescence. They create the 285 00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:22,640 Speaker 1: bubble using some other technique. You just like put a 286 00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:24,880 Speaker 1: drop of water or something to get a bubble in there, 287 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:26,880 Speaker 1: and then you can get a single bubble sitting at 288 00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:28,600 Speaker 1: the center of your glass of water, and when you 289 00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:31,200 Speaker 1: turn on the sound, it starts to glow. Like you 290 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:33,200 Speaker 1: can see YouTube videos of this all over the place. 291 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:36,440 Speaker 1: It's not that complicated and it's really visible, like you 292 00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:40,280 Speaker 1: can definitely see this bubble glowing. Wow, that's crazy. I 293 00:15:40,280 --> 00:15:42,560 Speaker 1: guess we'll get into it later. But you're making the error, 294 00:15:42,680 --> 00:15:45,680 Speaker 1: or you're making the water molecules glow. Like. The amazing 295 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:48,600 Speaker 1: thing is that we don't really understand the physical process. 296 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,720 Speaker 1: It's like somehow you've created a super tiny little star 297 00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:56,240 Speaker 1: trapped in the bubble inside a glass of water in 298 00:15:56,320 --> 00:15:58,440 Speaker 1: your garage. And so people have spent a lot of 299 00:15:58,440 --> 00:16:01,920 Speaker 1: time trying to understand exactly how this works, what happens, 300 00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:04,680 Speaker 1: and whether it could possibly even be a way to 301 00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,840 Speaker 1: do fusion on Earth to create sources of energy. Wow, 302 00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:12,000 Speaker 1: sounds pretty cool, and you're telling me it's also pretty 303 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 1: cool because it doesn't just happen in YouTuber's garages. It 304 00:16:15,160 --> 00:16:18,240 Speaker 1: also happens in nature, Like there are animals he sort 305 00:16:18,240 --> 00:16:21,720 Speaker 1: of do this and use this phenomena to defend themselves. Yeah, 306 00:16:21,760 --> 00:16:25,280 Speaker 1: there are a few creators underwater that can create similar conditions, 307 00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:27,960 Speaker 1: like the mantis shrimp and the pistol shrimp. They have 308 00:16:28,040 --> 00:16:31,520 Speaker 1: these claws that can snap closed really really quickly, effectively 309 00:16:31,560 --> 00:16:35,040 Speaker 1: giving acoustic energy to little bubbles that exist already in 310 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:37,960 Speaker 1: the water. So they create these little collapse and bubbles, 311 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:39,680 Speaker 1: and they do it not just because they want to 312 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:41,920 Speaker 1: create flashes of light, but because they want to shoot 313 00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:45,080 Speaker 1: these bubbles. And so, for example, the pistol shrimp can 314 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:48,600 Speaker 1: shoot these tiny little bubbles at sixty miles that's a 315 00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:51,920 Speaker 1: hundred kilometers per hour, and that kind of pressure can 316 00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:54,680 Speaker 1: like kill a small fish. But at the same time, 317 00:16:54,760 --> 00:16:58,680 Speaker 1: these bubbles also create sauno luminescence and so you can 318 00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: see like a tiny little flah of light. And when 319 00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:04,200 Speaker 1: they do this, whoa, it's like a trimp with superpowers. 320 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:07,600 Speaker 1: It can shoot of light bullets. Yeah, and the biologists 321 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:12,399 Speaker 1: who work on that call this shrimpo luminescence. That sounds 322 00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:15,000 Speaker 1: like the rice. It sounds like a delicious thing to 323 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,280 Speaker 1: have for lunch, you know, really make your stomach glow, 324 00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:21,959 Speaker 1: bright up your day. It's a brilliant choice. Yeah, And 325 00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:24,600 Speaker 1: so shrimp do it, and little critters do it, and 326 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:26,200 Speaker 1: you can do it in your garage. But it's still 327 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:29,000 Speaker 1: a big mystery to physicists. And so let's get into 328 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:31,400 Speaker 1: the physics of it and what could be happening there. 329 00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:46,320 Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. All right, we're 330 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:49,720 Speaker 1: talking about shrimpo luminescence, which sounds like it's a nice 331 00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:52,879 Speaker 1: snack like shrimp chips kind of, but they glow. That's right. 332 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:56,760 Speaker 1: They've tapped to that shrimp's proportional glowing ability. Oh I see, 333 00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:58,399 Speaker 1: like maybe you got bit by one of these shrimps 334 00:17:58,440 --> 00:18:00,960 Speaker 1: and now there's a superhero with that ability. But it 335 00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:03,840 Speaker 1: would only work underwater, which is kind of a question 336 00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:05,600 Speaker 1: that I had. Does this only work in the water 337 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,199 Speaker 1: or is it other liquids too. It does work in 338 00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:12,840 Speaker 1: other liquids, for example, in sulfuric acid. It's even more powerful. 339 00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:16,399 Speaker 1: But I do not recommend anybody get a container of 340 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:18,679 Speaker 1: sulfuric acid and try to do experiments with it. Then 341 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:22,159 Speaker 1: involved potentially shattering the glass or making it explode, So 342 00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:24,920 Speaker 1: that's quite dangerous. But it's not limited to water, though 343 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:27,600 Speaker 1: most of the experiments have been done in water with 344 00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:31,560 Speaker 1: varying amounts of various gases dissolved into it. Interesting, So 345 00:18:31,840 --> 00:18:34,000 Speaker 1: is that a clue about what's going on? Like, it's 346 00:18:34,040 --> 00:18:37,159 Speaker 1: not related to the actual water molecules. H two, but 347 00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:39,800 Speaker 1: maybe it's something. But what these bubbles are doing. Yeah, 348 00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:42,479 Speaker 1: people who are wondering for a long time about where 349 00:18:42,520 --> 00:18:45,800 Speaker 1: the light is coming from. Is it coming from inside 350 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:48,320 Speaker 1: the bubble? Is it coming from the liquid just on 351 00:18:48,359 --> 00:18:50,879 Speaker 1: the outside of the bubble. It's been something people have 352 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:52,919 Speaker 1: been wondering about for a long time. And this is 353 00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:55,720 Speaker 1: something that's difficult, Like you might be wondering, like can't 354 00:18:55,720 --> 00:18:58,120 Speaker 1: you just take a picture or like figure it out? Man, 355 00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: it's been going on for a hundred years. But it's 356 00:19:00,920 --> 00:19:05,320 Speaker 1: hard because it's really tiny and it happens really really fast, 357 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,320 Speaker 1: and so getting like very accurate photography of what's going 358 00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:13,439 Speaker 1: on is difficult. People use things like laser scattering to 359 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:15,840 Speaker 1: try to measure the size of this bubble as a 360 00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:19,960 Speaker 1: function of time. So experimentally, it's quite challenging. You know, 361 00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:22,960 Speaker 1: until like twenty or so years ago, people couldn't even 362 00:19:22,960 --> 00:19:26,879 Speaker 1: reliably make single bubble son of luminescence, like create a 363 00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:29,600 Speaker 1: bubble in a known location that you could like focus 364 00:19:29,680 --> 00:19:32,760 Speaker 1: your cameras on to take pictures of. They were resorting 365 00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:36,240 Speaker 1: to this like multi bubble luminescence, which makes it harder 366 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:38,560 Speaker 1: and harder. So we've sort of been making progress over 367 00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:41,280 Speaker 1: the last hundred years just in like getting data for 368 00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:45,160 Speaker 1: what is going on, not to mention than building models 369 00:19:45,160 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: to explain interesting because you know, we have telescopes that 370 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:51,199 Speaker 1: can look at black holes and other galaxy at the 371 00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:53,280 Speaker 1: center of other galaxies, and we have you know, my 372 00:19:53,480 --> 00:19:57,360 Speaker 1: like microscopes that can look at basical media individual atoms. 