1 00:00:06,559 --> 00:00:09,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature Feature production of I Heart Radio. I'm 2 00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology 3 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:16,800 Speaker 1: and evolutionary biology, and to date on the show, it's 4 00:00:16,840 --> 00:00:22,079 Speaker 1: another listener Questions episode. That's the Listener Questions episode song 5 00:00:22,120 --> 00:00:25,560 Speaker 1: which I sing every time. No, I don't actually sing 6 00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:28,640 Speaker 1: it every time. It's a new new thing every time, 7 00:00:28,840 --> 00:00:34,800 Speaker 1: off the cuff song. Anyways. Yeah, I love to answer 8 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:38,200 Speaker 1: your questions. You write to me and I read them. 9 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:41,800 Speaker 1: Sometimes I have to do research because I'm not perfect. 10 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:43,839 Speaker 1: I don't got all the knowledge in my head, but 11 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:48,519 Speaker 1: it usually sends me on a really interesting research journey. 12 00:00:48,520 --> 00:00:51,640 Speaker 1: So I love doing that. And if you are listening 13 00:00:51,680 --> 00:00:54,520 Speaker 1: and you're like, hey, I want you to answer a question, 14 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:58,080 Speaker 1: what the heck? You can email me at Creature Feature 15 00:00:58,120 --> 00:01:01,520 Speaker 1: pot at gmail dot com. And I tried to answer 16 00:01:01,560 --> 00:01:04,399 Speaker 1: all the questions I get either on the show or 17 00:01:04,600 --> 00:01:10,760 Speaker 1: responding to you via electronic mail. So let's get right 18 00:01:10,800 --> 00:01:15,479 Speaker 1: into it, shall we. Here's the first email. Hi, Katie, 19 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:17,840 Speaker 1: as a cat owner, I wanted to say how much 20 00:01:17,880 --> 00:01:20,920 Speaker 1: I enjoyed the episode you did about the evolution of cats. 21 00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: It was also fun to hear about finding the ping 22 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:25,840 Speaker 1: pong ball and how many cats like playing with them, 23 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:28,640 Speaker 1: because I've just gotten some ping pong balls for my cats. 24 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:31,480 Speaker 1: They're a big hit with Physic. Here's a video of 25 00:01:31,560 --> 00:01:34,160 Speaker 1: him playing with one. I've watched the video I can 26 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:38,440 Speaker 1: confirm it's very cute. The email continues. I also had 27 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 1: a question. My cats, who are indoor only often get 28 00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:43,160 Speaker 1: the zoom ees and will tear around the house for 29 00:01:43,240 --> 00:01:46,559 Speaker 1: no apparent reason. I've heard that other cats do this too, 30 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:48,600 Speaker 1: and so do some dogs. Do you know if this 31 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:52,200 Speaker 1: is something that only domestic animals do. I was wondering 32 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:54,760 Speaker 1: if it's because they don't run around as much outside 33 00:01:54,800 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 1: that they have to get out their energy this way, 34 00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:59,639 Speaker 1: and that probably animals in the wild wouldn't need these 35 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:03,600 Speaker 1: random bursts of running around. But if you have any insight, 36 00:02:03,680 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: I'd love to hear it. And thanks again for doing 37 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:08,560 Speaker 1: the show. I look forward to it every week. Best Erica. 38 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:10,920 Speaker 1: Thank you so much Erica for your kind words, your 39 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:13,840 Speaker 1: cat stories, and your video of Heasic playing with ping 40 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:19,079 Speaker 1: pong ball. I loved watching that and great question. So 41 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:24,359 Speaker 1: the zomies are indeed a thing. Cats get it, dogs 42 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:27,840 Speaker 1: get it. So what are they and do they happen 43 00:02:28,040 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: to wild animals. So the technical term for zumies is 44 00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:38,960 Speaker 1: frenetic random activity period or FRAPP. I feel like zomies 45 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:42,240 Speaker 1: is a little bit of a better name than framp, 46 00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:46,080 Speaker 1: but there you go. According to Dr Pamela Perry, a 47 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:51,119 Speaker 1: behavior resident at Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, quote, there 48 00:02:51,240 --> 00:02:55,440 Speaker 1: is no known specific cause of FRAPs and dogs. However, 49 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:58,520 Speaker 1: they appear to be a way to release pent up 50 00:02:58,639 --> 00:03:03,399 Speaker 1: energy or perhaps apps to alleviate stress. A dog who 51 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:06,280 Speaker 1: has been home all day with nothing to do may 52 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:09,120 Speaker 1: feel the need to zoom around the house or yard 53 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:12,280 Speaker 1: to expend some of that energy and get some relief 54 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:17,240 Speaker 1: from hours of understimulation. For apps also can occur whenever 55 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 1: a dog becomes very excited e g. When an owner 56 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:26,320 Speaker 1: returns after a long absence end quote. So personally, my 57 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:30,079 Speaker 1: dog Cookie gets the zoomies after her bath, which is 58 00:03:30,120 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 1: something I've heard happening to a lot of people. I 59 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:38,000 Speaker 1: think it's because she hates bathing. She gets pretty anxious, 60 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:40,520 Speaker 1: but she kind of has to, you know, just be 61 00:03:40,600 --> 00:03:43,120 Speaker 1: patient and wait for the bath to end. And so 62 00:03:43,160 --> 00:03:46,200 Speaker 1: she has all this pent up kind of anxiety. Uh. 63 00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:49,560 Speaker 1: And then once she's done with the bath. She's probably 64 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 1: really relieved, really excited to be done, and then has 65 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:56,040 Speaker 1: all this nervous energy that she had to kind of 66 00:03:56,320 --> 00:04:00,160 Speaker 1: contain while I was bathing her. And so once she's free, 67 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:03,440 Speaker 1: she just zooms around. She's releasing all that pent up stress, 68 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: all that pent up energy, running around playing acting like 69 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:12,640 Speaker 1: a goofball. I mean, maybe like we've experienced this kind 70 00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:14,640 Speaker 1: of thing, like when you do something really stressful and 71 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: you're just like you're finally done with it, and you're 72 00:04:16,279 --> 00:04:18,560 Speaker 1: just like, oh, you just gotta kind of shake it out. 73 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:20,839 Speaker 1: You know. You feel kind of like, you know, shaking 74 00:04:20,839 --> 00:04:23,680 Speaker 1: your whole body, shaking your arms, like kind of jumping 75 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:25,719 Speaker 1: a little bit, or even doing like a little dance 76 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:29,159 Speaker 1: or something. It's like I got through that. Yes, So 77 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:33,000 Speaker 1: it can be a response to both stress or positive 78 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 1: things like being really excited to see you um or 79 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:39,480 Speaker 1: just like you know, kind of they got this extra 80 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:43,240 Speaker 1: energy and maybe they didn't have an opportunity to get 81 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:45,320 Speaker 1: out all that energy, so they just got to get 82 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:48,880 Speaker 1: it out. Uh. The same kind of zoomies can happen 83 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:52,480 Speaker 1: for cats um and it works in a similar way, 84 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:55,040 Speaker 1: but there are some key differences. So cats do get 85 00:04:55,080 --> 00:04:59,239 Speaker 1: the zoomies when they need to release energy. Unlike dogs, however, 86 00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:03,480 Speaker 1: cats as often happen at dawn and dusk, and this 87 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:08,400 Speaker 1: is because cats are crepuscular, meaning that their