WEBVTT - Black Voters vs. The 2024 Election

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Crash Course, the podcast about business, political, and

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<v Speaker 1>social disruption and what we can learn from it. I'm

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<v Speaker 1>Tim O'Brien. Today's Crash Course. Black voters versus the twenty

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<v Speaker 1>twenty four election. When last we visited, we talked about

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<v Speaker 1>the central role Latina voters could play in the twenty

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<v Speaker 1>twenty four election. The same, of course, is true of

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<v Speaker 1>the black community. Joe Biden secured a victory in the

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<v Speaker 1>Democratic primary in twenty twenty after Representative Jim Clyburn through

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<v Speaker 1>his support and that of his black constituents in South

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<v Speaker 1>Carolina behind the candidate. Biden went on to take the

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<v Speaker 1>presidency away from Donald Trump, and the pair now seems

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<v Speaker 1>headed for a rematch. Black voters and young black voters

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<v Speaker 1>in particular, appear to be much less enthusiastic about Biden

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<v Speaker 1>these days. They're the most unenthusiastic they've been about a

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<v Speaker 1>Democratic president in decades. Multiple polls suggest as much. Some

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<v Speaker 1>of this is due to the Democratic Party deploying policy

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<v Speaker 1>drive bys during elections. Promises made are too frequently unkept.

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<v Speaker 1>Black voters, who represent more than twelve percent of total

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<v Speaker 1>eligible voters in the US, have come to expect it

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<v Speaker 1>Republicans have also intentionally thrown roadblocks in front of efforts

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<v Speaker 1>to mobilize the full power of the black vote. Think

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<v Speaker 1>jerry mandering, voter id laws, and the like. Most local

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<v Speaker 1>legislatures won't be addressing it anytime soon, and the Supreme

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<v Speaker 1>Court has empowered states to do as they please around

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<v Speaker 1>voting access. Joining us today is Nia Malika Henderson, a

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<v Speaker 1>political columnist for Bloomberg Opinion and a savant when it

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<v Speaker 1>comes to decoding the forces royaling the American political landscape.

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<v Speaker 1>That was Nia laughing at my description of her, because

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<v Speaker 1>she just doesn't apparently know the highest theme in which

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<v Speaker 1>I hold her.

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<v Speaker 2>This care will too.

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<v Speaker 1>By the end of this conversation, because she's a smarty Henia.

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<v Speaker 3>Hey there, I love that inagury deduction, and I've gotta

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<v Speaker 3>I'm gonna let my mom hear this.

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<v Speaker 1>I'll record it for her. Yeah, So let's just jump

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<v Speaker 1>into it, you know, in a very broad way. What's

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<v Speaker 1>at stake for black voters in this election.

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<v Speaker 3>Well, listen, I think if you think about the state

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<v Speaker 3>in which African Americans were living under a Trump presidency,

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<v Speaker 3>the sort of psychic toll, the emotional toll of living

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<v Speaker 3>in a country led by someone who really engages in

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<v Speaker 3>the kind of bigotry and race bating that he engaged in,

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<v Speaker 3>you know, in the lead up to his election, where

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<v Speaker 3>he was talking about Barack Obama and the whole Birtherism thing,

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<v Speaker 3>and just the rhetoric he employed throughout his presidency, calling

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<v Speaker 3>African nations shithold countries, and any number of incidents that

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<v Speaker 3>just showed, I think, to African Americans and listen to

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<v Speaker 3>other groups as well, sort of gave a feeling that

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<v Speaker 3>Black Americans were other that he was perfectly fine using

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<v Speaker 3>race and blackness as a kind of wedge issue. So

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<v Speaker 3>that's part of the conversation that I think African Americans

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<v Speaker 3>are having, and part of the conversations with somebody like

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<v Speaker 3>Jim Kleibern is having too, is he goes around to

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<v Speaker 3>African American communities, particularly in South Carolina, and talks to

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<v Speaker 3>them about white supremacy, about what it was like to

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<v Speaker 3>live in a country that was led by Donald Trump.

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<v Speaker 3>So that's sort of the sort of emotional tool that

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<v Speaker 3>I think was at play in Trump's administration and is

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<v Speaker 3>part of what I think people are calculating as they

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<v Speaker 3>think about who they're going to vote for moving forward.

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<v Speaker 1>Don't forget. Also, when he was calling majority black countries shitholes,

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<v Speaker 1>he was also waking up new names for countries in Africa,

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<v Speaker 1>like Nambia, which doesn't exist right, right, And he's never

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<v Speaker 1>been very good at like finding things on maps, but yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>but he was inventing, you know, African country's whole cloth,

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<v Speaker 1>which was yes, I don't think any press has done that.

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<v Speaker 3>I think that's right. And so you think about the

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<v Speaker 3>assaults on democracy, the assaults on freedom, whether it's the

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<v Speaker 3>literal assault on democracy that we saw on January sixth,

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<v Speaker 3>and just the continued undermining of institutions, and then issues

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<v Speaker 3>like abortion, which get it sort of freedom and liberty.

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<v Speaker 3>And so if you think about the way in which Biden,

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<v Speaker 3>some of his surrogates, somebody like Vice President Harris, is

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<v Speaker 3>trying to frame these issues to African American voters, it

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<v Speaker 3>is about white supremacy. It is about the economy, it

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<v Speaker 3>is about freedom, It is about this idea of do

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<v Speaker 3>you want to return to the days of living in

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<v Speaker 3>a country led by such an erratic And some people

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<v Speaker 3>would obviously say racist president.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, and we'll get into some of those issues, but

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<v Speaker 1>I am perplexed given that Trump is an overtly hostile

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<v Speaker 1>person to people of color, right, and he doesn't really

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<v Speaker 1>hide it, and he's also enabled other people to be

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<v Speaker 1>openly hostile. Our civic dialogue has degraded. It's translated into

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<v Speaker 1>pow to see positions that I don't think are in

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<v Speaker 1>the interests of communities of color. And yet all of

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<v Speaker 1>the kind of polling around turnout suggests that a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of black voters are thinking of just staying home, that

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<v Speaker 1>they're not going to turn out. So you would think

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<v Speaker 1>if Trump was that bleak of a prospect, that that

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<v Speaker 1>would translate into more enthusiasm for Biden. And there's quite

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<v Speaker 1>a bit. I think Iden got ninety two percent of

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<v Speaker 1>the black vote in twenty twenty, more or less, and

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<v Speaker 1>then Trump got eight percent, and it's still black voters

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<v Speaker 1>prefer the Democratic Party. I've got no doubt that Biden

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<v Speaker 1>will get a big majority of black voters again. But

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<v Speaker 1>it's really important, actually in swing states that black voters engage.

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<v Speaker 1>And there appears, I think, and I'm always a little

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<v Speaker 1>bit tentative with polls, right, but it appears that there's

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<v Speaker 1>this lack of enthusiasm, and I think that that could

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<v Speaker 1>actually have a destructive impact on the interests of black

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<v Speaker 1>voters if they don't turn out. So why is that,

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<v Speaker 1>Why is there lack of enthusiasm?

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<v Speaker 3>Well, listen, I think there was never a huge enthusiasm

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<v Speaker 3>for Biden, right, There was always an enthusiasm for kicking

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<v Speaker 3>Trump out of office. So we of course remember when

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<v Speaker 3>it was finally declared that there was a President Biden,

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<v Speaker 3>that he had won, there was dancing in the street, right.

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<v Speaker 3>I mean, it was like a dictator had fallen. People

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<v Speaker 3>were so kind of relieved to see him lose. And

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<v Speaker 3>so you think about the polls now, and I think

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<v Speaker 3>about Cornell Belcher, who's this great after American pollster.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm sure you're familiar with.

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<v Speaker 3>He is a polster, he does focus groups, but he's

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<v Speaker 3>also very mindful of the fact that the campaign has

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<v Speaker 3>just begun. Right. Campaigns are built to persuade voters, to

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<v Speaker 3>make them enthusiastic, to give them a binary choice, and

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<v Speaker 3>that is what's happening now. I talked to some folks

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<v Speaker 3>at the Biden campaign, and listen, they are very aware

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<v Speaker 3>of what the polls showed.

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<v Speaker 1>Now.

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<v Speaker 3>They're very aware of what you mentioned, which is that

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<v Speaker 3>historically it's been like sols to the polls. You know,

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<v Speaker 3>a couple of weeks before November, not a lot of

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<v Speaker 3>money put into GOTV efforts, And they're doing something very

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<v Speaker 3>differently this go around. They're putting a lot of money

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<v Speaker 3>in early and seeing those voters as voters they have

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<v Speaker 3>to persuade and mobilize, not just the voters who are

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<v Speaker 3>going to automatically show up. I will say this, I

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<v Speaker 3>do think that the polling and I hate to be

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<v Speaker 3>sort of a polling truther, but the polling has been

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<v Speaker 3>really off.

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<v Speaker 2>In terms of African American voters, and off for quite

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<v Speaker 2>a while.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah. Like, if you think about the lead up to

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<v Speaker 3>twenty twenty to twenty eighteen, there's all these like, oh

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<v Speaker 3>my gosh, Republicans are going to get twenty percent of

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<v Speaker 3>African American voters, and it just it hasn't really materialized.

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<v Speaker 3>I think there obviously has been a shift, very very minimally,

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<v Speaker 3>but it is not as much as the polls suggest.