373 00:19:57,359 --> 00:19:59,240 Speaker 1: But you're saying, this is kind of hard to take 374 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:01,760 Speaker 1: a look at. It's difficult because of the speed. You know, 375 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:04,960 Speaker 1: the light that's emitted lasts for something like a hundred 376 00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:08,240 Speaker 1: pico seconds, and so having cameras that are that high 377 00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:12,040 Speaker 1: resolution is challenging. There are some measurements using streak photography 378 00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:15,000 Speaker 1: that can get some information, but the best resolution it 379 00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:18,640 Speaker 1: comes from laser scattering because you can shine lasers at 380 00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:21,160 Speaker 1: these bubbles, and then the way the laser light bounces 381 00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: off depends, for example, on the size of the bubble 382 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:26,440 Speaker 1: at that time. So we do now have very precise 383 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 1: measurements of the radius of the bubble as a function 384 00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:31,520 Speaker 1: of time, so we can sort of see it collapsing. 385 00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:33,440 Speaker 1: What we'd really like to know is like what's going 386 00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:37,159 Speaker 1: on inside the bubble. What's the temperature of the gas 387 00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:39,720 Speaker 1: or whatever is inside the bubble, And that's something we 388 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:43,800 Speaker 1: don't have direct measurements of. Interesting, So yeah, I think 389 00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:46,080 Speaker 1: you sort of keyed into it is that's what's going 390 00:20:46,080 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: on inside of the bubble, right, because inside of the 391 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 1: bubble is what like water vapor, right, that's what these 392 00:20:51,840 --> 00:20:53,560 Speaker 1: bubbles are made out of. Well, it depends a little 393 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:55,280 Speaker 1: bit on how you create the bubble, but we think 394 00:20:55,280 --> 00:20:58,720 Speaker 1: initially it's water vapor or gas that evaporates then the 395 00:20:58,920 --> 00:21:02,119 Speaker 1: inside surf of the bubble when it's created. So it 396 00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:04,920 Speaker 1: depends a little bit on like what's dissolved into the water. 397 00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:07,720 Speaker 1: You know, is there are gone or xenon trace amounts 398 00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:10,280 Speaker 1: of that inside the water. But yeah, we think that 399 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:13,960 Speaker 1: essentially have a very low pressure bubble that's formed, and 400 00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:16,359 Speaker 1: then the sound waves come along and they pump some 401 00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:18,919 Speaker 1: energy into that it makes the bubble expand, or as 402 00:21:18,960 --> 00:21:22,120 Speaker 1: you have this external pumping, that pushes the bubble out 403 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,600 Speaker 1: and it continues to expand because of its inertia while 404 00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:28,439 Speaker 1: the pressure drops, and then eventually the water on the 405 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,240 Speaker 1: outside the pressure gets too great and it's like, hold on, 406 00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,640 Speaker 1: we can't sustain this bubble any longer, and so it stops. Right. 407 00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:37,240 Speaker 1: It grows from like, you know, a few microns to 408 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:40,679 Speaker 1: maybe ten microns, and then it stops and it collapses, 409 00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:44,640 Speaker 1: It crashes down, and we think that probably what's happening 410 00:21:44,680 --> 00:21:47,440 Speaker 1: is that that gas, that small amount of gas inside 411 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:50,720 Speaker 1: the bubble is getting very rapidly compressed. But again, the 412 00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:53,879 Speaker 1: details of how that generates these photons is not something 413 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:56,640 Speaker 1: we yet understand interesting and it sounds like you don't 414 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:58,359 Speaker 1: even know what's inside of the bubble. It could be 415 00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:01,840 Speaker 1: like a gas, or it could be like floating water molecules. 416 00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:03,879 Speaker 1: We don't understand. And the reason that this has been 417 00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:06,040 Speaker 1: a puzzle for so long this is for two reasons. 418 00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:08,240 Speaker 1: One is it's hard to get data about what's going 419 00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:10,760 Speaker 1: on exactly inside of it, and the other is that 420 00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,120 Speaker 1: these conditions are really extreme, like we have some theories 421 00:22:14,119 --> 00:22:16,639 Speaker 1: for how bubbles work, and we have theories for like 422 00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:19,639 Speaker 1: how gas can emit light, and we have some theories 423 00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:22,119 Speaker 1: for like what happens to a plasma. But most of 424 00:22:22,119 --> 00:22:24,920 Speaker 1: these make assumptions, like they assume that the gas is 425 00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:27,639 Speaker 1: in equilibrium, or you know, the bubbles are a certain 426 00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:30,639 Speaker 1: size or whatever, and this phenomenon seems to sit like 427 00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:34,600 Speaker 1: outside of all of where those stories should work. You know, 428 00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:37,240 Speaker 1: it happens really really fast, and happens really really small, 429 00:22:37,280 --> 00:22:40,040 Speaker 1: and the gas doesn't have time to relax and come 430 00:22:40,040 --> 00:22:43,400 Speaker 1: into equilibrium. So all the sort of mathematical stories we've 431 00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,320 Speaker 1: been building up and telling ourselves, this patchwork of physics 432 00:22:46,480 --> 00:22:49,359 Speaker 1: we've built over the last few hundred years, this falls 433 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:51,199 Speaker 1: like right in the middle of them. And so if 434 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,480 Speaker 1: you try to like build a numerical simulation of what's 435 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:57,840 Speaker 1: going on, we just don't really have physical laws that 436 00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:00,920 Speaker 1: can tell us what's happening unless you go way down 437 00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:04,720 Speaker 1: to the individual particles. But it's impractical to simulate a 438 00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:07,199 Speaker 1: bubble that has like ten to the ten particles and 439 00:23:07,480 --> 00:23:10,520 Speaker 1: using individual particle physics. So sort of like fallen in 440 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:13,959 Speaker 1: this crack between our knowledge of how fluids work and 441 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:17,680 Speaker 1: how gases work at various temperatures. It's like it's too 442 00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:20,879 Speaker 1: dynamic in a way, right, because physicists usually like to 443 00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:23,959 Speaker 1: think about things once they're settled down, or like at 444 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:26,720 Speaker 1: the super duper particle level. But you're saying this is 445 00:23:26,760 --> 00:23:28,800 Speaker 1: somewhere in between. It's somewhere in between, and we don't 446 00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:31,520 Speaker 1: even know. For example, is this bubble a sphere? Is 447 00:23:31,560 --> 00:23:35,000 Speaker 1: it symmetric or does it collapse asymmetrically, so like a 448 00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:37,879 Speaker 1: first point on the bubble where the collapse starts to happen, 449 00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 1: sort of like the way a big rock will crack 450 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:43,040 Speaker 1: and they'll start in one place and then really split there. 