activity levels 88 00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:11,880 Speaker 1: are highest at dawn and dusk, and this is when 89 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:16,160 Speaker 1: the wild ancestors of our domesticated cats would hunt the most. 90 00:05:16,520 --> 00:05:19,520 Speaker 1: So your cat has kind of you know, cats are 91 00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:22,520 Speaker 1: a bit less domesticated than dogs in a sense, you know, 92 00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:26,800 Speaker 1: they've retained many more of their wild traits than dogs have, 93 00:05:27,480 --> 00:05:30,279 Speaker 1: and so your cat may have retained some of these 94 00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:32,920 Speaker 1: spurts of energy that they get at dawn and dusk 95 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:37,000 Speaker 1: and may express it in the form of zoom ees. 96 00:05:38,320 --> 00:05:41,719 Speaker 1: So onto the question of whether wild animals get the 97 00:05:41,839 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 1: zooms and the answer is yes, absolutely so. Framps that 98 00:05:47,320 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: frenetic random activity period UH or zomies have been observed 99 00:05:53,880 --> 00:05:58,479 Speaker 1: in horses, ferrets, wallabies, elephants, and there's probably a lot more. 100 00:05:59,440 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: The trick is, of course, being able to observe an 101 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:06,520 Speaker 1: animal long enough to notice the zoom ees and document them. 102 00:06:07,040 --> 00:06:11,960 Speaker 1: Apparently bunny rabbits also get them, and apparently rabbit owners 103 00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:16,360 Speaker 1: call them the bunny binkies, which is adorable and really weird. 104 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:21,120 Speaker 1: But the thing is that we often observe these zomies 105 00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:24,679 Speaker 1: in captivity because that's you know, that's where we see 106 00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:28,800 Speaker 1: them the most. So it is definitely possible that there 107 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:32,080 Speaker 1: are fewer zomies in the wild because there are more 108 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:36,560 Speaker 1: opportunities to burn off this extra energy. Uh So, animals 109 00:06:36,600 --> 00:06:39,760 Speaker 1: in the wild may still do the zoom ees um, 110 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:43,120 Speaker 1: but it's possible that they do them less often if 111 00:06:43,160 --> 00:06:46,279 Speaker 1: they have more chances to burn off that energy. So 112 00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:49,440 Speaker 1: we kind of need to see some kind of comparative 113 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:55,279 Speaker 1: observational study between the same species of wild and captive animal, 114 00:06:55,960 --> 00:06:59,720 Speaker 1: which I haven't been able to find anything of that nature, 115 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:02,599 Speaker 1: and it sounds pretty difficult to pull off, but I 116 00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:05,400 Speaker 1: will keep my eyes open for any research about it. 117 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:09,720 Speaker 1: Uh Yeah. And there was some research regarding rabbits and 118 00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:14,240 Speaker 1: their fredetic random activity periods, and it didn't seem that 119 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:18,280 Speaker 1: having like a larger enclosure meant they would have fewer 120 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:22,240 Speaker 1: of that. But it's that's not like, that's not exactly 121 00:07:22,360 --> 00:07:26,560 Speaker 1: answering our question. Um So, yeah, I think it's a 122 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:30,560 Speaker 1: very interesting question. My guests would be that if you 123 00:07:31,040 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: have like a really long day as an animal and 124 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:36,480 Speaker 1: you've done a lot of work that day, uh, in 125 00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:40,520 Speaker 1: terms of either hunting or foraging or running away from predators. 126 00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:43,000 Speaker 1: You're probably not going to have any excess energy that 127 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:45,960 Speaker 1: you expand through zoomies. But if you had not that 128 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:49,080 Speaker 1: much going on that day, even in the wild, yeah, sure, 129 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:51,960 Speaker 1: I don't see why you wouldn't want to express that 130 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:55,120 Speaker 1: extra energy because you got it and you gotta let 131 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:58,080 Speaker 1: it out, So that is that is my guess. But 132 00:07:58,280 --> 00:08:00,560 Speaker 1: of course I think it will be great. We could 133 00:08:00,640 --> 00:08:04,720 Speaker 1: see some good comparative studies between animals in their natural 134 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:11,000 Speaker 1: habitants and animals in captivity. Onto the next listener question. 135 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:14,720 Speaker 1: A few weeks ago, I accidentally left an apple core 136 00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:18,400 Speaker 1: on the coffee table and unsurprisingly woke up the next 137 00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:22,560 Speaker 1: day two hundreds of ants harvesting the leftovers. I love 138 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:24,960 Speaker 1: ants as much as the next Creature feature listener, but 139 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:27,880 Speaker 1: I eventually decided to take the apple core ants included 140 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:30,560 Speaker 1: and toss it into the organic spin in the backyard. 141 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: Suddenly I started to worry if ants get around by 142 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,000 Speaker 1: following pheromone trails. Have I sentenced these ants to live 143 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:39,920 Speaker 1: out the rest of their days in exile or will 144 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:42,200 Speaker 1: they be able to find their way back to the colony, 145 00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:44,680 Speaker 1: even without the pheromones to guide them. And this is 146 00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:49,439 Speaker 1: from Susie m this, This is maybe the sweetest email 147 00:08:49,480 --> 00:08:54,560 Speaker 1: I've ever gotten. I feel that like I too. Sometimes 148 00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:57,400 Speaker 1: you know, if there's an ant invasion, you gotta get 149 00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:00,200 Speaker 1: rid of them, right, like you can't be eaten like 150 00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:05,200 Speaker 1: ants with your cereal or having your apple. Crawling with 151 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:08,559 Speaker 1: ants is just not workable. But I feel bad about it, 152 00:09:08,679 --> 00:09:11,680 Speaker 1: like I don't. I don't enjoy getting rid of ants. 153 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,840 Speaker 1: And also that idea of like, oh, you you pick 154 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:16,640 Speaker 1: up a food item that all these ants are on 155 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:18,920 Speaker 1: you toss in the trash. All are all these ants 156 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:24,560 Speaker 1: doomed now to exile? Um, don't worry about that though, 157 00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:29,079 Speaker 1: because your ants may indeed find their way home. Uh. 158 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:32,880 Speaker 1: Pheromones are very important for ant communication, but they are 159 00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:36,000 Speaker 1: not the only thing that ants can rely on when 160 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:39,719 Speaker 1: it comes to navigation, So ants don't need to use 161 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:43,840 Speaker 1: pheromones necessarily to find their way home to their colony. No, 162 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:48,079 Speaker 1: the ability of ants to navigate differs from species to 163 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:52,520 Speaker 1: species because different species have different behaviors, they have different 164 00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:55,960 Speaker 1: social structures. Some ants have colonies, some types of ants 165 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:57,920 Speaker 1: don't even have a colony. We'll talk about that a 166 00:09:57,920 --> 00:10:01,840 Speaker 1: little bit later, um, But different species will have different 167 00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:06,080 Speaker 1: methods of navigation. Aunts who have a home colony will 168 00:10:06,160 --> 00:10:09,160 Speaker 1: often have different techniques of finding their way to and 169 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:12,400 Speaker 1: from their colony, because that is so critical. Yes, they 170 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:15,280 Speaker 1: do use pheromone trails laid out by other ants to 171 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:19,080 Speaker 1: find food sources, but they have got other navigational tricks 172 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,760 Speaker 1: up their little teeny tiny sleeves. So there is evidence 173 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:26,520 Speaker 1: that certain species of ants can use the sun's position 174 00:10:27,160 --> 00:10:30,480 Speaker 1: as well as environmental markers to help guide them back 175 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,480 Speaker 1: to their colonies. Like there's some kind of I don't know, 176 00:10:33,640 --> 00:10:40,600 Speaker 1: seventeen hundreds ship people sales salesman, that's not sailors. Okay, 177 00:10:40,679 --> 00:10:43,280 Speaker 1: there's the word man. I do not have my sea legs. 178 00:10:43,280 --> 00:10:48,200 Speaker 1: I can barely even speak in seafaring terms. So yes, 179 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:50,920 Speaker 1: they can use all of these things to navigate. So 180 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:55,040 Speaker 1: a study found that by shifting the apparent appearance of 181 00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:58,760 Speaker 1: where the sun was with a mirror, researchers were able 182 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:02,600 Speaker 1: to confuse ants and send them in the wrong direction. 