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<v Speaker 3>But again, we talk about these swing states, places like Georgia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Arizona,

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<v Speaker 3>those margins manager Georgia. Yeah, exactly all of this is

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<v Speaker 3>going to matter. But listen it's ramping up now. I'm

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<v Speaker 3>actually going to South Carolina in the lead up to

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<v Speaker 3>the Democratic primary, where Biden, of course will win. Kamala

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<v Speaker 3>Harris will be there. She's going to an HBCU South

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<v Speaker 3>Carolina state in Orangeburg, and so it'll be interesting to

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<v Speaker 3>see what her message is to those voters in particular, right,

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<v Speaker 3>young educated African American voters who have lots of discontent

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<v Speaker 3>with Joe Biden. And again, they were never huge Joe

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<v Speaker 3>Biden fans, right, there were Obamocrats, right, There is no

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<v Speaker 3>parallel to that when it comes to Biden supporters. Older

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<v Speaker 3>members of the African American community love Biden. My mom

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<v Speaker 3>is one of those folks. She's eighty six, eighty five,

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<v Speaker 3>and she'll be pulling the lever for Joe Biden as

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<v Speaker 3>well all of her church friends. But then there is

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<v Speaker 3>this other, younger, more working class population of African Americans

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<v Speaker 3>that have some you know, skepticism, and they're going to

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<v Speaker 3>need to be convinced and mobilized.

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<v Speaker 1>And you know, you just invoked the secret weapon of

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<v Speaker 1>Barack Obama, right, which has not been activated yet by Democrats,

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<v Speaker 1>and you know, marching Barack Obama with his myriad gifts

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<v Speaker 1>as an orator and a truth teller and a very

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<v Speaker 1>unusually charismatic politician. In all those states, maybe he would

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<v Speaker 1>campaign with Taylor Swift, and you could just have like

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<v Speaker 1>this twin engine, like a jet engine of voter enthusiasm push.

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<v Speaker 1>So it'll be interesting to see how and when and

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<v Speaker 1>where Obama gets activated, because I can't imagine he won't be.

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<v Speaker 1>But I want to come back and even within the

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<v Speaker 1>flaw of the polls about the percentage of votes Republicans

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<v Speaker 1>might or might not get, that data point concerns me

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<v Speaker 1>less than turnout does. And I just want to turn

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<v Speaker 1>to this in a second, because I think of twenty sixteen, right, like,

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<v Speaker 1>obviously Obama turns out black voters like no candidate has

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<v Speaker 1>I think ever, at least since in the post World

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<v Speaker 1>War two era. And then in twenty sixteen, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>black voters did not really turn out for Hillary Clinton.

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<v Speaker 1>And you could pinpoint the states in which that created

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<v Speaker 1>tipping points Michigan, Wisconsin, et cetera, et cetera. I was

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<v Speaker 1>in both states in twenty twenty talking to black voters,

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<v Speaker 1>and one of the things that came up repeatedly in

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<v Speaker 1>conversations I had with them is you know, Hillary flew

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<v Speaker 1>in here at the last minute, like she didn't come

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<v Speaker 1>to Detroit until the last week of October or something

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<v Speaker 1>like that, and they all said, we just didn't feel

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<v Speaker 1>we felt taken for granted. And in fact, that's how

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<v Speaker 1>her campaign ruled. They thought they were going to flip Texas,

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<v Speaker 1>Georgia and Florida, and they didn't campaign in Michigan, Wisconsin,

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<v Speaker 1>and Pennsylvania. And I just you know, this is possibly

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<v Speaker 1>this election this year, the twenty twenty four election will

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<v Speaker 1>turn on a knife's edge in terms of pluralities, is

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<v Speaker 1>in a handful of states, and so I wonder less

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<v Speaker 1>about the total vote going to the Republicans and more

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<v Speaker 1>about just people showing up for Democrats.

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<v Speaker 3>I think it's a huge concern. Democrats obviously mindful of it.

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<v Speaker 3>And sort of add to that, you do have Republicans

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<v Speaker 3>campaigning for black.

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<v Speaker 2>Voters in a way that they haven't before.

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<v Speaker 3>I mean, some of it is sort of cynical, and

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<v Speaker 3>the ultimate goal is to have black voters stay home

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<v Speaker 3>not necessarily vote for Republican candidates, but you do have

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<v Speaker 3>some real efforts. I think it was Matt Gates, So

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<v Speaker 3>I hate to quote, but here I am said that,

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<v Speaker 3>you know, for every maybe college educated white person that

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<v Speaker 3>a Republican might lose, they would gain a jamal Or

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<v Speaker 3>I think you said.

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<v Speaker 1>Jose because he's such a sensitive person.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, exactly, and this is true, right. I mean, there

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<v Speaker 3>is this resorting of the parties, right, and some of

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<v Speaker 3>this is along class lines and some of it is

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<v Speaker 3>along racial lines as well. Sort of the sorting, particularly

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<v Speaker 3>among Hispanics, is much more noticeable going from the Democratic

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<v Speaker 3>Party to the Republican Party. It isn't is noticeable yet

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<v Speaker 3>among African Americans, particularly African American working class men. But

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<v Speaker 3>that is what's going on. And to me, I mean

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<v Speaker 3>sort of the argument that you hear Donald Trump making

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<v Speaker 3>is one I think that is in some ways wrapped

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<v Speaker 3>up in his masculinity, right, in his strength.

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<v Speaker 2>He gave some speech recently where he was.

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<v Speaker 3>Like, you know, a country needs a strong man, and

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<v Speaker 3>I think he meant it in both ways, right, and

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<v Speaker 3>that does I think resonate with young men, particularly young

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<v Speaker 3>working class men, who have also been sort of told

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<v Speaker 3>that their masculinity is you know, under assault. That there's

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<v Speaker 3>sort of feminization. I mean, listen, if you watch ESPN,

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<v Speaker 3>there are all these commercials about this generation of men

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<v Speaker 3>having the lowest testosterone ever. I would know, but you know,

0:12:45.080 --> 0:12:47.880
<v Speaker 3>those are the kind of messages that I think could

0:12:48.000 --> 0:12:51.600
<v Speaker 3>resonate with any number of groups and lead either to

0:12:51.920 --> 0:12:54.840
<v Speaker 3>kind of low turnout among those groups who are Democrats,

0:12:55.120 --> 0:12:58.520
<v Speaker 3>or actually some of these groups that have traditionally been

0:12:58.600 --> 0:13:01.880
<v Speaker 3>voting for Democrats voting for Republicans, particularly Donald Trump, not

0:13:01.920 --> 0:13:06.400
<v Speaker 3>necessarily sort of down ballot, but just seeing in Donald

0:13:06.440 --> 0:13:11.200
<v Speaker 3>Trump somebody who they admire, the strength, the pretty wife,

0:13:11.400 --> 0:13:15.360
<v Speaker 3>the beautiful kids, whatever it is, and obviously a billionaire status, right,

0:13:15.400 --> 0:13:16.120
<v Speaker 3>I mean that is all.

0:13:16.120 --> 0:13:19.440
<v Speaker 1>Live in the dream exactly, dream, yeah, rolling like he

0:13:19.480 --> 0:13:21.960
<v Speaker 1>wants to jet like exactly.

0:13:22.120 --> 0:13:24.760
<v Speaker 3>Yeah. And you know, I know you're a hip hop fan, tim,

0:13:24.840 --> 0:13:29.120
<v Speaker 3>and Donald Trump was hugely popular in hip hop in

0:13:29.200 --> 0:13:31.920
<v Speaker 3>the nineties and in two thousand, just as a symbol

0:13:32.000 --> 0:13:35.320
<v Speaker 3>of bling and success and sort of the lavish life.

0:13:35.360 --> 0:13:37.040
<v Speaker 3>And so some of that stuff still resonates.

0:13:37.200 --> 0:13:39.800
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. Russell Simmons said to me once that he called

0:13:39.840 --> 0:13:41.360
<v Speaker 1>Trump the bling, bling white man.

0:13:41.720 --> 0:13:42.240
<v Speaker 3>Yeah.

0:13:42.280 --> 0:13:45.080
<v Speaker 1>And you know they were welcome at marl Lago and

0:13:45.640 --> 0:13:47.720
<v Speaker 1>they'd be in the steam room and Donald show up

0:13:47.760 --> 0:13:50.160
<v Speaker 1>with a tray of orange juice. In his red tie

0:13:50.240 --> 0:13:54.280
<v Speaker 1>and blue suit, even the steam room. That's not a

0:13:54.320 --> 0:13:57.080
<v Speaker 1>subject for our discussion today. Yeah, but you know, it

0:13:57.200 --> 0:14:02.720
<v Speaker 1>is interesting that that sector of the black community venerates them.

0:14:02.720 --> 0:14:05.360
<v Speaker 1>But I think it's because of celebrity and wealth. Right,

0:14:05.400 --> 0:14:08.520
<v Speaker 1>it's not really about politics, right, policy at all, But

0:14:08.600 --> 0:14:10.240
<v Speaker 1>it's this image, and I think that has a lot

0:14:10.240 --> 0:14:12.800
<v Speaker 1>of attraction with working class white voters too.

0:14:13.080 --> 0:14:16.240
<v Speaker 3>That's exactly right. I mean this kids to the personality,

0:14:16.320 --> 0:14:20.080
<v Speaker 3>the cult of personality built up around Donald Trump, which

0:14:20.080 --> 0:14:23.120
<v Speaker 3>has been so effective. You know, the idea that he's

0:14:23.160 --> 0:14:26.640
<v Speaker 3>a successful millionaire, a billionaire. Excuse me, he's not, even

0:14:26.680 --> 0:14:29.080
<v Speaker 3>though he probably is only just a millionaire. But listen,

0:14:29.160 --> 0:14:31.680
<v Speaker 3>you know this success of him and sort of the

0:14:31.760 --> 0:14:35.040
<v Speaker 3>lavishness and the gold toilets and the supermodel wife who

0:14:35.120 --> 0:14:37.840
<v Speaker 3>isn't really a supermodel, nor does she speak seven languages,

0:14:37.840 --> 0:14:38.480
<v Speaker 3>but never mind.