451 00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:46,160 Speaker 1: Or is it completely spherical? A lot of the calculations 452 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:49,280 Speaker 1: people have done assume a spherical bubble, and other people like, what, 453 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:52,800 Speaker 1: you can't assume a spherical bubble. It's obviously asymmetric, so 454 00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:55,200 Speaker 1: that you know, shouting matches in the literature about how 455 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:58,439 Speaker 1: this might work. Do they use all caps when they 456 00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,080 Speaker 1: shout in papers? This present is an idiot? If they 457 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:03,359 Speaker 1: can make that text blink, they would do that, you know, 458 00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:06,679 Speaker 1: bright red and blinking wow. And it's kind of a 459 00:24:06,680 --> 00:24:09,840 Speaker 1: big mystery because you're essentially taking the energy from sound 460 00:24:09,920 --> 00:24:12,760 Speaker 1: waves and you're turning it into light. But that that's 461 00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:15,160 Speaker 1: kind of weird, right, Like sound doesn't have enough energy 462 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:17,840 Speaker 1: to do that. Yeah, and there is sort of enough energy. 463 00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:20,960 Speaker 1: It's about the energy density. Like sound waves have a 464 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:23,359 Speaker 1: good amount of energy, but you know, there's not a 465 00:24:23,359 --> 00:24:26,439 Speaker 1: lot of energy in a very small space. And so 466 00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:28,920 Speaker 1: if you talk about the energy density, then you need 467 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,640 Speaker 1: like a boost of a factor of ten to the twelve, 468 00:24:31,760 --> 00:24:36,040 Speaker 1: like a trillion times more energy density to create UV 469 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:40,120 Speaker 1: photons from the energy in these sound waves. And so 470 00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:43,320 Speaker 1: that's very impressive. Like these tiny little bubbles are like 471 00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:46,800 Speaker 1: gathering the energy from the whole bubble and then compactifying 472 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:49,479 Speaker 1: it down really rapidly into a tiny spot that can 473 00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:53,679 Speaker 1: release these high energy photons. Wow, that's pretty cool. So 474 00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:56,040 Speaker 1: it's it's some sort of mysterious process. Well let's get 475 00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:57,879 Speaker 1: into the mystery of it. But you were saying the 476 00:24:57,960 --> 00:25:00,520 Speaker 1: key is the temperature of the bubble. Yeah, people really 477 00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:03,879 Speaker 1: disagree about how hot it gets inside the bubble. You know, 478 00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:07,120 Speaker 1: this is just normal water. You start with room temperature water, 479 00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:10,840 Speaker 1: it's like thirty c you know, seventy degrees fahrenheit or whatever. 480 00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:12,639 Speaker 1: You don't have to like heat this thing up. But 481 00:25:12,680 --> 00:25:14,960 Speaker 1: what happens when you pump the sound waves into it 482 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:18,200 Speaker 1: is it grows and then collapses. And when the pressure increases, 483 00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:22,000 Speaker 1: the temperature increases. Like, why is it hot inside the Earth? 484 00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:25,199 Speaker 1: It's hot partially because of radioactivity K, but also because 485 00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:28,360 Speaker 1: of crazy pressure. Why is it hot inside the sun? 486 00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:31,480 Speaker 1: Because of crazy pressure? And you heat things up when 487 00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:33,800 Speaker 1: you add pressure to them, and so people wonder, like 488 00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:36,200 Speaker 1: how hot does it get in there? I mean when 489 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,560 Speaker 1: the bubble collapses, because when I imagine when the bubble 490 00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:40,880 Speaker 1: is expanding, it gets sort of like a vacuum. It's 491 00:25:40,880 --> 00:25:43,840 Speaker 1: super cold. But then when it collapses and compresses this gas, 492 00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:46,320 Speaker 1: then it gets super hot. Yeah, And there's one guy 493 00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:49,440 Speaker 1: with a crazy theory. He thinks that when the bubble expands, 494 00:25:49,480 --> 00:25:52,960 Speaker 1: the gas freezes and turns into this like weird kind 495 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:56,040 Speaker 1: of ice, and then when the bubble collapses, it like 496 00:25:56,240 --> 00:25:58,640 Speaker 1: cracks that gas and the electrons are sort of left 497 00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:02,120 Speaker 1: behind and they're the ones emitting the light. Wait wait, wait, wait, 498 00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:04,080 Speaker 1: what do you mean one guy with a crazy theory? 499 00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:06,680 Speaker 1: Are you talking about a fellow physicist. I'm talking about 500 00:26:06,680 --> 00:26:09,960 Speaker 1: a fellow physicists because there have been so many crazy 501 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:13,040 Speaker 1: theories about what's going on inside of this. Because it's 502 00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:15,280 Speaker 1: been an open puzzle for so long, it's like a 503 00:26:15,320 --> 00:26:18,639 Speaker 1: playground for people to have crazy, bonkers ideas. There's some 504 00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:23,040 Speaker 1: people think it's like capturing the vacuum energy of quantum fields. 505 00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:27,040 Speaker 1: All sorts of other crazy ideas have been battered around 506 00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:30,199 Speaker 1: these days. The most likely explanations come down to a 507 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:33,679 Speaker 1: disagreement about whether when it collapses, does it form a 508 00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,960 Speaker 1: plasma like what's going on inside the sun, or just 509 00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:40,560 Speaker 1: a very very hot gas that then emits some light. 510 00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:44,040 Speaker 1: Interesting because I guess gas by itself canna mid light, right, 511 00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,400 Speaker 1: like fluorescent lighting, you just have a gas, it glows, right. 512 00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:50,719 Speaker 1: I think fluorescent lighting is actually usually creating plasma and 513 00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:53,600 Speaker 1: that plasma glows. But you're right that hot gas can 514 00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:56,080 Speaker 1: also emit light, right. You don't have to be a plasma, 515 00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:59,399 Speaker 1: And there's lots of ways for this to happen if 516 00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:01,720 Speaker 1: you think about, like at the particle level, if you 517 00:27:01,760 --> 00:27:04,679 Speaker 1: do have a plasma, then those things in midlight because 518 00:27:04,680 --> 00:27:07,480 Speaker 1: a plasma, remember, is when things get hot enough that 519 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:10,639 Speaker 1: the electrons have so much energy that they're no longer 520 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:14,000 Speaker 1: captured by the nucleus. They're flying around free. And if 521 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:16,040 Speaker 1: you have an electron flying around free, it's going to 522 00:27:16,119 --> 00:27:19,360 Speaker 1: get accelerated by all the atoms nearby it that now 523 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:23,080 Speaker 1: have a positive charge. And if you accelerate an electron, 524 00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:26,520 Speaker 1: it will emit radiation, and that's photons. Every time an 525 00:27:26,560 --> 00:27:30,000 Speaker 1: electron changes direction, every time it accelerates, it gives off 526 00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:33,080 Speaker 1: a photon. So if it's a plasma, that's probably the 527 00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:37,200 Speaker 1: process as a fancy German word called bremstrow lung, which 528 00:27:37,240 --> 00:27:40,639 Speaker 1: means breaking radiation. So if it's a plasma, probably it's 529 00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:43,600 Speaker 1: the electrons giving off this light. But other people have 530 00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:46,520 Speaker 1: ideas that maybe it doesn't get hot enough to create 531 00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:49,840 Speaker 1: a plasma and it's just like a really hot gas instead. 532 00:27:50,119 --> 00:27:52,560 Speaker 1: Oh interesting, But I guess you're pretty sure that it's 533 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:55,119 Speaker 1: not like a chemical reaction, you know, like striking a 534 00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:58,159 Speaker 1: match or something burning or something igniting, or you know, 535 00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:00,399 Speaker 1: like materials that just kind of flash when you light 536 00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:02,359 Speaker 1: them up. We're not sure, actually, because if it's not 537 00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,840 Speaker 1: hot enough to make plasma, there's a whole variety of 538 00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:08,240 Speaker 1: chemical reactions that can give off this kind of light. 