183 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:07,160 Speaker 1: Mean but interesting results. A lot of common ants that 184 00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:09,920 Speaker 1: we find in our homes have actually been found to 185 00:11:10,120 --> 00:11:15,520 Speaker 1: use complex navigation skills other than pheromones. There are ants 186 00:11:15,559 --> 00:11:21,080 Speaker 1: like sugar ants, black carpenter ants um that that we've 187 00:11:21,120 --> 00:11:23,800 Speaker 1: seen this in. But there's also ants primarily found in 188 00:11:23,920 --> 00:11:27,320 Speaker 1: natural settings, such as rock ants. But all of these 189 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:31,800 Speaker 1: ants can memorize landmarks or structures and use them to 190 00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:36,640 Speaker 1: aid in their navigation to and from their colonies. So 191 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:41,920 Speaker 1: vision and memorization are really important tools for these ants species. 192 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:46,640 Speaker 1: In fact, um rock ants which I just mentioned, they 193 00:11:46,679 --> 00:11:49,360 Speaker 1: do use pheromone trails to lead other ants, but they 194 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 1: also excel in teaching roots to other ants through a 195 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:55,960 Speaker 1: technique known as tandem running. So there will be a 196 00:11:56,080 --> 00:11:59,280 Speaker 1: leader ant who will guide a follower ant to food 197 00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:03,080 Speaker 1: by moveing a short distance. She waits for the follower 198 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:06,679 Speaker 1: to literally bump into her rear uh, and then she 199 00:12:06,720 --> 00:12:09,679 Speaker 1: continues going on like that. She goes a short distance, 200 00:12:09,720 --> 00:12:12,720 Speaker 1: the follower comes up bonks into her butt. She moves 201 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:16,200 Speaker 1: some more bonks into her butt until the goal is reached. 202 00:12:16,640 --> 00:12:20,880 Speaker 1: The follower seems to memorize this specific path shown to 203 00:12:21,040 --> 00:12:25,160 Speaker 1: her by the leader, and she doesn't necessarily need a 204 00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:28,480 Speaker 1: pheromone trail to follow uh. And then when she goes 205 00:12:28,520 --> 00:12:32,280 Speaker 1: back home, she doesn't retrace her steps from this path 206 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:37,080 Speaker 1: she followed she actually uses a different path entirely one 207 00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:41,880 Speaker 1: based on her memorization of panoramic views or landmarks that 208 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:47,440 Speaker 1: lead her back to her nest. So I would say, um, 209 00:12:47,679 --> 00:12:50,800 Speaker 1: that shows that a lot of these ants, especially the 210 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,800 Speaker 1: ones that have us a solid colony that they need 211 00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:57,640 Speaker 1: to get back to, have a number of different ways 212 00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:03,040 Speaker 1: to find their way back home, mainly memorizing the visual 213 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:06,880 Speaker 1: cues around where their home is. Obviously, some ants can 214 00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:09,360 Speaker 1: also use the position of the sun to tell them 215 00:13:09,360 --> 00:13:12,480 Speaker 1: where their home is, but yeah, like they will memorize 216 00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:15,320 Speaker 1: landmark and go towards that landmark and be able to 217 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:20,600 Speaker 1: find their home that way. In contrast, there are ants 218 00:13:20,640 --> 00:13:23,640 Speaker 1: called army ants. These are ants that actually encompass a 219 00:13:23,679 --> 00:13:28,040 Speaker 1: wide variety of species, but they all share these similar characteristics, 220 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:31,160 Speaker 1: which is that they do not have a home colony. 221 00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:35,520 Speaker 1: They just kind of march like a roving band of 222 00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:39,320 Speaker 1: vikings who go and forage and pillage and eat everything 223 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:43,400 Speaker 1: in their path. But they do not have that home 224 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:45,720 Speaker 1: colony they have to get back to, and they really 225 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:48,520 Speaker 1: don't rely on their vision much at all. They do 226 00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:52,680 Speaker 1: not have good vision. Sometimes they're mostly blind, and they 227 00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:58,240 Speaker 1: depend mainly on pheromone trails Uh, they could truly become 228 00:13:58,280 --> 00:14:00,800 Speaker 1: confused if you pick one up and drop it off 229 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:04,280 Speaker 1: in a random location. Um. But in terms of the 230 00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: ants that you probably would find in your kitchen, they 231 00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:11,840 Speaker 1: are most likely not army ants, but probably a species 232 00:14:11,920 --> 00:14:16,320 Speaker 1: of colony forming ants. And so I would guess that 233 00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:19,920 Speaker 1: those ants that you dropped off in your garbage can, 234 00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:22,560 Speaker 1: as long as they can get out of the garbage 235 00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:26,400 Speaker 1: can and like reorient themselves to the kitchen, they can 236 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:31,160 Speaker 1: probably use visual cues uh and find their way back home. 237 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:36,880 Speaker 1: So fear not, Susie, you have not doomed those ants, um, 238 00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:43,320 Speaker 1: probably and you can you can rest assured they will 239 00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:46,600 Speaker 1: live another day to come and eat more of your apple. 240 00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: Next listener question, My girlfriend's cat always holds my hand. 241 00:14:55,440 --> 00:14:57,720 Speaker 1: He'll move his paw on top of my hand, and 242 00:14:57,760 --> 00:15:00,040 Speaker 1: he'll move his paw when I move my hand, and 243 00:15:00,520 --> 00:15:04,600 Speaker 1: sometimes digging his claws in to keep my hand in place. 244 00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:08,440 Speaker 1: He usually does this while laying on my chest and purring. 245 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:11,600 Speaker 1: Is he being affectionate or is there more to it 246 00:15:11,680 --> 00:15:15,680 Speaker 1: than that? I've attached some videos for reference from William T. Hi. 247 00:15:15,760 --> 00:15:21,360 Speaker 1: William watched your videos. Um, very cute, very very cute. Uh. 248 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:24,600 Speaker 1: This is another adorable question. Uh, and I would say 249 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:29,360 Speaker 1: long answer short, your kitty is indeed being affectionate and possessive. 250 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:33,600 Speaker 1: So cats love to use their paws on stuff. They 251 00:15:33,640 --> 00:15:36,600 Speaker 1: love to scratch things, they love to need their paws 252 00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:40,920 Speaker 1: on stuff. And there's a few reasons. In part, it's 253 00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:43,880 Speaker 1: thought that that needing thing that they do with their 254 00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:48,120 Speaker 1: paws reminds them of the act of nursing when they 255 00:15:48,120 --> 00:15:50,880 Speaker 1: were little, tiny kittens, where they would need their paws 256 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:54,520 Speaker 1: on their mother's tummy which would stimulate lactations so that 257 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:57,880 Speaker 1: they could nurse and drink milk. So when they're making 258 00:15:57,920 --> 00:16:00,680 Speaker 1: like biscuits, either on a pillow or on your hand 259 00:16:00,840 --> 00:16:03,680 Speaker 1: or on your lap, they are probably acting out that 260 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:07,280 Speaker 1: comforting movement of needing their paws they did as kittens. 