0:14:38.840 --> 0:14:40.880
<v Speaker 1>And she's an immigrant, by the way, which is point

0:14:40.920 --> 0:14:43.720
<v Speaker 1>out he married an immigrant. Yes, yes, and some of

0:14:43.760 --> 0:14:46.760
<v Speaker 1>them are nice people. But on this issue again of

0:14:46.800 --> 0:14:49.640
<v Speaker 1>turn out. You know, just in the statistics, black voters

0:14:49.640 --> 0:14:53.360
<v Speaker 1>about twelve percent of eligible voters in twenty twenty, they

0:14:53.360 --> 0:14:58.480
<v Speaker 1>maybe fourteen percent and twenty four white voters are about

0:14:58.520 --> 0:15:03.400
<v Speaker 1>sixty eight percent of eligible voters, but end up being

0:15:03.520 --> 0:15:07.480
<v Speaker 1>seventy five percent of the voters who cast balance. Those

0:15:07.600 --> 0:15:10.920
<v Speaker 1>numbers are always so fascinating to me because they speak

0:15:11.440 --> 0:15:15.680
<v Speaker 1>to people's sense of how their vote empowers them or not.

0:15:17.040 --> 0:15:21.720
<v Speaker 1>It sometimes pains me to see that the black community

0:15:22.760 --> 0:15:25.000
<v Speaker 1>doesn't have as much faith in the power of their

0:15:25.080 --> 0:15:28.240
<v Speaker 1>vote as clearly the white community does. I think we

0:15:28.360 --> 0:15:31.280
<v Speaker 1>know the reasons for some of those things, but it's

0:15:31.360 --> 0:15:33.320
<v Speaker 1>undoubtedly at work in this election too.

0:15:34.160 --> 0:15:36.640
<v Speaker 3>I think that's right. You think back to two thousand

0:15:36.680 --> 0:15:41.200
<v Speaker 3>and eight and all of the joy and pride among

0:15:41.240 --> 0:15:44.640
<v Speaker 3>African Americans that the country had elected a black man,

0:15:44.680 --> 0:15:49.000
<v Speaker 3>a black man named Barack who say Obama, And there

0:15:49.080 --> 0:15:51.560
<v Speaker 3>was a lot of hope, right. There was some just

0:15:51.840 --> 0:15:54.960
<v Speaker 3>silly hope about, you know, a post racial America, but

0:15:55.080 --> 0:15:59.840
<v Speaker 3>then there was real hope about conditions in black communities

0:16:00.440 --> 0:16:03.960
<v Speaker 3>being changed because of Obama being in office. And I

0:16:04.000 --> 0:16:07.400
<v Speaker 3>think you look around and that didn't really happen, right,

0:16:08.080 --> 0:16:11.320
<v Speaker 3>And even I think some of the discontent among say

0:16:11.440 --> 0:16:16.120
<v Speaker 3>thirty something black folks forty something black folks, there is

0:16:16.480 --> 0:16:21.400
<v Speaker 3>kind of looking back at Barack Obama with some disappointment, right,

0:16:21.600 --> 0:16:26.200
<v Speaker 3>that we put so much, African Americans will say into

0:16:26.360 --> 0:16:30.560
<v Speaker 3>having him in office, but what do we get in return?

0:16:30.720 --> 0:16:30.880
<v Speaker 2>Right?

0:16:30.920 --> 0:16:33.800
<v Speaker 3>And so then Hillary comes and obviously Trump gets in office,

0:16:33.920 --> 0:16:37.880
<v Speaker 3>and then Biden and there's obviously some discontent, specific discontent

0:16:38.080 --> 0:16:42.920
<v Speaker 3>right about promises not met, whether it's around voting rights

0:16:43.040 --> 0:16:47.120
<v Speaker 3>or student loans. So, you know, and now I think

0:16:47.360 --> 0:16:51.920
<v Speaker 3>a real sort of animating conversation for this group of voters,

0:16:52.160 --> 0:16:57.360
<v Speaker 3>young African Americans is what's going on with the Palestinians

0:16:57.600 --> 0:17:01.000
<v Speaker 3>and the idea. You know, Joe Biden has gone to

0:17:01.040 --> 0:17:02.680
<v Speaker 3>some events and there will be people and some of

0:17:02.720 --> 0:17:05.560
<v Speaker 3>these are African Americans who are standing upholding signs and

0:17:05.560 --> 0:17:10.000
<v Speaker 3>calling him genocide Joe. So this is a a real

0:17:10.320 --> 0:17:14.040
<v Speaker 3>kind of animating force and animating conversation that's going on,

0:17:14.320 --> 0:17:16.840
<v Speaker 3>and not in a good way for Joe Biden's re

0:17:16.920 --> 0:17:19.919
<v Speaker 3>election prospects among young African Americans.

0:17:20.880 --> 0:17:22.680
<v Speaker 1>On that note, I want to take a quick break

0:17:22.720 --> 0:17:24.600
<v Speaker 1>so we can hear from our sponsor, and then we

0:17:24.640 --> 0:17:32.840
<v Speaker 1>will come right back to this conversation. I'm back with

0:17:32.920 --> 0:17:37.560
<v Speaker 1>Nia Malika Henderson, a political columnist with Bloomberg Opinion. Nia,

0:17:37.640 --> 0:17:42.160
<v Speaker 1>we were just talking about black voters disappointment with Biden,

0:17:42.240 --> 0:17:45.520
<v Speaker 1>and I wanted to just dig into some of the

0:17:45.720 --> 0:17:49.879
<v Speaker 1>highlight policy issues, the things that are most important to

0:17:50.040 --> 0:17:53.280
<v Speaker 1>the black community, and from a policy perspective, the things

0:17:53.280 --> 0:17:57.800
<v Speaker 1>that are fueling some of their disappointment. Voting rights and

0:17:57.840 --> 0:18:00.280
<v Speaker 1>the enforcement of voting rights and the access to the

0:18:00.359 --> 0:18:03.520
<v Speaker 1>voting booth seems to me to be something well worth

0:18:03.560 --> 0:18:05.520
<v Speaker 1>focusing on in this But you can dissuade me if

0:18:05.520 --> 0:18:05.760
<v Speaker 1>it's not.

0:18:06.440 --> 0:18:09.200
<v Speaker 3>No, I think that's right. This is something that Joe

0:18:09.200 --> 0:18:14.120
<v Speaker 3>Biden campaigned on. This is something that people believed that

0:18:14.640 --> 0:18:17.359
<v Speaker 3>a needed to get done and could get done right,

0:18:17.640 --> 0:18:21.600
<v Speaker 3>particularly in the aftermath of George Floyd. Right, you remember

0:18:21.640 --> 0:18:25.040
<v Speaker 3>those sort of hidy days of the racial recogning and

0:18:25.119 --> 0:18:28.560
<v Speaker 3>this idea that the country and companies wanted to get

0:18:28.640 --> 0:18:32.280
<v Speaker 3>right in terms of race, and so what happened.

0:18:32.960 --> 0:18:33.719
<v Speaker 2>For police reform.

0:18:33.760 --> 0:18:36.480
<v Speaker 3>I think that's exactly right. And so there were conversations

0:18:36.680 --> 0:18:39.640
<v Speaker 3>around that. But one of the big hopes around that

0:18:40.040 --> 0:18:43.360
<v Speaker 3>was that there would be some sort of voting rights bill.

0:18:43.440 --> 0:18:45.320
<v Speaker 3>So there was one that went to senate, it past

0:18:45.359 --> 0:18:48.119
<v Speaker 3>the House and it failed, right, it failed.

0:18:49.880 --> 0:18:50.920
<v Speaker 1>And there was also the John L.

0:18:50.960 --> 0:18:53.119
<v Speaker 3>Lewis Voting yeah, there were two separate ones, right, and

0:18:53.200 --> 0:18:56.639
<v Speaker 3>ultimately failed because Democrats. Two Democrats in particular who I

0:18:56.640 --> 0:18:59.600
<v Speaker 3>don't think will be in the Senate going forward, Christen

0:18:59.640 --> 0:19:02.120
<v Speaker 3>Cinema and Joe Manchin.

0:19:01.840 --> 0:19:04.960
<v Speaker 2>They were too, they really democrats, right.

0:19:04.960 --> 0:19:08.159
<v Speaker 3>Right, yeah, yeah, yeah, And so you know, there's an

0:19:08.160 --> 0:19:11.360
<v Speaker 3>idea that maybe they could scuttle the philibuster just for

0:19:11.440 --> 0:19:14.200
<v Speaker 3>this bill to pass, and it turns out that they

0:19:14.240 --> 0:19:15.879
<v Speaker 3>didn't want to do that. And of course we know

0:19:15.920 --> 0:19:19.359
<v Speaker 3>the philibuster has been used to scuttle lots of civil

0:19:19.400 --> 0:19:22.840
<v Speaker 3>rights legislation historically. That's sort of the point of it. Yes,

0:19:23.119 --> 0:19:27.680
<v Speaker 3>and so that history repeating itself. So sure, there's that

0:19:27.800 --> 0:19:30.760
<v Speaker 3>lack of movement on that. And listen, you're gonna hear

0:19:30.800 --> 0:19:33.359
<v Speaker 3>from Biden on this again, right, You're going to hear

0:19:33.359 --> 0:19:36.480
<v Speaker 3>from Kamala Harris on this again. I'm sure when there's

0:19:36.560 --> 0:19:40.200
<v Speaker 3>another anniversary of the Bloody Sunday in March, right, they'll

0:19:40.240 --> 0:19:43.639
<v Speaker 3>make a big deal about pushing for this and voting rights.