539 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:12,080 Speaker 1: For example, could just be like water disassociation, you know. 540 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:14,920 Speaker 1: Either you could just be like pulling water molecules apart 541 00:28:14,960 --> 00:28:17,480 Speaker 1: and smashing them back together. That's one theory that has 542 00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:20,399 Speaker 1: this like asymmetric collapse, that these like jets of water 543 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:24,560 Speaker 1: are penetrating into the bubble asymmetrically, and when that happens, 544 00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:28,120 Speaker 1: that's actually called fracto luminescence. This is a commonly known 545 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:31,040 Speaker 1: effect in solid state physics. When you're pulling apart and 546 00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:34,240 Speaker 1: then reuniting things with charges, they can give off basically 547 00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:38,479 Speaker 1: static electricity, little sparks. So that's one possibility. I mean, 548 00:28:38,520 --> 00:28:40,400 Speaker 1: like you're pulling the two age of them oh apart 549 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:42,960 Speaker 1: and and that creates a spark. Yeah. Or it could 550 00:28:42,960 --> 00:28:45,640 Speaker 1: be that, you know, water molecules bumping into each other 551 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:48,600 Speaker 1: can also give off light, you know, or you could 552 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:51,800 Speaker 1: just like excite the water molecule itself make it a 553 00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:54,880 Speaker 1: little sort of internally hot because water molecules have lots 554 00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:58,080 Speaker 1: of ways to vibrate into rotate, and they can absorb 555 00:28:58,080 --> 00:28:59,760 Speaker 1: that energy and then they can give it off. So 556 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,560 Speaker 1: water itself can glow in even a liquid form. And 557 00:29:03,680 --> 00:29:06,480 Speaker 1: so you know this it depends just on the temperature 558 00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:09,400 Speaker 1: what's going on inside there. Interesting because I guess if 559 00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:12,320 Speaker 1: it is plasma, then the light is more easily explained, 560 00:29:12,320 --> 00:29:14,400 Speaker 1: Like if you have plasma, it's normal for plasma to 561 00:29:14,560 --> 00:29:18,200 Speaker 1: just glow, right, Plasmas almost always glow. Yes, The trick is, 562 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:20,719 Speaker 1: how do you get a plasma? In order for that 563 00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:24,440 Speaker 1: to happen, you need more than just compression. The calculations 564 00:29:24,480 --> 00:29:27,400 Speaker 1: people have done suggest that for a plasma happen, what 565 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:31,239 Speaker 1: you need is like a super sonic shock wave. You 566 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:34,280 Speaker 1: need this bubble to collapse faster than the speed of 567 00:29:34,360 --> 00:29:37,240 Speaker 1: sound in order to get the gas like compressed enough 568 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:39,560 Speaker 1: and hot enough in the short amount of time to 569 00:29:39,640 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 1: become a plasma. That's something like you know what goes 570 00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:45,520 Speaker 1: on inside a supernova, right, a supernova, you have a 571 00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:49,680 Speaker 1: gravitational collapse that's racing faster than the speed of sound 572 00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:52,160 Speaker 1: in that material. And so this shock wave is what 573 00:29:52,240 --> 00:29:55,240 Speaker 1: gives you this incredible burst of energy from the supernova. 574 00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:58,640 Speaker 1: So more than just like creating a tiny star inside 575 00:29:58,640 --> 00:30:01,160 Speaker 1: a water bubble in your garage, you could be making 576 00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:06,080 Speaker 1: like a tiny supernova in your garage. I was just 577 00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,160 Speaker 1: sparking my cars, but apparently I've been wasting my garage 578 00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:13,400 Speaker 1: space on too mundane things. Yeah, supernova factory right here, 579 00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:16,760 Speaker 1: and yeah, I think you were saying, there are some 580 00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:18,760 Speaker 1: clues about what's going on, Like we sort of have 581 00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:21,080 Speaker 1: a rough idea of the temperature inside of these bubbles. Well, 582 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:23,440 Speaker 1: there is a lot of discussion about that because it's 583 00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:25,959 Speaker 1: hard to measure it directly, and so what people do 584 00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:28,920 Speaker 1: instead of, you know, putting a thermometer inside this tiny bubble, 585 00:30:29,160 --> 00:30:31,400 Speaker 1: what they do instead is they look at the pattern 586 00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:35,120 Speaker 1: of light that comes out. Because usually the pattern of light, 587 00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:38,560 Speaker 1: the spectrum of light, like which frequencies are there in 588 00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:41,480 Speaker 1: this light, gives you a clue about the temperature, just 589 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:44,440 Speaker 1: like the fact that I emit infrared radiation tells you 590 00:30:44,480 --> 00:30:46,280 Speaker 1: that I'm not as hot as the sun, and the 591 00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:48,200 Speaker 1: fact that the sun emits and the visible tells you 592 00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:51,360 Speaker 1: it's not as hot as gases swirling around a black hole. 593 00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:53,720 Speaker 1: So you can sort of invert that and say, what's 594 00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:57,400 Speaker 1: the frequency of this thing? What temperature of object would 595 00:30:57,480 --> 00:31:00,280 Speaker 1: give me light at that frequency? And when you do that, 596 00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:04,200 Speaker 1: you get numbers like ten thousand degrees kelvin, which is 597 00:31:04,240 --> 00:31:07,800 Speaker 1: like crazy hot. That's hotter than the surface of the 598 00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:10,760 Speaker 1: sun inside of the little bubble, inside of this little 599 00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:13,960 Speaker 1: bubble in your garage. Yeah, that's what we think though, right, 600 00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:16,920 Speaker 1: that's what some people think. There are other disagreements. Other 601 00:31:16,920 --> 00:31:20,520 Speaker 1: people measure different spectra that people have different conditions. Some 602 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:23,480 Speaker 1: people think that that's not a good model because that 603 00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:25,840 Speaker 1: assumes that the gas is sort of sitting there and 604 00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:29,160 Speaker 1: has time to thermalize and equalize, because this is thermal radiation. 605 00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:31,520 Speaker 1: But the whole thing happens in you know, pico seconds. 606 00:31:31,560 --> 00:31:34,440 Speaker 1: There's no time for that. So people think it's an 607 00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 1: inappropriate way to deduce the temperature because you know, what 608 00:31:37,880 --> 00:31:40,320 Speaker 1: we're doing here is we're like trying to make analogies 609 00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:42,640 Speaker 1: to what happens with other objects, the Earth, the Sun. 610 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:44,920 Speaker 1: But those things are very stable, right, They've been sitting 611 00:31:44,920 --> 00:31:48,200 Speaker 1: around for a long time. They obey ideal gas laws, 612 00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:52,640 Speaker 1: for example, whereas this tiny, little dynamic collapsing supernova in 613 00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:56,080 Speaker 1: your garage, it's not necessarily true that the same rules apply. 614 00:31:56,280 --> 00:31:58,200 Speaker 1: So you're a bit going out on a limb and 615 00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:00,480 Speaker 1: making those assumptions. You're saying you can I you can't 616 00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:03,560 Speaker 1: measure temperature because it's not steady or call. Yeah, maybe 617 00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:06,360 Speaker 1: the frequency of light is not just determined by temperature 618 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:09,600 Speaker 1: in the same way as it is for other objects. 619 00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:12,200 Speaker 1: And so some people think it's probably might be much colder. 