261 00:16:07,840 --> 00:16:10,440 Speaker 1: Another purpose that they love to use their paws so 262 00:16:10,640 --> 00:16:13,640 Speaker 1: much is that they actually have scent glands on their 263 00:16:13,680 --> 00:16:18,160 Speaker 1: paws that they can mark what is theirs um. So 264 00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:21,480 Speaker 1: like if they're kind of digging scratching at something, or 265 00:16:21,560 --> 00:16:24,440 Speaker 1: digging their kind of claws into something or digging pressing 266 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:28,280 Speaker 1: their little paws um, they may be marking this thing 267 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:30,880 Speaker 1: is like I like this thing, this is mine. I 268 00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:33,880 Speaker 1: declare that I own this, I own this person, I 269 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:38,480 Speaker 1: own this hand. Um, And uh yeah, they actually that's 270 00:16:38,520 --> 00:16:42,600 Speaker 1: also the reason that they rub things with their cheeks 271 00:16:42,640 --> 00:16:45,520 Speaker 1: and their chins, as they have scent glands in both 272 00:16:45,560 --> 00:16:50,160 Speaker 1: their cheeks and under their chin. Uh. And that so 273 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:53,800 Speaker 1: like they'll rub anything. They'll rub a chair, they'll rub you. 274 00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:57,840 Speaker 1: They are marking things that they like, and it's like 275 00:16:57,880 --> 00:17:00,600 Speaker 1: that's mine, now, that's mine, now this chair, this human, 276 00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 1: this hand, this table online, um. And when they do 277 00:17:07,119 --> 00:17:11,600 Speaker 1: these behaviors coupled with things like purring, it's a really 278 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:15,240 Speaker 1: good indicator that they are happy, they're content, and they 279 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:17,720 Speaker 1: love the person or the thing that they are rubbing 280 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:21,680 Speaker 1: up against cuddling with. And yes, so I looked at 281 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:25,720 Speaker 1: this video. I really do think that the kittie likes you. 282 00:17:25,880 --> 00:17:30,400 Speaker 1: He probably likes the security of touching your hand and 283 00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:34,080 Speaker 1: grabbing it with his paw. He has a positive association 284 00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:36,720 Speaker 1: with you as a source of comfort. So that's why 285 00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:39,800 Speaker 1: he will like reposition his paw on top of your 286 00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:41,720 Speaker 1: hand because it's like this is a thing I like. 287 00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:44,440 Speaker 1: It brings me comfort to kind of push my paw 288 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: into your hand, and so if you move it, he'll 289 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:50,400 Speaker 1: just move his paw back on your hand. I mean, 290 00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:52,680 Speaker 1: you know, it is kind of similar to holding hands 291 00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:55,400 Speaker 1: with people. I think that we do need to remember 292 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:59,760 Speaker 1: sometimes that yes, we can't anthropomorphize animals too much, but 293 00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:03,720 Speaker 1: we also have to remember we are just big, weird animals. 294 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:06,720 Speaker 1: And at some point in the past, you know, our 295 00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:10,040 Speaker 1: our behaviors things like holy hands kissing. There may have 296 00:18:10,080 --> 00:18:13,800 Speaker 1: been some like kind of weird evolutionary reason for these things, 297 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:17,320 Speaker 1: but eventually it turned into just kind of pure affection, 298 00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:20,119 Speaker 1: pure love. And I think that can be said for 299 00:18:20,359 --> 00:18:24,199 Speaker 1: sort of animal behaviors as well, where yeah, technically, you know, 300 00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:27,160 Speaker 1: maybe like rubbing things with their paws or rubbing things 301 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:29,640 Speaker 1: with their cheeks and their chin, it's like scent marking, 302 00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:32,560 Speaker 1: it's marking their territory. But then I think there is 303 00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:36,520 Speaker 1: room therefore, they associate this behavior with, you know, marking 304 00:18:36,560 --> 00:18:38,640 Speaker 1: things that they like, and then it may kind of 305 00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:43,200 Speaker 1: become just this sign of affection, something they enjoy doing. 306 00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,679 Speaker 1: They're not coldly calculating these things. They may just be 307 00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:50,880 Speaker 1: feeling love, feeling affection, feeling comfort and then doing these behaviors. 308 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:53,399 Speaker 1: And I think that's very similar to what humans do 309 00:18:53,480 --> 00:18:55,480 Speaker 1: when we when we hug each other when we kiss 310 00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:59,119 Speaker 1: and hold hands things like that. So, yeah, your kitty 311 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:02,399 Speaker 1: likes you. Ah, you and Katy sit in a tree 312 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:08,520 Speaker 1: making kitty biscuits, all right? So onto the next listener question. 313 00:19:09,520 --> 00:19:12,760 Speaker 1: I was listening to your recent episode on animal possception 314 00:19:12,880 --> 00:19:16,240 Speaker 1: and your guest hosting on Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe? 315 00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:19,960 Speaker 1: Can you communicate with new trinos? I started wondering if 316 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,320 Speaker 1: there have been any studies to see if people who 317 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:25,760 Speaker 1: are deemed colored deficient have their vision shifted into what 318 00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:29,359 Speaker 1: we normally consider invisible light. It occurs to me that 319 00:19:29,520 --> 00:19:31,760 Speaker 1: some people would only have one or two cones to 320 00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:34,960 Speaker 1: pick up on light and cause deficiency. But with the 321 00:19:35,080 --> 00:19:38,400 Speaker 1: overwhelming number of animals who see in parts of the spectrum, 322 00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:40,760 Speaker 1: we normally don't What if some of these people are 323 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:42,879 Speaker 1: able to see light the rest of us can't. My 324 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,080 Speaker 1: nephew is blue deficient, and after hearing you talk about 325 00:19:46,119 --> 00:19:49,439 Speaker 1: Mona's cataract surgery, I started wondering if he might be 326 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:53,240 Speaker 1: sensitive to infrared light. This is from Palm Hi Tom. 327 00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:57,080 Speaker 1: This is a really interesting question. So the issue with 328 00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:00,640 Speaker 1: us being able to see UV light is that typically 329 00:20:00,680 --> 00:20:04,000 Speaker 1: it can't make it through our lens. So the lens 330 00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:07,679 Speaker 1: is I mean, it's it's a lens, a biological lens 331 00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,920 Speaker 1: that focuses light onto the back of our eyes, onto 332 00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 1: the retina, and this is how we can focus on 333 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:20,440 Speaker 1: things see clearly. So this lens actually filters out UV light, 334 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:24,120 Speaker 1: most UV light. Uh. And this is thought to be 335 00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:28,520 Speaker 1: possibly advantageous because maybe it's protecting our retina's from UV 336 00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:32,920 Speaker 1: light because UV light can be damaging two cells. Um. 337 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:36,520 Speaker 1: But another theory is that there needs to be some 338 00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:40,760 Speaker 1: filtering of light out of the spectrum because like when 339 00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:43,200 Speaker 1: you when you have more light coming into