0:19:44.160 --> 0:19:46.160
<v Speaker 3>But the fact of the matter is it didn't get done.

0:19:46.359 --> 0:19:50.640
<v Speaker 3>Nothing really has been done on police reform.

0:19:50.440 --> 0:19:54.720
<v Speaker 1>Voting rights. Yeah, black community blame the Biden White House

0:19:55.280 --> 0:19:59.720
<v Speaker 1>for not getting legislation through a Senate that has repeatedly

0:20:00.119 --> 0:20:04.200
<v Speaker 1>torpedoed any legislation that would be helpful to Biden politically.

0:20:04.280 --> 0:20:06.000
<v Speaker 1>We're in the middle of this right now. In immigration,

0:20:06.640 --> 0:20:10.320
<v Speaker 1>a bipartisan tax bill didn't get through Chuck Grassley and

0:20:10.359 --> 0:20:13.200
<v Speaker 1>I owe Republicans said, yeah, might be a good bill,

0:20:13.240 --> 0:20:16.720
<v Speaker 1>but it would help Biden in the election. So reason

0:20:16.760 --> 0:20:19.800
<v Speaker 1>to do this? Yeah? Yeah? And and voting rights. Are

0:20:19.840 --> 0:20:23.280
<v Speaker 1>black voters seeing past the fact and maybe the answer

0:20:23.280 --> 0:20:26.679
<v Speaker 1>to this is obvious, but are they seeing past the

0:20:26.800 --> 0:20:29.880
<v Speaker 1>fact that this is something they do and should care

0:20:29.880 --> 0:20:33.040
<v Speaker 1>deeply about, and the fact that the White House might

0:20:33.080 --> 0:20:36.200
<v Speaker 1>be sort of handcuffed because they have a racalcia tren Congress.

0:20:36.720 --> 0:20:39.200
<v Speaker 3>Right, you know, listen, I think sure, I mean, I

0:20:39.200 --> 0:20:41.439
<v Speaker 3>think there is some recognition that there is a huge

0:20:41.560 --> 0:20:45.520
<v Speaker 3>roadblock in the Republican Party in terms of advancing any

0:20:45.600 --> 0:20:49.639
<v Speaker 3>number of you know, democratic causes, progressive causes. And that'll

0:20:49.640 --> 0:20:53.080
<v Speaker 3>be part of what Biden talks about, right, and Harris

0:20:53.119 --> 0:20:56.399
<v Speaker 3>talks about when they go before these audiences, when they

0:20:56.400 --> 0:20:59.240
<v Speaker 3>talk about abortion, for instance, the idea that they need

0:20:59.320 --> 0:21:03.200
<v Speaker 3>a more democratic House and democratic Senate, so send more

0:21:03.200 --> 0:21:06.280
<v Speaker 3>Democrats and he can get things done. But there is

0:21:06.320 --> 0:21:08.800
<v Speaker 3>I think, and this isn't specific to the Black community.

0:21:08.840 --> 0:21:13.400
<v Speaker 3>I think there is a sense among average voters that

0:21:14.280 --> 0:21:17.760
<v Speaker 3>presidents are sort of all powerful, right. It is the

0:21:17.920 --> 0:21:21.240
<v Speaker 3>office that most people are familiar with. They don't necessarily

0:21:21.280 --> 0:21:23.960
<v Speaker 3>pay attention to who their local congress person is or

0:21:24.000 --> 0:21:27.399
<v Speaker 3>their senators. But there is a sense, I think among

0:21:27.520 --> 0:21:30.640
<v Speaker 3>just average voters that presidents, through their power of persuasion

0:21:30.720 --> 0:21:32.560
<v Speaker 3>and we voted for you, that you should be able

0:21:32.600 --> 0:21:35.679
<v Speaker 3>to deliver on these issues, and if you don't, it

0:21:35.880 --> 0:21:40.120
<v Speaker 3>is demoralizing. It could be a failing on your part,

0:21:40.160 --> 0:21:43.199
<v Speaker 3>and it could mean that we stay home because I

0:21:43.240 --> 0:21:44.000
<v Speaker 3>haven't seen.

0:21:43.760 --> 0:21:46.760
<v Speaker 2>Any deliverables for giving you my vote.

0:21:47.160 --> 0:21:49.479
<v Speaker 3>So you know, this is a conversation that is going

0:21:49.560 --> 0:21:51.680
<v Speaker 3>to have to be had in all sorts of ways,

0:21:51.680 --> 0:21:54.600
<v Speaker 3>sort of the traditional ways of campaigning, but then on

0:21:54.640 --> 0:21:57.920
<v Speaker 3>Facebook and TikTok and the Gram and all of those

0:21:57.920 --> 0:22:01.399
<v Speaker 3>social media platforms and the View and Charlemagne the God

0:22:02.119 --> 0:22:06.080
<v Speaker 3>places like that where we're African Americans, particularly young African Americans,

0:22:06.240 --> 0:22:09.240
<v Speaker 3>are very tuned into those sites and those folks.

0:22:09.760 --> 0:22:13.880
<v Speaker 1>He wrote a great column about Nikki Haley and her

0:22:13.920 --> 0:22:17.679
<v Speaker 1>effort to sort of I guess disappear slavery as a

0:22:17.680 --> 0:22:20.720
<v Speaker 1>factor in the Civil War. We are in the midst

0:22:20.920 --> 0:22:26.000
<v Speaker 1>of this, I think, literal whitewashing of African American history

0:22:26.080 --> 0:22:29.480
<v Speaker 1>and the Civil War perpetrated by the Republicans and the

0:22:29.560 --> 0:22:35.760
<v Speaker 1>right for political reasons, and white supremacy, white nationalism, racism,

0:22:35.840 --> 0:22:40.040
<v Speaker 1>and discrimination are also a paramount issue for the black community.

0:22:40.480 --> 0:22:44.080
<v Speaker 1>Do black voters see Biden in light of all of that,

0:22:45.080 --> 0:22:48.520
<v Speaker 1>acting as a you know, an agent of change and protection?

0:22:49.520 --> 0:22:52.359
<v Speaker 3>You know, listen, I'm just going to be blunt here.

0:22:53.160 --> 0:22:57.280
<v Speaker 3>Biden is eighty one. I think she isn't someone I

0:22:57.320 --> 0:23:01.840
<v Speaker 3>think that average Black people, average people right looked to

0:23:02.240 --> 0:23:04.720
<v Speaker 3>as a pillar of strength. He's older, and some of

0:23:04.760 --> 0:23:07.159
<v Speaker 3>that is literally his age, and some of that is

0:23:07.160 --> 0:23:10.640
<v Speaker 3>probably just the burdens of the presidency and grief, quite frankly,

0:23:10.680 --> 0:23:13.800
<v Speaker 3>because he's had so many losses in his life. I

0:23:13.880 --> 0:23:18.199
<v Speaker 3>definitely think to a certain segment of African Americans, older

0:23:18.200 --> 0:23:21.560
<v Speaker 3>African Americans, sort of the church going set of African Americans,

0:23:22.080 --> 0:23:26.360
<v Speaker 3>they see by not necessarily as a sort of protector,

0:23:26.880 --> 0:23:30.800
<v Speaker 3>but as a good, decent human being. And that sort

0:23:30.800 --> 0:23:33.719
<v Speaker 3>of sounds, you know, not like high praise, but it

0:23:33.800 --> 0:23:36.960
<v Speaker 3>is high praise to just ordinary folks that he just

0:23:37.040 --> 0:23:41.080
<v Speaker 3>has a core goodness to him and a decency. You know,

0:23:41.240 --> 0:23:44.280
<v Speaker 3>there is a video that's circulating online now of him

0:23:44.720 --> 0:23:48.320
<v Speaker 3>comforting one of the families of one of the soldiers

0:23:48.359 --> 0:23:51.240
<v Speaker 3>that was just killed, and this was a black family

0:23:51.280 --> 0:23:54.719
<v Speaker 3>in Georgia, I believe, And just the humanity and the

0:23:54.760 --> 0:24:00.840
<v Speaker 3>connection and the sense of heart and under standing in

0:24:01.040 --> 0:24:06.280
<v Speaker 3>empathy that he displays almost more than any politician I

0:24:06.280 --> 0:24:09.679
<v Speaker 3>can think of in recent history. It's almost pastoral. I

0:24:09.720 --> 0:24:12.639
<v Speaker 3>think that goes a long way with African Americans. It

0:24:12.680 --> 0:24:16.320
<v Speaker 3>isn't that he's going to sort of stand between Donald Trump,

0:24:16.920 --> 0:24:19.960
<v Speaker 3>stand between the racists and protect African Americans, but there

0:24:20.000 --> 0:24:22.399
<v Speaker 3>is a sense I think that African Americans do feel

0:24:22.400 --> 0:24:25.159
<v Speaker 3>like his heart is in the right place, that he

0:24:25.400 --> 0:24:28.560
<v Speaker 3>understands African Americans and that he's on the side of