620 00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:15,440 Speaker 1: Other people think it might be much much hotter. Some 621 00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:18,120 Speaker 1: people suspect it could even get up to millions of 622 00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,800 Speaker 1: degrees kelvin inside that little bubble. And you're saying that 623 00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:25,600 Speaker 1: these pulses these bubbles last for like pico seconds, which 624 00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:27,360 Speaker 1: is also sort of a clue about what's going on. 625 00:32:27,480 --> 00:32:30,800 Speaker 1: You know, one of the recent experimental breakthroughs was improving 626 00:32:30,840 --> 00:32:33,760 Speaker 1: the timing of measuring of the light, and so we 627 00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:37,040 Speaker 1: now know that these light pulses can last like fifty 628 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:40,360 Speaker 1: to a few hundred peco seconds, depending on you know, 629 00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:42,400 Speaker 1: what gases you put in there. If you put zen 630 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:45,080 Speaker 1: on in there, for example, you get longer pulses. It 631 00:32:45,120 --> 00:32:47,520 Speaker 1: depends a lot actually on how much zin, on how 632 00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:49,840 Speaker 1: much are gone you have in there and dissolved in 633 00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:52,320 Speaker 1: the water, dissolved in the water, because we think the 634 00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:55,320 Speaker 1: gas in the bubble is evaporating from the surface of 635 00:32:55,360 --> 00:32:58,520 Speaker 1: the bubble interior surface, And so it depends on what 636 00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:01,200 Speaker 1: kind of stuff you have in the water, like if 637 00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:04,160 Speaker 1: you get still water or mineral water. And a lot 638 00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:06,440 Speaker 1: of the instructions for doing this, for example, suggest that 639 00:33:06,480 --> 00:33:09,200 Speaker 1: you d gas your water first as much as possible 640 00:33:09,560 --> 00:33:13,040 Speaker 1: and then put in a deliberate bubble, like make one bubble, 641 00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:16,000 Speaker 1: and that way you'll get a single bubble asano luminescence 642 00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:19,000 Speaker 1: instead of like lots of bubbles forming if you want 643 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:21,880 Speaker 1: to study in detail. But the clue came from measuring 644 00:33:21,920 --> 00:33:24,440 Speaker 1: these pulses to be you know, order fifty to a 645 00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:28,640 Speaker 1: hundred ish pico seconds, because the different theories for how 646 00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:32,200 Speaker 1: you're getting this predicted different length pulses. And so for example, 647 00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:36,160 Speaker 1: fracto luminescence, this idea of like asymmetric jets of water 648 00:33:36,320 --> 00:33:39,840 Speaker 1: forming like these fingers into the bubble when it's collapsing, 649 00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:43,320 Speaker 1: that would have like shorter pulses, and other theories people have, 650 00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:45,880 Speaker 1: you know, make longer pulses. And so you know, the 651 00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:47,520 Speaker 1: more data we get, the more we can sort of 652 00:33:47,520 --> 00:33:51,120 Speaker 1: like narrow in on which theories are consistent with what 653 00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:53,200 Speaker 1: we see. And you said, I can make this happen 654 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:56,680 Speaker 1: with other liquids, like sulfuric acid, But that's very different 655 00:33:56,680 --> 00:33:58,880 Speaker 1: than water, right, it would be that maybe a totally 656 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 1: different theory. But what's going on? Yeah, well, some of 657 00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:04,120 Speaker 1: these theories can be simply extrapolated to sulfuric acid, and 658 00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:07,120 Speaker 1: other ones not Some of them very dependent on the chemistry, 659 00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:09,440 Speaker 1: but it does happen in sulfuric acid, and actually it's 660 00:34:09,560 --> 00:34:12,839 Speaker 1: like much brighter if you use sulfuric acid. It's also 661 00:34:12,920 --> 00:34:16,480 Speaker 1: dependent on the temperature, like a colder water gives like 662 00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:22,840 Speaker 1: a hundred times brighter pulses than warmer water. Colder colder water, Yeah, exactly, 663 00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:25,799 Speaker 1: I guess maybe the water is den sir, Maybe there's 664 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:28,239 Speaker 1: more energy in those waves. Yeah, so maybe the speed 665 00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:30,640 Speaker 1: of sound is faster in colder water. Right, So the 666 00:34:30,719 --> 00:34:33,160 Speaker 1: energy is transferred faster, and it depends a lot on 667 00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:36,560 Speaker 1: the gases you use. So it's really sensitive to a 668 00:34:36,640 --> 00:34:38,680 Speaker 1: lot of these details, which you know, gives you some 669 00:34:38,719 --> 00:34:40,680 Speaker 1: clues as to what might be going on. And so 670 00:34:40,840 --> 00:34:42,799 Speaker 1: what are the current theories about what's going on? Like 671 00:34:42,840 --> 00:34:45,720 Speaker 1: are there quantum theories like at the particle level about 672 00:34:45,719 --> 00:34:49,399 Speaker 1: what's going on? So the two most mainstream theories are 673 00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:52,200 Speaker 1: either a shock wave model where you have this like 674 00:34:52,239 --> 00:34:55,680 Speaker 1: supersonic compression into a plasma and then you have electrons 675 00:34:55,800 --> 00:34:59,239 Speaker 1: radiating in this light, meaning like the bubble expands, it 676 00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:02,280 Speaker 1: fills up with ass and then the sound wave around 677 00:35:02,360 --> 00:35:05,200 Speaker 1: it causes it to crunch really fast, and that creates 678 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:08,400 Speaker 1: a plasma. That's the one theory, that's one leading theory. 679 00:35:08,440 --> 00:35:11,000 Speaker 1: The problem is that nobody's ever seen this shock wave 680 00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,880 Speaker 1: or the plasma directly, and the numerical simulations don't necessarily 681 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:18,880 Speaker 1: agree perfectly with what we actually see. The second leading 682 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:22,600 Speaker 1: theory is sort of a shock free compression model that says, 683 00:35:22,840 --> 00:35:25,160 Speaker 1: when you take this gas, you squeeze it down against 684 00:35:25,239 --> 00:35:28,040 Speaker 1: really hot and then it glows, but you don't actually 685 00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:30,640 Speaker 1: get plasma. But it's not clear that that can generate 686 00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:34,160 Speaker 1: enough light to explain what we see. So we have 687 00:35:34,239 --> 00:35:37,000 Speaker 1: sort of two models, which you know, seem kind of 688 00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:39,680 Speaker 1: reasonable but disagree a little bit in the story of 689 00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:42,719 Speaker 1: what's going on, neither of which work perfectly. There's like, 690 00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:44,719 Speaker 1: you know, a lot of holes there. People need to 691 00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:47,319 Speaker 1: do some development. But then they're the fund models, the 692 00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:51,200 Speaker 1: crazy model that suggests that something bonkers could be happening. 693 00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:55,160 Speaker 1: There's another wild and crazy person out there with ideas. Yeah, 694 00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:58,040 Speaker 1: because you know that's what theorists do. They find things 695 00:35:58,040 --> 00:36:00,880 Speaker 1: that can't be explained and they say, maybe this is 696 00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:03,680 Speaker 1: a clue, Maybe this is the thread that if I 697 00:36:03,760 --> 00:36:05,880 Speaker 1: pull on, it is going to unravel everything we know 698 00:36:05,920 --> 00:36:08,640 Speaker 1: about the universe. And you know, kudos to those people 699 00:36:08,719 --> 00:36:11,120 Speaker 1: for being creative and trying to identify things. That's what 700 00:36:11,239 --> 00:36:13,880 Speaker 1: happened with Einstein, right, He was trying to explain the 701 00:36:13,960 --> 00:36:17,600 Speaker 1: photo electric effect, this experiment that nobody else could understand, 702 00:36:17,680 --> 00:36:21,280 Speaker 1: and he developed quantum theory sort of accidentally along the way. 703 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,000 Speaker 1: So it's definitely well motivated. That was an experiment you 704 00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:26,560 Speaker 1: could do in your garage to right, Yeah, exactly, you 705 00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:28,560 Speaker 1: just you know, shine light on a piece of metal 706 00:36:28,719 --> 00:36:31,440 Speaker 1: and measure the electrons. So I mean back then everything 707 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:36,160 Speaker 1: was a garage, right, Science was just garages back then. Well, 708 00:36:36,160 --> 00:36:38,319 Speaker 1: now the garages have just gotten bigger. Now you can 709 00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:42,040 Speaker 1: fit und cars in the large Hattern collider tunnel. That's right, 710 00:36:42,080 --> 00:36:45,640 Speaker 1: Welcome to my ten billion dollar garage, Jay Leno, eat 711 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:49,480 Speaker 1: your heart out. Tony Stark would be proud. But there's 712 00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:52,800 Speaker 1: this really fun theory about quantum radiation, and the idea 713 00:36:53,040 --> 00:36:57,359 Speaker 1: is that maybe somehow this sono luminescence comes from like 714 00:36:57,440 --> 00:37:02,000 Speaker 1: the equivalent of Hawking radiation, that you're somehow capturing the 715 00:37:02,160 --> 00:37:07,440 Speaker 1: vacuum energy from the quantum fields. What remember that space 716 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:10,480 Speaker 1: We think is not just emptiness. We think it's this 717 00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,360 Speaker 1: weird quantum fabric that everywhere in space has these quantum 718 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:17,400 Speaker 1: fields in it, a field being like the possibility for 719 00:37:17,440 --> 00:37:20,480 Speaker 1: an electron or a photon to exist here. And you know, 720 00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:22,759 Speaker 1: you can think of it like parking spaces or something. 