the eye, 340 00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:47,480 Speaker 1: you may be sacrificing sort of clarity being able to 341 00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:51,240 Speaker 1: focus for a broader spectrum. So. Uh, those are a 342 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:54,360 Speaker 1: couple of theories why we have lenses that filter out 343 00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:59,919 Speaker 1: UV light. Um. So this is why the fact that 344 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,640 Speaker 1: the lens is the thing filtering out this UV light 345 00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:06,240 Speaker 1: is why people with cataracts surgery where the lens is 346 00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:09,960 Speaker 1: removed or removed and replaced with an artificial lens can 347 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:15,320 Speaker 1: see more UV light than people typically can. So. Um, 348 00:21:15,359 --> 00:21:17,920 Speaker 1: this is that's the theory behind why maybe Money was 349 00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:23,119 Speaker 1: able to see UV light because he had his cataracts removed. Nowadays, 350 00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:25,679 Speaker 1: you actually can have your cataracts removed, or if you 351 00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:28,360 Speaker 1: have something wrong with the eye, you can have your 352 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:32,200 Speaker 1: lens replaced with an artificial lens. And this artificial lens 353 00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:35,960 Speaker 1: helps you focus light, but it doesn't block out UV 354 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:39,080 Speaker 1: light as much as a biological lens does, and so 355 00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:41,280 Speaker 1: it lets in more of that UVY light. So people 356 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:44,720 Speaker 1: who have had this surgery report being able to see 357 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:47,679 Speaker 1: more UV light and they reported as being sort of 358 00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:52,800 Speaker 1: this violet blue color. And actually some UV light can 359 00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:56,679 Speaker 1: get through our natural lenses. Some research has shown that 360 00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: young adults can detect UV wavelength of around three hundred 361 00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:07,360 Speaker 1: and fifteen nanometers. And there's also a wide variation in 362 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:11,960 Speaker 1: individuals in like what range of UV light that they 363 00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:17,520 Speaker 1: can see. So UV light is a shorter wavelength, so uh, 364 00:22:17,560 --> 00:22:20,679 Speaker 1: that's going to be harder to see the light the 365 00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:23,879 Speaker 1: shorter the wavelength is because that falls off further and 366 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:28,879 Speaker 1: further from our normal range of vision. So yeah, in 367 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,840 Speaker 1: terms of these these subjects that were tested on their 368 00:22:31,840 --> 00:22:34,240 Speaker 1: ability to see this UV light, there was a range 369 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:37,640 Speaker 1: in terms of how many people could see like, um, 370 00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:40,760 Speaker 1: you know, the wavelengths of light and which wavelengths they 371 00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:44,960 Speaker 1: can see, which is really interesting in terms of why 372 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:49,359 Speaker 1: there are these variations. It's not very well understood. They 373 00:22:49,480 --> 00:22:53,639 Speaker 1: seemed to find some correlation between sensitivity and the male sex, 374 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:56,359 Speaker 1: which is really weird. I don't know of any um 375 00:22:56,680 --> 00:23:01,080 Speaker 1: understanding why that is. There is also decreased UV sensitivity 376 00:23:01,119 --> 00:23:05,679 Speaker 1: for those who frequently wore glasses or contact lenses. That 377 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:09,840 Speaker 1: seems a little more understandable. Usually if you have glasses 378 00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:12,840 Speaker 1: or contact lenses, maybe there is some issue with the 379 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:17,439 Speaker 1: um you know, the the the way that the lens 380 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:19,800 Speaker 1: contracts over the eye, So maybe the lens is blocking 381 00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,320 Speaker 1: out more you be light. We're not not exactly sure, 382 00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:27,440 Speaker 1: but that's an interesting finding. Uh. There's also decreased UV 383 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:31,359 Speaker 1: sensitivity for people of older age, so young adults can 384 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:35,120 Speaker 1: actually seem more UV light than older adults. Again, I'm 385 00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:37,600 Speaker 1: not sure why that is. Maybe there's some something that 386 00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 1: happens to the lens as you age and it lets 387 00:23:40,359 --> 00:23:43,040 Speaker 1: in less UV light. That's it's very interesting. It seems 388 00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:45,840 Speaker 1: relatively new research, Like the idea that we can even 389 00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:50,760 Speaker 1: see some UV light as a relatively new, uh new research, 390 00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:53,919 Speaker 1: So I'm really interested to see kind of where they 391 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:57,760 Speaker 1: go with that. So onto your other question, which is 392 00:23:57,840 --> 00:24:02,280 Speaker 1: like the correlation between seeing UV light or color blindness 393 00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:06,920 Speaker 1: a k a. Color deficiency. So color blindness or color 394 00:24:07,040 --> 00:24:10,000 Speaker 1: vision deficiency, that latter name for it is a lot 395 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: more accurate because it's not that people can't see color 396 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:16,760 Speaker 1: at all. It's about the range of color that they 397 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,960 Speaker 1: can see and how that color is going to be 398 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:23,320 Speaker 1: interpreted by the brain when you're getting the kind of 399 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:27,040 Speaker 1: signals that you're getting from the eye. So, uh, it 400 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:30,560 Speaker 1: represents a shift in the visible light spectrum that in 401 00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:36,080 Speaker 1: individuals I can detect and distinguish between. So in general, 402 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:41,000 Speaker 1: you have three basic types of cones. So you have blue, green, 403 00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:43,800 Speaker 1: and red. There are the cones that are sensitive to 404 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:47,240 Speaker 1: the shorter wavelengths. Those are the blue cones. There's the 405 00:24:47,280 --> 00:24:52,160 Speaker 1: middle wavelength green and longer wavelengths red um. So this 406 00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:55,920 Speaker 1: is a spectrum. These aren't really distinct categories. So your 407 00:24:55,960 --> 00:25:00,000 Speaker 1: blue cones aren't only going to be picking up on blue. 408 00:25:00,680 --> 00:25:02,840 Speaker 1: Green cones aren't only going to be picking up on green, 409 00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:06,760 Speaker 1: and so on. And there's actually overlap of what these 410 00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:09,800 Speaker 1: cones can pick up on. So a quote unquote blue 411 00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:12,520 Speaker 1: cone and a quote unquote green cone may both be 412 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:15,720 Speaker 1: activated at the same time in terms of their the 413 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:18,399 Speaker 1: range of wavelengths of light that they can pick up 414 00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:21,720 Speaker 1: on overlapping. Like imagine, I mean, when you look at 415 00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:26,400 Speaker 1: sort of the visualizations of like what your cones can 416 00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:29,640 Speaker 1: pick up on, it's usually a bell curve in terms 417 00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:34,520 Speaker 1: of like wavelength of light, and these bell curves actually overlap. 418 00:25:35,080 --> 00:25:39,120 Speaker 1: So the mixture of activation of the types of cones 419 00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:42,480 Speaker 1: as well as the strength of activation results in the 420 00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:47,280 Speaker 1: full spectrum of color for typically sided people, but someone 421 00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:52,280 Speaker 1: with color deficiency will actually have more overlap of what 422 00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:55,920 Speaker 1: their cones are picking up on than someone with typical vision. 