0:24:28.600 --> 0:24:31.880
<v Speaker 3>African Americans. And he's trying to go to South Carolina

0:24:31.880 --> 0:24:35.520
<v Speaker 3>and say you had my back back in twenty twenty,

0:24:35.560 --> 0:24:37.479
<v Speaker 3>and I'm going to have your back as well. So

0:24:37.520 --> 0:24:40.960
<v Speaker 3>I do think that goes a long way. And also

0:24:41.800 --> 0:24:44.160
<v Speaker 3>I think they're going to remind people that he was

0:24:44.400 --> 0:24:48.240
<v Speaker 3>Obama's vice president, right he was loyal to Obama. I

0:24:48.280 --> 0:24:50.560
<v Speaker 3>remember in twenty twenty hearing so many black people talk

0:24:50.600 --> 0:24:54.640
<v Speaker 3>about that, right, the idea that here he was the

0:24:54.720 --> 0:24:58.120
<v Speaker 3>right hand man to America's first black president, and it

0:24:58.240 --> 0:25:01.080
<v Speaker 3>was you were loyal to Obama. We're going to stand

0:25:01.080 --> 0:25:03.080
<v Speaker 3>by you and be loyal to you, Joe Biden. So

0:25:03.320 --> 0:25:06.040
<v Speaker 3>list before I came on with you today, I was thinking,

0:25:06.080 --> 0:25:08.359
<v Speaker 3>you know, maybe they should give some sort of joint

0:25:08.400 --> 0:25:10.520
<v Speaker 3>care of view in sixty minutes, right, it's sort.

0:25:10.400 --> 0:25:12.600
<v Speaker 1>Of a you know, I'm sure they will do something

0:25:12.960 --> 0:25:15.840
<v Speaker 1>or joint appearances. It's just I think that's a strength

0:25:15.880 --> 0:25:18.320
<v Speaker 1>they both can play to. And he was a model

0:25:18.440 --> 0:25:21.480
<v Speaker 1>vice president for Obama. You know, he filled the role

0:25:21.520 --> 0:25:23.280
<v Speaker 1>the way you'd want a vice president to fill it.

0:25:23.760 --> 0:25:27.639
<v Speaker 1>They I think developed a friendship unexpectedly during that presidency

0:25:27.680 --> 0:25:30.440
<v Speaker 1>because there was hostility in the beginning. You know, one

0:25:30.480 --> 0:25:32.320
<v Speaker 1>other sort of broad category, and I think of this

0:25:32.400 --> 0:25:34.879
<v Speaker 1>as you know, a democratic problem more generally and not

0:25:34.960 --> 0:25:38.080
<v Speaker 1>Biden specifically, but is you know the idea of broad

0:25:38.119 --> 0:25:43.679
<v Speaker 1>investment in black communities, whether it's education or infrastructure or

0:25:43.720 --> 0:25:48.840
<v Speaker 1>small business loans, healthcare, an array of different investments that

0:25:48.920 --> 0:25:53.240
<v Speaker 1>will make communities independent and thriving. And when I sometimes

0:25:53.280 --> 0:25:56.320
<v Speaker 1>think of this issue of promises broken or promises not kept,

0:25:56.760 --> 0:25:59.840
<v Speaker 1>it is the historical legacy of the Democrats that they

0:25:59.840 --> 0:26:04.120
<v Speaker 1>had tried to deliver some of those solutions to black communities.

0:26:04.160 --> 0:26:06.240
<v Speaker 1>And is that a thing that hangs over this as

0:26:06.280 --> 0:26:08.440
<v Speaker 1>well for the black community or do you think there's

0:26:08.480 --> 0:26:10.360
<v Speaker 1>other things that are front of mind for black.

0:26:10.200 --> 0:26:14.200
<v Speaker 3>Voters, meaning the failure to deliver or at least this

0:26:14.320 --> 0:26:16.639
<v Speaker 3>sort of effort to deliver. I think that's right. I

0:26:16.680 --> 0:26:19.240
<v Speaker 3>think that's yes. And this will also be a way

0:26:19.240 --> 0:26:23.560
<v Speaker 3>that I think Republicans will try to dissuade black people

0:26:23.560 --> 0:26:27.119
<v Speaker 3>from voting or actually have Black people vote for Republicans.

0:26:27.119 --> 0:26:29.760
<v Speaker 3>The idea that listen, you've been giving your votes to

0:26:30.359 --> 0:26:34.240
<v Speaker 3>Democrats for all these generations in many ways, and what

0:26:34.320 --> 0:26:36.359
<v Speaker 3>have they done. What do your schools look like, what

0:26:36.359 --> 0:26:39.679
<v Speaker 3>do your communities look like? There's still under investment in

0:26:39.840 --> 0:26:45.240
<v Speaker 3>education and infrastructure, And so I think, yes, that is

0:26:45.320 --> 0:26:50.399
<v Speaker 3>something that you hear. But then I think there's a

0:26:50.480 --> 0:26:54.200
<v Speaker 3>choice here, Right, Democrats say they want to do better,

0:26:54.400 --> 0:26:57.679
<v Speaker 3>Oftentimes they can't for any number of reasons. Often that

0:26:57.800 --> 0:27:02.440
<v Speaker 3>is Republicans being obstructionists, and then they're Republicans, right, who

0:27:02.480 --> 0:27:07.400
<v Speaker 3>don't even really have any ideas for improvement and investment

0:27:07.480 --> 0:27:10.640
<v Speaker 3>in these African American communities. What does Biden always say,

0:27:10.680 --> 0:27:14.320
<v Speaker 3>don't compare me to the almighty, compare me to the alternative.

0:27:14.800 --> 0:27:17.080
<v Speaker 3>And so I think that's the argument they'll make. But

0:27:17.200 --> 0:27:19.240
<v Speaker 3>listen again, I think it goes back to some of

0:27:19.240 --> 0:27:23.360
<v Speaker 3>that discontent around Obama. There's so much hope invested in Obama,

0:27:23.440 --> 0:27:27.880
<v Speaker 3>so much hope invested in Joe Biden, and then when

0:27:27.960 --> 0:27:31.000
<v Speaker 3>you get down to it, materially, a lot of these

0:27:31.080 --> 0:27:34.600
<v Speaker 3>communities haven't changed, even though listen at, the unemployment rate

0:27:34.840 --> 0:27:39.560
<v Speaker 3>is record low among African Americans, child poverty is on

0:27:39.600 --> 0:27:43.520
<v Speaker 3>the decline, more investments in HBCUs, so they do have

0:27:43.560 --> 0:27:45.919
<v Speaker 3>something to talk about, and listen. I live in a

0:27:46.040 --> 0:27:50.400
<v Speaker 3>fairly diverse, working class ish area in Washington, DC. Yeah,

0:27:50.440 --> 0:27:53.040
<v Speaker 3>and sometimes I'm like, you know, I go into Marshalls

0:27:53.119 --> 0:27:55.639
<v Speaker 3>and Target. It's packed, right, It's packed with folks who

0:27:55.720 --> 0:27:58.360
<v Speaker 3>are buying all sorts of things they don't need, particularly

0:27:58.400 --> 0:28:01.439
<v Speaker 3>from Marshalls. And I do think there is a sense

0:28:01.560 --> 0:28:03.760
<v Speaker 3>that and you see some of this in the consumer

0:28:03.800 --> 0:28:06.720
<v Speaker 3>confidence number, is that the economy is people are starting

0:28:06.760 --> 0:28:08.840
<v Speaker 3>to sort of feel it and that it's better than

0:28:08.880 --> 0:28:11.320
<v Speaker 3>they thought, and so those things I think will matter

0:28:11.359 --> 0:28:12.720
<v Speaker 3>as well.

0:28:12.760 --> 0:28:15.040
<v Speaker 1>All right, let's take another quick break right there, Nia,

0:28:15.119 --> 0:28:17.600
<v Speaker 1>and then we will come back and continue this very

0:28:17.640 --> 0:28:25.720
<v Speaker 1>interesting conversation. I'm back in having a great conversation with

0:28:25.800 --> 0:28:29.760
<v Speaker 1>Nia Malika Henderson, a political columnist with Bloomberg Opinion. We're

0:28:29.800 --> 0:28:32.600
<v Speaker 1>talking about black voters and the twenty twenty four election.

0:28:33.200 --> 0:28:36.240
<v Speaker 1>I wanted to talk about mobilizing. We've touched on it

0:28:36.600 --> 0:28:40.479
<v Speaker 1>on and off. I was intrigued both by Ohio and

0:28:40.640 --> 0:28:44.760
<v Speaker 1>Virginia this year, where similar you know, there were differences,

0:28:44.760 --> 0:28:49.440
<v Speaker 1>but issues came up before voters around abortion, access to

0:28:49.600 --> 0:28:54.400
<v Speaker 1>reproductive healthcare, reproductive rights. Governors of both of those states

0:28:54.760 --> 0:28:58.800
<v Speaker 1>were trying to impose much more restrictive measures around abortion,

0:28:59.280 --> 0:29:02.880
<v Speaker 1>and black votevoters got busy and they really got activated

0:29:02.920 --> 0:29:06.720
<v Speaker 1>around that issue. And we're pivotal in both states and

0:29:06.840 --> 0:29:11.080
<v Speaker 1>not only turning back those policies, but in Virginia's case,

0:29:11.440 --> 0:29:16.360
<v Speaker 1>actually establishing a majority in the state legislature. Clearly people

0:29:16.440 --> 0:29:19.400
<v Speaker 1>were paying attention to the issue. Clearly people got around

0:29:19.440 --> 0:29:22.520
<v Speaker 1>those voters and made it happen. And it does offer

0:29:22.560 --> 0:29:25.920
<v Speaker 1>an example of what can be done at this microcosmic

0:29:26.040 --> 0:29:28.920
<v Speaker 1>local level with the right issue and the right organization,

0:29:29.520 --> 0:29:31.840
<v Speaker 1>and you get both great policy results and you get

0:29:31.880 --> 0:29:35.040
<v Speaker 1>a good political outcome if you're a Democrat. Is that

0:29:35.240 --> 0:29:39.520
<v Speaker 1>something that Democrats could mobilize nationally between now in November,

0:29:39.920 --> 0:29:42.080
<v Speaker 1>finding those themes and turning the voters out.