721 00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:24,879 Speaker 1: You know, it's the possibility for something to be there. 722 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,319 Speaker 1: But the weird thing about quantum fields is that even 723 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:29,239 Speaker 1: if there are no cars in the parking lot, there 724 00:37:29,239 --> 00:37:33,720 Speaker 1: are no particles there, there's still energy there. Quantum fields 725 00:37:33,760 --> 00:37:37,000 Speaker 1: can never be at zero energy. So even the emptiest 726 00:37:37,040 --> 00:37:40,200 Speaker 1: space you can imagine has some energy in it. And 727 00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:42,799 Speaker 1: we talk to the podcast about how maybe to tap 728 00:37:42,880 --> 00:37:47,080 Speaker 1: into that or identify that or directly observe it, you know, 729 00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:50,000 Speaker 1: to show that it's real with this weird experiment called 730 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,880 Speaker 1: the Casimir effect, where again you create a resonant cavity 731 00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:56,520 Speaker 1: and what it does is it enhances some of those 732 00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:59,720 Speaker 1: quantum zero point fields and it and it suppresses others, 733 00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:02,840 Speaker 1: and doing so creates like a pressure differential. So you 734 00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:05,200 Speaker 1: take these like too very thin plates and put them 735 00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,480 Speaker 1: close together and you feel this weird, mysterious force on them. 736 00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:12,160 Speaker 1: So people have been wondering maybe the quantum zero point 737 00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:15,319 Speaker 1: energy is responsible for this, because maybe what's happening when 738 00:38:15,320 --> 00:38:19,120 Speaker 1: this bubble collapses is that you are suppressing or enhancing 739 00:38:19,239 --> 00:38:22,120 Speaker 1: various elements of this quantum field. And some guy did 740 00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:25,880 Speaker 1: a calculation showing that, wow, maybe this can actually contribute 741 00:38:25,920 --> 00:38:28,600 Speaker 1: it and explain it, and so that was kind of exciting. 742 00:38:28,640 --> 00:38:30,239 Speaker 1: For a few years. I thought you were going to 743 00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:32,840 Speaker 1: say that it's when the bubble expands and creates a 744 00:38:32,920 --> 00:38:36,480 Speaker 1: vacuum that maybe like it pulls energy from the vacuum 745 00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,400 Speaker 1: of the universe. Well, there is energy in every vacuum, 746 00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:42,720 Speaker 1: but somehow turning that into real photons is the trick. 747 00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:45,880 Speaker 1: And so people think that these photons are created when 748 00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:49,640 Speaker 1: this bubble is collapsing, because it's like enhancing various modes, 749 00:38:49,680 --> 00:38:53,280 Speaker 1: these very high energy modes of the vacuum inside the bubble. 750 00:38:53,440 --> 00:38:56,719 Speaker 1: Like it's such a crazy collapse, it's actually like perturbing 751 00:38:56,719 --> 00:38:59,360 Speaker 1: the quantum fields of the universe. Yeah, But then somebody 752 00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:02,160 Speaker 1: else came along did another calculation and showed that for 753 00:39:02,239 --> 00:39:05,320 Speaker 1: that to work, the bubble would have to collapse faster 754 00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:08,440 Speaker 1: than the speed of light, so not just supersonic, but 755 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:12,200 Speaker 1: like super nominal. Well maybe I don't know, I guess not. 756 00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:15,839 Speaker 1: So either, you've got to double down and be like yes, 757 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,120 Speaker 1: and I'm overthrowing relativity at the same time, or you're like, 758 00:39:19,480 --> 00:39:22,839 Speaker 1: maybe this idea doesn't explain but happening. Maybe just need 759 00:39:22,880 --> 00:39:26,279 Speaker 1: a better name, Like so no super luminism. There you go. 760 00:39:27,480 --> 00:39:30,479 Speaker 1: All right, well it's still a big mystery. Let's get 761 00:39:30,480 --> 00:39:33,520 Speaker 1: into what might be some interesting applications of what we 762 00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:36,040 Speaker 1: might learn inside of these little bubbles. They might help 763 00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:39,520 Speaker 1: solve our energy needs in the future. But first let's 764 00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:54,360 Speaker 1: take another quick break. All right, we're we're talking about 765 00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:59,000 Speaker 1: trimple luminate and still which I guess I'm still hung 766 00:39:59,080 --> 00:40:02,360 Speaker 1: up on because it's tasty. Well, here's an experiment nobody's 767 00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:05,600 Speaker 1: ever done. Is take a shrimp, put it inside one 768 00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:08,040 Speaker 1: of these bubbles, and then put sound on and see 769 00:40:08,080 --> 00:40:10,280 Speaker 1: what happens when you collapse the bubble on the shrimp. 770 00:40:10,840 --> 00:40:12,960 Speaker 1: Or maybe this light inside of these tiny bubbles is 771 00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:17,879 Speaker 1: created by tiny little shrimp shrimp patonstons, Yeah, or maybe 772 00:40:17,880 --> 00:40:20,879 Speaker 1: we can get saun no shrimp lessons. Yeah, it will 773 00:40:20,920 --> 00:40:23,839 Speaker 1: be a nice cocktail of physics. Now, but it's sort 774 00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:27,080 Speaker 1: of interesting because I'm learning sort of recently that apparently, 775 00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:29,640 Speaker 1: you know, plasma, is this a fourth state of matter? 776 00:40:29,760 --> 00:40:32,120 Speaker 1: And it's kind of straightforward when you think about it, 777 00:40:32,160 --> 00:40:33,839 Speaker 1: when you hear about it, but it actually it's still 778 00:40:33,840 --> 00:40:37,440 Speaker 1: a big mystery to physicists about what's actually going on 779 00:40:37,560 --> 00:40:39,839 Speaker 1: and what's happening and so in this case, and then 780 00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:42,000 Speaker 1: maybe that's what's going on inside of these little bubbles, 781 00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:44,439 Speaker 1: in which case they might teach us a lot about 782 00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:48,200 Speaker 1: how to make fugion. Plasma is super fascinating and it's 783 00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:50,719 Speaker 1: actually one of the most common states of matter in 784 00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:53,160 Speaker 1: the universe, right because, like you can think about the 785 00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:55,920 Speaker 1: Solar system, the Solar system is mostly the Sun, and 786 00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:59,240 Speaker 1: the Sun is mostly plasma, so we think about liquid 787 00:40:59,320 --> 00:41:02,160 Speaker 1: and water and gas because that's what's around us here 788 00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:04,920 Speaker 1: in our neighborhood. But if you zoom out it's just 789 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:07,080 Speaker 1: a tiny a little bit and include the Sun, then 790 00:41:07,120 --> 00:41:10,440 Speaker 1: the Solar system is mostly plasma. But plasma is extra 791 00:41:10,520 --> 00:41:14,080 Speaker 1: tricky to understand because not only is it really hot, 792 00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:17,359 Speaker 1: so the particles are moving around really fast, which means 793 00:41:17,360 --> 00:41:20,640 Speaker 1: that every particle is affected by lots of other particles. 