423 00:25:55,960 --> 00:26:00,639 Speaker 1: So there's actually several types of color deficients see and 424 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:05,159 Speaker 1: several different causes. So there's total color blindness, which is 425 00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:09,960 Speaker 1: like the inability to see any color, and it's called monochromacy. 426 00:26:10,119 --> 00:26:14,040 Speaker 1: But this is actually not really a disorder of the eye. 427 00:26:14,080 --> 00:26:16,440 Speaker 1: This is typically a disorder of the brain. So your 428 00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:19,560 Speaker 1: eye can actually perceive color, pick up on color, but 429 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:22,960 Speaker 1: there is something that happens as that information is getting 430 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: passed from the eye to the brain, where the brain 431 00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:30,800 Speaker 1: cannot process that color. So uh, in terms of sort 432 00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: of like um problems with the actual eyeball, there things 433 00:26:36,440 --> 00:26:42,360 Speaker 1: like um die chromacy where you can only perceive two colors. 434 00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:46,080 Speaker 1: But then there's a whole range of issues with with 435 00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: color vision in terms of like when you have anomalis 436 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:54,639 Speaker 1: or missing cones, in terms of how you're able to 437 00:26:55,119 --> 00:26:59,280 Speaker 1: distinguish between the wavelengths of light the quote unquote blue 438 00:26:59,320 --> 00:27:03,480 Speaker 1: green and had wavelengths of light uh and then perceive 439 00:27:03,680 --> 00:27:06,879 Speaker 1: a clear color from that. So for a lot of 440 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,680 Speaker 1: people with color deficiency, they will have a much more 441 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:12,840 Speaker 1: overlap of what their cones are picking up on than 442 00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:17,760 Speaker 1: someone with typical vision. So for some people with color deficiency, 443 00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:22,119 Speaker 1: their red cones, so the longest wavelength UH sensitive cones 444 00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:26,159 Speaker 1: are actually down shifted in sensitivity to more mid range 445 00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:30,360 Speaker 1: wavelength so the quote unquote green wavelengths, and we'll pick 446 00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:34,360 Speaker 1: up on green colors. So this means that when they're 447 00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:39,080 Speaker 1: looking at something green, it will actually appear more reddish, 448 00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:41,600 Speaker 1: so it comes out a kind of amber or brown 449 00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:44,359 Speaker 1: because it's activating more of those red cones, And so 450 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:46,960 Speaker 1: those red cones are saying, hey, brain, this is a 451 00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:50,680 Speaker 1: reddish color even though you know it is quote like 452 00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,960 Speaker 1: truly green. Of course, when we're talking about true reality 453 00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,199 Speaker 1: and our brain's perception of it it gets into a 454 00:27:57,200 --> 00:28:00,800 Speaker 1: whole philosophical conversation that maybe I am not qualified to do, 455 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:05,880 Speaker 1: but very interesting. So when the green cones, so those 456 00:28:06,040 --> 00:28:11,320 Speaker 1: mid range wavelength cones are up shifted sometimes in terms 457 00:28:11,320 --> 00:28:13,960 Speaker 1: of like either their anomalous or there's some issue with 458 00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:17,760 Speaker 1: these cones, they may actually start to detect wavelengths of 459 00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:21,879 Speaker 1: light closer to the red spectrum, and this actually results 460 00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:26,720 Speaker 1: in seeing green colors as yellowish. So both of these 461 00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:31,719 Speaker 1: color deficiencies are categorized as red green color blindness, and 462 00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:35,199 Speaker 1: they make it difficult for people to distinguish light on 463 00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:39,320 Speaker 1: the red green spectrum, so they can see reds and greens. 464 00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:42,360 Speaker 1: But then it gets they get more muddled because you 465 00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:46,200 Speaker 1: have the more overlap in terms of when these cones 466 00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:50,800 Speaker 1: are becoming activated. So in terms of Tom's question, it 467 00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:55,280 Speaker 1: sounds like Tom's nephew, UH might have blue yellow color blindness. 468 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:58,480 Speaker 1: I I don't know for sure, I'm just guessing. Which 469 00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:02,080 Speaker 1: means that the cone are sensitive to short means that 470 00:29:02,120 --> 00:29:05,320 Speaker 1: the cones that are sensitive to short wavelengths of light 471 00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:10,640 Speaker 1: like blues, violets, or even shorter wavelengths like UV are 472 00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:15,160 Speaker 1: actually more up shifted to be sensitive to mid wavelength 473 00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,200 Speaker 1: than they are in a typically cided person. So that 474 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:21,640 Speaker 1: means when you look at blues, you'll see more greenish 475 00:29:21,680 --> 00:29:25,880 Speaker 1: hues and it will be dimmer. In fact, sometimes blues 476 00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:29,760 Speaker 1: light come out as almost like black. It also affects 477 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:32,600 Speaker 1: how you see purples, which will come out as being 478 00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:35,800 Speaker 1: more reddish. So from how I understand it, this would 479 00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:39,520 Speaker 1: actually make it more difficult to perceive UV light because 480 00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:42,560 Speaker 1: it's harder to pick up on shorter wavelengths of light 481 00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:46,120 Speaker 1: and distinguish them from mid wavelengths of light. But there 482 00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:53,000 Speaker 1: are actually some studies that look into how people experience 483 00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:56,120 Speaker 1: the world with color deficiency, because I think it is 484 00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:58,680 Speaker 1: it's important to remember that, like if you have a 485 00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:03,360 Speaker 1: different perception, right, like you have a different way, a 486 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:07,959 Speaker 1: different sensory experience from someone else, that doesn't make it worse. 487 00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:12,160 Speaker 1: It may make it more difficult. Because our society largely 488 00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:17,760 Speaker 1: caters to sort of the the typical sided person's experience, 489 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:21,720 Speaker 1: we don't often make a great effort to um accommodate 490 00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:25,000 Speaker 1: people who have any kind of like vision uh disorder, 491 00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:28,200 Speaker 1: which you know, I think is a shame, but so 492 00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:30,239 Speaker 1: it can make things difficult. Like you know, we have 493 00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:32,400 Speaker 1: a lot of color coded things that may be more 494 00:30:32,440 --> 00:30:35,880 Speaker 1: difficult for someone with the color deficiency. But just because 495 00:30:35,920 --> 00:30:40,280 Speaker 1: you have like a different, a different sort of sensory 496 00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:46,240 Speaker 1: experience doesn't make it like inherently worse. So there are 497 00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:50,080 Speaker 1: some theories that people that have various forms of color 498 00:30:50,120 --> 00:30:54,760 Speaker 1: blindness may actually be able to pick up on certain 499 00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:58,800 Speaker 1: patterns better. Uh. There was a theory that they may 500 00:30:58,840 --> 00:31:02,120 Speaker 1: actually be able to pick up on camouflage better. There's 501 00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:05,200 Speaker 1: been mixed science about this, like some research has not 502 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,960 Speaker 1: been able to really find this, but