0:29:42.560 --> 0:29:46.040
<v Speaker 3>Yeah. And obviously abortion is going to be a huge issue.

0:29:46.320 --> 0:29:49.600
<v Speaker 3>You have Kamala Harris taking the lead on that, framing

0:29:49.640 --> 0:29:54.000
<v Speaker 3>it as a matter of rights and freedom and equality.

0:29:54.160 --> 0:29:57.680
<v Speaker 3>And we've seen every time it's either sort of the

0:29:57.680 --> 0:30:00.960
<v Speaker 3>pro choice or pro life movement in these different states.

0:30:01.000 --> 0:30:03.680
<v Speaker 3>In some red states as you mentioned Ohio for instance,

0:30:04.000 --> 0:30:06.640
<v Speaker 3>the pro choice side has won. So you've got some

0:30:06.840 --> 0:30:11.760
<v Speaker 3>efforts by Democratic activists, women's rights activists trying to put

0:30:11.760 --> 0:30:16.120
<v Speaker 3>some of these ballot measures in states to galvanize voters.

0:30:16.400 --> 0:30:18.760
<v Speaker 3>You know, Democrats didn't want to talk about abortion for

0:30:18.880 --> 0:30:22.080
<v Speaker 3>years and years and years, and now they found their

0:30:22.160 --> 0:30:23.920
<v Speaker 3>voice on it. A lot of that has to do

0:30:23.960 --> 0:30:26.880
<v Speaker 3>with Kama Harris, as I mentioned, and just this idea,

0:30:27.000 --> 0:30:29.200
<v Speaker 3>you know, she gave a speech two weeks ago, this

0:30:29.360 --> 0:30:32.280
<v Speaker 3>idea that who do these people think they are right?

0:30:32.560 --> 0:30:36.560
<v Speaker 3>There's a kind of anger and righteous indignation. I think

0:30:36.560 --> 0:30:40.920
<v Speaker 3>that African Americans women in particular, feel this idea that

0:30:41.000 --> 0:30:45.680
<v Speaker 3>America now is less free because of the fall of

0:30:45.800 --> 0:30:48.560
<v Speaker 3>Row and some of these states that have very restrictive

0:30:48.640 --> 0:30:52.320
<v Speaker 3>abortion laws anti abortion laws, that America is less free

0:30:52.520 --> 0:30:55.320
<v Speaker 3>now than it was in the Roe v. Wade era. So,

0:30:55.960 --> 0:30:57.280
<v Speaker 3>you know, you look at that, and I think for

0:30:57.360 --> 0:31:01.960
<v Speaker 3>African Americans who have been on the front lines expanding rights,

0:31:02.120 --> 0:31:05.440
<v Speaker 3>this idea that you're going backwards in terms of the

0:31:05.520 --> 0:31:09.240
<v Speaker 3>kind of rights in Americans enjoy. It is an issue

0:31:09.280 --> 0:31:11.320
<v Speaker 3>that I think is going to come up a lot,

0:31:11.400 --> 0:31:14.200
<v Speaker 3>and it will be effective for Democrats to argue around that,

0:31:14.320 --> 0:31:15.720
<v Speaker 3>and I think it's going to be the centerpiece of

0:31:15.720 --> 0:31:19.160
<v Speaker 3>what Democrats do in terms of mobilizing voters.

0:31:19.960 --> 0:31:21.680
<v Speaker 1>You know, in the context of all that, I just

0:31:21.680 --> 0:31:24.200
<v Speaker 1>want to like briefly touch on your own journey, because

0:31:24.240 --> 0:31:26.360
<v Speaker 1>I find it both I'll embarrass you, but I find

0:31:26.400 --> 0:31:30.240
<v Speaker 1>it both admirable and inspiring. Your native of South Carolina.

0:31:30.640 --> 0:31:33.840
<v Speaker 1>You went to Duke, you graduated cum laude, You got

0:31:33.880 --> 0:31:37.520
<v Speaker 1>graduate degrees from Yale and Columbia, and then a string

0:31:37.600 --> 0:31:42.240
<v Speaker 1>of high profile journalism jobs Politico, The Washington Post, CNN,

0:31:42.320 --> 0:31:46.160
<v Speaker 1>and now you're stuck with me, and you wrote, I'll

0:31:46.200 --> 0:31:48.200
<v Speaker 1>embarrass you further by reading your own words to you.

0:31:48.240 --> 0:31:50.960
<v Speaker 1>But you wrote a beautiful column about Black History Month.

0:31:51.440 --> 0:31:53.640
<v Speaker 1>And you're also a mother, I should add, because that's

0:31:53.720 --> 0:31:56.440
<v Speaker 1>relevant to that. You know, you're a successful black woman,

0:31:56.480 --> 0:31:59.680
<v Speaker 1>you're a successful mother, you're a successful professional in a

0:31:59.720 --> 0:32:02.040
<v Speaker 1>world that can line up against that in so many

0:32:02.080 --> 0:32:05.800
<v Speaker 1>different ways. And you're writing about the relevancy and utility

0:32:05.800 --> 0:32:08.880
<v Speaker 1>of Black History Month, and you wrote across the country

0:32:08.920 --> 0:32:13.480
<v Speaker 1>at colleges and corporations, diversity and inclusion initiatives are being targeted,

0:32:13.680 --> 0:32:17.200
<v Speaker 1>as are black academics. Black books are among the most banned.

0:32:17.600 --> 0:32:21.600
<v Speaker 1>The post George Floyd racial reckoning faced a huge backlash

0:32:21.760 --> 0:32:26.040
<v Speaker 1>and never quite materialized for any sustained period of time. Sure,

0:32:26.200 --> 0:32:29.000
<v Speaker 1>there are now bandages that match the skin of black people.

0:32:29.120 --> 0:32:32.920
<v Speaker 1>Imagine that. And Auntchemima and Uncle Ben are no more.

0:32:33.560 --> 0:32:35.680
<v Speaker 1>But is that all? And then you go on in

0:32:35.720 --> 0:32:40.000
<v Speaker 1>this very poignant, beautifully written column to talk about, well,

0:32:40.080 --> 0:32:42.040
<v Speaker 1>you look at your daughter and you look at her

0:32:42.080 --> 0:32:44.480
<v Speaker 1>world compared to yours, and that there's things in her

0:32:44.520 --> 0:32:47.600
<v Speaker 1>world you didn't have growing up, and you had things

0:32:47.600 --> 0:32:51.080
<v Speaker 1>your mother didn't have, and you have some optimism baked

0:32:51.160 --> 0:32:54.920
<v Speaker 1>into that. I wonder do you think that that optimism

0:32:54.960 --> 0:32:59.400
<v Speaker 1>translates into the political process for enough Black voters these days.

0:33:00.160 --> 0:33:04.840
<v Speaker 3>That's an excellent question, listen. I think optimism is at

0:33:04.840 --> 0:33:09.720
<v Speaker 3>the core of the African American experience, right, this imagining

0:33:09.840 --> 0:33:14.400
<v Speaker 3>of a world that didn't exist and fighting for that world.

0:33:14.520 --> 0:33:16.239
<v Speaker 3>You know, it's our heritage. I mean, I grew up

0:33:16.240 --> 0:33:20.720
<v Speaker 3>with parents who my father in particular, as a young man,

0:33:20.960 --> 0:33:23.640
<v Speaker 3>marched with doctor King. It wasn't you know, there were

0:33:23.680 --> 0:33:26.239
<v Speaker 3>a series of marches around Bloody Sunday. I think there

0:33:26.240 --> 0:33:27.960
<v Speaker 3>were three up together. He was at the second one.

0:33:28.360 --> 0:33:30.480
<v Speaker 3>So on Martin Luther King Day, I was able to

0:33:30.520 --> 0:33:33.239
<v Speaker 3>show my daughter a picture of her grandfather, who is

0:33:33.320 --> 0:33:36.880
<v Speaker 3>no longer with us, standing on the steps of Brown

0:33:36.960 --> 0:33:40.760
<v Speaker 3>Am Chapel with Martin Luther King sort of over his shoulder.

0:33:41.400 --> 0:33:45.320
<v Speaker 3>And I'm also, obviously, I'm a woman, I'm black. I'm

0:33:45.320 --> 0:33:48.880
<v Speaker 3>also a lesbian, right and so to see the trajectory

0:33:48.920 --> 0:33:52.440
<v Speaker 3>of the country go from being very hostile to same

0:33:52.560 --> 0:33:56.440
<v Speaker 3>sex marriage to myself being married to a woman and

0:33:56.520 --> 0:34:00.480
<v Speaker 3>having a beautiful daughter, I am definitely somebody who I'm

0:34:00.480 --> 0:34:02.680
<v Speaker 3>a prisoner of hope for lack of a better phrase,

0:34:02.840 --> 0:34:05.880
<v Speaker 3>and sometimes I feel, you know, naive. After I wrote

0:34:05.920 --> 0:34:07.920
<v Speaker 3>that column, I was sort of thinking of my academic

0:34:07.960 --> 0:34:09.759
<v Speaker 3>friends that were like, Oh, they're going to read this

0:34:09.800 --> 0:34:12.239
<v Speaker 3>and be like, Oh, she's very naive. But in so

0:34:12.280 --> 0:34:14.560
<v Speaker 3>many ways, I kind of wrote that for my mom,

0:34:14.800 --> 0:34:18.120
<v Speaker 3>right somebody who she was born in nineteen thirty eight.