794 00:41:21,040 --> 00:41:23,080 Speaker 1: Right Like in a solid as single atom is mostly 795 00:41:23,120 --> 00:41:26,080 Speaker 1: affected by its immediate neighbors because nobody's moving very much. 796 00:41:26,160 --> 00:41:28,720 Speaker 1: But in a plasma of particles are zooming around really fast, 797 00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:31,200 Speaker 1: and so they're affected by lots of particles. So if 798 00:41:31,200 --> 00:41:34,400 Speaker 1: you want to describe it numerically, do some calculations, then 799 00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,120 Speaker 1: it takes a lot of different interactions to explain. And 800 00:41:37,160 --> 00:41:39,960 Speaker 1: on top of that, not just are they moving fast, 801 00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:43,160 Speaker 1: but everything is electrically charged. So you don't just have 802 00:41:43,239 --> 00:41:45,279 Speaker 1: the speed of these particles and how they're bouncing into 803 00:41:45,320 --> 00:41:47,719 Speaker 1: each other. You also have all these electric fields which 804 00:41:47,719 --> 00:41:51,600 Speaker 1: cause magnetic fields, which cause electric fields. It's a real nightmare. 805 00:41:51,680 --> 00:41:56,160 Speaker 1: There's a whole field called magneto hydro dynamics that tries 806 00:41:56,239 --> 00:41:57,880 Speaker 1: to deal with this. And as you say, it's not 807 00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:00,880 Speaker 1: something that we understand. Like you make a plasma and 808 00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:03,640 Speaker 1: you put certain conditions on it, we can't always predict 809 00:42:03,680 --> 00:42:05,319 Speaker 1: what's going to happen. You just got to get out 810 00:42:05,320 --> 00:42:07,960 Speaker 1: there and build it and see what happens. Because the 811 00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:10,640 Speaker 1: universe still has the prices for us. Yeah, And so 812 00:42:10,719 --> 00:42:13,160 Speaker 1: what's cool about that is that if we can understand 813 00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:15,160 Speaker 1: it and kind of control it, then we might be 814 00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:17,440 Speaker 1: able to do what the Sun does here on Earth, right, 815 00:42:17,480 --> 00:42:19,920 Speaker 1: We might be able to build fusion reactors that kind 816 00:42:19,960 --> 00:42:22,279 Speaker 1: of do what the Sun does and and gives us 817 00:42:22,440 --> 00:42:25,640 Speaker 1: energy forever. It's a long standing goal of physics. It's 818 00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:28,400 Speaker 1: something that's been like ten years away for about fifty 819 00:42:28,480 --> 00:42:31,959 Speaker 1: years now achieving fusion here on Earth. And as you say, 820 00:42:31,960 --> 00:42:34,600 Speaker 1: the standard approach is to try to replicate what's happening 821 00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:37,480 Speaker 1: in the Sun, which means get a bunch of hydrogen, 822 00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:40,200 Speaker 1: heat it up really really hot. The problem is that 823 00:42:40,239 --> 00:42:42,200 Speaker 1: the Sun is able to hold that together because if 824 00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:44,879 Speaker 1: it's gravity, it's this huge blob of stuff and has 825 00:42:44,960 --> 00:42:47,360 Speaker 1: enough gravity to hold itself together. We don't have that 826 00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:50,200 Speaker 1: much hydrogen, so we need another way to hold it together, 827 00:42:50,239 --> 00:42:52,800 Speaker 1: and so we use these magnetic bottles, and we talked 828 00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:56,040 Speaker 1: about on the podcast recently there's this program in France 829 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:58,719 Speaker 1: called eater i t e R, which is aiming to 830 00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:01,920 Speaker 1: build a fusion react to inside a magnetic bottle that 831 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:05,840 Speaker 1: might actually create energy, like a first working fusion reactor 832 00:43:05,960 --> 00:43:08,600 Speaker 1: that could have like commercial prospects. That would be very 833 00:43:08,640 --> 00:43:12,200 Speaker 1: exciting because you can use fuel like sea water to 834 00:43:12,280 --> 00:43:15,279 Speaker 1: just get the hydrogen from there, and there's no radioactive 835 00:43:15,320 --> 00:43:18,960 Speaker 1: waste and it's you know, essentially renewable and a single 836 00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:21,959 Speaker 1: gram of fuel as as much energy as eighty thou 837 00:43:22,280 --> 00:43:24,680 Speaker 1: tons of oil. So it would be really excellent. It 838 00:43:24,719 --> 00:43:28,040 Speaker 1: would like transform our economy and our way of life. 839 00:43:28,120 --> 00:43:30,680 Speaker 1: Electricity would be so cheap, it would be almost free, 840 00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:34,840 Speaker 1: and we just need to give either some shrimpo luminifum. 841 00:43:34,840 --> 00:43:37,960 Speaker 1: But it's difficult, right. Either is like a thirty forty 842 00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:41,719 Speaker 1: billion dollar project. Now it's enormous, it's complicated. It's not 843 00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:44,320 Speaker 1: easy to contain these things, and so people are always 844 00:43:44,320 --> 00:43:47,200 Speaker 1: on the lookout for ways to make fusion happen that 845 00:43:47,360 --> 00:43:52,759 Speaker 1: doesn't require enormous building sized magnetic bottles. So for a 846 00:43:52,760 --> 00:43:55,000 Speaker 1: while people thought, hold lot of second, if we can 847 00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:58,920 Speaker 1: create super hot, tiny dots of plasma in our garages, 848 00:43:59,280 --> 00:44:02,080 Speaker 1: maybe we can us do fusion there. And people have 849 00:44:02,120 --> 00:44:04,200 Speaker 1: thought for a long time that you don't necessarily need 850 00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:08,440 Speaker 1: a sustained fusion reaction to make fusion happen. There's this 851 00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:11,719 Speaker 1: whole other strategy for fusion where people just shoot like 852 00:44:12,080 --> 00:44:14,799 Speaker 1: lasers at a dot of fuel and try to get 853 00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:18,360 Speaker 1: it to implode and make fusion happen, like on the spot. 854 00:44:18,480 --> 00:44:21,040 Speaker 1: So people thought, wait a second, maybe the same strategy 855 00:44:21,040 --> 00:44:24,080 Speaker 1: will work, except instead of using lasers, were just using 856 00:44:24,120 --> 00:44:27,120 Speaker 1: sound waves to make the thing implode and turn into 857 00:44:27,160 --> 00:44:30,719 Speaker 1: a plasma. And fuse. Wow. Yeah, because you're saying maybe 858 00:44:30,719 --> 00:44:32,759 Speaker 1: a theory about what's going on inside of these little 859 00:44:32,760 --> 00:44:35,719 Speaker 1: bubbles is that there's maybe fusion going on right, like 860 00:44:35,760 --> 00:44:38,920 Speaker 1: as the bubble collapses with so much pressure, maybe it's 861 00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:41,759 Speaker 1: fusing things together. Was that one of the theories. Well, 862 00:44:41,760 --> 00:44:44,759 Speaker 1: what happened is people tried to make fusion happen. They're like, well, 863 00:44:44,840 --> 00:44:47,560 Speaker 1: let's instead of using water, let's use like heavy water 864 00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:50,080 Speaker 1: that has deuterium in it, because deuterium is a good 865 00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:53,680 Speaker 1: source of fuel for fusion. So they said, well, let's 866 00:44:53,680 --> 00:44:55,840 Speaker 1: try to make it happen. And so there were a 867 00:44:55,840 --> 00:44:58,480 Speaker 1: bunch of guys around fifteen twenty years ago who did 868 00:44:58,520 --> 00:45:01,160 Speaker 1: a bunch of experiments and they actually claimed that they 869 00:45:01,160 --> 00:45:04,000 Speaker 1: were achieving fusion. There was this experiment in two thousand 870 00:45:04,080 --> 00:45:07,240 Speaker 1: and two that used deterium and heavy water and claimed 871 00:45:07,360 --> 00:45:10,560 Speaker 1: to be generating a bunch of neutrons, which suggests that 872 00:45:10,680 --> 00:45:13,680 Speaker 1: fusion was happening inside their little bubble. They called this 873 00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:17,080 Speaker 1: bubble fusion, and that was very exciting because it's cheap, 874 00:45:17,120 --> 00:45:20,520 Speaker 1: it's not complicated, and like you could build reactors almost 875 00:45:20,520 --> 00:45:24,320 Speaker 1: trivially if that were true. But unfortunately, and the reason 876 00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:27,560 Speaker 1: you don't have a sauno luminescence fusion reactor powering your 877 00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:31,680 Speaker 1: electric car right now. Is that nobody could repeat that result. Interesting, 878 00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:33,479 Speaker 1: So the idea way, the idea is that you would 879 00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:37,680 Speaker 1: use sound waves to trigger fusion inside of heavy water, 880 00:45:38,360 --> 00:45:40,799 Speaker 1: like basically the same experiment where you have like a 881 00:45:40,840 --> 00:45:43,160 Speaker 1: cup of heavy water and then you put speakers and 882 00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,200 Speaker 1: somehow that will you know, craze these these flashes that 883 00:45:46,320 --> 00:45:48,760 Speaker 1: then you then capture that energy. Yeah, and in principle 884 00:45:48,960 --> 00:45:52,160 Speaker 1: it's not outrageous because really all you need for fusion 885 00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:55,440 Speaker 1: happen is really really high pressure. Remember the reason that 886 00:45:55,520 --> 00:45:58,640 Speaker 1: fusion does just happen all the time is that two 887 00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:01,480 Speaker 1: hydgen atoms don't really like each other. You know, they're 888 00:46:01,480 --> 00:46:04,799 Speaker 1: both protons, and protons are positively charged. So to get 889 00:46:04,840 --> 00:46:07,520 