there has been 503 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:13,560 Speaker 1: some research establishing that people with certain types of red 504 00:31:13,640 --> 00:31:17,680 Speaker 1: green color blindness, they can actually distinguish different shades of 505 00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:21,760 Speaker 1: khaki much better uh than the norm, which you know, 506 00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:24,360 Speaker 1: I think that it means that there could be a 507 00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:27,800 Speaker 1: lot of other areas in which, like say, someone with 508 00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:32,640 Speaker 1: blue light uh deficiency, like maybe they can pick up 509 00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:35,680 Speaker 1: on certain shades or certain patterns better than the norm. 510 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:38,280 Speaker 1: I wasn't able to find any specific research on this, 511 00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:42,080 Speaker 1: but I think that this idea that when you have 512 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:46,560 Speaker 1: a certain sensory quote unquote deficiency, you may actually have 513 00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:51,880 Speaker 1: a stronger sensory experience in another way, And so I 514 00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:55,840 Speaker 1: think that's a completely reasonable idea, And you know, I 515 00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:58,960 Speaker 1: think we see that actually with some people who are 516 00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:05,040 Speaker 1: have complete blindness will actually become very sensitive to sound 517 00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,560 Speaker 1: to the extent that there are people who are blind 518 00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:11,720 Speaker 1: who are able to make a clicking sound with their 519 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:16,600 Speaker 1: tongue and actually have learned how to do a form 520 00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:21,200 Speaker 1: of human echolocation where they can use that to and 521 00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:24,040 Speaker 1: like listen for the echo and use that to perceive 522 00:32:24,160 --> 00:32:28,320 Speaker 1: their environment, which is really fascinating. It's amazing. I think 523 00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:31,840 Speaker 1: it's so important to understand how adaptive our brains can 524 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:37,040 Speaker 1: be when we have a a sensory experience that is, 525 00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:39,560 Speaker 1: you know, is different than what is typical. So I 526 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:42,000 Speaker 1: think that's a great question. I will keep my eyes 527 00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:46,040 Speaker 1: peeled for any more research on, um, you know, the 528 00:32:46,120 --> 00:32:51,440 Speaker 1: experience of people with color deficiency. I think it is Uh, 529 00:32:51,480 --> 00:33:00,640 Speaker 1: it's really important. Onto the last listener question. I really 530 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:03,800 Speaker 1: enjoyed your latest Halloween show. Have you heard of another 531 00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:07,160 Speaker 1: scary animal? The water dear a k a. The vampire 532 00:33:07,280 --> 00:33:11,080 Speaker 1: deer who has fanglike tusks sticking out of its mouth 533 00:33:11,160 --> 00:33:14,720 Speaker 1: like a slavering Dracula. Speaking of normal deer, I've heard 534 00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:17,360 Speaker 1: they sometimes eat eggs, squirrels and other small animals. Watch 535 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:21,640 Speaker 1: out slumper, your listener, Michael d. So. First of all, yes, 536 00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:25,160 Speaker 1: that is correct, dear, will sometimes eat meat. They are, 537 00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:29,800 Speaker 1: of course herbivores, They're not considered omnivores like true omnivores, 538 00:33:29,840 --> 00:33:34,480 Speaker 1: but on occasion they will be opportunistic they'll eat meat. Um. 539 00:33:34,520 --> 00:33:37,920 Speaker 1: I don't think it's strictly well established why they do this. 540 00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:41,720 Speaker 1: My assumption would be just you know, taking advantage of 541 00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:45,920 Speaker 1: a situation essentially. But yeah, they they're they're typically herbivores, 542 00:33:46,280 --> 00:33:50,320 Speaker 1: but they will on occasion eat meat, which is kind 543 00:33:50,320 --> 00:33:52,280 Speaker 1: of creepy. I don't know why. I mean, you know, 544 00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:54,720 Speaker 1: I'm not creeped out by a raccoon that's an omnivore, 545 00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:58,680 Speaker 1: but a deer eating meats it's something something off about that. 546 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:02,640 Speaker 1: And arms of the water dear, Yes, I do know 547 00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:06,120 Speaker 1: about the water dear. I love them. I was obsessed 548 00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:09,399 Speaker 1: with these guys ever since seeing a taxidermy one as 549 00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:12,520 Speaker 1: a college student. I even wrote a whole paper on 550 00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:18,600 Speaker 1: them about the uh. There's some controversy about whether females 551 00:34:18,880 --> 00:34:22,120 Speaker 1: have a tuft of fur on their lips that is 552 00:34:22,200 --> 00:34:26,520 Speaker 1: mimicking the male tusk, and what that might mean. Why 553 00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:29,279 Speaker 1: that might be the case, it's not. I was just 554 00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:33,399 Speaker 1: you know, basically looking at the existing literature, wasn't doing 555 00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:37,800 Speaker 1: any um independent research. But I wasn't doing any studies 556 00:34:37,840 --> 00:34:41,440 Speaker 1: on it. But uh, still I have been really fascinated 557 00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:45,920 Speaker 1: with this, this idea that the controversy surrounding why the 558 00:34:46,040 --> 00:34:49,960 Speaker 1: females seem to have this lip tufed, and of course 559 00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:54,600 Speaker 1: the fact that they are dear with giant, fearsome looking things. 560 00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:58,680 Speaker 1: So they are incredible. So I don't think I saved 561 00:34:58,680 --> 00:35:02,000 Speaker 1: that paper, by the way, So thank goodness for you guys. 562 00:35:02,040 --> 00:35:05,160 Speaker 1: You don't have to see any of my college writing. So. 563 00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:09,200 Speaker 1: Water deer are small deer found in China and Korea. 564 00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:13,000 Speaker 1: They're also known as vampire deer given the large things 565 00:35:13,080 --> 00:35:16,680 Speaker 1: that the males sport. Females actually have much smaller canines. 566 00:35:16,960 --> 00:35:20,200 Speaker 1: But like I mentioned before, uh, they have these tufts 567 00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:23,239 Speaker 1: of fur that can sometimes be mistaken for fangs. And 568 00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:27,480 Speaker 1: there's this whole conversation and evolutionary biology. Are these tufts 569 00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:30,880 Speaker 1: of for you know, like some kind of intentional mimicry? 570 00:35:31,080 --> 00:35:36,239 Speaker 1: Is it just coincidence? And if it is mimicry, why, um? So, yeah, 571 00:35:36,440 --> 00:35:39,920 Speaker 1: it is an interesting topic. So Uh. The deer have 572 00:35:40,120 --> 00:35:44,160 Speaker 1: no antlers, but the teeth are used in a similar 573 00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,840 Speaker 1: way to antlers. They are used for combat. So the 574 00:35:47,960 --> 00:35:51,360 Speaker 1: large things are the size of like a long finger. 575 00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:54,800 Speaker 1: They are not used for sucking blood. Uh. The deer 576 00:35:54,840 --> 00:35:59,400 Speaker 1: are herbivores. Instead. The things are used in territorial fights 577 00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:02,880 Speaker 1: between males. They can be used either as straight up 578 00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:07,720 Speaker 1: weapons or simply to intimidate other males. Uh. An interesting 579 00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:11,120 Speaker 1: thing about the things is that they are actually partially mobile. 580 00:36:11,680 --> 00:36:15,160 Speaker 1: They fit relatively loose in the socket, and so the 581 00:36:15,239 --> 00:36:20,440 Speaker 1: deer can use its facial muscles actually move the things slightly, 582 00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:22,880 Speaker 1: shifting them out of the way when they're eating, or 583 00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:27,759 Speaker 1: even shifting them forward when threatening a rival. So really incredible. 