0:34:18.200 --> 0:34:21.640
<v Speaker 3>She was born in Chicago, saw the civil rights movement,

0:34:21.760 --> 0:34:25.600
<v Speaker 3>Women's rights movement, had four kids, and really tried to

0:34:25.640 --> 0:34:29.000
<v Speaker 3>create a black world right and black pride in her

0:34:29.120 --> 0:34:31.880
<v Speaker 3>kids and did it in the best way she could,

0:34:31.960 --> 0:34:34.560
<v Speaker 3>but she also wanted it for my friends and neighbors

0:34:34.560 --> 0:34:38.080
<v Speaker 3>who lived in houses nearby. And the black books she

0:34:38.160 --> 0:34:41.440
<v Speaker 3>had she would often go and read to kids at school.

0:34:41.560 --> 0:34:45.600
<v Speaker 3>And so now here I am very easily being able

0:34:45.640 --> 0:34:49.440
<v Speaker 3>to kind of cultivate a black life for my kid

0:34:49.560 --> 0:34:52.919
<v Speaker 3>with black books and the Black History Museum, which she's

0:34:52.960 --> 0:34:56.760
<v Speaker 3>gone to a couple of times already, and black dolls

0:34:56.880 --> 0:34:59.839
<v Speaker 3>and black panther And it really is amazing to see

0:34:59.880 --> 0:35:02.080
<v Speaker 3>that that kind of journey just in my own life.

0:35:02.840 --> 0:35:05.560
<v Speaker 3>And partly I think we have to be optimistic to

0:35:05.719 --> 0:35:08.920
<v Speaker 3>honor people who have fought for where we are now

0:35:09.120 --> 0:35:12.600
<v Speaker 3>right to sort of discount the progress is to discount

0:35:13.160 --> 0:35:18.080
<v Speaker 3>the movement, discount the activists who pushed for this reality

0:35:18.280 --> 0:35:19.120
<v Speaker 3>we live in now.

0:35:19.360 --> 0:35:19.720
<v Speaker 2>Listen.

0:35:19.840 --> 0:35:22.480
<v Speaker 3>Are things perfect? Absolutely not. Is there more work to

0:35:22.480 --> 0:35:26.880
<v Speaker 3>be done? Absolutely? But I myself can just say someone

0:35:26.920 --> 0:35:30.040
<v Speaker 3>who is closeted in college and in high school and

0:35:30.080 --> 0:35:33.239
<v Speaker 3>who's now living as an openly gay black woman and

0:35:33.280 --> 0:35:35.359
<v Speaker 3>working in what is really my dream job?

0:35:35.440 --> 0:35:36.719
<v Speaker 2>Tim, I think I told you that.

0:35:37.160 --> 0:35:38.440
<v Speaker 1>I'm so happy that it is.

0:35:38.600 --> 0:35:41.400
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, you know, this idea in kind of political discourse,

0:35:41.719 --> 0:35:44.480
<v Speaker 3>people often kind of think of African Americans as not

0:35:44.520 --> 0:35:48.040
<v Speaker 3>being patriotic, right, And often I see black people have

0:35:48.280 --> 0:35:53.600
<v Speaker 3>pushed this country to really live up to its ideals, right,

0:35:53.880 --> 0:35:56.719
<v Speaker 3>And so in that way, you know, politically, I think

0:35:56.800 --> 0:36:00.480
<v Speaker 3>if you're somebody like Joe Biden, you're the Dems, you're

0:36:00.480 --> 0:36:01.840
<v Speaker 3>trying to connect that struggle.

0:36:01.920 --> 0:36:02.040
<v Speaker 2>Right.

0:36:02.080 --> 0:36:04.880
<v Speaker 3>He goes to Mother Emmanuel as one of his first speeches,

0:36:05.360 --> 0:36:08.560
<v Speaker 3>where those nine African Americans were killed by white supremacists,

0:36:09.400 --> 0:36:12.279
<v Speaker 3>and talks about that history, talks about white supremacy, and

0:36:12.280 --> 0:36:16.080
<v Speaker 3>then talks about advancement too, and some of the deliverables

0:36:16.120 --> 0:36:19.440
<v Speaker 3>of his administration, and this idea that you know, just

0:36:19.480 --> 0:36:24.480
<v Speaker 3>the struggle continues. So listen, we'll see what African Americans

0:36:24.560 --> 0:36:27.319
<v Speaker 3>do in terms of coming out to vote. I will

0:36:27.360 --> 0:36:30.560
<v Speaker 3>also say this, I think every cycle Life covered it

0:36:30.640 --> 0:36:33.839
<v Speaker 3>is the exact same story. Black voters. Are they going

0:36:33.880 --> 0:36:37.320
<v Speaker 3>to turn out based? I mean literally even Obama right, Obama,

0:36:37.480 --> 0:36:40.160
<v Speaker 3>by the time he was standing for reelection, had come

0:36:40.160 --> 0:36:43.120
<v Speaker 3>out for same sex marriage, and all these stories about

0:36:43.280 --> 0:36:46.960
<v Speaker 3>is this going to hamper his ability to get African

0:36:47.000 --> 0:36:48.880
<v Speaker 3>American voters to turn out for him?

0:36:49.040 --> 0:36:50.080
<v Speaker 2>Obviously it did not.

0:36:50.880 --> 0:36:54.960
<v Speaker 3>And so this is listen, if you go back every election,

0:36:55.120 --> 0:36:57.360
<v Speaker 3>there is this question, and we'll just see how it

0:36:57.400 --> 0:36:58.319
<v Speaker 3>turns out.

0:36:58.840 --> 0:37:02.960
<v Speaker 1>You mentioned Kamala he earlier. You mentioned Biden talking directly

0:37:03.000 --> 0:37:06.440
<v Speaker 1>to Black voters and the aspirations and dreams you've had

0:37:06.440 --> 0:37:09.239
<v Speaker 1>as a person. And I always think in these elections

0:37:09.239 --> 0:37:12.759
<v Speaker 1>about connecting hopes and dreams to the practical battle on

0:37:12.800 --> 0:37:15.520
<v Speaker 1>the streets of the hard work of winning votes. And

0:37:16.040 --> 0:37:18.120
<v Speaker 1>we could do a whole episode about Kamala Harris, and

0:37:18.160 --> 0:37:19.719
<v Speaker 1>I'm going to avoid that here because we'd go on

0:37:19.800 --> 0:37:23.040
<v Speaker 1>and on, but only in the context of whether or

0:37:23.040 --> 0:37:27.080
<v Speaker 1>not the Democratic Party is good at recruiting, training, and

0:37:27.200 --> 0:37:32.359
<v Speaker 1>getting exposure for candidates of color, black candidates or any

0:37:32.400 --> 0:37:35.360
<v Speaker 1>candidate of color. And I think one of the mysteries

0:37:35.400 --> 0:37:37.960
<v Speaker 1>to me is I think the Republicans are very good

0:37:38.080 --> 0:37:43.160
<v Speaker 1>structurally at messaging, recruitment, and talent development. I think some

0:37:43.200 --> 0:37:45.480
<v Speaker 1>of the talents they develop have become a freak show,

0:37:45.840 --> 0:37:47.840
<v Speaker 1>but that's the direction they chose to do some of

0:37:47.880 --> 0:37:52.480
<v Speaker 1>their talent development. But is the Democratic Party structured in

0:37:52.520 --> 0:37:56.120
<v Speaker 1>a way now where it is recruiting bright prospects and

0:37:56.160 --> 0:37:58.320
<v Speaker 1>getting them the training and exposure they need to be

0:37:58.360 --> 0:37:59.680
<v Speaker 1>great candidates.

0:38:00.080 --> 0:38:04.120
<v Speaker 3>Assuming you're meaning African American candidates, right, listen. I think

0:38:04.160 --> 0:38:06.520
<v Speaker 3>the big barrier to that is America.

0:38:06.640 --> 0:38:06.839
<v Speaker 1>Right.

0:38:06.960 --> 0:38:10.880
<v Speaker 3>It's sort of the anti blackness that is part of

0:38:11.320 --> 0:38:16.600
<v Speaker 3>our heritage as Americans. It is incredibly hard for an

0:38:16.680 --> 0:38:22.080
<v Speaker 3>African American mayor in Birmingham, Alabama or Tuskegee, Alabama to

0:38:22.120 --> 0:38:26.280
<v Speaker 3>go on and win that state statewide, right because of racism.

0:38:26.400 --> 0:38:31.160
<v Speaker 3>Quite frankly, there have been moments I remember post Obama, Gweneifel,

0:38:31.200 --> 0:38:34.080
<v Speaker 3>who I'm sure you knew, wrote a great book that

0:38:34.239 --> 0:38:36.719
<v Speaker 3>really was this idea that there were going to be

0:38:36.760 --> 0:38:40.240
<v Speaker 3>these other candidates in the wake of Obama that would

0:38:40.320 --> 0:38:43.879
<v Speaker 3>reach heights in American politics. Kama Harris was one of them.