Speaker 1: them together close enough together for the strong force to 890 00:46:07,560 --> 00:46:11,759 Speaker 1: fuse them, you have to overcome that coolumb repulsion, you know, 891 00:46:11,800 --> 00:46:14,759 Speaker 1: the two positive charges disliking each other. So really all 892 00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:17,680 Speaker 1: you need for fusion is take some source of fuel 893 00:46:17,760 --> 00:46:20,760 Speaker 1: like deterium and compress it enough. And that's what sono 894 00:46:20,840 --> 00:46:25,080 Speaker 1: luminescence is doing. It's like extraordinarily effective compression on a 895 00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:27,719 Speaker 1: very short time scale. So in principle, you know, you 896 00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:30,160 Speaker 1: might think it would work. The problem is that probably 897 00:46:30,239 --> 00:46:32,880 Speaker 1: what's going on inside those bubbles gets you to like 898 00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:35,880 Speaker 1: ten thousand degrees kelvin, but to get the fusion you 899 00:46:35,960 --> 00:46:39,080 Speaker 1: really would need millions of degrees kelvin. So it's probably 900 00:46:39,120 --> 00:46:41,799 Speaker 1: just not quite enough. Like the effect is enough to 901 00:46:41,840 --> 00:46:45,560 Speaker 1: compress the heavy water, but it doesn't compress it enough 902 00:46:45,560 --> 00:46:48,800 Speaker 1: to actually start fusing together. Yeah, it doesn't actually ignite 903 00:46:49,040 --> 00:46:52,839 Speaker 1: into fusion. You can make a glow, which is you know, electromagnetism, 904 00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:56,000 Speaker 1: but to actually get those nuclei together to overcome that 905 00:46:56,080 --> 00:46:59,799 Speaker 1: repulsion so they fuse and create you know, energy from 906 00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:02,640 Speaker 1: the strong force, that's a whole other magnitude. Can't you 907 00:47:02,719 --> 00:47:05,800 Speaker 1: just get bigger speakers and you know what I mean, like, 908 00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:08,439 Speaker 1: like what's the theoretical limit. Is it just that these 909 00:47:08,480 --> 00:47:12,320 Speaker 1: bubbles or the physics of the heavy water molecules can't 910 00:47:12,440 --> 00:47:14,600 Speaker 1: compress that much, or is it just that we haven't 911 00:47:14,719 --> 00:47:18,680 Speaker 1: you know, they're to use big enough speaking. That's ry 912 00:47:18,800 --> 00:47:22,080 Speaker 1: Nobody has played Metallica loud enough yet. That's the reason 913 00:47:22,120 --> 00:47:24,839 Speaker 1: we haven't solved the image problem. The whole climate heavy 914 00:47:24,880 --> 00:47:26,840 Speaker 1: metal for the heavy water. No, well, you asked a 915 00:47:26,880 --> 00:47:29,920 Speaker 1: great question there, what's the theoretical limit. Knowing what the 916 00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:33,520 Speaker 1: theoretical limit is requires understanding the theory, having a working 917 00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:36,799 Speaker 1: model for what's going on, and we just don't. So 918 00:47:36,880 --> 00:47:39,160 Speaker 1: you know, it's possible somebody could cook up a way 919 00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:41,839 Speaker 1: to make this brighter. And there are people working on 920 00:47:42,239 --> 00:47:45,120 Speaker 1: ways to make sono luminescence more intense. That's why they 921 00:47:45,160 --> 00:47:47,920 Speaker 1: do it with sulphuric acid, or they dissolve zene on in, 922 00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:50,880 Speaker 1: or they make it cold. But it's an experimental study 923 00:47:50,960 --> 00:47:54,160 Speaker 1: because we don't have a working model for what's happening. 924 00:47:54,440 --> 00:47:56,720 Speaker 1: So yes, somebody out there could say, hey, it turns 925 00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,520 Speaker 1: out if you use this sound range, or if you 926 00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:02,520 Speaker 1: add you know, detergent into your water or something, that 927 00:48:02,600 --> 00:48:05,000 Speaker 1: it changes the conditions in a dramatic way and boost 928 00:48:05,080 --> 00:48:07,240 Speaker 1: you up to levels where you might achieve you should 929 00:48:07,320 --> 00:48:10,799 Speaker 1: that's still a possibility. Nobody's shown that happen yet so far. Well, 930 00:48:10,840 --> 00:48:12,600 Speaker 1: it sounds like it's still kind of a big mystery 931 00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:15,080 Speaker 1: about what's going on inside of these little bubbles, whether 932 00:48:15,120 --> 00:48:18,160 Speaker 1: it's plasma or just the chemical reaction that's making these 933 00:48:18,239 --> 00:48:20,360 Speaker 1: bubbles glow. And so I guess the question is how 934 00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:22,040 Speaker 1: are we going to figure this out? Daniel? It sounds 935 00:48:22,040 --> 00:48:24,799 Speaker 1: like it's been a mystery for decades, maybe even as 936 00:48:24,840 --> 00:48:27,719 Speaker 1: far back as when you were a grad student. You know, 937 00:48:27,760 --> 00:48:30,240 Speaker 1: when something like this sticks around in the physics community 938 00:48:30,280 --> 00:48:33,000 Speaker 1: for so long and it's still a big mystery, like 939 00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:35,879 Speaker 1: why don't people get on it and try to figure 940 00:48:35,920 --> 00:48:37,359 Speaker 1: it out? People are on it, you know, people are 941 00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:40,319 Speaker 1: studying it. And the way forward is to take better 942 00:48:40,360 --> 00:48:43,880 Speaker 1: and better measurements so we get more precise details about 943 00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:46,680 Speaker 1: what is happening, and that will let us resolve our 944 00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:50,160 Speaker 1: theoretical models. You know, we need like to know what's 945 00:48:50,160 --> 00:48:52,719 Speaker 1: happening so we can tell a better story about what 946 00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:55,759 Speaker 1: makes it happen. And so we need, like experimentalists to 947 00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:58,680 Speaker 1: come up with better ways to measure the temperature inside 948 00:48:58,680 --> 00:49:01,640 Speaker 1: these bubbles and to take pictures of these collapsing bubbles 949 00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:04,359 Speaker 1: with better and better resolution, so we can just get 950 00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:06,640 Speaker 1: more information. You know, it's just like when you have 951 00:49:06,680 --> 00:49:08,759 Speaker 1: a murderer and you haven't solved it, what do you do? 952 00:49:09,000 --> 00:49:11,520 Speaker 1: You go pound the pavement for more clues. So we 953 00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:14,279 Speaker 1: need more details, which allows to then weave together a 954 00:49:14,280 --> 00:49:17,440 Speaker 1: story for what's happening. So it's really exciting because it's 955 00:49:17,440 --> 00:49:20,360 Speaker 1: the kind of field where the experiments are leading the way. 956 00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:22,839 Speaker 1: We see something we don't understand and we want to 957 00:49:22,880 --> 00:49:24,960 Speaker 1: know more. I'm jealous of that because you know, like 958 00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:28,480 Speaker 1: in particle physics, we see very little that we don't understand. 959 00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:31,000 Speaker 1: We're always looking for something we don't understand. It's like 960 00:49:31,120 --> 00:49:34,600 Speaker 1: decades between glimpses particles that we don't understand. So here's 961 00:49:34,640 --> 00:49:38,360 Speaker 1: something like very concrete that we don't understand that you 962 00:49:38,360 --> 00:49:41,759 Speaker 1: don't need a ten billion dollar experiment to recreate. So 963 00:49:42,040 --> 00:49:45,200 Speaker 1: it's pretty exciting. Wow. So literally anyone can be in 964 00:49:45,239 --> 00:49:47,920 Speaker 1: the cutting edge of this physics research. That's right, Go 965 00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:50,840 Speaker 1: create supernovas in your garage, folks, But where eye protection. 966 00:49:50,920 --> 00:49:52,440 Speaker 1: We have a theory that I think inside of these 967 00:49:52,480 --> 00:49:57,440 Speaker 1: bubbles are a little tiny art vark and particles and 968 00:49:57,560 --> 00:50:01,040 Speaker 1: that's my theory, and that's as good as every other theory. 969 00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:04,040 Speaker 1: Yeah right, I'm at I know, as much as Stephen Hawkings. 970 00:50:04,160 --> 00:50:06,239 Speaker 1: Yeah exactly, You're on the frontier for sure. But yeah, 971 00:50:06,239 --> 00:50:09,360 Speaker 1: another great and awesome example of how there are mysteries 972 00:50:09,440 --> 00:50:11,360 Speaker 1: even in our everyday lives. Like the next time you 973 00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:13,719 Speaker 1: take a sip of water, think about the fact that 974 00:50:13,719 --> 00:50:16,160 Speaker 1: there are mysteries inside of those little bubbles, and that 975 00:50:16,280 --> 00:50:18,600 Speaker 1: if you hook it up some speakers, you could be 976 00:50:19,160 --> 00:50:22,359 Speaker 1: doing physics research in your dining table and maybe even 977 00:50:22,520 --> 00:50:24,799 Speaker 1: solve the climate crisis. All right, well, we hope you 978 00:50:24,880 --> 00:50:27,719 Speaker 1: enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, see you next time. 979 00:50:35,600 --> 00:50:38,400 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain 980 00:50:38,480 --> 00:50:41,320 Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. For 981 00:50:41,520 --> 00:50:44,439 Speaker 1: more podcast for my heart Radio, visit the i heart 982 00:50:44,520 --> 00:50:48,120 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 983 00:50:48,160 --> 00:51:02,239 Speaker 1: favorite shows. Yea ye,