584 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:31,320 Speaker 1: I love those dear. If you haven't seen a water deer, 585 00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:36,720 Speaker 1: look it up. It's like Bambi who has gone feral 586 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:41,200 Speaker 1: and is about to uh, you know, uh, suck your 587 00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:45,960 Speaker 1: blood attack you. Um. Fortunately they aren't actually vampires. They 588 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:48,279 Speaker 1: do not suck blood, but yes they do. They do 589 00:36:48,480 --> 00:36:51,319 Speaker 1: actually viciously attack each other. There have been male water 590 00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,560 Speaker 1: deer with like these vicious looking scars on them. Uh. 591 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:58,160 Speaker 1: They will not fight if they can help it, like 592 00:36:58,239 --> 00:37:00,759 Speaker 1: if they can just sort of use them as intimidation, 593 00:37:00,880 --> 00:37:03,399 Speaker 1: but they will actually attack each other and it can 594 00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:07,839 Speaker 1: be It's usually not fatal, but it can be just 595 00:37:07,920 --> 00:37:12,319 Speaker 1: like antlers. Actually, so we have come to the end 596 00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:16,520 Speaker 1: of the emails, but now we are onto to uh 597 00:37:16,560 --> 00:37:20,960 Speaker 1: the Mystery animal sound game. Every week I play in 598 00:37:21,440 --> 00:37:25,920 Speaker 1: Mystery Animal sound and you, the listener, try to guess 599 00:37:25,960 --> 00:37:28,680 Speaker 1: who is squawking, who is making that sound? It can 600 00:37:28,719 --> 00:37:31,240 Speaker 1: be any animal in the world. This is not just birds, 601 00:37:32,040 --> 00:37:35,720 Speaker 1: it's not just bears. It's not just dogs or cats, 602 00:37:35,880 --> 00:37:38,680 Speaker 1: anything anything in the world on land or in the sea. 603 00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:43,880 Speaker 1: So here is last week's mystery sound and the hint 604 00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:51,200 Speaker 1: was simply happy Halloween. I never horror like a walk 605 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:56,400 Speaker 1: a walk a walk. I never horror walka walka waka 606 00:37:56,480 --> 00:38:01,560 Speaker 1: walka Alright, can you guess who is making that sound? Well, 607 00:38:01,600 --> 00:38:05,680 Speaker 1: congratulations to Grant W. Steven M and Emily M who 608 00:38:05,680 --> 00:38:09,080 Speaker 1: wrote in and gets correctly that this is the raven. 609 00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:14,320 Speaker 1: So ravens can mimic human speech, as can other types 610 00:38:14,320 --> 00:38:21,080 Speaker 1: of corvids, including crows, magpies, jay's, rooks, jackdaws and probably more. Uh. 611 00:38:21,120 --> 00:38:25,120 Speaker 1: The reason we don't see a lot of talking corvids 612 00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:28,600 Speaker 1: compared to like parrots is that they're typically not pets, 613 00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,319 Speaker 1: nor really should they be, in my opinion, so they 614 00:38:32,440 --> 00:38:37,680 Speaker 1: don't spend the time learning human speech. Along with parrots, 615 00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:42,760 Speaker 1: many birds can mimic human speech. Actually, so Mina's Starling's, 616 00:38:42,960 --> 00:38:47,640 Speaker 1: mocking birds, liar birds, and many more. The reason parrots 617 00:38:47,680 --> 00:38:51,719 Speaker 1: are so particularly good at talking in human speech is 618 00:38:52,239 --> 00:38:56,320 Speaker 1: not only are they very intelligent uh and are able 619 00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:59,640 Speaker 1: to memorize a wide repertoire of sounds, they actually have 620 00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:03,120 Speaker 1: a single synx. So the synx is like the bird 621 00:39:03,239 --> 00:39:06,040 Speaker 1: version of a larynx. Larynx is the voice box of 622 00:39:06,040 --> 00:39:08,800 Speaker 1: a human, the syrinx is the voice box of a bird. 623 00:39:09,120 --> 00:39:13,400 Speaker 1: A lot of songbirds have two synxes, and that actually 624 00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:16,960 Speaker 1: can result in these like incredibly complex bird songs. If 625 00:39:16,960 --> 00:39:20,759 Speaker 1: you've ever heard these like other worldly bird trills that 626 00:39:20,840 --> 00:39:23,799 Speaker 1: sound almost digital, it's because they have these two synxes 627 00:39:23,840 --> 00:39:29,080 Speaker 1: and they can form these extremely complex sounds. But having 628 00:39:29,120 --> 00:39:31,440 Speaker 1: those two syrinxes means your voice is not going to 629 00:39:31,560 --> 00:39:34,640 Speaker 1: sound very human, where as a parrot having that single 630 00:39:34,719 --> 00:39:39,640 Speaker 1: synx can more clearly mimic human speech because we humans 631 00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:44,080 Speaker 1: have only one larynx um, so compare the sounds of 632 00:39:44,280 --> 00:39:53,440 Speaker 1: a parrot mimicking human speech. Oh myever, why hit my garden? 633 00:39:54,360 --> 00:40:02,120 Speaker 1: Oh my? A very interesting. You can see that that 634 00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:05,200 Speaker 1: parrot has a lot of trouble with the hard T 635 00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:09,759 Speaker 1: sound because the T sound is not really produced with 636 00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:12,920 Speaker 1: our voice box as much as it is the tongue 637 00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:18,400 Speaker 1: touching the teeth. Although impareds do have strong tongues, so 638 00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:22,280 Speaker 1: they can use their tongue a little bit to manipulate sounds. 639 00:40:22,360 --> 00:40:25,200 Speaker 1: But yeah, that those those like the things that we 640 00:40:25,239 --> 00:40:28,480 Speaker 1: make with our lips and our tongue are really hard 641 00:40:28,560 --> 00:40:32,440 Speaker 1: for a bird to reproduce. Now here's a starling mimicking 642 00:40:32,520 --> 00:40:35,880 Speaker 1: human speech. And remember the starling has those two styrnxes 643 00:40:35,920 --> 00:40:44,560 Speaker 1: instead of one. Music. Here's a station, lee music, here's 644 00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:51,640 Speaker 1: a station. Here's a station. So that is a starling 645 00:40:51,760 --> 00:40:56,879 Speaker 1: telling Alexa to play violin music and then Alexa responding 646 00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:01,640 Speaker 1: both both uh is actually produced by the starling um 647 00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:06,000 Speaker 1: both are talking, but the parent has a little, I 648 00:41:06,040 --> 00:41:09,799 Speaker 1: guess a little more of a human inflection. The starling 649 00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:13,560 Speaker 1: has this like interesting robotic quality to its voice due 650 00:41:13,600 --> 00:41:17,480 Speaker 1: to having those two steeringxes. Personally, I love the sound 651 00:41:17,520 --> 00:41:20,719 Speaker 1: of a starling imitating a human voice. I think there's 652 00:41:20,760 --> 00:41:24,600 Speaker 1: something really I don't know eerie about it. I really 653 00:41:24,680 --> 00:41:27,359 Speaker 1: quite like it and I think it's quite impressive. Um. 654 00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:30,800 Speaker 1: But yeah, so that is why parrots are the most 655 00:41:30,880 --> 00:41:35,000 Speaker 1: famous for make impersonating human sounds. But I feel like 656 00:41:35,280 --> 00:41:39,640 Speaker 1: ravens sometimes for me like get it even more spookily 657 00:41:39,840 --> 00:41:44,520 Speaker 1: similar to a human voice, which I do love. So 658 00:41:44,719 --> 00:41:49,600 Speaker 1: onto this week's mystery animal sound. The hint this alarm 659 00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:59,480 Speaker 1: call is no laughing matter. Can you guess who is 660 00:41:59,560 --> 00:42:02,560 Speaker 1: making that sound? Well? If you can write to me 661 00:42:02,640 --> 00:42:06,480 Speaker 1: at Creature Feature Product gmail dot com and if you 662 00:42:06,520 --> 00:42:08,879 Speaker 1: have any listener questions, right to me too. I do 663 00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:11,839 Speaker 1: these periodically. Next week we will be back to the 664 00:42:11,840 --> 00:42:14,880 Speaker 1: typical format where I have a guest on and everything. 665 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,359 Speaker 1: But I do like answering your questions, So thank you 666 00:42:18,480 --> 00:42:21,439 Speaker 1: so much for listening. And if you have, like if 667 00:42:21,480 --> 00:42:23,680 Speaker 1: you just a couple of minutes, you know, and you 668 00:42:23,719 --> 00:42:26,480 Speaker 1: want to leave a rating or review, I really really 669 00:42:26,520 --> 00:42:31,320 Speaker 1: appreciate that. I read all of the reviews, all your feedback. Uh. 670 00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:34,960 Speaker 1: It makes me feel like connected to you, the audience, 671 00:42:35,040 --> 00:42:38,000 Speaker 1: and it also helps out the podcast, So I really 672 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:41,080 Speaker 1: appreciate that. And thank you so much to the Space 673 00:42:41,120 --> 00:42:44,720 Speaker 1: Classics for their super awesome song. Exo Alumina Creature features 674 00:42:44,719 --> 00:42:47,680 Speaker 1: a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts like 675 00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:50,160 Speaker 1: the one you just heard, visit the I heart Radio app, 676 00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:52,600 Speaker 1: Apple podcast, or he Guess What Why If you listen 677 00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:55,680 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows, See you next Wednesday.