0:38:43.920 --> 0:38:47.919
<v Speaker 3>I think check mark the prediction there was a good one.

0:38:48.480 --> 0:38:51.200
<v Speaker 3>But a lot of those folks in that book just

0:38:51.400 --> 0:38:56.960
<v Speaker 3>couldn't break through, right, breakthrough from going to Congress to

0:38:58.120 --> 0:39:01.000
<v Speaker 3>the House to the Senate, for instance, from a mayoral

0:39:01.040 --> 0:39:05.080
<v Speaker 3>position to a higher position. So I don't even know

0:39:05.200 --> 0:39:08.080
<v Speaker 3>that it's the Democratic Party's fault. I think the Democratic

0:39:08.160 --> 0:39:13.240
<v Speaker 3>Party is faced with the reality that it's just hard

0:39:13.360 --> 0:39:18.760
<v Speaker 3>to break through these kind of barriers that limit black

0:39:18.840 --> 0:39:23.520
<v Speaker 3>aspiration in other areas. Do the same thing in the

0:39:23.520 --> 0:39:26.480
<v Speaker 3>political arena, you know. Now you think about the mayor

0:39:26.719 --> 0:39:29.840
<v Speaker 3>or the governor, I should say, of Maryland, Wes Moore,

0:39:31.440 --> 0:39:34.400
<v Speaker 3>can he go anywhere? Right beyond that? Is there a

0:39:34.440 --> 0:39:36.680
<v Speaker 3>next Obama? For instance? I think that's sort of at

0:39:36.680 --> 0:39:39.000
<v Speaker 3>the root of it, right Who is the next Obama?

0:39:39.560 --> 0:39:41.960
<v Speaker 3>I wrote a story years ago when I was at

0:39:42.000 --> 0:39:44.759
<v Speaker 3>the Washington Post, and the title is something like, who

0:39:44.840 --> 0:39:50.320
<v Speaker 3>is the next Obama? Nobody because of just the cynicism

0:39:50.400 --> 0:39:55.440
<v Speaker 3>I think around, how do you get a black candidate

0:39:55.520 --> 0:39:59.880
<v Speaker 3>who's able to be as gifted as somebody as Obama was,

0:40:00.440 --> 0:40:03.440
<v Speaker 3>who can resonate with white voters and black voters and

0:40:03.520 --> 0:40:07.279
<v Speaker 3>Latino voters listen. I would amend that now, and I

0:40:07.320 --> 0:40:09.840
<v Speaker 3>would say I think one of the most gifted black

0:40:09.880 --> 0:40:14.920
<v Speaker 3>politicians on the scene now is Raphael Warnock in Georgia,

0:40:15.080 --> 0:40:17.560
<v Speaker 3>the Senator of Georgia, who's able to do this amazing

0:40:17.600 --> 0:40:21.080
<v Speaker 3>thing which has become Senator of Georgia over and over again.

0:40:21.800 --> 0:40:25.640
<v Speaker 3>And so I think he has this real great combination

0:40:25.840 --> 0:40:29.799
<v Speaker 3>of just being able to relate to regular folks of

0:40:29.880 --> 0:40:33.440
<v Speaker 3>all stripes in Georgia and then the sort.

0:40:33.320 --> 0:40:35.200
<v Speaker 2>Of power of his oration.

0:40:35.520 --> 0:40:38.960
<v Speaker 3>He obviously has a background in divinity and preaching.

0:40:39.440 --> 0:40:43.480
<v Speaker 1>So we'll see in watching this election, this election cycle

0:40:43.560 --> 0:40:47.000
<v Speaker 1>this year, what are you learning that you didn't know before?

0:40:47.040 --> 0:40:48.799
<v Speaker 1>What has the big aha ben for you?

0:40:48.840 --> 0:40:50.040
<v Speaker 2>Thus far?

0:40:50.400 --> 0:40:56.160
<v Speaker 3>I am constantly amazed at how engaged voters are. I mean,

0:40:56.160 --> 0:40:58.040
<v Speaker 3>in some ways this sounds like a cliche, but I

0:40:58.080 --> 0:41:01.399
<v Speaker 3>think voters are catching all on to the stakes, right,

0:41:01.640 --> 0:41:03.840
<v Speaker 3>And I think part of that was what they saw

0:41:03.920 --> 0:41:07.000
<v Speaker 3>in twenty sixteen, right. And so you see this sort

0:41:07.000 --> 0:41:13.759
<v Speaker 3>of level of engagement with the candidates with policy in

0:41:13.800 --> 0:41:16.840
<v Speaker 3>a way that I think always surprises me. And talking

0:41:16.920 --> 0:41:20.040
<v Speaker 3>to voters. I did listen to a focus group of

0:41:20.040 --> 0:41:23.600
<v Speaker 3>Trump to Biden voters and they had been paying attention

0:41:23.880 --> 0:41:26.280
<v Speaker 3>not only to the sort of gaffes of Donald Trump

0:41:26.320 --> 0:41:30.080
<v Speaker 3>or Joe Biden, but you know, kind of policy issues, right,

0:41:30.120 --> 0:41:32.759
<v Speaker 3>And so I think it's partly because people saw what

0:41:32.840 --> 0:41:35.799
<v Speaker 3>happened with Donald Trump. People saw what that meant for

0:41:35.800 --> 0:41:38.600
<v Speaker 3>foreign policy, for the Supreme Court, for any number of

0:41:38.600 --> 0:41:43.080
<v Speaker 3>policy issues, and so now they're engaged in a way

0:41:42.719 --> 0:41:45.960
<v Speaker 3>that they weren't before. I think the Georgia elections also

0:41:46.600 --> 0:41:49.520
<v Speaker 3>showed that. And so you know, when I hear people say, oh,

0:41:49.640 --> 0:41:52.200
<v Speaker 3>voters might stay home and they're not going to be enthused,

0:41:53.200 --> 0:41:56.200
<v Speaker 3>I tend to think they will be. Given the past

0:41:56.239 --> 0:41:59.400
<v Speaker 3>couple of elections that we've seen the past few cycles

0:41:59.480 --> 0:42:02.719
<v Speaker 3>post to twenty sixteen, you do see I think a

0:42:02.800 --> 0:42:07.600
<v Speaker 3>level of engagement and if not enthusiasm, but at least

0:42:07.600 --> 0:42:12.520
<v Speaker 3>a recognition that every vote counts, because we've seen many

0:42:12.560 --> 0:42:15.960
<v Speaker 3>elections where it's come down to the very very margins,

0:42:16.080 --> 0:42:17.840
<v Speaker 3>and I think twenty twenty four is going to be

0:42:17.840 --> 0:42:18.680
<v Speaker 3>the exact same way.

0:42:20.040 --> 0:42:22.560
<v Speaker 1>We're out of time. Nia, thank you for joining me today.

0:42:22.840 --> 0:42:24.520
<v Speaker 3>Thank you so much, Tim, This was great.

0:42:25.120 --> 0:42:27.759
<v Speaker 1>Nia. Malika Henderson is a columnist for Bloomberg Opinion. You

0:42:27.800 --> 0:42:31.040
<v Speaker 1>can find her columns on the Bloomberg Opinion website and

0:42:31.080 --> 0:42:34.040
<v Speaker 1>the Bloomberg Terminal. You can also find her on Twitter

0:42:34.400 --> 0:42:38.840
<v Speaker 1>at Nia Malika h Here at crash Course, we believe

0:42:38.880 --> 0:42:44.759
<v Speaker 1>that collisions can be messy, impressive, challenging, surprising, and always instructive.

0:42:45.400 --> 0:42:47.880
<v Speaker 1>In today's crash Course, I learned that there might be

0:42:48.080 --> 0:42:51.040
<v Speaker 1>more hope for black turnout in the twenty twenty four

0:42:51.120 --> 0:42:54.440
<v Speaker 1>election than I previously believe. But I'm also a cynic,

0:42:54.760 --> 0:42:57.120
<v Speaker 1>so I'm going to adopt a weight and see attitude.

0:42:57.640 --> 0:43:00.400
<v Speaker 1>What did you learn? We'd love to hear from you.

0:43:00.400 --> 0:43:03.560
<v Speaker 1>You can tweet at the Bloomberg Opinion handle at Opinion

0:43:04.280 --> 0:43:08.560
<v Speaker 1>or me at Tim O'Brien using the hashtag Bloomberg Crash Course.

0:43:09.120 --> 0:43:12.360
<v Speaker 1>You can also subscribe to our show wherever you're listening

0:43:12.400 --> 0:43:14.839
<v Speaker 1>right now and leave us a review. It helps more

0:43:14.840 --> 0:43:18.319
<v Speaker 1>people find the show. This episode was produced by the

0:43:18.440 --> 0:43:23.480
<v Speaker 1>indispensable and highly motivated Ana Mazarakis and me. Our supervising

0:43:23.520 --> 0:43:27.279
<v Speaker 1>producer is Magnus Hendrickson, and we had editing help from Sagebauman,

0:43:27.600 --> 0:43:32.240
<v Speaker 1>Jeff Grocott, Mike Nizza, and Christine Benden. Bilard Blake Maples

0:43:32.360 --> 0:43:35.400
<v Speaker 1>is our sound engineering and our original theme song was

0:43:35.440 --> 0:43:39.160
<v Speaker 1>composed by Luis Gara. I'm Tim O'Brien. We'll be back

0:43:39.200 --> 0:43:41.120
<v Speaker 1>next week with another crash course.